Natural radioactivity in Al-Lajjun region Jordan soil by gamma-ray spectroscopy

Natural radioactivity in Al-Lajjun region Jordan soil by gamma-ray spectroscopy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Natural radioactivity in Al-Lajjun region Jordan soil by gamma-ray spectroscopy Mahmoud Abu_kharma, Sokainah Rawashdeh, Tayel El-Hasan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3291464/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides in soil samples collected from the Al-Lajjun region were measured using a γ-ray spectrometry system using pure germanium (HPGe) detector in a low background configuration. The mean activity concentrations for 40 K, 226 Ra, 232 Th, 238 U, 235 U, and 241 Am at different locations of Al-Lajjun/Karak/Jordan were found to be in the range of 12–560, 234–6037, 4.3–28.4, 459-54147, 43-3656, 43-3332 Bq/Kg, respectively. The obtained values of some samples are much greater than the world average values except for 40 K and 232 Th. Radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, and annual effective dose equivalent were calculated for assessing the assessment of radiological risk. The external hazard value (Hex) is between 0.638 and 16.316. In the present study. 238 U concentration is much higher than the acceptable value reported by UNSCEAR-2000. Gamma-ray spectrometry Annual effective dose External hazard index. Natural radioactivity 238U 226Ra 232Th 40K Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction High-purity germanium detector (HPGe) was used to measure the activity concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides in the collected soil samples at different locations in the world. The researchers studied the collected soil samples from different regions, besides rivers, coastal beaches, phosphate, types of cement, medical plants, and so on [ 1 – 10 ]. Similarly, our colloquies in Jordanian universities studied the different regions of Jordan from north to south and from east to west. They studied irrigation water, drinking water, milk products, and dust [ 11 – 27 ]. It is well-recognized that radioactivity is a natural occurrence in the environment. 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K are the most prevalent radioactive elements on Earth that emit gamma rays. The levels of natural ambient radioactivity in the soils of various geological regions vary and rely on the underlying geological conditions. The primary source of natural radioactivity contamination and the main source of radiation exposure to people comes from primordial radionuclides like 40 K and radioisotopes from the 238 U and 232 Th series, as well as their byproducts in the surface soil. The major goals of the current study are to examine the level of radioactive elements like radium, thorium, and potassium in Jordan's Al-Lajjun region to determine the potential health risks and to get the industry ready for the day when nuclear reactors would be used to generate power. In addition, we will concentrate on a location rich in various minerals to discover its various radiation components. To finish a survey of the environmental radioactivity in Jordanian locations, we will look into the Al-Lajjun regions. 2. Experimental Procedure 2.1. Sampling In the present study, nine soil samples were collected from different locations in the Al-Lajjun region (Karak Province) on a random basis. Soil samples were properly marked and then sent to the lab to be processed. After collection, samples were crushed into fine powder by using a mortar and pestle. The fine quality of the samples is obtained using a scientific sieve of small mesh size. The mass of each soil sample was measured precisely using a 0.001-gram balance. Each sample is weighted, packed, and sealed in an airtight PVC container. Before experimentation, the samples were collected and saturated for up to 40 days. This amount of time is sufficient to ensure that the parent nuclides are in secular equilibrium with their daughter nuclides. 2.2. Measurement of Natural Radioactivity The sample activity was counted using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector based on a high-resolution gamma spectrometry system. GAMMA-X (GMX) N-type coaxial HPGe detector is made for high-performance gamma spectroscopy in the energy range of 3 keV up to 10 MeV. The GMX detector is a coaxial Germanium (Ge) detector with an ultra-thin entrance window. The entrance window of the detector is a 0.3-µm-thick, ion-implanted contact, extending the lower range of useful energies to around 3 keV. Ion implantation results in a stable contact that will not deteriorate with repeated cycling. Moreover, the N-type HPGe detector is resistant to damage by fast neutrons. The detector is shielded with lead on all sides to reduce the background level of the system. (The detector is manufactured by EG&G, ORTEC, Oak Ridge, USA). Cryogenic cooling is required for germanium semiconductor radiation detectors, so a liquid nitrogen system is used. Before experimenting, the system was calibrated to produce a Gamma spectrum of intensity (number of counts/s) versus energy in MeV. Four sources were used to calibrate the MCA (Multi-Channel Analyzer), 60Co with two energy peaks of 1173.24 keV and 1332.50 keV, 137Cs with an energy peak of 661.67 keV, 133Ba (356.01 keV), and 241Am (59.54 keV). The detector has a resolution of 2.0 keV and a relative efficiency of 20% for the 1.332 MeV gamma energy of 60 Co. The output of the detector was analyzed using a 4K multichannel analyzer system connected to a PC. The spectrum for each sample was collected for a counting time of 86400 seconds to reduce statistical errors. The results (gamma-spectra) were analyzed using Genie 2000 spectroscopy software (Canberra, 2004). 2.3 Geological Area of the Samples The sampling site is exactly at the left abutment of the Al-Lajjun Dam. Al-Lajjun Dam is located in Al-Karak Governorate, on valley Al-Ghobyan, approximately 1 km from the main street of Al-Karak, at the latitude and longitude of 31 o 13’55’’N 35 o 51’00’’E Fig. 1 . The geology of the Dam site begins with Amman Silicified Limestone (ASL) of Campanian age with 30–55 m thickness, consisting of bedded brown-black chert that is interbedded with limestone, marl, granule phosphatic chert, and 8m of oyster-coquina limestone. Overlain by the Al-Hisa Phosphorite (AHP) formation of Campanian-Maastrichtian with a 40–6 m thickness of interbedded phosphatic chert, granular phosphatic limestone, micritic limestone, and marl, the upper part of the thickness range is 2–15 m composed of phosphatic chert, phosphatic limestone, marly limestone, and marl. At the surface, outcrops the alluvial deposits of Pleistocene–Holocene age. The surficial yellowish uranium mineralization was found mainly within the AHP formations as veins along joints and as encrustation in marly limestone, phosphatic chert, marl, and phosphatic limestone layers of the upper part of AHP as illustrated in Fig. 1 . These deposits were outcrops due to the dam excavation works. 