5 years of leaching experiments to evaluate a modified bauxite residue. Part 1: transformation into a soil and storage of immobilized heavy metals from acid mine drainage

5 years of leaching experiments to evaluate a modified bauxite residue. 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Part 1: transformation into a soil and storage of immobilized heavy metals from acid mine drainage Patricia Merdy, Alexandre Parker, Chen Chen, Pierre Hennebert This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2821565/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract ALTEO company produces approximately 300,000 tons per year of bauxite residue washed and dried in a press filter, so-called Bauxaline®, after extraction of the alumina. The study explored different ways of recovery and re-use for this residue, namely transformation into a vegetated soil, acid mine drainage depollution, and sulfide-mine tailings remediation. The soluble alkalinity of the material was transformed into solid phase alkalinity by reaction with atmospheric CO 2 and precipitation of carbonates in limestone following the addition of gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate), and the resulting sodium sulfate was leached. The Bauxaline® was so transformed into modified bauxite residue (MBR), with reduced alkalinity, salinity and sodicity. A total of sixteen lysimeters of 40 liters volume each and one lysimeter of 700 liters were set up and allowed 5-years monitoring, to assess long-term emissions from MBR and MBR having reacted with acid mine drainage. Vegetation was tested on various conditions and its impact on emission was evaluated. The emissions are compliant with EU inert waste or non-hazardous waste storage requirements. The material can be easily vegetated. This study demonstrates that red mud can be transformed into an soil, that acid mine drainage can be depolluted at pilot scale site by MBR, and that the metal-laden MBR can be stored on-site and revegetated by natural topsoil or better by MBR. Red mud bauxite residue heavy metals revegetation lysimeter remediation acid mine drainage Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction Bauxite ore contains levels of aluminum oxides and hydroxides ranging from 30 to 65%. Red mud (also called « bauxite residue ») is a by product left after Bayer process (used since 1893) applied on bauxite ore to produce alumina (Al 2 O 3 ). In the world, there are appoximately over a hundred alumina refinery plants. This Bayer process requires to heat the bauxite at high temperature (from 140°C for bauxite rich in gibbsite up to 280°C for diasporic bauxites) and high pressure in caustic soda (NaOH), which allow to form sodium aluminate. The remaining insoluble material from the extraction are known as bauxite residue, themselves composed of around 4% liquor and 55% solid (red mud). Unfortunately, a huge amount of insoluble material is left over after the extraction: it represents from 0.3 to 2.5 tonnes per tonne of alumina produced. In general, starting with two tons of bauxite the refinery process allows to reach one ton of alumina. Worldwide, around 120 millions of tons of red mud are produced every year, which poses significant environmental hazard concern. The need to find new ways of reusing this waste and to restore disposal land is crucial. The caustic soda used in the process explains the high alcalnity of the red mud generated. Its pH is between 10 and 13. Salinity and sodicity generate toxic effects on plants and animals. If revegetation is planned, neutralization of red mud has to be achieved in first place. Rai et al. ( 2017 ) have studied various techniques such as using mineral acids, acidic waste (pickling liquor waste), superphosphate and gypsum, coal dust, CO 2 , silicate material and seawater. There is usually a complete absence of quartz or clay minerals in this waste. If present, clay minerals are neo 1:1 silicates saturated by Na like cancrinite. Typical red mud show up to 20–30% clay sized particles, the majority being in the silt range. Some red muds have been found to have greater than 50% of the particles less than 2µm, but it depends on the processing and the bauxite ore (Newson et al. 2014). Anyway, this size distribution is fine and the instable structure in contact with water impedes plant settlement by its own. The chemical content and physical properties of red mud depend on the bauxite ore origin and refinery process applied. So the bauxite residue left over is unique in each refinery plant. Typically, red