Association Between Sleep Characteristics and Periodontal Health Indices: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study

Association Between Sleep Characteristics and Periodontal Health Indices: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Association Between Sleep Characteristics and Periodontal Health Indices: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study Mohammadfazel Mahmoodabadi, Parvin Khalili, Zahra Jamali, Rayehehossadat Rezvaninejad, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7670773/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 24 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Periodontal disease results from an inflammatory response to bacterial biofilms around the periodontium. Sleep characteristics, including quality and duration, may influence periodontal health, but the relationship remains unclear. Materials and Methods The study was cross-sectional research conducted in the university oral health institution and dental clinics in 2020. Sleep characteristics were assessed via a self-reported questionnaire. Periodontal health was evaluated using clinical indicators such as bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and calculus presence. CAL was assessed as the main outcome while other indices were considered as the secondary ones. Data were processed using STATA version 14 and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of. 6,750 participants aged between 35 to 70 were included. The prevalence of BOP, calculus, PPD, and CAL were assessed as 73.31%, 81.49%, 13.75%, and 59.67%, respectively. Participants who used sleeping pills were significantly associated with lower CAL prevalence(OR:0.79, CI:0.63–0.99). Longer nighttime sleep duration (OR: 0.96, CI: 0.92–0.99) was associated with lower BOP prevalence. Additionally, sleeping pill consumption (OR:0.69, CI: 0.54–0.88) was significantly associated with lower calculus prevalence. Conclusions our findings suggest that longer nighttime sleep and the use of sleeping pills may improve periodontal health indexes. Further prospective studies are recommended for better generalizability. Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Risk factors periodontal health sleep Bleeding on Probing (BOP) Clinical attachment loss pocket depth calculus sleep quality Oral health Background Periodontal disease is an inflammatory response to bacterial biofilm accumulation near the periodontium, leading to bone loss and inflammation around the teeth ( 1 , 2 ). This common oral condition affects approximately 743 million individuals globally and is recognized as the leading cause of tooth loss in older adults, particularly those over 35 years of age ( 3 ). The etiology of periodontal disease is multifactorial, with microbial plaque being a primary contributor( 4 ). Other conditions, such as acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), allergic gingivitis, and certain skin diseases, can also impact gum health. Additionally, systemic factors like diabetes, hormonal changes, and specific medications may adversely affect gingival health. Factors that enhance bacterial activity and compromise the body's defenses contribute to the disease, underscoring the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene and overall health. Key contributing factors include 1) local factors such as poor restorations, teeth anatomy anomalies, cervical caries, and resorption; 2) systemic disorders like HIV and diabetes; and 3) environmental factors including daily stress, smoking, sleep disturbances, and insomnia ( 5 ). Clinical attachment loss (CAL) serves as the primary clinical indicator for diagnosing periodontitis. CAL measures the extent of periodontal support lost around a tooth and is assessed using a periodontal probe to determine the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the base of the pocket ( 6 , 7 ). Secondary indicators for diagnosing periodontitis include bleeding on probing (BOP), dental calculus, and probing depth. BOP is often one of the initial signs of gingivitis and is evaluated 30–60 seconds after probing around a tooth. Dental calculus consists of mineralized bacterial plaque that forms on teeth. Clinical signs of inflammation—such as changes in color, contour, consistency of the gums, and bleeding during probing—do not always indicate progressive CAL. However, consistent BOP in successive examinations is a reliable indicator of inflammation and potential future attachment loss in those areas. Treatment for periodontitis primarily involves removing causative factors (dental plaque, microbial biofilm, and calculus) through scaling and root planning combined with oral hygiene education ( 8 ). Sleep is a biological necessity critical for human health. Insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality are associated with several adverse health outcomes, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, stroke, and coronary artery disease. Numerous studies have documented the negative effects of sleep deprivation, sleep apnea, and insomnia on systemic disorders ( 9 , 10 ). Recently, a direct relationship between sleep duration and the prevalence of periodontitis has been observed( 11 ). Proposed biological mechanisms for this association include systemic inflammation caused by periodontitis negatively affecting sleep quality and duration; conversely, sleep dysfunction may impair immune system function ( 12 , 13 ). In 2020, Islam et al. investigated the relationship between sleep quality and duration with periodontal disease among 1,934 young Japanese students but found no significant association within this group ( 14 ). Conversely, Patrick R. Schmidlin et al. reported an association between specific sleep disorders and periodontal parameters in their study conducted in 2020 ( 15 ). Additionally, Vijendra Singh et al. (2016) explored the link between sleep quality and chronic periodontitis among 200 individuals but found that only age significantly correlated with periodontitis; other variables did not reach statistical significance( 16 ). Given these discrepancies in findings, we aimed to investigate the relationship between various sleep parameters and periodontal health indexes in a large adult population. Methods Study Design and Participants This cross-sectional study utilized data from the Oral Health Branch of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS)( 17 ). The OHBRCS is a part of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS)( 18 , 19 ). The RCS initiated in 2015 .in the Rafsanjan region, southeast of Iran as an extension of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN)( 20 )). Individuals were randomly selected by systematic clustering based on household number until the target sample size was reached. A total number of 9991 individuals aged 35–70 years willingly participated in the baseline phase of RCS. The details of the RCS profile have been published previously ( 17 ). Additionally, as part of the routine data collection process within the RCS, participants underwent an oral examination. OHBRCS focuses on exploring dental and oral health parameters within its participant group. The OHBRCS, involving 8,682 individuals from the RCS cohort, is the focus of this study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (IR.RUMS.REC.1401.145). Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Data were collected through a standardized, comprehensive questionnaire validated in the RCS and PERSIAN ( 21 , 22 ). This questionnaire included demographic information, socioeconomic status, medication and medical history, lifestyle habits, anthropometric measures, and sleep status. Sleep status was assessed using questionnaires and checklists developed by the PERSIAN cohort team. Self-reported data on alcohol consumption, smoking, and opium use were also collected. Lifetime smoking was defined as having smoked more than 100 cigarettes. Alcohol consumption was defined as drinking at least 200 ml of beer or 45 ml of liquor at least once per week for a minimum of six months. A participant was classified as an opium user if they reported using opium at least once per week for six months. Medical history such as history of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease was self-reported based on a history of these diseases diagnosed by a doctor in the past. To evaluate the level of physical activity, the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) was used. Physical activity was assessed based on a 22-item questionnaire and daily physical activity. The Wealth Score Index (WSI) assessed participants' wealth status through multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), considering factors such as housing conditions (ownership, number of rooms/kitchens, age of building), education level, and vehicle ownership. Variables related to oral and dental hygiene were evaluated through a questionnaire, and complete oral examinations were performed by dental specialists. The recorded data included gingival health indicators such as bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth, and the presence of dental calculus. Sample Size The study initially enrolled 8,682 participants. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 6,750 patients were included in the final analysis. Inclusion Criteria: Participants were required to meet the following criteria: Aged between 35 and 70 years. Had at least two teeth present in the oral cavity. Provided informed consent for participation in the study. Exclusion Criteria: The following conditions led to exclusion from the study: Pregnancy. Having fewer than two teeth in the mouth. Periodontal Examination Gingival health indicators—including clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and dental calculus—were measured in all participants by trained periodontists using a disposable dental mirror and a Williams Michigan “O” probe (Hufriedy, U.S.A.). Each tooth was probed at four measurement points (mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual) to assess BOP, PPD, and CAL indices. BOP is a hallmark indicator of inflammation in the periodontium and is more sensitive than gross examination methods. It is defined as bleeding occurring within 30 to 60 seconds after probing. The Ainamo and Bay method was employed to evaluate BOP. Clinical attachment loss refers to the loss of attachment between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue due to periodontal disease .To assess CAL, the probe was moved parallel to the tooth axis along the gingival margin regarding the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). The deepest point of probe penetration on six surfaces of each tooth (mesial, middle, distal on buccal and lingual surfaces) was recorded. A CAL of ≥ 1 mm indicated gingival recession and was scored positively. To assess PPD index, probing depth greater than 3 mm was considered as a positive score. The Calculus Surface Index (CSI) was used to evaluate dental calculus presence. The level of dental plaque and calculus was assessed using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), where higher scores indicate poorer oral hygiene. Sleep Investigation Measures Sleep status was assessed using a questionnaire derived from the Petersburg questionnaire that included items such as bedtime, wake-up time, involuntary daytime napping, presence of daytime sleepiness, night shifts worked per year, and use of sleeping pills. Data extraction All the demographics, medical comorbidities, socio-economical variables, habitual findings, dental examination findings, and sleep features were gathered and documented. The CAL was defined as the primary outcome while BOP, calculus, and PPD were deemed as the secondary outcomes. Statistical Analysis Data were processed using STATA version 14. Findings were presented using tables and descriptive statistical techniques. