An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process

An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process Lida Yu, Xiaoming Yang, Shengqiang Liu, Xiaomin Huang, Baoyu Wang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8974075/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this paper, the springback behaviors of TC4 alloy under triple-layer sheet hot stamping forming (THF) process is studied. To verify the springback control ability of the process, the U-shaped part experiments were conducted, and the effects of forming temperatures and quenching times on springback is revealed. A finite element (FE) model is established to study the deformation characteristics of U-shaped parts and the stress relaxation (SR) behavior during the quenching process. The springback control mechanism of THF is analyzed. Finally, the forming experiments of typical aviation parts were carried out to verify the feasibility of this process. The study showed that the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. The springback angle from 2.67° of 750°C to 0.46° of 900°C in the THF process. Compared with the results obtained by single-layer sheet hot stamping forming (SHF) process, the springabck angle decreases by 83.06% at 900°C. Meanwhile, the affected is much more by the quenching time than SHF. The springback angle decreases from 0.58° of 30s to 0.24° of 60s at 850°C. The thermal insulation effect of THF makes the SR of the parts more sufficient in the process of quenching, and the residual stress is fully released. In addition, it is found that the neutral layer shift in the fillet area at the bottom of THF parts is relatively small and is more sensitive to the effect of forming temperature. According to the FE simulation and microstructure analysis, it is jointly revealed that the inner and outer layers at the bottom fillet are close to the ideal state of tension-compression symmetry. The typical aviation parts have a high forming accuracy under THF processes. This research provides a new strategy for achieving high-precision forming of titanium alloy thin-walled parts in the aerospace industry. TC4 alloy THF process Springback FE numerical simulation Microstructural evolution Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 01 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 27 Feb, 2026 Editorial decision: Minor Revisions Needed 27 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8974075","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":600647986,"identity":"c324297e-fa5c-4f25-ac09-07be67864b63","order_by":0,"name":"Lida Yu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lida","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":600647987,"identity":"ae5bd63f-306b-4624-8804-969df1747b3b","order_by":1,"name":"Xiaoming Yang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGyjNRryWNCBmJk3LYRK0GBw/e/g1b875PP7+8wcYPpQdZuCf3UBAy5m8NMuZ224XS9xIZmCcce4wg8SdAwS0HMgxM/i47XbiBglmBmbetsMMBhIJBLScf2NmkLjtXOIG/sMMzH+J0nIjx/jBx20HEjcwJDMwMxKjRfLGGzPGmduSE2fcSDY42HMunUfiBgEtfOdzjD/zbrNL7O8/+PDBjzJrOf4ZBLQoHGBgk4BxDgAxD371QCDfwMD8gaCqUTAKRsEoGNkAAIK9RnKTxuiEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"North China University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoming","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":600647988,"identity":"5dc9b1e2-b705-4a03-9424-3b093acec6aa","order_by":2,"name":"Shengqiang Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shengqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":600647989,"identity":"9f22fdfa-4222-4b7b-b78d-cb8dd9e8c363","order_by":3,"name":"Xiaomin Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaomin","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":600647990,"identity":"7f89f94b-6b5c-4858-b751-b3ec23bf368e","order_by":4,"name":"Baoyu Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baoyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":600647991,"identity":"9a613f09-ac9e-4ae9-8f39-f2120917e70f","order_by":5,"name":"Hongchao Ji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hongchao","middleName":"","lastName":"Ji","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-26 06:34:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8974075/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8974075/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104405394,"identity":"a1159331-1a0d-4ec0-84d4-efcaca6307d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:22:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2806664,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8974075/v1_covered_5636edf8-5be0-440f-9f41-979b5726f087.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"TC4 alloy, THF process, Springback, FE numerical simulation, Microstructural evolution","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8974075/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8974075/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this paper, the springback behaviors of TC4 alloy under triple-layer sheet hot stamping forming (THF) process is studied. To verify the springback control ability of the process, the U-shaped part experiments were conducted, and the effects of forming temperatures and quenching times on springback is revealed. A finite element (FE) model is established to study the deformation characteristics of U-shaped parts and the stress relaxation (SR) behavior during the quenching process. The springback control mechanism of THF is analyzed. Finally, the forming experiments of typical aviation parts were carried out to verify the feasibility of this process. The study showed that the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. The springback angle from 2.67\u0026deg; of 750\u0026deg;C to 0.46\u0026deg; of 900\u0026deg;C in the THF process. Compared with the results obtained by single-layer sheet hot stamping forming (SHF) process, the springabck angle decreases by 83.06% at 900\u0026deg;C. Meanwhile, the affected is much more by the quenching time than SHF. The springback angle decreases from 0.58\u0026deg; of 30s to 0.24\u0026deg; of 60s at 850\u0026deg;C. The thermal insulation effect of THF makes the SR of the parts more sufficient in the process of quenching, and the residual stress is fully released. In addition, it is found that the neutral layer shift in the fillet area at the bottom of THF parts is relatively small and is more sensitive to the effect of forming temperature. According to the FE simulation and microstructure analysis, it is jointly revealed that the inner and outer layers at the bottom fillet are close to the ideal state of tension-compression symmetry. The typical aviation parts have a high forming accuracy under THF processes. This research provides a new strategy for achieving high-precision forming of titanium alloy thin-walled parts in the aerospace industry.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An investigation of springback of TC4 alloy by triple-layer sheet hot stamping and cold die quenching process","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-09 15:27:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8974075/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2026-03-04T13:41:17+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-04T13:17:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-02T02:44:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","date":"2026-02-28T03:11:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor Revisions Needed","date":"2026-02-27T22:04:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-international-journal-of-advanced-manufacturing-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jamt","sideBox":"Learn more about [The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/170)","snPcode":"170","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/170/3","title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"274ef7f4-23c7-4266-8f5a-422f265258bd","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 9th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-10T13:26:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-09 15:27:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8974075","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8974075","identity":"rs-8974075","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}