3. Results and Data Analysis Using the identified gamma peaks from the obtained spectra, the activity concentration A for the radionuclides 40 K, 137 Cs, 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 238 U was determined. The concentration of 40 K activity is calculated directly from its gamma line (1461.8 keV, yield = 10.67%). The radium ( 226 Ra) activity concentration \(\varvec{A}\left({}_{88}{}^{226}\varvec{R}\varvec{a}\right)\) is calculated from the photo peaks of its daughters 214 Bi (energy line 609.3 keV, yield = 46.3%) and 214 Pb (energy line 351.9 keV, yield = 37.2%), which are provided by: $$\varvec{A}\left({}_{88}{}^{226}\varvec{R}\varvec{a}\right)=\left(\frac{{\varvec{A}}_{\varvec{B}\varvec{i}}}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{B}\varvec{i}}^{2}}+\frac{{\varvec{A}}_{\varvec{P}\varvec{b}}}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{P}\varvec{b}}^{2}}\right)/\left(\frac{1}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{B}\varvec{i}}^{2}}+\frac{1}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{P}\varvec{b}}^{2}}\right)$$ 1 , where A is the activity concentration and σ is the uncertainty in A. The activity concentration A of 232 Th is determined from the photo peaks of its daughters: 228 Ac (line energy 911.60 keV, yield = 27.7%), 208 Tl (line energy 583.0 keV, yield = 30.9%), and 212 Pb (line energy 238.62 keV, yield = 44.6%), as given by: $$\varvec{A}\left({}_{90}{}^{232}\varvec{T}\varvec{h}\right)=\left(\frac{{\varvec{A}}_{\varvec{A}\varvec{c}}}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{A}\varvec{c}}^{2}}+\frac{{\varvec{A}}_{\varvec{T}\varvec{l}}}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{T}\varvec{l}}^{2}}+\frac{{\varvec{A}}_{\varvec{P}\varvec{b}}}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{P}\varvec{b}}^{2}}\right)/\left(\frac{1}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{A}\varvec{c}}^{2}}+\frac{1}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{T}\varvec{l}}^{2}}+\frac{1}{{\varvec{\sigma }}_{\varvec{P}\varvec{b}}^{2}}\right)$$ 2 , When they are in secular equilibrium, the activity concentration of 232 Th can likewise be estimated from the activity of 228 Ra. Finally, the 235 U activity concentration is calculated using the photo peak line (186.2 keV, yield = 57.2%) that overlaps with the 226 Ra photo peak line (185.7 keV, yield = 3.28%). The activity of 235 U is: $$\varvec{A}\left({}_{92}{}^{235}\varvec{U}\right)=\varvec{A}\left({}_{88}{}^{226}\varvec{R}\varvec{a} \varvec{a}\varvec{t} 186\varvec{k}\varvec{e}\varvec{V}\right)-\varvec{A}\left({}_{88}{}^{226}\varvec{R}\varvec{a}\right)$$ 3 . Figures 3 and 4 show examples of the obtained gamma spectrum for samples 4 and 6. The highest number of counts per second in Fig. 2 is 20000 counts/s, whereas in Fig. 4 it is 2000 counts/s (the activity is one-tenth of the first one). This disparity may be explained by the varying uranium concentrations in some collected samples. Table 1 presents an overview of the obtained findings relating to the various samples. We have one sample from the Aqaba region in the south of Jordan, which gives a normal case, concerning the acceptable range of activity concentration. The acquired data show that we have high activity concentration levels in numerous samples compared to the global average concentrations. The Aqaba sample demonstrates the typical activity. To ensure the accuracy of the results, we sent the samples to the Jordan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC) for further examination using RID-SOP-006/Gamma ISO 18589-3 method. Consequently, the results of JAEC support the obtained values. Their results are tabulated in Table 2 . Only the sample of Al-Lajjun6 shows 234 Th with A = 36312 ± 500 and 137 Cs with A = 6.65 ± 3.35 Bq/Kg. The results are compared with previous results obtained from other scholars from different regions in Jordan in Table 3 . There is a large activity concentration in some of the studied samples concerning previous studies. Table 1 The activity concentration A (Bq/kg) of the collected samples of the radionuclides ( 40 K, 226 Ra, 238 U, 232 Th, 235 U) Sample A ( 40 K) A ( 214 Bi) A ( 214 Pb) A ( 226 R) A ( 238 U) A ( 232 Th) A ( 235 U) A ( 243 Am) Samople0 110 ± 17 309 ± 4 610 ± 8 377 ± 4 3618 - 243 ± 13 3332 ± 370 Aqaba1 54 ± 13 223 ± 4 281 ± 4 250 ± 3 459 4.3 ± 0.7 43 ± 2 - Al-Lajjun2 39 ± 33 1073 ± 10 1467 ± 11 1250 ± 7 6527 - 472 ± 11 199 ± 8 Al-Lajjun3 24 ± 10 205 ± 3 270 ± 3 234 ± 2 1451 - 102 ± 3 43 ± 2 Al-Lajjun4 - - 16040 ± 115 - - - 2782 ± 54 789 ± 16 Al-Lajjun5 - 5526 ± 13 7502 ± 21 6037 ± 11 54147 - 3656 ± 69 709 ± 13 Al-Lajjun6 560 ± 71 3160 ± 23 4057 ± 21 3653 ± 15 4705 28.4 ± 0.3 463 ± 11 Al-Lajjun8 61 ± 35 1985 ± 12 2770 ± 12 2378 ± 8 16743 - 1161 ± 23 Al-Lajjun9 12 ± 20 1418 ± 7 1818 ± 8 1583 ± 5 4299 - 357 ± 8 Range 12–560 205–3160 270-16040 234–6037 459-54147 4.3–28.4 43-3656 43-3332 World average concentrations 400 - - 35 - 30 - - Table 2. Results of activity concentration obtained by Jordan Atomic Energy Commission A 238 U. <div clas Table 3 Activity concentrations in Bq/Kg in different studied regions in Jordan Activity Concentration Bq/Kg (The average value of the studied Nuclei) Element/Region 40 K 226 Ra(238U) 235 U 232 Th 238 U 137 Cs Zarqa 2016 212.87 211.44 11.10 Russaifa 2014 207.10 265.95 0.895 THE NORTHERN JORDAN RIFT VALLEY 2009 156.0 33 2.2 11.2 3.5 Maan 2014 138.1 57.7,44.9 18.1 The types of cement in 2022 354.70 79.52 30.99 Irbid 2013 Jordan University of Science and Technology 312.39 20.84 24.45 83.88 2.43 Amman Aqaba Highway 2003 560 82 84 urban areas in the southern governorates of Jordan 2018 233 39 23 45 urban areas of the northern highlands of Jordan 2009 291 42.5 26.7 49.9 Jordan Research and Training Reactor 2018 340.3 2.94-25 each governante of Jordan 2019 309 42 23 3.7 Araba Valley, Jordan 2008 94–762 14.3–35 19-38.7 The Aqaba Gulf 2010 626 57–677 Worldwide rang** 140–850 17–60 11–64 Worldwide Median Value* 400 35 30 Present Research 12–560 234–6037 43-3656 4.3–28.4 459-54147 6.65 The external hazard index ( Hex ) is given by a model proposed by Krieger (1981): $${H}_{ex}=\left(\text{A}{}^{226}Ra/370\right)+\left(\text{A}{}^{232}Th/259\right)+\left(\text{A}{}^{40}K/4180\right)$$ 4 , H ex must not exceed the limit of unity for the radiation hazard to be negligible. On the other hand, the internal hazard index (Hin) gives the internal exposure to carcinogenic radon and its short-lived progeny and is given by the following formula (Beretka and Mathew,1985): \(\) $${H}_{in}=\left(\text{A}{}^{226}Ra/185\right)+\left(\text{A}{}^{232}Th/259\right)+\left(\text{A}{}^{40}K/4180\right)$$ 5 , The values of H in must also be less than unity to have negligible hazardous effects of radon and its short-lived progeny on the respiratory organs (UNSCEAR, 2000). The gamma absorbed dose rate in the air out the doors, D at 1 m above the ground surface due to specific activity concentrations of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K is defined as given in Eq. (6), to the effective dose received by adults. However, D values were calculated by the following equation (UNSCEAR-2000): D(nGy h − 1 ) = 0.462A 238 Ra + 0.604A 232 Th + 0.0417A 40 K (6) where \(\text{A}{}^{238}U\) , \(\text{A}{}^{232}Th\) and \(\text{A}{}^{40}K\) are the activity concentration of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K in Bq/kg, respectively. Exposure Radiation is defined in terms of many parameters. Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) is a widely used hazard index. It is calculated, as given by Eq. ( 7 ), assuming that 370 Bq/kg of 226 Ra, 259 Bq/kg of 23kg, and 4810 Bq/kg of 40 K produce a gamma-ray dose rate (Beretka and Mathew, 1985): $${Ra}_{eq}\left(\frac{Bq}{kg}\right)=\text{A}{}^{226}Ra+1.43\text{A}{}^{232}Th+0.077\text{A}{}^{40}K$$ 7 , where \(A{}^{226}Ra\) , \(A{}^{232}Th\) and \(A{}^{40}K\) are the activity concentration of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K in Bq/kg, respectively. Note the total value must be equal to or less than 370. Annual Effective Dose Equivalent (AEDE) due to the activity of the samples was calculated using Eq. ( 8 ) (Emad Farrag 2016) $$AEDE\left(mSv{y}^{-1}\right)=D\left(nGy{h}^{-1}\right)\times 8760\left(h{y}^{-1}\right)\times 0.2\times 0.7\left(SvG{y}^{-1}\right)\times {10}^{-6}$$ 8 , where the value 0.7 SvGy-1 is the conversion coefficient from the absorbed dose in the air to the effective dose received by adults, 8760 is the time in hours in one year, 0.2 represents the outdoor occupancy factor (UNSCEAR-2000), and is the observed dose rate. The calculated values are given in Table 4 : Table 4 Hex , Hin , and the annual effective dose equivalent Sample Raeq (Bq/Kg) D (nGy/h) AEDE (mSv/y) Hex Hin sample 0 385.36 178.64 0.219 1.045 2.063 Aqaba 1 260.18 179.02 0.220 0.705 1.380 Al-Lajjun2 1253.21 579.13 0.710 3.388 6.767 Al-Lajjun3 235.67 109.11 0.134 0.638 1.270 Al-Lajjun 4 ------- ------ -------- -------- ------ Al-Lajjun5 6036.86 2789.09 3.421 16.316 32.632 Al-Lajjun6 1643.56 1728.19 2.119 10.116 19.989 Al-Lajjun 8 2382.24 1101.18 1.350 6.434 12.866 Al-Lajjun9 1582.91 731.84 0.898 4.281 11.207 4. Conclusions In the current study, the concentration levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) of 40 K, 226 Ra, 232 Th, 238 U, 235 U, and 241 Am in the surface soil samples of selected areas in Al-Lajjun/Jordan were investigated. The collected soil samples were analyzed employing gamma-ray spectrometry. The radioactivity concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclides 40 K, 226 Ra, 232 Th, 238 U, 235 U, and 241 Am in the soil samples varied from 12–560, 234–6037, 4.3–28.4, 459-54147, 43-3656, 43-3332 Bq/Kg, respectively. Radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, and annual effective dose equivalent were also calculated for the assessment of radiological risk. The external hazard value (Hex) is between 0.638 and 16.316. In this study, 238 U activity concentration is much higher than the acceptable value reported by UNSCEAR-2000. Some samples show very high average concentrations. The results were confirmed using another method to prove the obtained values. The locations studied have a very high concentration of activity. Declarations Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Dr. Eshraq Ababneh for her help in performing all the experiments at the Dababneh physics lab, and for her continuous fruiting discussions. 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Makahleh Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 2018 Ahmad Hussein Alomari, Muneer Aziz Saleh, Suhairul Hashim, Amal Alsayaheen & Ahmad Abu kashabeh (2019) Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 1477-2639 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gieh20 UNSCEAR (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, report to the general assembly. Annex B: Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3291464","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":228681817,"identity":"de1d51eb-273a-4a1b-be44-b44a14f82244","order_by":0,"name":"Mahmoud Abu_kharma","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACHh4wJWcAptgYGBgbiNRiTLqWxA0wLQSBbs/Zg58rc+zSt7OfMWD4UHaYgbmdgDVmZ/uSJc9uS87d2ZNjwDjj3GEGxp4DBLSc5zGQbNzGnLvhQI4BM28bUMuMBIJajH82bqtPNzj/xoD5L1FazvaYAW05nGBwA2gLI1Fazpwxs2zcdtxw54xnBQd7zqXzEPbLmRzjm43bquXN+ZM3PvhRZi1nSCjEUADIeB5DUnRAgDzJOkbBKBgFo2C4AwA1HEXOoAW/PQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Balqa Applied University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahmoud","middleName":"","lastName":"Abu_kharma","suffix":""},{"id":228681819,"identity":"3f7ef852-5102-4de8-9dc7-5663bf41e6b3","order_by":1,"name":"Sokainah Rawashdeh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Balqa Applied University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sokainah","middleName":"","lastName":"Rawashdeh","suffix":""},{"id":228681821,"identity":"c1789643-3ee1-4ce0-9353-e72c062f80cb","order_by":2,"name":"Tayel El-Hasan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mu’tah University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tayel","middleName":"","lastName":"El-Hasan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-08-24 06:59:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3291464/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3291464/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":42318600,"identity":"186e27b1-72fa-4927-a39a-dc251c9cb0d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-29 16:35:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1514980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAl-Lajjun Damp location\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3291464/v1/5ae9519d906cec9677a6b0c4.png"},{"id":42318597,"identity":"98d0724a-9853-4fe7-b2b8-32fcfeb69455","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-29 16:35:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":205753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eYellow encrustations along the joints of the marly limestone layers of AHP.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3291464/v1/7ce7e7fa9393a3d3859c9210.png"},{"id":42319415,"identity":"39b7ed9a-4de3-402a-86f2-bb15e21b9fd3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-29 16:43:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33461,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGamma spectrum of sample 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3291464/v1/bca7d4bcf7cdeeb70f316f78.png"},{"id":42319416,"identity":"4144babe-233c-4daf-b33b-d2fe00d5caad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-08-29 16:43:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45283,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGamma spectrum of sample 6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3291464/v1/05b0e2fbde74dc08ac9f9ad7.png"},{"id":42880838,"identity":"003c2c6b-1dda-4cff-9a50-2582686e8678","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-09 13:52:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2596209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3291464/v1/49e96790-8a20-4388-a212-ba63609f1235.