mud contains elevated concentrations of iron oxides (goethite, hematite, magnetite) in addition to un-dissolved alumina, titanium oxide (anatase, rutile, perovskite) and valuable rare earth elements. The content of metals ranges from 4–20% for Ti, 5–30% for Si, 20–45% for Fe and 10–22% for Al. More precisely, the major elements present in red mud are Fe, Ti, Mn, Al, Ca, Na, Si, Cr, V, La, Sc, Y (Samal 2021 ). Other elements are also present at trace level: As, Be, Cd, Cu, Gl, Pb, Hg, Ni, Th, U, V, Zn. Rare eath elements can be cited too : Ce, La, Sc, Nd, Sm. At last, non-metallic elements such as phosphorus and sulfur may be present in the bauxite residue (Gu et al. 2012 ). In term of radioactivity, bauxite residue can typically exhibit radioactive activity around 0.03 to 0.06Bq/g due to 238 U and 0.03 to 0.76Bq/g due to 232 Th, both radioelements coming from the original bauxite ore. In order to compare, usual soil radioactivity is around 0.033 Bq/g for 238 U and 0.045Bq/g for 232 Th (World Aluminium 2015). The major elements and some particularly toxic trace metal elements (such as Cd) are the ones that could represent the most hazardous issues, requiring their monitoring over time when bauxite residue is re-used. Various methods of disposal have been tried around the world, including dumping on the ocean, landfilling and storage in settling ponds. Because of the detrimental impact these disposal ways represent on our environment, many attempts have been made to find environmentally friendly and economically interesting methods of disposing or utilizing red mud. Even if the goal is to reach a full re-use of the red mud residue produced, just a small volume of it effectively is. The reasons for the far much greater volume of red mud produced compared to its consumption in derived products are the cost of the re-use, its efficiency in the derived product compared to classical material, and the environmental hazard. Among the various red mud reuse applications we can cite construction and building materials (bricks, cement, geopolymers, road base for example), the recovery of valuable chemicals (rare earth and scandium in particular) in red mud, and the environmental remediation (Kim et al. 2017 ; Rivera et al. 2018 ; Liu et al. 2014 ; Klauber et al. 2011 ; Verma et al. 2017 ). If recovery of valuable chemical elements might be be economically interesting, we have to mention that it does not consume large volume of bauxite residue, unless the recovery of titanium, iron and silicon is carried out simultaneously. On the contrary, cement production, landfill capping, road and levee construction allow to consume large tonnage of red mud (more than 500.000t/y estimated) (World Aluminium 2015). In particular, many studies have focused on the utilization of red mud in environmental remediation. We can mention phytoremediation potential of various plants grown on red mud deposits (Mishra et al. 2017a b ) or revegetation (Wong et al. 1993 ; Mishra et al. 2017). These solutions aim at limiting wind erosion, airborne dust dissemination and water pollution on disposal land. The establishment of vegetation on the bauxite residues offers a good opportunity for landscaping, stabilisation and pollution control, but is limited by the alcaline pH and sodium high level exhibited by the red mud. Moreover, because the very fine size distribution gives to the residue clay low hydraulic conductivity, and sodicity gives low structural stability in presence of water, establishment of plants is difficult on raw bauxite residue. Usually, coarse material (such as sand) is added to red mud to overcome this difficulty (Courtney et al. 2005). In addition, common pratice involves gypsum amendment to lower the pH and washing to reduce the salinity and the sodicity (Kinnarinen et al. 2015 ), and to create a stable structure. This solution was depicted by Lindsay ( 1979 ) and tested by Barrow ( 1982 ). So physical limitations together with too rich chemical composition can be diverted to allow rehabilitation of red mud disposal sites by revegetation. Nevertheless, the risks linked to these remediation proposals must be assessed and controlled. Indeed, metal leaching through the groundwater should be evaluated over time so is the soil and plant contamination. Bauxite residue can immobilise elements, both cationic and anionic. For example, it is able to remove phophate from used water (Pradham et al., 1998). Phosphate concentrations in domestic wastewater is too high and its discharge should be limited