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables while t-tests were applied for quantitative variables to compare baseline characteristics between groups. For categorical data, results are expressed as numbers and percentages; for quantitative variables, means with standard deviations are reported. To mitigate confounding factors' impact on results, analyses were conducted in two stages: univariate followed by multivariate logistic regression modeling. Factors identified as significant in univariate analysis were included in multivariable logistic regression models to determine odds ratios. Covariates adjusted in the model included age (continuous variable), gender (male/female), education level (continuous variable), wealth status index (continuous variable), smoking status (yes/no), opium use (yes/no), body mass index (BMI) (continuous variable), hypertension status (yes/no), diabetes status (yes/no), CVD history (yes/no) and brushing habits (yes/no). A significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Results Out of an initial enrollment of 8,682 participants,1932 participants did not meet the inculsion criteria or choose not to participate in this study.As a result, 6,750 individuals were included and reviewed in the final analysis. Among them, 56% were female and 44% were male. The mean age of the participants was 47.67 ± 8.79 years. Amongst the patients, 9.51% had a positive history of alcohol consumption and 19.74 were active smokers. The prevalence of BOP, calculus, PPD, and CAL were assessed as 73.31%, 81.49%, 13.75%, and 59.67%, respectively (Table 1 ). Older age and higher levels of physical activity were linked to increased bleeding on probing (BOP). The prevalence of BOP was lower among cigarette smokers, opium users, and subjects with diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, there was a significant difference between the prevalence of calculus and age, sex, alcohol consumption, and tooth brushing (Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographic characteristics, personal habits, medical history, and periodontal characteristics of the study population by BOP and calculus (n = 6750) Characteristics Overall (n = 6750) BOP P-Value Calculus P-Value No(n = 1801) Yes(n = 4949) No(n = 1249) Yes(n = 5501) Age- year- no (%) < 0.001 0.001 35–45 3083(45.68) 742(41.22) 2341(47.30) 580(46.44) 2503(45.51) 46–55 2191(32.46) 587(32.61) 1604(32.41) 358(28.66) 1833(33.33) ≥ 56 1475(21.86) 471(26.17) 1004(20.29) 311(24.90) 1164(21.16) Mean ± SD 47.68 ± 8.79 48.63 ± 8.72 47.32 ± 8.64 0.000 47.80 ± 9.5 47.64 ± 8.63 0/552 Gender- no (%) 0.858 0/001 Male 2.975 (44.07) 797 (44.25) 2.178 (44.01) 499 (39.95) 2.476 (45.01) Female 3.775 (55.930 1.004 (55.75) 2.771 (55.99) 750 (60.05) 3.025 (54.99) Education 0.756 0.217 Mean ± SD 9.53± 4.78 9.50 ± 4.84 9.54 ± 4.76 9.68 ± 4.86 9.50 ± 4.76 Physical activity 0.003 0/068 Mean ± SD 38.86 ± 6.17 38.48 ± 5.77 38.98± 6.30 38.56 ± 5.76 38.91 ± 6.26 BMI 0.098 0/473 Mean ± SD 28.10 ± 4.79 27.94 ± 4.76 28.16 ± 4.80 28.01 ± 5.02 28.12 ± 4.74 Wealth score index 0.770 0/679 Mean ± SD 0.15± 0.96 0.15 ± 0.98 0.16 ± 0.95 0.14 ± 0.99 0.16± 0.95 Alcohol consumption- no (%) 0.328 0/013 Yes 638 (9.51) 160 (8.93) 478 (9.73) 95 (7.65) 543 (9.94) No 6.068 (90.49) 1.631 (91.07) 4.437 (90.27) 1.147 (92.35) 4.921 (90.06) Cigarette smoking-no (%) 0.001 0/262 Yes 1.324 (19.74) 402 (22.45) 922 (18.76) 231 (18.60) 1.093 (20.00) No 5.382 (80.26) 1.389 (77.55) 3.993 (81.24) 1.011 (81.40) 4.371 (80.00) Opium consumption-no (%) < 0.001 0/733 Yes 1.171 (17.46) 369 (20.60) 802 (16.32) 221 (17.79) 950 (17.39) No 5.535 (82.54) 1.422 (79.40) 4.113 (83.68) 1.021 (82.21) 4.514 (82.61) Tooth brushing (%) 0.406 < 0.001 yes 5.387 (79.80) 1.425 (79.12) 3.962 (80.04) 944 (75.52) 4.443 (80.77) no 1.364 (20.20) 376 (20.88) 988 (19.96) 306 (24.48) 1.058 (19.23) Hypertension- no (%) 0.298 0.462 Yes 1.324(19.72) 369(20.56) 955(19.41) 236 (18.97) 1.088(19.89) No 5.390 (80.28) 1.426 (79.44) 3.964 (80.59) 1.008 (81.03) 4.382 (80.11) Diabetes- no (%) 0.013 0.321 Yes 1.127 (16.79) 335 (18.66) 792 (16.10) 197 (15.84) 930 (17.00) No 5.587 (83.21) 1.460 (81.34) 4.127 (83.90) 1.047 (84.16) 4.540 (83.00) Cardiovascular disease (%) 0.008 0.413 Yes 487 (7.25) 155 (8.64) 332 (6.75) 97 (7.80) 390 (7.13) No 6.227 (92.75) 1.640 (91.36) 4.587 (93.25) 1.147 (92.20) 5.080 (92.87) The prevalence of clinical attachment loss (CAL) was higher among older age, female sex, lower educational status, poor economic status, cigarette smokers, opium users, subjects with no tooth brushing, higher levels of physical activity, and subjects with medical comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease(P < 0.05). The prevalence of pockets was higher among the male sex, lower BMI, younger age, poor economic status, cigarette smokers, opium users, subjects with no tooth brushing, and higher levels of physical activity (P < 0.05). (see Table 2 ). Table 2 Sociodemographic characteristics, personal habits, medical history, and periodontal characteristics of the study population by CAL and Pocket(n = 6750) Characteristics Overall (n = 6750) CAL ≥ 1 mm P-Value Pocket > 3mm P-Value No(n = 2722) Yes(n = 4028) No(n = 5822) Yes(n = 928 Age- year- no (%) < 0.001 0.011 35–45 3,083 (45.68) 1,624 (59.68) 1,459 (36.22) 2,701 (46.40) 382 (41.16) 46–55 2,191 (32.46) 690 (25.36) 1,501 (37.26) 1,860 (31.95) 331 (35.67) ≥ 56 1.475 (21.86) 407 (14.96) 1.068 (26.51) 1260 (21.65) 215 (23.17) Mean ± SD 47.67 ± 8.79 45.11 ± 8.44 49.40 ± 8.60 0.001> 47.53 ± 8.83 48.58 ± 8.46 0.001> Gender- no (%) 0.001> 0.001> Male 2,975 (44.07) 1,006 (36.96) 1,969 (48.88) 2,480 (42.60) 495 (53.34) Female 3,775 (55.93) 1,716 (63.04) 2,059 (51.12) 3,342 (57.40) 433 (46.66) Education 0.001> 0.001> Mean ± SD 9.53 ± 4.78 10.19 ± 4.57 9.09 ± 4.87 9.66 ± 4.78 8.75 ± 4.72 Physical activity 0.011 0.001> Mean ± SD 38.85 ± 6.17 38.62 ± 5.83 39.01 ± 6.39 38.73 ± 6.03 39.60 ± 6.96 BMI 0.337 0.009 Mean ± SD 28.10 ± 4.79 28.17 ± 4.85 28.05 ± 4.76 28.16 ± 4.80 27.71 ± 4.74 Wealth score index 0.001 0.001> Mean ± SD 0.15 ± 0.96 0.20 ± 0.94 0.12 ± 0.97 0.17 ± 0.96 0.05 ± 0.97 Alcohol consumption- no (%) 0.522 0.074 Yes 638 (9.51) 250 (9.24) 388 (9.70) 536 (9.26) 102 (11.12) No 6,068 (90.49) 2,457 (90.76) 3,611 (90.30) 5,253 (90.74) 815 (88.88) Cigarette smoking-no (%) 0.001> 0.001> Yes 1,324 (19.74) 440 (16.25) 884 (22.11) 1,080 (18.66) 244 (26.61) No 5,382 (80.26) 2,267 (83.75) 3,115 (77.89) 4,709 (81.34) 673 (73.39) Opium consumption-no(%) Yes 1,171 (17.46) 393 (14.52) 778 (19.45) 948 (16.38) 223 (24.32) No 5,535 (82.54) 2,314 (85.48) 3,221 (80.55) 4,841 (83.62) 694 (75.68) Tooth brushing (%) 0.001 0.001> yes 5,387 (79.80) 2,227 (81.78) 3,160 (78.45) 4,699 (80.70) 688 (74.14) no 1,364 (20.20) 496 (18.22) 868 (21.55) 1,124 (19.30) 240 (25.86) Hypertension- no (%) 0.001> 0.766 Yes 1,324 (19.72) 431 (15.90) 893 (22.30) 1,127 (19.45) 197 (21.41) No 5,390 (80.28) 2,279 (84.10) 3,111 (77.70) 4,667 (80.55) 723 (78.59) Diabetes- no (%) 0.001> 0.533 Yes 1,127 (16.79) 368 (13.58) 759 (18.96) 966 (16.67) 161 (17.50) No 5,587 (83.21) 2,342 (86.42) 3,245 (81.04) 4,828 (83.33) 759 (82.50) Cardiovascular disease-no(%) 0.009 0.655 Yes 487 (7.25) 148 (5.46) 339 (8.47) 417 (7.20) 70 (7.61) No 6,227 (92.75) 2,562 (94.54) 3,665 (91.53) 5,377 (92.80) 850 (92.39) Table 3 presents associations between sleep characteristics and BOP and Calculus. There were significant differences regarding, night sleep duration, and sleeping pill usage between the two groups (BOP and no BOP). Also, there were significant differences regarding, sleeping pill usage between the two groups (Calculus and no Calculus) There was a significant difference between the two groups (CAL and no CAL) in terms of, uncontrolled napping, night shifts, and the number of night shifts. There were significant differences regarding, night shifts, and the number of night shifts between the two groups (Pocket and no Pocket) (see Table 4 ). Table 3 . Associations Between Sleep Characteristics and BOP and Calculus. Characteristics Overall (n = 6742) BOP P-Value Calculus P-Value No (1801) Yes (4941) No (1248) Yes (5494) Sleeping during day 0.888 0.776 Yes 4905 (72.75) 1308 (72.63) 3597 (72.80) 912 (73.08) 3993 (72.68) No 1837 (27.25) 493 (27.37) 1344 (27.20) 336 (26.92) 1501 (27.32) Daytime sleeping duration 0.554 0.936 Not sleeping 1837 (27.29) 493 (27.43) 1344 (27.24) 336 (26.97) 1501 (27.37) ≤ average 3168 (47.07) 860 (47.86) 2308 (46.78) 592 (47.51) 2576 (46.96) >average 1,726 (25.64) 444 (24.71) 1282 (25.98) 318 (25.52) 1408 (25.67) Night shifts 0.258 0.068 Yes 975 (14.46) 246 (13.66) 729 (14.75) 160 (12.82) 815 (14.83) No 5,767 (85.54) 1555 (86.34) 4212 (85.25) 1088 (87.18) 4679 (85.17) Numbers of night shifts in a year 0.477 0.187 No 5767 (85.56) 1555 (86.34) 4212 (85.28) 1088 (87.18) 4679 (85.20) ≤ Average 493 (7.31) 121 (6.72) 372 (7.53) 79 (6.33) 414 (7.54) >Average 480 (7.12) 125 (6.94) 355 (7.19) 81 (6.49) 399 (7.27) Night sleep duration 0.006 0.529 < 6 1019 (15.11) 259 (14.38) 760 (15.38) 179 (14.34) 840 (15.29) 6–9 5446 (80.78) 1468 (81.51) 3978 (80.51) 1022 (81.89) 4424 (80.52) < 9 277 (4.11) 74 (4.11) 203 (4.11) 47 (3.77) 230 (4.19) Mean ± SD 7.13 ± 1.45 7.21 ± 1.46 7.10 ± 1.45 0.034 7.19 ± 1.43 7.16 ± 1.46 0.776 Daily sleep duration 0.006 0.529 < 6 496 (7.37) 129 (7.18) 367 (7.44) 88 (7.06) 408 (7.44) 6–9 5283 (78.49) 1395 (77.63) 3888 (78.80) 973 (78.09) 4310 (78.58) < 9 952 (14.14) 273 (15.19) 679 (13.76) 185 (14.85) 767 (13.98) Mean ± SD 8.03 ± 1.65 8.09 ± 1.67 8.00 ± 1.64 0.068 8.078 ± 1.65 8.016 ± 1.65 0.206 Uncontrollable napping 0.983 0.222 Yes 2080 (30.85) 556 (30.87) 1524 (30.84) 403 (32.29) 1677 (30.52) No 4662 (69.15) 1245 (69.13) 3417 (69.16) 845 (67.71) 3817 (69.48) Sleeping pills usage 0.005 0.001 No 6368 (94.45) 1678 (93.17) 4690 (94.92) 1154 (92.47) 5214 (94.90) Yes 374 (5.55) 123 (6.83) 251 (5.08) 94 (7.53) 280 (5.10) Table 4 Associations Between Sleep Characteristics and CAL and Pocket. Characteristics Overall (n = 6742) CAL ≥ 1 mm P-Value Pocket > 3mm P-Value No (2719) Yes (4023) No (5814) Yes (928) Sleeping during day 0.949 0.742 Yes 4,905 (72.75) 1,977 (72.71) 2,928 (72.78) 4,234 (72.82) 671 (72.31) No 1,837 (27.25) 742 (27.29) 1,095 (27.22) 1,580 (27.18) 257 (27.69) Daytime sleeping duration 0.699 0.929 Not sleeping 1,837 (27.29) 742 (27.36) 1,095 (27.25) 1,580 (27.22) 257 (27.75) ≤ median 3,168 (47.07) 1,289 (47.53) 1,879 (46.75) 2,737 (47.15) 431 (46.54) >median 1,726 (25.64) 681 (25.11) 1,045 (26.00) 1,488 (25.63) 238 (25.70) Night shifts 0.001 0.001> Yes 975 (14.46) 345 (12.69) 630 (15.66) 804 (13.83) 171 (18.43) No 5,767 (85.54) 2,374 (87.31) 3,393 (84.34) 5,010 (86.17) 757 (81.57) Numbers of night shifts in a year 0.003 0.001 No 5,767 (85.56) 2,374 (87.34) 3,393 (84.36) 5,010 (86.20) 757 (81.57) ≤ median 493 (7.31) 176 (6.48) 317 (7.88) 411 (7.07) 82 (8.84) >median 480 (7.12) 168 (6.18) 312 (7.76) 391 (6.73) 89 (9.59) Night sleep duration. hour 0.219 0.679 < 6 1,019 (15.11) 389 (14.31) 630 (15.66) 878 (15.10) 141 (15.19) 6–9 5,446 (80.78) 2.224 (81.79) 3.222 (80.09) 4.702 (80.87) 744 (80.17) < 9 277 (4.11) 106 (3.90) 171 (4.25) 234 (4.02) 43 (4.63) Mean ± SD 7.13 ± 1.45 7.18 ± 1.44 7.10 ± 1.46 0.034 7.13 ± 1.44 7.14 ± 1.51 0.776 Daily sleep duration. hour 0.703 0.400 < 6 496 (7.37) 201 (7.41) 295 (7.34) 419 (7.22) 77 (8.32) 6–9 5,283 (78.49) 2,116 (78.02) 3,167 (78.80) 4,570 (78.73) 713 (77.00) 0.957 Yes 2,080 (30.85) 769 (28.28) 1,311 (32.59) 1,793 (30.84) 287 (30.93) No 4,662 (69.15) 1,950 (71.72) 2,712 (67.41) 4,021 (69.16) 641 (69.07) Sleeping pills usage 0.731 0.076 No 6,368 (94.45) 2,565 (94.34) 3,803 (94.53) 5,480 (94.26) 888 (95.69) Yes 374 (5.55) 154 (5.66) 220 (5.47) 334 (5.74) 40 (4.31) Table 5 presents the multivariate analysis of relevant sleep characteristics with adjustments for confounding factors significant associations were found for and the use of sleeping pills concerning the clinical attachment loss (CAL) index. Notably, the use of sleeping pills (OR:0.79 (0.63–0.99) was significantly associated with lower odds of CAL. Night sleep duration showed significantly associated with the bleeding on probing (BOP) index. Longer nighttime sleep duration (OR: 0.96 (0.92–0.99) and were associated with lower prevalence of BOP. Additionally, sleeping pill usage (0.69(0.54–0.88) was significantly associated with a lower incidence of calculus. Table 5 Adjusted Odds Ratios for the Association Between Sleep Characteristics and Periodontal Disease Outcomes Variables CAL ≥ 1 mm Pocket > 3mm BOP Calculus Daily sleep duration/hour 6–9 1 1 1 1 < 6 0.83 (0.69–1.02) 1.14(0.88–1.48) 1.03 (0.83–1.28) 1.06 (0.83–1.36) 9< 0.99 (0.85–1.15) 1.11 (0.90–1.36) 0.96 (0.82–1.12) 0.99 (0.83–1.19( Continues variable 1.01(0.97–1.04) 1.02 (0.98–1.07) 0.98 (0.95-1.00) 0.98(0.95–1.02( Night sleep duration/ hour 6–9 1 1 1 1 < 6 1.01 (0.87–1.17) 1.01 (0.83–1.23) 1.09 (0.93–1.27) 1.08 (0.91–1.29( 9< 1.13(0.87–1.47) 1.22(0.86–1.72) 1.13 (0.85–1.49) 1.24 (0.90–1.73) Continues variable 0.99 (0.95–1.02) 1.07 (0.97–1.07) 0.96 (0.92–0.99) 0.98 (0.94–1.02) Day time sleeping Yes 1 1 1 1 No 1.05(0.93–1.17) 1.04 (0.89–1.22) 1.02 (0.93–1.17) 0.97 (0.85–1.12) Daytime sleep duration None 1 1 1 1 ≥median 1.01 (0.90–1.15) 1.03 (0.87–1.23) 0.99 (0.87–1.13) 0.97 (0.84–1.13) <median 1.12 (0.97–1.29) 1.05 (0.86–1.28) 1.08 (0.93–1.26) 0.98 (0.82–1.16) Continues variable 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 1.00 (0.99–1.01) Night working shifts No 1 1 1 1 Yes 1.02 (0.87–1.20) 1.11 (0.91–1.37) .08(0.91–1.29) 1.05(0.85–1.28) Numbers of night shifts in a year None 1 1 1 1 ≥median 0.91 (0.74–1.12) 1.02 (0.78–1.33) 1.16(0.93–1.46) 1.08(0.83–1.41) <median 1.15(0.93–1.42) 1.23 (0.94–1.59) 1.00(0.79–1.25) 1.00(0.77–1.3) Continues variable 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 1.00(0.99–1.01) 0.99(0.99–1.01) Uncontrolled napping Yes 1 1 1 1 No 1.08 (0.97–1.21) 0.94 (0.81–1.10) 1.02(0.91–1.15) 0.93(0.81–1.06) Sleeping pills usage Yes 1 1 1 1 No 0.79 (0.63–0.99) 0.72 (0.51–1.01) 0.81(0.65–1.02) 0.69(0.54–0.88) Time of waking up Before 6 am 1 1 1 1 After 6 am 0.84 (0.75–0.93) 0.92 (0.79–1.07) 0.83(0.74–0.93) 0.90)0.79–1.03) Significant values are bold. Discussion This article presents a study aimed at investigating the association between sleep characteristics and periodontal health indices. The use of sleeping pills was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of CAL. Longer nighttime sleep duration was associated with a lower prevalence of BOP. Sleeping pill usage was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of calculus. Multivariate analysis revealed no significant associations between CAL, probing pocket depth, calculus presence, and the duration of nighttime sleep after adjusting for confounding variables. The human body's natural circadian cycles and balance can be disrupted by the need for night shift work in today's modern society. Workers who work during the night are exposed to more light, leading to a negative impact on melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine) secretion and disruption of the circadian