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Natural radioactivity in Al-Lajjun region Jordan soil by gamma-ray spectroscopy","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHigh-purity germanium detector (HPGe) was used to measure the activity concentration of gamma-emitting radionuclides in the collected soil samples at different locations in the world. The researchers studied the collected soil samples from different regions, besides rivers, coastal beaches, phosphate, types of cement, medical plants, and so on [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, our colloquies in Jordanian universities studied the different regions of Jordan from north to south and from east to west. They studied irrigation water, drinking water, milk products, and dust [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is well-recognized that radioactivity is a natural occurrence in the environment. \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK are the most prevalent radioactive elements on Earth that emit gamma rays. The levels of natural ambient radioactivity in the soils of various geological regions vary and rely on the underlying geological conditions. The primary source of natural radioactivity contamination and the main source of radiation exposure to people comes from primordial radionuclides like \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK and radioisotopes from the \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU and \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh series, as well as their byproducts in the surface soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe major goals of the current study are to examine the level of radioactive elements like radium, thorium, and potassium in Jordan's Al-Lajjun region to determine the potential health risks and to get the industry ready for the day when nuclear reactors would be used to generate power. In addition, we will concentrate on a location rich in various minerals to discover its various radiation components. To finish a survey of the environmental radioactivity in Jordanian locations, we will look into the Al-Lajjun regions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental Procedure","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Sampling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, nine soil samples were collected from different locations in the Al-Lajjun region (Karak Province) on a random basis. Soil samples were properly marked and then sent to the lab to be processed. After collection, samples were crushed into fine powder by using a mortar and pestle. The fine quality of the samples is obtained using a scientific sieve of small mesh size. The mass of each soil sample was measured precisely using a 0.001-gram balance. Each sample is weighted, packed, and sealed in an airtight PVC container. Before experimentation, the samples were collected and saturated for up to 40 days. This amount of time is sufficient to ensure that the parent nuclides are in secular equilibrium with their daughter nuclides.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Measurement of Natural Radioactivity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample activity was counted using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector based on a high-resolution gamma spectrometry system. GAMMA-X (GMX) N-type coaxial HPGe detector is made for high-performance gamma spectroscopy in the energy range of 3 keV up to 10 MeV. The GMX detector is a coaxial Germanium (Ge) detector with an ultra-thin entrance window. The entrance window of the detector is a 0.3-\u0026micro;m-thick, ion-implanted contact, extending the lower range of useful energies to around 3 keV. Ion implantation results in a stable contact that will not deteriorate with repeated cycling. Moreover, the N-type HPGe detector is resistant to damage by fast neutrons. The detector is shielded with lead on all sides to reduce the background level of the system. (The detector is manufactured by EG\u0026amp;G, ORTEC, Oak Ridge, USA). Cryogenic cooling is required for germanium semiconductor radiation detectors, so a liquid nitrogen system is used. Before experimenting, the system was calibrated to produce a Gamma spectrum of intensity (number of counts/s) versus energy in MeV. Four sources were used to calibrate the MCA (Multi-Channel Analyzer), 60Co with two energy peaks of 1173.24 keV and 1332.50 keV, 137Cs with an energy peak of 661.67 keV, 133Ba (356.01 keV), and 241Am (59.54 keV). The detector has a resolution of 2.0 keV and a relative efficiency of 20% for the 1.332 MeV gamma energy of \u003csup\u003e60\u003c/sup\u003eCo. The output of the detector was analyzed using a 4K multichannel analyzer system connected to a PC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe spectrum for each sample was collected for a counting time of 86400 seconds to reduce statistical errors. The results (gamma-spectra) were analyzed using Genie 2000 spectroscopy software (Canberra, 2004).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Geological Area of the Samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sampling site is exactly at the left abutment of the Al-Lajjun Dam. Al-Lajjun Dam is located in Al-Karak Governorate, on valley Al-Ghobyan, approximately 1 km from the main street of Al-Karak, at the latitude and longitude of 31\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e13\u0026rsquo;55\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;N 35\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e51\u0026rsquo;00\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;E Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe geology of the Dam site begins with Amman Silicified Limestone (ASL) of Campanian age with 30\u0026ndash;55 m thickness, consisting of bedded brown-black chert that is interbedded with limestone, marl, granule phosphatic chert, and 8m of oyster-coquina limestone. Overlain by the Al-Hisa Phosphorite (AHP) formation of Campanian-Maastrichtian with a 40\u0026ndash;6 m thickness of interbedded phosphatic chert, granular phosphatic limestone, micritic limestone, and marl, the upper part of the thickness range is 2\u0026ndash;15 m composed of phosphatic chert, phosphatic limestone, marly limestone, and marl. At the surface, outcrops the alluvial deposits of Pleistocene\u0026ndash;Holocene age. The surficial yellowish uranium mineralization was found mainly within the AHP formations as veins along joints and as encrustation in marly limestone, phosphatic chert, marl, and phosphatic limestone layers of the upper part of AHP as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. These deposits were outcrops due to the dam excavation works.