to avoid eutrophication in aquatic environment. Various classical technologies used in wastewater tratment plants for phosphate removal from wastewater exist such as precipitation, biological process, ion exchange. Adsorption process on solid material was experimented too such as activated alumina, dolomite, activated carbon, bentonite, iron oxides, etc. (Jacukowicz et al. 2015). Because red mud contains iron oxides and aluminum oxides, it exhibits good adsorption capacity and consequently could be used too as adsorbent in the process of phosphorous removal in wastewater (Pradham et al. 1998). This alternative technique is economically interesting since it uses industrial waste produced in high quantity. The environmental impacts caused by the abandonment of mines represent a global scourge since few regulations require the rehabilitation of sites by their industrial owners. The major problem lies in the production of acid mine drainage (AMD). AMD occurs when sulfides (especially pyrite and pyrrhotite) oxidize on contact with air and water to produce acidic (pH less than 6) and sulfated solutions. Its drainage capacity increased by bacterial activity is perpetuated over very long periods of time, over 100 years (Kalin et al. 2006 ). In a conventional treatment system, alkaline chemicals are added to the AMD to neutralize it and induce hydroxide precipitation. Among traditional alkaline chemical, we can cite CaO which forms Ca hydroxide in aqueous medium. Calcite can also be used. Bauxite residue, due to its alkaline properties, is able to neutralize AMD too. Bauxite residues, once washed and dried in a press filter, form a new material: Bauxaline®. In the context of stopping its discharges into the sea of alumina manufacturing residues, solutions to develop ways of recovering/reusing Bauxaline® emerged. In this present study, the reuse of bauxite residue involves, in a first step, the pH drop of Bauxaline® from 11 to 8.5, by neutralization by atmospheric CO 2 , and precipitation of calcium carbonate (addition of gypsum). The transformed material was called “modified bauxite residue” (MBR). A second step in order to be able to grow plants was to desalinate the material by removing the sodium sulfate produced by the reaction, and to provide nutrients at agronomic doses. The immobilization of heavy metals from effluents, wastes, contaminated soils and mine tailings by modified bauxite residue has been developed. Fifteen lysimeters with MBR used as a green cover material, were lauched for 5 years to assess long-term emissions from treated materials, compared with untreated materials, to purify effluents containing metals, and to treat mine tailings and contaminated soils. Revegetation of the MBR was experimented too in a sixteenth lysimeter. The long-term behavior of materials resulting from these processes can be grouped into three themes: 1. Storage of modified bauxite residue and revegetation (part 1, present paper) 2. Immobilization of heavy metals by MBR that has depolluted acid mine drainage (part 1, present paper) 3. Remediation of sulfidic mine tailings with MBR and limestone, and revegetation (part 2 of the study). This study presents the emission results in drainage water from these 16 lysimeters since their launch, and is organised in two separate parts as explained above. The purpose of this paper is to present the positive results for these three methods which have been observed over four or five years concerning drainage and the emission of contaminants: storage and revegetation of modified bauxite residue, storage of heavy metals from acid mine drainage treated with MBR. Material and methods Lysimeters The lysimeters were filled according to two topics explored in this paper: Topic 1: Emission of modified bauxite residue and revegetation Five lysimeters were used to measure MBR emissions during storage, with and without revegetation. The fifth lysimeter was made up of one ton of MBR, in order to approximate the real vegetation conditions of a MBR storage. Topic 2: Immobilization of heavy metals by MBR that has depolluted acid mine drainage Eight lysimeters (including 3 from Theme 1) were set up to measure emissions from MBR that have been already loaded with acid mine drainage (called Used Modified Bauxite Residue: UMBR). They include two types of lower layer (MBR with or without treatment of this effluent), and in the upper layer four different covers (sand, MBR, vegetated MBR, topsoil). Table 1. Experimental setup of the 9 lysimeters related to the topics 