system( 23 ). A systematic review revealed that individuals with reduced levels of melatonin in their saliva had poorer periodontal health( 24 ). Moreover, prior research has demonstrated that individuals who work at night, exhibit decreased salivary flow rate, increased dental cavities, and elevated BMI( 25 )Elevated fat metabolism can lead to an increase in TNF-α production, which can negatively impact periodontal health by promoting inflammation in the periodontal tissue. ( 26 – 28 ) Yoichi Ishizuka et.al. reported that night-shift workers were more likely to report gingival bleeding( 29 ). Dong-Hun Han et.al. found an association between night awakening (going to bed during the daytime) and periodontitis in a representative national Korean sample( 30 ). Our study demonstrated a significant relationship between night shift work frequency and periodontitis in crude models; however, this association diminished after adjusting for confounding variables. This contrasts with findings from Roestamadji et al., who observed heightened oral inflammation and poorer periodontal health among night shift workers without any relationship to sleep duration ( 31 ). The differences in outcomes may be attributed to variations in the populations studied; our larger sample size could provide more robust data compared to Roestamadji et al.'s research. In a review of the literature, there are controversial debates on sleep characteristics and periodontal disease. Dong-Hun Han reported a positive correlation between periodontitis and both prolonged nighttime sleep (over 9 hours) and daytime napping ( 30 ) Carra et al. noted that individuals who sleep less than 6 hours per night are at an increased risk for gingivitis ( 32 ). On the other hand, recent studies questioned any potential link between short sleep duration and periodontal health risks ( 33 , 34 ). In a review of the literature, short sleeping time duration (< 6 hours) was not associated with the risk of periodontal disease ( 34 ). Similarly, Islam et al. found no correlation between sleep quality or duration and periodontal disease among young Japanese students ( 14 ). Notably, Wiener et.al. showed that there was no association between sleeping less than 7 hours a night and periodontitis in patients aged 30 or more ( 33 ). Our results echo these findings We found a significant relationship between nighttime sleep duration and BOP; BOP serves as a primary indicator for diagnosing gingivitis ( 35 ). The association between sleeping pill usage and CAL aligns with findings from Balaji et al., who also reported a significant relationship between CAL and sleeping pill use. Their research indicated that melatonin supplementation improved key periodontal health parameters such as probing depth and CAL in patients with periodontitis ( 36 ). Limitations The major strengths of our study were the large size of the sample, the population-based research, and an abundance of data on possible confounders, particularly potential confounding variables such as alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, opium use, presence of chronic diseases, and physical activity. In addition, questionnaires were completed using Persian Cohort protocols. The study had limitations that needed to be addressed. First, the study was a cross-sectional study that has limited maneuverability in providing a reliable causality relationship between predicting factors and outcomes reported. In addition, the self-reporting design of the questionnaire can be associated with multiple reporting and interpretation biases as well. Prospective studies with appropriate control groups as recommended for future studies. Second, in this article, the quality of sleep was not evaluated. Thirdly, without details on the specific sleeping pills taken by the participants, the data cannot be utilized to analyze the correlation between variables, and fourthly, since all participants were Persian, the findings cannot be applied to other ethnicities or races. Conclusion Our study's findings indicate that increasing nighttime sleep duration, and using sleeping pills may have protective effects against periodontal diseases. These insights can be utilized to improve oral health outcomes among populations at risk. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The ethics committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved this study ((IR.RUMS.REC.1401.145). Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. The participants’ data were kept confidential and were only accessible to the researchers. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. The participants’ data were kept confidential and were only accessible to the researchers. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Funding This research received no grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author Contribution Raz.R. designed the study and supervised the project. M.M. and A.V. collected the data and prepared Tables. P.K. and Z.J. performed the statistical analysis. Raz.R., A.S., and Ray.R. wrote and revised the initial manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgements Not applicable. Data Availability The datasets used during the current study are available on the Persian Adult Cohort Study Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The data are not available publicly. However, upon a reasonable request, the data can be obtained from the corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected] .) 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18:47:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2530855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7670773/v1/4a3081da-578c-424b-8e54-cf5de51e52bf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Association Between Sleep Characteristics and Periodontal Health Indices: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003ePeriodontal disease is an inflammatory response to bacterial biofilm accumulation near the periodontium, leading to bone loss and inflammation around the teeth (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This common oral condition affects approximately 743\u0026nbsp;million individuals globally and is recognized as the leading cause of tooth loss in older adults, particularly those over 35 years of age (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe etiology of periodontal disease is multifactorial, with microbial plaque being a primary contributor(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Other conditions, such as acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), allergic gingivitis, and certain skin diseases, can also impact gum health. Additionally, systemic factors like diabetes, hormonal changes, and specific medications may adversely affect gingival health. Factors that enhance bacterial activity and compromise the body's defenses contribute to the disease, underscoring the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene and overall health. Key contributing factors include 1) local factors such as poor restorations, teeth anatomy anomalies, cervical caries, and resorption; 2) systemic disorders like HIV and diabetes; and 3) environmental factors including daily stress, smoking, sleep disturbances, and insomnia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinical attachment loss (CAL) serves as the primary clinical indicator for diagnosing periodontitis. CAL measures the extent of periodontal support lost around a tooth and is assessed using a periodontal probe to determine the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the base of the pocket (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Secondary indicators for diagnosing periodontitis include bleeding on probing (BOP), dental calculus, and probing depth. BOP is often one of the initial signs of gingivitis and is evaluated 30\u0026ndash;60 seconds after probing around a tooth. Dental calculus consists of mineralized bacterial plaque that forms on teeth. Clinical signs of inflammation\u0026mdash;such as changes in color, contour, consistency of the gums, and bleeding during probing\u0026mdash;do not always indicate progressive CAL. However, consistent BOP in successive examinations is a reliable indicator of inflammation and potential future attachment loss in those areas. Treatment for periodontitis primarily involves removing causative factors (dental plaque, microbial biofilm, and calculus) through scaling and root planning combined with oral hygiene education (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleep is a biological necessity critical for human health. Insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality are associated with several adverse health outcomes, including diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, stroke, and coronary artery disease. Numerous studies have documented the negative effects of sleep deprivation, sleep apnea, and insomnia on systemic disorders (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Recently, a direct relationship between sleep duration and the prevalence of periodontitis has been observed(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Proposed biological mechanisms for this association include systemic inflammation caused by periodontitis negatively affecting sleep quality and duration; conversely, sleep dysfunction may impair immune system function (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2020, Islam et al. investigated the relationship between sleep quality and duration with periodontal disease among 1,934 young Japanese students but found no significant association within this group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, Patrick R. Schmidlin et al. reported an association between specific sleep disorders and periodontal parameters in their study conducted in 2020 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, Vijendra Singh et al. (2016) explored the link between sleep quality and chronic periodontitis among 200 individuals but found that only age significantly correlated with periodontitis; other variables did not reach statistical significance(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Given these discrepancies in findings, we aimed to investigate the relationship between various sleep parameters and periodontal health indexes in a large adult population.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Design and Participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study utilized data from the Oral Health Branch of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). The OHBRCS is a part of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). The RCS initiated in 2015 .in the Rafsanjan region, southeast of Iran as an extension of the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e)). Individuals were randomly selected by systematic clustering based on household number until the target sample size was reached. A total number of 9991 individuals aged 35\u0026ndash;70 years willingly participated in the baseline phase of RCS. The details of the RCS profile have been published previously (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, as part of the routine data collection process within the RCS, participants underwent an oral examination. OHBRCS focuses on exploring dental and oral health parameters within its participant group. The OHBRCS, involving 8,682 individuals from the RCS cohort, is the focus of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the ethics committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (IR.RUMS.REC.1401.145).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003ewas obtained from each participant. Data were collected through a standardized, comprehensive questionnaire validated in the RCS and PERSIAN (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). This questionnaire included demographic information, socioeconomic status, medication and medical history, lifestyle habits, anthropometric measures, and sleep status. Sleep status was assessed using questionnaires and checklists developed by the PERSIAN cohort team.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-reported data on alcohol consumption, smoking, and opium use were also collected. Lifetime smoking was defined as having smoked more than 100 cigarettes. Alcohol consumption was defined as drinking at least 200 ml of beer or 45 ml of liquor at least once per week for a minimum of six months. A participant was classified as an opium user if they reported using opium at least once per week for six months. Medical history such as history of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease was self-reported based on a history of these diseases diagnosed by a doctor in the past. To evaluate the level of physical activity, the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) was used. Physical activity was assessed based on a 22-item questionnaire and daily physical activity. The Wealth Score Index (WSI) assessed participants' wealth status through multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), considering factors such as housing conditions (ownership, number of rooms/kitchens, age of building), education level, and vehicle ownership.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Variables related to oral and dental hygiene were evaluated through a questionnaire, and complete oral examinations were performed by dental specialists. The recorded data included gingival health indicators such as bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing depth, and the presence of dental calculus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study initially enrolled 8,682 participants. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 6,750 patients were included in the final analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion Criteria:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants were required to meet the following criteria:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAged between 35 and 70 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHad at least two teeth present in the oral cavity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eProvided informed consent for participation in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eExclusion Criteria:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following conditions led to exclusion from the study:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving fewer than two teeth in the mouth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePeriodontal Examination\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGingival health indicators\u0026mdash;including clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and dental calculus\u0026mdash;were measured in all participants by trained periodontists using a disposable dental mirror and a Williams Michigan \u0026ldquo;O\u0026rdquo; probe (Hufriedy, U.S.A.). Each tooth was probed at four measurement points (mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual) to assess BOP, PPD, and CAL indices. BOP is a hallmark indicator of inflammation in the periodontium and is more sensitive than gross examination methods. It is defined as bleeding occurring within 30 to 60 seconds after probing. The Ainamo and Bay method was employed to evaluate BOP. Clinical attachment loss refers to the loss of attachment between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue due to periodontal disease .To assess CAL, the probe was moved parallel to the tooth axis along the gingival margin regarding the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). The deepest point of probe penetration on six surfaces of each tooth (mesial, middle, distal on buccal and lingual surfaces) was recorded. A CAL of \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 mm indicated gingival recession and was scored positively. To assess PPD index, probing depth greater than 3 mm was considered as a positive score. The Calculus Surface Index (CSI) was used to evaluate dental calculus presence. The level of dental plaque and calculus was assessed using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), where higher scores indicate poorer oral hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSleep Investigation Measures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSleep status was assessed using a questionnaire derived from the Petersburg questionnaire that included items such as bedtime, wake-up time, involuntary daytime napping, presence of daytime sleepiness, night shifts worked per year, and use of sleeping pills.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData extraction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the demographics, medical comorbidities, socio-economical variables, habitual findings, dental examination findings, and sleep features were gathered and documented. The CAL was defined as the primary outcome while BOP, calculus, and PPD were deemed as the secondary outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were processed using STATA version 14. Findings were presented using tables and descriptive statistical techniques. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables while t-tests were applied for quantitative variables to compare baseline characteristics between groups. For categorical data, results are expressed as numbers and percentages; for quantitative variables, means with standard deviations are reported. To mitigate confounding factors' impact on results, analyses were conducted in two stages: univariate followed by multivariate logistic regression modeling. Factors identified as significant in univariate analysis were included in multivariable logistic regression models to determine odds ratios. Covariates adjusted in the model included age (continuous variable), gender (male/female), education level (continuous variable), wealth status index (continuous variable), smoking status (yes/no), opium use (yes/no), body mass index (BMI) (continuous variable), hypertension status (yes/no), diabetes status (yes/no), CVD history (yes/no) and brushing habits (yes/no). A significance threshold was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOut of an initial enrollment of 8,682 participants,1932 participants did not meet the inculsion criteria or choose not to participate in this study.As a result, 6,750 individuals were included and reviewed in the final analysis. Among them, 56% were female and 44% were male. The mean age of the participants was 47.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.79 years. Amongst the patients, 9.51% had a positive history of alcohol consumption and 19.74 were active smokers. The prevalence of BOP, calculus, PPD, and CAL were assessed as 73.31%, 81.49%, 13.75%, and 59.67%, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOlder age and higher levels of physical activity were linked to increased bleeding on probing (BOP). The prevalence of BOP was lower among cigarette smokers, opium users, and subjects with diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, there was a significant difference between the prevalence of calculus and age, sex, alcohol consumption, and tooth brushing (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographic characteristics, personal habits, medical history, and periodontal characteristics of the study population by BOP and calculus (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6750)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6750)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBOP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalculus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1801)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4949)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1249)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5501)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge- year- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3083(45.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e742(41.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2341(47.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e580(46.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2503(45.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2191(32.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e587(32.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1604(32.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e358(28.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1833(33.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1475(21.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e471(26.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1004(20.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e311(24.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1164(21.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/552\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.975\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(44.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e797\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(44.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.178 (44.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e499\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(39.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.476\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(45.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.775\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(55.930\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(55.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.771\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(55.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e750\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(60.05)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(54.99)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.756\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.53\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.98\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.16 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth score index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/679\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol consumption- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e638\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(9.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(8.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e478\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(9.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e543\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(9.94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(90.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.631\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(91.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.437 (90.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.147\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(92.35)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.921\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(90.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCigarette smoking-no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/262\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.324\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e402\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(22.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e922\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(18.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(18.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.093\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(20.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.382\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.389\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(77.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.993 (81.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.011 (81.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOpium consumption-no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0/733\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.171\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(17.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e369\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(20.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e802\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(16.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e221 (17.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e950\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(17.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.535\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(82.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(79.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.113 (83.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.021 (82.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(82.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTooth brushing (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.387\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(79.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.425\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(79.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.962 (80.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e944\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(75.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.443\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.364\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(20.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e376\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(20.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e988\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(24.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.058\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHypertension- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.462\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.324(19.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e369(20.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e955(19.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e236 (18.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.088(19.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.390\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.426\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(79.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.964 (80.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.008 (81.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.382\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.127\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(16.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e335\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(18.