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Data Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eUsing the identified gamma peaks from the obtained spectra, the activity concentration A for the radionuclides \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs, \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU was determined. The concentration of \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK activity is calculated directly from its gamma line (1461.8 keV, yield\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.67%). The radium (\u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa) activity concentration \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\varvec{A}\\left({}_{88}{}^{226}\\varvec{R}\\varvec{a}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is calculated from the photo peaks of its daughters \u003csup\u003e214\u003c/sup\u003eBi (energy line 609.3 keV, yield\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;46.3%) and \u003csup\u003e214\u003c/sup\u003ePb (energy line 351.9 keV, yield\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37.2%), which are provided by:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\varvec{A}\\left({}_{88}{}^{226}\\varvec{R}\\varvec{a}\\right)=\\left(\\frac{{\\varvec{A}}_{\\varvec{B}\\varvec{i}}}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{B}\\varvec{i}}^{2}}+\\frac{{\\varvec{A}}_{\\varvec{P}\\varvec{b}}}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{P}\\varvec{b}}^{2}}\\right)/\\left(\\frac{1}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{B}\\varvec{i}}^{2}}+\\frac{1}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{P}\\varvec{b}}^{2}}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere A is the activity concentration and σ is the uncertainty in A. The activity concentration A of \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh is determined from the photo peaks of its daughters: \u003csup\u003e228\u003c/sup\u003eAc (line energy 911.60 keV, yield\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;27.7%), \u003csup\u003e208\u003c/sup\u003eTl (line energy 583.0 keV, yield\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30.9%), and \u003csup\u003e212\u003c/sup\u003ePb (line energy 238.62 keV, yield\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44.6%), as given by:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\varvec{A}\\left({}_{90}{}^{232}\\varvec{T}\\varvec{h}\\right)=\\left(\\frac{{\\varvec{A}}_{\\varvec{A}\\varvec{c}}}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{A}\\varvec{c}}^{2}}+\\frac{{\\varvec{A}}_{\\varvec{T}\\varvec{l}}}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{T}\\varvec{l}}^{2}}+\\frac{{\\varvec{A}}_{\\varvec{P}\\varvec{b}}}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{P}\\varvec{b}}^{2}}\\right)/\\left(\\frac{1}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{A}\\varvec{c}}^{2}}+\\frac{1}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{T}\\varvec{l}}^{2}}+\\frac{1}{{\\varvec{\\sigma }}_{\\varvec{P}\\varvec{b}}^{2}}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen they are in secular equilibrium, the activity concentration of \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh can likewise be estimated from the activity of \u003csup\u003e228\u003c/sup\u003eRa. Finally, the \u003csup\u003e235\u003c/sup\u003eU activity concentration is calculated using the photo peak line (186.2 keV, yield\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;57.2%) that overlaps with the \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa photo peak line (185.7 keV, yield\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.28%). The activity of \u003csup\u003e235\u003c/sup\u003eU is:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\varvec{A}\\left({}_{92}{}^{235}\\varvec{U}\\right)=\\varvec{A}\\left({}_{88}{}^{226}\\varvec{R}\\varvec{a} \\varvec{a}\\varvec{t} 186\\varvec{k}\\varvec{e}\\varvec{V}\\right)-\\varvec{A}\\left({}_{88}{}^{226}\\varvec{R}\\varvec{a}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigures \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e show examples of the obtained gamma spectrum for samples 4 and 6. The highest number of counts per second in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e is 20000 counts/s, whereas in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e it is 2000 counts/s (the activity is one-tenth of the first one). This disparity may be explained by the varying uranium concentrations in some collected samples. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents an overview of the obtained findings relating to the various samples. We have one sample from the Aqaba region in the south of Jordan, which gives a normal case, concerning the acceptable range of activity concentration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe acquired data show that we have high activity concentration levels in numerous samples compared to the global average concentrations. The Aqaba sample demonstrates the typical activity. To ensure the accuracy of the results, we sent the samples to the Jordan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC) for further examination using RID-SOP-006/Gamma ISO 18589-3 method. Consequently, the results of JAEC support the obtained values. Their results are tabulated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Only the sample of Al-Lajjun6 shows \u003csup\u003e234\u003c/sup\u003eTh with A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;36312\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;500 and \u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs with A\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.35 Bq/Kg. The results are compared with previous results obtained from other scholars from different regions in Jordan in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. There is a large activity concentration in some of the studied samples concerning previous studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe activity concentration A (Bq/kg) of the collected samples of the radionuclides (\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, \u003csup\u003e235\u003c/sup\u003eU)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e214\u003c/sup\u003eBi)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e214\u003c/sup\u003ePb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eR)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e235\u003c/sup\u003eU)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u003csup\u003e243\u003c/sup\u003eAm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamople0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e610\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e377\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3332\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;370\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAqaba1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e223\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e281\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1073\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1467\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1250\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e472\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1451\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16040\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2782\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5526\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7502\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6037\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3656\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e709\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e560\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3160\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4057\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3653\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e463\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1985\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2770\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2378\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16743\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1161\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1418\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1818\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1583\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e357\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u0026ndash;3160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270-16040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u0026ndash;6037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459-54147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026ndash;28.