1 and 2. UMBR and MBR: (Used) Modified Bauxite Residue Lysimeter number Topic studied Lysimeter volume (l) Composition Revegeta- tion and watering weight taken into account (kg of dry material) Time of study (years) (1) (2) Bottom layer (0.22 m) Top layer (0.22 m) according to the topics (1) or (2) 1 X X 40 MBR Silica sand No 24 (1) / 24 (2) 5 2 X 40 UMBR Silica sand No 24 5 3 X X 40 MBR MBR No 48.61 (1) / 24 (2) 5 4 X 40 UMBR MBR No 24 5 5 X X 40 MBR MBR Yes 48.61 (1) / 24 (2) 5 6 X 40 UMBR MBR Yes 24 5 7 X 40 MBR Soil Yes 24 5 8 X 40 UMBR Soil Yes 24 5 16 X 700 MBR (0.66 m) Yes 1087 4 The 60l lysimeters were filled to 40l, the weight of each layer was around 24kg of dry material. Revegetation procedure The revegetation procedure includes an addition of compost (1% w/w in the first 20 cm_layer), N-P-K fertilizer (at an agronomic dose), topsoil (1‰ w/w in the first 20 cm layer) and seeds (agglomerated cocksfoot and common sainfoin), as well as initial watering to desalinate the seedbed. A drainage system must ensure the final evacuation of the sodium sulfate. A supply of soluble manganese (trace element) at an agronomic dose was carried out during years 2 and 3. A supply of N-P-K fertilizer was carried out each year at the same dose as the initial dose. Historical red mud from AluSuisse, not washed in press-filter, was vegetated with the same method in a 15th lysimeter, the only difference being the addition of 10% gypsum rather than 5%, due to higher alkalinity, salinity and sodicity. For simplicity, the results of this latter lysimeter are not presented here. They are similar to 5 and 16, with lower desalination rate. Vegetation was successful. Revegetation of the forest soil (lysimeters 7 and 8) was carried out in the same way, without initial leaching. Revegetation of untreated and treated mine tailings follows the same procedure, without initial leaching, and with re-sowing each year for untreated mine tailings. The plants develop slightly in the Saint-Félix mine tailing (TF), then die after two to three months; seeds do not germinate in the other mine tailing (T1). In the Table 1 , « failure » is indicated for these reasons. Production of the Modified bauxite residue (MBR) Bauxaline® from ALTEO is thickened red mud, washed and partially dried in a filter press, in the form of a shovelable material. Modified bauxite residue (MBR) is Bauxaline® treated with atmospheric CO 2 with 5% gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate) in the laboratory or in the field in order to precipitate the alkalinity of soda into calcium carbonate, at a pH of 8.5. Soluble sodium sulfate remains. Used Modified Bauxite Residue (UMBR) is MBR that has bound contaminants from acid mine drainage. The MBR layers were not leached before or during placement, whereas the UMBR layer was leached by the acid mine drainage treatment. Easier desalination was observed in the presence of plants. Before revegetation, between two waterings, during summer, evaporation occurs on the surface. White crystals of sodium sulfate form on the surface. This significant capillary rise was observed on the Vitrolles storage site and on the Mange Garri storage site with Bauxaline®. Once a surface layer has been sufficiently desalinated by regular watering to be revegetated, and when revegetation progresses, this salt no longer appears on the surface. Plants take water through the roots (without the salt) deep down to evaporate it through the leaves. The salt stays deep. As it does not rise between two waterings, desalination is much more effective. Lysimeter management and drain samples collection Moderate watering was applied in summer, to maintain the plants in a vegetative state allowing an immediate recovery when the rains start again, without causing runoff. Supply in years 4 and 5 of 5 grams of fresh forest plant litter was given per lysimeter (15 grams for lysimeter 16) in order to populate with decomposing organisms, because organic matter accumulates on the surface, forming a mat. Collection of drains was achieved after each rain and the samples were stored at 5°C. The composition of composite samples (from multiple sub-samples) of drains is explained as follows: - The first year of operation of a lysimeter, a sample was collected every 100 mm of rain (proportionally to the volume drained) from the samples of each rain (approximately 7 samples the first year); - Then one composite sample was obtained proportionally to the volumes drained per year. - Measurement of pH, electrical conductivity and