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e792\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(16.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(15.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e930\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(17.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.587\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(83.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.460\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(81.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.127 (83.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.047 (84.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.540\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(83.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiovascular disease (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.413\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e487\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(8.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e390\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.227\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(92.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.640\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(91.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.587 (93.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.147 (92.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.080\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(92.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of clinical attachment loss (CAL) was higher among older age, female sex, lower educational status, poor economic status, cigarette smokers, opium users, subjects with no tooth brushing, higher levels of physical activity, and subjects with medical comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease(P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The prevalence of pockets was higher among the male sex, lower BMI, younger age, poor economic status, cigarette smokers, opium users, subjects with no tooth brushing, and higher levels of physical activity (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics, personal habits, medical history, and periodontal characteristics of the study population by CAL and Pocket(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6750)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6750)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCAL\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 mm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePocket\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3mm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2722)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4028)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5822)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;928\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge- year- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35\u0026ndash;45\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,083\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(45.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,624 (59.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,459 (36.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,701 (46.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e382\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(41.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46\u0026ndash;55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,191\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(32.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e690 (25.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,501 (37.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,860 (31.95)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e331\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(35.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(21.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e407 (14.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.068 (26.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1260\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(21.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(23.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e47.67\u003c/b\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.79\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45.11\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e8.44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49.40\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e8.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e47.53\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e8.83\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.58\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e8.46\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,975\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(44.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,006 (36.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,969 (48.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,480\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(42.60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(53.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,775\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(55.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,716 (63.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,059\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(51.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,342\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(57.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e433\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(46.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.01 \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWealth score index\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlcohol consumption- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e638\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(9.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(9.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e388\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(9.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e536\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(9.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(11.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,068\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(90.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,457\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(90.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,611\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(90.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,253\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(90.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e815\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(88.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCigarette smoking-no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,324\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440 (16.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e884\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(22.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,080\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(18.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(26.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,382\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,267\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(83.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,115\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(77.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,709\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(81.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e673\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(73.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOpium consumption-no(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,171\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(17.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e778\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e948\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(16.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(24.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,535\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(82.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,314\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(85.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,221\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,841\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(83.62)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e694\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(75.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTooth brushing (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eyes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,387\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(79.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,227 (81.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,160\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(78.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,699\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e688\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(74.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eno\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,364\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(20.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e496 (18.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e868 (21.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,124\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(25.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHypertension- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,324\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e431 (15.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e893\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(22.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,127\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(19.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e197\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(21.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,390\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,279 (84.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,111 (77.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,667\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e723\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(78.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes- no (%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.533\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,127\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(16.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e368 (13.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e759\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(18.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e966\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(16.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(17.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,587\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(83.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,342 (86.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,245 (81.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,828\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(83.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e759\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(82.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCardiovascular disease-no(%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.655\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e487\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148 (5.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(8.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e417\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.61)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,227\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(92.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,562 (94.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,665 (91.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,377\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(92.