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43-3656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43-3332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld average concentrations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Results of activity concentration obtained by Jordan Atomic Energy Commission A\u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv clas\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"557\" height=\"349\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity concentrations in Bq/Kg in different studied regions in Jordan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity Concentration Bq/Kg (The average value of the studied Nuclei)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElement/Region\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa(238U)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e235\u003c/sup\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e137\u003c/sup\u003eCs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZarqa 2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRussaifa 2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTHE NORTHERN JORDAN RIFT VALLEY 2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e156.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaan 2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.7,44.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe types of cement in 2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e354.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrbid 2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJordan University of Science and Technology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmman Aqaba Highway\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eurban areas in the southern governorates of Jordan 2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eurban areas of the\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003enorthern highlands of Jordan 2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJordan Research and Training Reactor 2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e340.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.94-25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eeach governante of Jordan 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAraba Valley, Jordan 2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u0026ndash;762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.3\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19-38.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Aqaba Gulf 2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u0026ndash;677\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide rang**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u0026ndash;850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide Median Value*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePresent Research\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;560\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234\u0026ndash;6037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43-3656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026ndash;28.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e459-54147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe external hazard index (\u003cem\u003eHex\u003c/em\u003e) is given by a model proposed by Krieger (1981):\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${H}_{ex}=\\left(\\text{A}{}^{226}Ra/370\\right)+\\left(\\text{A}{}^{232}Th/259\\right)+\\left(\\text{A}{}^{40}K/4180\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e \u003csub\u003e \u003cem\u003eex\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sub\u003e must not exceed the limit of unity for the radiation hazard to be negligible. On the other hand, the internal hazard index (Hin) gives the internal exposure to carcinogenic radon and its short-lived progeny and is given by the following formula (Beretka and Mathew,1985):\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${H}_{in}=\\left(\\text{A}{}^{226}Ra/185\\right)+\\left(\\text{A}{}^{232}Th/259\\right)+\\left(\\text{A}{}^{40}K/4180\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe values of \u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ein\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e must also be less than unity to have negligible hazardous effects of radon and its short-lived progeny on the respiratory organs (UNSCEAR, 2000). The gamma absorbed dose rate in the air out the doors, D at 1 m above the ground surface due to specific activity concentrations of \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK is defined as given in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(6), to the effective dose received by adults. However, D values were calculated by the following equation (UNSCEAR-2000):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eD(nGy h\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.462A\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cem\u003e238\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eRa\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.604A\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cem\u003e232\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eTh\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0417A\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cem\u003e40\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e (6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{A}{}^{238}U\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{A}{}^{232}Th\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\text{A}{}^{40}K\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e are the activity concentration of \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK in Bq/kg, respectively. Exposure Radiation is defined in terms of many parameters. Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) is a widely used hazard index. It is calculated, as given by Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e), assuming that 370 Bq/kg of \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, 259 Bq/kg of 23kg, and 4810 Bq/kg of \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK produce a gamma-ray dose rate (Beretka and Mathew, 1985):\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${Ra}_{eq}\\left(\\frac{Bq}{kg}\\right)=\\text{A}{}^{226}Ra+1.43\\text{A}{}^{232}Th+0.077\\text{A}{}^{40}K$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(A{}^{226}Ra\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(A{}^{232}Th\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(A{}^{40}K\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e are the activity concentration of \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, and \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK in Bq/kg, respectively. Note the total value must be equal to or less than 370.