redox potential were achieved for each sample. Total element analysis was performed on each sample after acidification. Data collection A total of 247 samples were collected and analyzed over 5 years for 16 lysimeters (topics 1, 2 and 3 together), i.e. ± 6,100 measurements of 27 parameters. The chromium measured was always total chromium analyzed with ICP. Total sulfur and total phosphorus analyzes were not performed for 92 samples. For total sulfur, often presenting high levels of several g/l, the averages of the data around 1000 or 100 mg/l were attributed to these missing data. For total phosphorus, systematically showing levels < 0.01 mg/l except for lysimeters 9 and 12, no substitution of missing data was carried out. Each sample represents a volume (known by weighing) and therefore a calculated liquid/solid ratio (noted L/S in l/kg, i.e. the volume of the sample divided by the mass of MBR for topic 1, MBR or UMBR for topic 2 and lysimeter mining residue for topic 3). All concentration data were expressed in mg/l and quantity data in mg/kg (concentration multiplied by the L/S ratio of the sample). The cumulative quantities were calculated by adding the quantities of each sample. The results by lysimeter, by year and by parameter are presented in the supplementary data (average concentration in mg/l of drain and annual cumulative quantity in mg/kg of MBR or mining residue). TOPIC 1 results: Emission of modified bauxite residue and revegetation As indicated in the Table 1 , the lysimeters number 1, 3, 5 and 16 were setup to adress this topic. Hydrology Table 2 L/S (l/kg of MBR) ratios of topic 1 lysimeters (number 1, 3, 5 and 16) Cumulated L/S (l/kg) ratios Year 1 3 5 16 Year 1 2.68 1.16 0.88 - Year 2 3.85 1.45 1.02 0.09 Year 3 5.12 1.85 1.33 0.26 Year 4 6.67 2.22 1.46 0.30 Year 5 8.89 2.99 2.31 0.46 Cumulated L/S over 5 years 8.89 2.99 2.31 0.46 The drainage/rainfall ratios showed that 99% of the rain was drained with a sand cover (which therefore protects efficiently against evaporation), 67% with a layer of non-vegetated MBR, and 52–20% in case of revegetation of the MBR. Vegetation clearly reduced drained volumes. A greater depth of material allowed less drainage, by increasing the quantity of water stored and available for evaporation, as shown by lysimeter 16. Consequently, the intensity of leaching per kg of MBR was very different at a given time and, cumulated over 5 years, was also decreasing from the sand to the vegetated deep lysimeter. Thus, the L/S ratio of the lysimeter 16 was in 4 years approximately half of that achieved by the same smaller lysimeter (lysimeter 5) in the first year. pH, salinity The pHs converged towards 7.5 (lysimeters 1 and 3) and 8 (lysimeters 5 and 16) and the salinity decreased regularly except for the lysimeter 16 (the L/S is lower than for the other lysimeters because the mass of MBR is greater). Elements concentrations in drainage samples All the data are presented in the supplementary material section. Only a few chemical elements are shown here. Overall, the contents decreased over time with the increasing L/S ratio. We observed a depletion of the soluble pool. This behavior is “controlled by the quantity/availability” of a soluble stock that is running out. The Fig. 4 presents the evolution of Al, Fe, S, Zn, Cr, Mo, V, As, Na during the 5 years experiment. The maximum concentration observed for iron is not explained. This could be attributed to laboratory analysis bias. Aluminum content started between 3.5 and 4 mg/kg for the 4 lysimeters considered here, and ended, 5 years later to 0.5 mg/kg and below. Iron concentrations were at first between 0.06 and 0.09 mg/kg for the 4 lysimeters considered here, and ended, 5 years later to 0.04mg/kg which represent lower than those of aluminum by a factor of 10. Lysimeter 16 was even more efficient since the emitted iron was less than 0.002 mg/kg after 5 years. Oxyanions are presented as well in Fig. 4 since these elements were present and could be emitted. The main complexing agents in the solid phase are iron and aluminum oxides, which have negative surface charges at pH > 7, and therefore retain little or not at all these elements. The total contents were: between 1.50 and 0.6 mg/kg of Cr at the beginning of the drainage and rapidly (within 1 year) dropped below 0.2 mg/kg. Molybdenum behaved the same way. V, Sb, Se and As were found at lower concentrations and seem to be emitted a little bit more at the end of the experiment. However, the concentrations are so low that this tendency