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e850\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(92.39)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 3 presents associations between sleep characteristics and BOP and Calculus. There were significant differences regarding, night sleep duration, and sleeping pill usage between the two groups (BOP and no BOP). Also, there were significant differences regarding, sleeping pill usage between the two groups (Calculus and no Calculus)\u003cbr\u003e There was a significant difference between the two groups (CAL and no CAL) in terms of, uncontrolled napping, night shifts, and the number of night shifts. There were significant differences regarding, night shifts, and the number of night shifts between the two groups (Pocket and no Pocket) (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Associations Between Sleep Characteristics and BOP and Calculus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOverall\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6742)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBOP\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-Value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalculus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP-Value\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo (1801)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(4941)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(1248)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(5494)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSleeping during day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.776\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4905\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(72.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1308 (72.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3597 (72.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e912\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(73.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3993\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(72.68)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1837\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e493\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1344 (27.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(26.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1501\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaytime sleeping duration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot sleeping\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1837\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e493 (27.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1344 (27.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e336\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(26.97)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1501\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026le; average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3168\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(47.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e860\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(47.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2308 (46.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e592\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(47.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2576\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(46.96)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,726\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(25.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(24.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1282 (25.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(25.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1408\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(25.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNight shifts\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e975\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e246\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(13.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e729\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(12.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e815\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,767\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(85.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1555 (86.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4212 (85.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1088 (87.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4679\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(85.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumbers of night shifts in a year\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5767\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(85.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1555 (86.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4212 (85.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1088 (87.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4679 (85.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026le; Average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e493 (7.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e372\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;Average\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6.94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e355\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e399\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNight sleep duration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.529\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1019\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(15.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259 (14.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e760 (15.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179 (14.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e840 (15.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5446\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1468 (81.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3978 (80.51)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1022 (81.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4424 (80.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (4.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203 (4.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3.77)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230 (4.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.776\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaily sleep duration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.529\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e496\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129 (7.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e367\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e408\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5283\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(78.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1395 (77.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3888 (78.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e973 (78.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4310 (78.58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e952\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e273 (15.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e679 (13.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e185 (14.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e767 (13.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.078\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.016\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUncontrollable napping\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2080\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(30.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e556 (30.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1524 (30.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e403 (32.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1677 (30.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4662\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(69.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1245 (69.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3417 (69.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e845 (67.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3817 (69.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSleeping pills usage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6368\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(94.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1678 (93.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4690 (94.92)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1154 (92.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5214\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(94.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(5.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(6.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(5.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(5.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociations Between Sleep Characteristics and CAL and Pocket.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6742)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCAL\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 mm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePocket\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3mm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo (2719)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4023)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(5814)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(928)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSleeping during day\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.949\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.742\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,905\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(72.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,977 (72.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,928 (72.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,234 (72.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e671 (72.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,837\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e742 (27.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,095\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,580 (27.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e257 (27.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaytime sleeping duration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.699\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNot sleeping\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,837\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(27.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e742 (27.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,095 (27.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,580 (27.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e257 (27.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026le; median\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,168\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(47.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,289 (47.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,879 (46.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,737 (47.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e431 (46.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;median\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,726\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(25.64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e681 (25.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,045 (26.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,488 (25.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238 (25.70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNight shifts\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e975\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e345 (12.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e630 (15.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e804 (13.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171 (18.43)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,767\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(85.54)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,374 (87.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,393 (84.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,010 (86.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e757 (81.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumbers of night shifts in a year\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,767\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(85.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,374 (87.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,393 (84.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,010 (86.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e757 (81.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026le; median\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e493 (7.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176 (6.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e317 (7.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e411 (7.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82 (8.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026gt;median\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168 (6.18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e312 (7.76)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e391 (6.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89 (9.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNight sleep duration. hour\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.679\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,019\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(15.