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual Effective Dose Equivalent (AEDE) due to the activity of the samples was calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) (Emad Farrag 2016)\u003cdiv id=\"Equ7\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ7\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$AEDE\\left(mSv{y}^{-1}\\right)=D\\left(nGy{h}^{-1}\\right)\\times 8760\\left(h{y}^{-1}\\right)\\times 0.2\\times 0.7\\left(SvG{y}^{-1}\\right)\\times {10}^{-6}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere the value 0.7 SvGy-1 is the conversion coefficient from the absorbed dose in the air to the effective dose received by adults, 8760 is the time in hours in one year, 0.2 represents the outdoor occupancy factor (UNSCEAR-2000), and is the observed dose rate. The calculated values are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e :\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHex\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHin\u003c/em\u003e, and the annual effective dose equivalent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRaeq (Bq/Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD (nGy/h)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEDE (mSv/y)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHin\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esample 0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e385.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAqaba 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1253.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e579.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.710\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.638\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e------\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6036.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2789.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1643.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1728.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.989\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2382.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1101.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl-Lajjun9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1582.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e731.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":" 4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the concentration levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) of \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e235\u003c/sup\u003eU, and \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm in the surface soil samples of selected areas in Al-Lajjun/Jordan were investigated. The collected soil samples were analyzed employing gamma-ray spectrometry. The radioactivity concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclides \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e235\u003c/sup\u003eU, and \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm in the soil samples varied from 12\u0026ndash;560, 234\u0026ndash;6037, 4.3\u0026ndash;28.4, 459-54147, 43-3656, 43-3332 Bq/Kg, respectively. Radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, and annual effective dose equivalent were also calculated for the assessment of radiological risk. The external hazard value (Hex) is between 0.638 and 16.316. In this study, \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU activity concentration is much higher than the acceptable value reported by UNSCEAR-2000. Some samples show very high average concentrations. The results were confirmed using another method to prove the obtained values. The locations studied have a very high concentration of activity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank Dr. Eshraq Ababneh for her help in performing all the experiments at the Dababneh physics lab, and for her continuous fruiting discussions. Also, we appreciate the help of the Jordan Atomic Energy Commission (JAEC) in reinvestigating the studied samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have no conflicts of interest to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHauwau Kulu Shuaibu , Mayeen Uddin Khandaker , Tareq Alrefae , and D.A. Bradley, Assessment of natural radioactivity and gamma-ray dose in monazite rich black Sand, Beach of Penang Island, Malaysia, Marine Pollution Bulletin xxx (2017) xxx\u0026ndash;xxx \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWejood. Tuama Saadon, Abdul R. H. Subber, Hussain. A. Hussain, Assessment of Natural Radioactivity of Soil Sample in Selected Locations of Basrah Governorate, International Journal of Physics, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 2, 32-36\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJinlong Wang, Jinzhou Du , Qianian Bi, Natural radioactivity assessment of surface sediments in the Yangtze Estuary, Marine Pollution Bulletin 114 (2017) 602\u0026ndash;608\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS.K. Sahu, P.Y. Ajmal, R.C. Bhangare, M. Tiwari, G.G. Pandit, Natural radioactivity assessment of a phosphate fertilizer plant area, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 7 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 1 2 3 e1 2 8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eN. Yıldız, B. Oto, Ş. Turhanb, F.A. Uğur, E. G\u0026ouml;ren, Radionuclide determination and radioactivity evaluation of surface soil samples collected along the Er\u0026ccedil;ek Lake basin in eastern Anatolia, Turkey, Journal of Geochemical Exploration 146 (2014) 34\u0026ndash;39\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS.M. El-Bahi, A. Sroor, Gehan Y. Mohamedb,, N.S. El-Gendy, Radiological impact of natural radioactivity in Egyptian phosphate rocks, Applied Radiation and Isotopes 123 (2017) 121\u0026ndash;127\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA., BABA, F.S., EREEŞ, A, BAŞSARI, \u0026Uuml;., Hİ\u0026Ccedil;S\u0026Ouml;NMEZ, S., \u0026Ccedil;AM, Natural radioactivity and metal concentrations in soil samples taken along the İzmir-Ankara E-023 highway, TURKEY, \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRohit Mehra, Surinder Singh, Use of Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Measurements for Assessment of the Average Effective Dose from the Analysis of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in Soil Samples\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, Radiological hazards for marble, granite and ceramic tiles used in buildings in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Environ Earth Sci (2017) 76:516\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. M. HAMBY and