is probably not significant. V, Sb, Se and As seem to have a "solubility-controlled" type behavior of a poorly soluble stock that feeds the drains continuously at low concentration. We can observe that globally the presence of vegetation allowed a diminution of the elements emission. The quantities accumulated over four or five years are presented (Fig. 5 ) and compared (Table 3 ) to the admission limits for inert waste storage facilities IWSF (Order of 28 October 2010 relating to inert waste disposal facilities) and non-hazardous waste storage facility NHWSF (European Council Decision no. 2003 /33/EC of December 19, 2002). Table 3. Cumulative emissions over 5 years from topic 1 lysimeters and comparison with the concentration limits of leachable elements for admission to a inert waste storage facility (IWSF) (light colored cell if exceeded) and Non-hazardous waste storage facility (NHWSF) (dark colored cell if exceeded). Values <LQ were considered = LQ. Lysimeters Measured parameters (mg/kg) 1 3 5 16 IWSF NHWSF L/S (l/kg) 8.9 6.1 4.7 0.5 10 10 pH (mean value over 5 years) 8.1 8.2 8.5 9.0 Soluble Fraction (mg/kg) (from EC measurement) 36613 34008 43412 7225 4000 60000 Sulfates 28532 29738 25794 3026 1000 20000 As 0.093 0.056 0.048 0.005 0.5 2.0 Cd 0.031 0.028 0.026 0.005 0.04 1.00 Co 0.033 0.015 0.012 0.002 Cr 0.858 1.129 1.624 0.590 0.5 10.0 Cu 0.019 0.019 0.021 0.003 2.0 50.0 Mo 0.403 0.618 0.399 0.195 0.5 10.0 Ni 0.039 0.028 0.030 0.003 0.4 10.0 Pb 0.261 0.185 0.185 0.008 0.5 10.0 Sb 0.036 0.020 0.024 0.003 0.06 0.70 Se 0.149 0.152 0.157 0.154 0.10 0.50 V 0.654 0.570 0.240 0.036 Zn 0.933 0.835 0.113 0.009 4.0 50.0 Regarding the physico-chemical parameters, the pH ranges according to the L/S ratio between 8 and 9, i.e. close to the neutral zone. The soluble fraction, an alternative regulatory parameter to the sulfate content (calculated from the electrical conductivity by the formula 1 mS/cm = 640 mg of salt/l) exceeds the admission values in IWSF but not in NHWSF. The leachable sulfate contents exceed the NHWSF admission values, except for lysimeter 16 at this stage (L/S = 0.48 l/kg). For heavy metals, taking into account the addition of sample results, the number of which increases each year (here approximately 8 the first year and 1 per following year), with for Se an LQ close to the regulatory concentration limit for acceptance in IWSF, it is necessary to present the results with two options: calculations with concentrations < LQ being equal to zero, or calculation of concentrations < LQ = LQ. Among the heavy metals, considering the option < LQ = LQ, the cations do not exceed the limits and the following oxyanions exceed the limits in IWSF: Cr (4 lysimeters), Mo (lysimeter 3), Se (lysimeters 1, 3, 5 and 16). NHWSF admission limits are not exceeded. Most of the Cr and Mo emission over time occurs in the first year (Fig. 5 ). The emissions of the following years are well below the acceptance limits in IWSF. For Se, which was not measured in the first two years, the emission seems to increase in year 5, but an analytical bias cannot be ruled out. This point should be verified in subsequent years. These results confirm that the MBR cannot be stored in an inert waste storage facility IWSF (by exceeding the soluble fraction, Cr, Mo and leachable Se), but can be stored in a non-hazardous waste storage facility NHWSF, considering the criterion of the soluble fraction (and not the sulfates). Improvements to the MBR for outdoor use are however possible: use of a minimum rate of gypsum of 2% instead of 5% (without constituting a reserve in the material), and creation of a vegetated material in high leaching during one year at the storage site before use. Emissions could then comply with IWSF allowable waste concentration limits. It should be precised that these disposal facility admission criteria are not waste hazard assessment criteria. Conclusions about topic 1 issues: emission of modified bauxite residue and revegetation The residual soda from the bauxite residue of Bauxaline® can be neutralized by atmospheric CO 2 and the alkalinity can be immobilized by adding soluble calcium (gypsum). When this material is subjected to rain or watered, the sodium sulfate produced is evacuated in the drainage waters, it is possible to grow vegetation on this material. The 5-year tests show that the drains have a pH in the neutral zone or close to it (between 8 and 9 depending on the L/S ratio reached at this stage). The salinity gradually passes from very high values incompatible with