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e389\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e630\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(15.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e878\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(15.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(15.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,446\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.224\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(81.79)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.222 (80.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.702\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e744\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(80.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e277\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(3.90)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.63)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.776\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaily sleep duration. hour\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.703\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e496\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(7.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201 (7.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e295 (7.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e419 (7.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(8.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,283\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(78.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,116 (78.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,167 (78.80)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,570 (78.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e713\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(77.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e952\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(14.14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e395 (14.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e557 (13.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e816 (14.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136 (14.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.584\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUncontrolled napping\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.957\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,080\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(30.85)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e769 (28.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,311\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(32.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,793 (30.84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e287 (30.93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,662\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(69.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,950 (71.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,712 (67.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,021 (69.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e641 (69.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSleeping pills usage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.731\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,368\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(94.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,565 (94.34)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,803\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(94.53)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5,480 (94.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e888\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(95.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(5.55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154 (5.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220 (5.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e334 (5.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(4.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents the multivariate analysis of relevant sleep characteristics with adjustments for confounding factors significant associations were found for and the use of sleeping pills concerning the clinical attachment loss (CAL) index. Notably, the use of sleeping pills (OR:0.79 (0.63\u0026ndash;0.99) was significantly associated with lower odds of CAL.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNight sleep duration showed significantly associated with the bleeding on probing (BOP) index. Longer nighttime sleep duration (OR: 0.96 (0.92\u0026ndash;0.99) and were associated with lower prevalence of BOP.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, sleeping pill usage (0.69(0.54\u0026ndash;0.88) was significantly associated with a lower incidence of calculus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted Odds Ratios for the Association Between Sleep Characteristics and Periodontal Disease Outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCAL\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 mm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePocket\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3mm\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBOP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalculus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaily sleep duration/hour\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83 (0.69\u0026ndash;1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14(0.88\u0026ndash;1.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.83\u0026ndash;1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.83\u0026ndash;1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.85\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.90\u0026ndash;1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.96 (0.82\u0026ndash;1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.83\u0026ndash;1.19(\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eContinues variable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01(0.97\u0026ndash;1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.98\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.95-1.00)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98(0.95\u0026ndash;1.02(\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNight sleep duration/ hour\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u0026ndash;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.87\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.83\u0026ndash;1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09 (0.93\u0026ndash;1.27)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08 (0.91\u0026ndash;1.29(\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u0026lt;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13(0.87\u0026ndash;1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22(0.86\u0026ndash;1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13 (0.85\u0026ndash;1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24 (0.90\u0026ndash;1.73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eContinues variable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.95\u0026ndash;1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.07 (0.97\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.96 (0.92\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.94\u0026ndash;1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDay time sleeping\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05(0.93\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.89\u0026ndash;1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.93\u0026ndash;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.85\u0026ndash;1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaytime sleep duration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026ge;median\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.90\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.87\u0026ndash;1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99 (0.87\u0026ndash;1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.84\u0026ndash;1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;median\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12 (0.97\u0026ndash;1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.86\u0026ndash;1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08 (0.93\u0026ndash;1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.82\u0026ndash;1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eContinues variable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNight working shifts\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.87\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.91\u0026ndash;1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.08(0.91\u0026ndash;1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05(0.85\u0026ndash;1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNumbers of night shifts in a year\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026ge;median\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91 (0.74\u0026ndash;1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02 (0.78\u0026ndash;1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16(0.93\u0026ndash;1.46)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08(0.83\u0026ndash;1.41)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;median\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15(0.93\u0026ndash;1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23 (0.94\u0026ndash;1.59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00(0.79\u0026ndash;1.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00(0.77\u0026ndash;1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eContinues variable\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00 (0.99\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00(0.99\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99(0.99\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUncontrolled napping\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08 (0.97\u0026ndash;1.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.94 (0.81\u0026ndash;1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02(0.91\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93(0.81\u0026ndash;1.06)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSleeping pills usage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNo\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.79 (0.63\u0026ndash;0.99)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.51\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81(0.65\u0026ndash;1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.69(0.54\u0026ndash;0.88)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTime of waking up\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBefore 6 am\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAfter 6 am\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.84 (0.75\u0026ndash;0.93)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92 (0.79\u0026ndash;1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.83(0.74\u0026ndash;0.93)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90)0.79\u0026ndash;1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificant values are bold.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis article presents a study aimed at investigating the association between sleep characteristics and periodontal health indices. The use of sleeping pills was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of CAL. Longer nighttime sleep duration was associated with a lower prevalence of BOP. Sleeping pill usage was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of calculus.