A. K. TYNYBEKOV, URANIUM, THORIUM, AND POTASSIUM IN SOILS ALONG THE SHORE OF LAKE ISSYK-KYOL IN THE KYRGHYZ REPUBLIC, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 73: 101\u0026ndash;108, 2002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. Abusini, K. Al-ayasreh, and J. Al-Jundi, DETERMINATION OF URANIUM, THORIUM AND POTASSIUM ACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL CORES IN ARABA VALLEY, JORDAN, Radiation Protection Dosimetry (2008), Vol. 128, No. 2, pp. 213\u0026ndash;216\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZaid Q. Ababneh, Husam Al-Omari, Mohamad Rasheed, Tariq Al-Najjar2 and Anas M. Ababneh, ASSESSMENT OF GAMMA-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES IN SEDIMENT CORES FROM THE GULF OF AQABA, RED SEA, Radiation Protection Dosimetry (2010), pp. 1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalkawi S. R., El-Gohary M., Omari M., Azizi D, Al-Mistarihi Q. and Al-Malahim E., 2013. Determination of Concentration of radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, 137Cs, and 238U in soil samples collected from the campus of Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST). Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering.7, 371-376.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalaheddin R. Malkawi, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Mohammad Omari, Danah Azizi, Qusai Al-Mistarihi and Ebtihal Al-Malahim, Investigation of Radioactivity Levels in Soil at JUST Campus Before the Construction of JRTR, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 7, No. 4, 2013, 371-376\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEMAD AHMED MUSTAFA FARRAG, DETERMINATION OF THE NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN SELECTED AREAS OF ZARQA, JORDAN, Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 7-12\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK. AbuSaleem, A. Aldrabee Z., Qudah M. Makahleh, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Monitoring of radionuclides in the surface soil around the Jordan Research and Training Reactor (JRTR) before commissioning, \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Jundi J, Al-Batain B.A. , Rukah Y.B., and ShehadehJ.H.M.,2003. Natural radioactivity concentrations in soil samples along the Amman Aqaba Highway, Jordan. Radiation Measurements.36, 555-560. (2003)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbabneh, A.M., Masa\u0026apos;deh, M.S., Ababneh, Z.Q., Awawdeh, M.A., Alyassin, A.M., 2009.Radioactivity concentrations in soil and vegetables from northern Jordan Rift Valley and corresponding dose estimate. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 134(1), 30-37.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMOHAMMED BAKER H. AL-BEDRI1, HUSAM A. ARAR2 \u0026amp; W. O. HAMEED3, DETERMINATION OF NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS IN SURFACE SOILS OF OLD PHOSPHATE MINE AT RUSSAIFA OF JORDAN, International Journal of Physics and Research (IJPR)Vol. 4, Issue 3, Jun 2014, 31-38\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eH. Saleh, M. Abu Shayeb, Natural radioactivity distribution of southern part of Jordan (Maan) Soil, Annals of Nuclear Energy 65 (2014) 184\u0026ndash;189\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManal Jamal Abdallah, Walaa Rehab Al Tamimi, Ahmed Hamed El-Sayed SALAMA and Sajedah Mohammad Alameer, Performance, Measurements and Potential Radiological Risks of Natural Radioactivity in Cements Used in Jordan, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 16, No. 1, 2022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalaheddin R. Malkawi, Mahmoud El-Gohary, Mohammad Omari, Danah Azizi, Qusai Al-Mistarihi and Ebtihal Al-Malahim, Investigation of Radioactivity Levels in Soil at JUST Campus Before the Construction of JRTR, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Volume 7, No. 4, 2013\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry (2018) 316:139\u0026ndash;151\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbrahim F. Al-Hamarneh, Mohammad I. Awadallah, Radiation Measurements 44 (2009) 102\u0026ndash;110\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl Hamarneh, A. Wreikat, K. Toukan, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 67 (2003) 53\u0026ndash;67\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eK. Abu Saleem A. Aldrabee Z. Qudah M. Makahleh Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 2018\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmad Hussein Alomari, Muneer Aziz Saleh, Suhairul Hashim, Amal Alsayaheen \u0026amp; Ahmad Abu kashabeh (2019) Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 1477-2639 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gieh20\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNSCEAR (2000) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, report to the general assembly. Annex B: Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Gamma-ray spectrometry, Annual effective dose, External hazard index. Natural radioactivity, 238U, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3291464/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3291464/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eActivity concentrations of primordial radionuclides in soil samples collected from the Al-Lajjun region were measured using a γ-ray spectrometry system using pure germanium (HPGe) detector in a low background configuration. The mean activity concentrations for \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK, \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e235\u003c/sup\u003eU, and \u003csup\u003e241\u003c/sup\u003eAm at different locations of Al-Lajjun/Karak/Jordan were found to be in the range of 12\u0026ndash;560, 234\u0026ndash;6037, 4.3\u0026ndash;28.4, 459-54147, 43-3656, 43-3332 Bq/Kg, respectively. The obtained values of some samples are much greater than the world average values except for \u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003eK and \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh. Radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate, and annual effective dose equivalent were calculated for assessing the assessment of radiological risk. The external hazard value (Hex) is between 0.638 and 16.316. In the present study. \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU concentration is much higher than the acceptable value reported by UNSCEAR-2000.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Natural radioactivity in Al-Lajjun region Jordan soil by gamma-ray spectroscopy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-08-29 16:34:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3291464/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2d122dd1-7065-459a-aa6f-434aa992304d","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 29th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-09-09T13:44:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-08-29 16:34:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3291464","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3291464","identity":"rs-3291464","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}