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis revealed no significant associations between CAL, probing pocket depth, calculus presence, and the duration of nighttime sleep after adjusting for confounding variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe human body's natural circadian cycles and balance can be disrupted by the need for night shift work in today's modern society. Workers who work during the night are exposed to more light, leading to a negative impact on melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine) secretion and disruption of the circadian system(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e). A systematic review revealed that individuals with reduced levels of melatonin in their saliva had poorer periodontal health(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, prior research has demonstrated that individuals who work at night, exhibit decreased salivary flow rate, increased dental cavities, and elevated BMI(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e)Elevated fat metabolism can lead to an increase in TNF-α production, which can negatively impact periodontal health by promoting inflammation in the periodontal tissue. (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYoichi Ishizuka et.al. reported that night-shift workers were more likely to report gingival bleeding(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Dong-Hun Han et.al. found an association between night awakening (going to bed during the daytime) and periodontitis in a representative national Korean\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esample(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Our study demonstrated a significant relationship between night shift work frequency and periodontitis in crude models; however, this association diminished after adjusting for confounding variables. This contrasts with findings from Roestamadji et al., who observed heightened oral inflammation and poorer periodontal health among night shift workers without any relationship to sleep duration (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). The differences in outcomes may be attributed to variations in the populations studied; our larger sample size could provide more robust data compared to Roestamadji et al.'s research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn a review of the literature, there are controversial debates on sleep characteristics and periodontal disease. Dong-Hun Han reported a positive correlation between periodontitis and both prolonged nighttime sleep (over 9 hours) and daytime napping (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) Carra et al. noted that individuals who sleep less than 6 hours per night are at an increased risk for gingivitis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, recent studies questioned any potential link between short sleep duration and periodontal health risks (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). In a review of the literature, short sleeping time duration (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6 hours) was not associated with the risk of periodontal disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Islam et al. found no correlation between sleep quality or duration and periodontal disease among young Japanese students (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Notably, Wiener et.al. showed that there was no association between sleeping less than 7 hours a night and periodontitis in patients aged 30 or more (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur results echo these findings We found a significant relationship between nighttime sleep duration and BOP; BOP serves as a primary indicator for diagnosing gingivitis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe association between sleeping pill usage and CAL aligns with findings from Balaji et al., who also reported a significant relationship between CAL and sleeping pill use. Their research indicated that melatonin supplementation improved key periodontal health parameters such as probing depth and CAL in patients with periodontitis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe major strengths of our study were the large size of the sample, the population-based research, and an abundance of data on possible confounders, particularly potential confounding variables such as alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, opium use, presence of chronic diseases, and physical activity. In addition, questionnaires were completed using Persian Cohort protocols. The study had limitations that needed to be addressed. First, the study was a cross-sectional study that has limited maneuverability in providing a reliable causality relationship between predicting factors and outcomes reported. In addition, the self-reporting design of the questionnaire can be associated with multiple reporting and interpretation biases as well. Prospective studies with appropriate control groups as recommended for future studies. Second, in this article, the quality of sleep was not evaluated. Thirdly, without details on the specific sleeping pills taken by the participants, the data cannot be utilized to analyze the correlation between variables, and fourthly, since all participants were Persian, the findings cannot be applied to other ethnicities or races.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study's findings indicate that increasing nighttime sleep duration, and using sleeping pills may have protective effects against periodontal diseases. These insights can be utilized to improve oral health outcomes among populations at risk.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e The ethics committee of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences approved this study ((IR.RUMS.REC.1401.145). Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. The participants\u0026rsquo; data were kept confidential and were only accessible to the researchers. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from the participants. The participants\u0026rsquo; data were kept confidential and were only accessible to the researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research received no grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaz.R. designed the study and supervised the project. M.M. and A.V. collected the data and prepared Tables. P.K. and Z.J. performed the statistical analysis. Raz.R., A.S., and Ray.R. wrote and revised the initial manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used during the current study are available on the Persian Adult Cohort Study Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The data are not available publicly. However, upon a reasonable request, the data can be obtained from the corresponding author (E-mail: [email protected].)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK\u0026ouml;n\u0026ouml;nen, E., Gursoy, M., Gursoy, U. K. \u0026amp; Periodontitis A Multifaceted Disease of Tooth-Supporting Tissues. \u003cem\u003eJ. Clin. Med.\u003c/em\u003e ;\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e(8). (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLoos, B. G. \u0026amp; Van Dyke, T. E. 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The Risk of Night Shift Workers to the Glucose Blood Levels, Saliva, and Dental Caries. \u003cem\u003eEur. J. Dent.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e (3), 323\u0026ndash;329 (2019).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlzamil, H. Elevated Serum TNF-α Is Related to Obesity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Is Associated with Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance. \u003cem\u003eJ. Obes.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e2020\u003c/b\u003e, 5076858 (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDahiya, P., Kamal, R. \u0026amp; Gupta, R. Obesity, periodontal and general health: Relationship and management. \u003cem\u003eIndian J. Endocrinol. Metab.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e (1), 88\u0026ndash;93 (2012).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKibune, R., Muraoka, K., Morishita, M., Ariyoshi, W. \u0026amp; Awano, S. 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Sleep Time Duration Does Not Affect Oral Inflammation and Periodontal Health Status in Night-Shift Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study. \u003cem\u003eNat. Sci. Sleep.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e, 1083\u0026ndash;1090 (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCarra, M. C. et al. Sleep disorders and oral health: a cross-sectional study. \u003cem\u003eClin. Oral Investig\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e21\u003c/b\u003e (4), 975\u0026ndash;983 (2017).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWiener, R. C. Relationship of Routine Inadequate Sleep Duration and Periodontitis in a Nationally Representative Sample. \u003cem\u003eSleep. Disord\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e2016\u003c/b\u003e, 9158195 (2016).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou, F., Liu, Z., Guo, Y. \u0026amp; Xu, H. Association of short sleep with risk of periodontal disease: A meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization study. \u003cem\u003eJ. Clin. Periodontol\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e48\u003c/b\u003e (8), 1076\u0026ndash;1084 (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChaves, E. et al. Relationship of bleeding on probing and gingival index bleeding as clinical parameters of gingival inflammation. \u003cem\u003eJ. Clin. Periodontol.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e, 139\u0026ndash;143 (2005).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBalaji, T. M. et al. Melatonin as a Topical/Systemic Formulation for the Management of Periodontitis: A Systematic Review. \u003cem\u003eMater. (Basel)\u003c/em\u003e ;\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e(9). (2021).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"periodontal health, sleep, Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Clinical attachment loss, pocket depth, calculus, sleep quality, Oral health","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7670773/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7670773/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeriodontal disease results from an inflammatory response to bacterial biofilms around the periodontium. Sleep characteristics, including quality and duration, may influence periodontal health, but the relationship remains unclear.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study was cross-sectional research conducted in the university oral health institution and dental clinics in 2020. Sleep characteristics were assessed via a self-reported questionnaire. Periodontal health was evaluated using clinical indicators such as bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), and calculus presence. CAL was assessed as the main outcome while other indices were considered as the secondary ones. Data were processed using STATA version 14 and p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of. 6,750 participants aged between 35 to 70 were included. The prevalence of BOP, calculus, PPD, and CAL were assessed as 73.31%, 81.49%, 13.75%, and 59.67%, respectively. Participants who used sleeping pills were significantly associated with lower CAL prevalence(OR:0.79, CI:0.63\u0026ndash;0.99). Longer nighttime sleep duration (OR: 0.96, CI: 0.92\u0026ndash;0.99) was associated with lower BOP prevalence. Additionally, sleeping pill consumption (OR:0.69, CI: 0.54\u0026ndash;0.88) was significantly associated with lower calculus prevalence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eour findings suggest that longer nighttime sleep and the use of sleeping pills may improve periodontal health indexes. Further prospective studies are recommended for better generalizability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association Between Sleep Characteristics and Periodontal Health Indices: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-28 16:55:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7670773/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-27T07:53:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-26T06:52:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T11:20:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-22T01:52:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"150024625061326018650358928832279795113","date":"2025-10-20T04:33:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"223421733875837028186293210384561565420","date":"2025-10-19T19:39:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T08:19:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-18T12:27:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T14:07:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"21959424585457689719454213981347715920","date":"2025-10-17T13:49:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T12:42:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"79516762111511640889418514006289604346","date":"2025-10-15T09:24:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"275294779566775781743501934779209717842","date":"2025-10-15T08:27:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"187808870921015666063913077389329254909","date":"2025-10-15T05:38:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"253914476592297105878902601508968681828","date":"2025-10-15T05:11:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"281888604615967702084191914112374628058","date":"2025-10-15T03:17:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"208232071091930404045945305382353576570","date":"2025-10-14T23:56:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"2621069526923929727285015402280437698","date":"2025-10-14T17:44:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95303900900277026161702573636861806339","date":"2025-10-14T16:23:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-14T16:15:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-25T17:18:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T09:25:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-23T11:11:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-09-22T09:09:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e2ee2994-0096-426f-b29e-aad04fee3527","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":56912541,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":56912542,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":56912544,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":56912545,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-24T18:24:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-28 16:55:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7670773","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7670773","identity":"rs-7670773","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}