plant growth (40 g/l for the very first fractions) to 1.5 g/l for the lysimeter which approaches L/S 10 l/kg, and to 3 g/l for lysimeters having reached an L/S ratio of 2.5 l/kg in 5 years. With a supply of compost and fertilizer at an agronomic dose, the plants can settle as soon as the surface layer is desalinated by rain or watering. Their water absorption from deeper layer facilitates desalination by avoiding water rising followed by surface evaporation, which is final if drainage is organised. Moreover, the emissions of sulfates and oxyanions decrease over time. The MBR emits a soluble fraction in a quantity greater than that admitted in IWSF (but admissible in NHWSF), and sulfate in a quantity greater than that admissible in NHWSF. All cationic heavy metals are emitted in quantities below acceptance in IWSF. Among the oxyanions, total Cr, Mo and Se are emitted in quantity moderately higher than IWSF acceptance. These emissions can be improved with a view to using the MBR outside the Bauxaline® storage site. The best approach would be the production of vegetated MBR on the storage site with a lower dose of gypsum for at least one year on this same site, with high leaching, before its outdoor use (subject to applicable regulations, in particular in the field of waste). TOPIC 2: Immobilization of heavy metals by MBR that has depolluted acid mine drainage Experimental Setup The treatment of acid mine drainage – AMD - (pH 4.38, Zn 117 mg/l, Cd 1.05 mg/l) of Saint-Félix was carried out in two pilot trials of 50 kg granulated MBR (not presented here) at the rate of 30 liters of AMD per kg of granulated MBR with a residence time of one hour. The depollution yield was 99.89% and 99.63% for the two trials. The loading of Zn and Cd measured by difference between the incoming and outgoing effluents was 4100 mg Zn and 38 mg Cd/kg MBR. The initial contents of MBR were 115 mg Zn/kg and < 0.8 mg Cd/kg. The objective of the lysimeter tests was to simulate a loaded MBR storage scenario (called used MBR: UMBR), in particular on the mining sites concerned, and to determine with what requirements this storage could be carried out (cover, drainage, etc.). These tests thus aim to assess, on the one hand, the durability of the treatment under pilot test conditions and, on the other hand, to determine whether storage without a sealing barrier and with vegetation was possible. Two factors were thus studied in the 40-litres lysimeters (Table 1 ): - The emission of MBR having been loaded (UMBR) to treat a contaminated effluent compared with of a « new » MBR; - The type of MBR cover: sand, non-vegetated MBR, vegetated MBR, natural forest topsoil. Each lysimeter contained 24 kg of dry material of MBR or UMBR in deep layer. The revegetation of the MBR and the soil has been detailed in the methods. Hydrology The cumulative volumes of rain and drains (expressed in height of water in mm, equivalent to l/m²), the drainage/rain ratios and the L/S ratios (l/kg of MBR or UMBR) are as follows: Table 4 L/S (l/kg of MBR) ratios of topic 2 lysimeters (from 1 to 8) Cumulated L/S (l/kg) ratios Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Year 1 2.68 2.55 2.35 2.39 1.77 2.20 1.02 0.85 Year 2 3.85 3.68 2.93 2.99 2.06 2.53 1.08 0.89 Year 3 5.12 4.95 3.75 3.74 2.69 3.19 1.60 1.40 Year 4 6.67 6.38 4.50 4.55 2.95 3.37 1.72 1.51 Year 5 8.89 8.39 6.05 6.15 4.68 4.76 2.48 2.54 Cumulated L/S over 5 years 8.89 8.39 6.05 6.15 4.68 4.76 2.48 2.54 Lysimeters with the same coverage have very similar L/S ratios. Revegetation of the MBR cover (lysimeters 5 and 6) reduced the volume of the drains, without reaching the level of a natural topsoil cover (lysimeters 7 and 8). pH, salinity The pHs converge towards pH = 8 (average for 5 years between 7.5 and 8.5 according to the lysimeters) and the salinity decreased regularly (average for 5 years of 2.5 g/l). Lysimeters 1, 3, 5 and 7 (with a bottom layer of MBR not leached by water treatment) consistently had higher pH and salinity than their counterpart with UMBR. Elements concentrations in drainage samples The full data are presented in the supplementary material section. The concentrations decreased over time (Fig. 8 ). Vanadium has an almost constant concentration of 0.05 mg/l (see Topic 1). Cd and Zn (from acid mine drainage) immobilized in the UMBR were not emitted during these 5 years. There is no clear difference in emission between lysimeters with MBR and lysimeters with UMBR. The cumulative emissions over five years for all the elements measured were expressed in mg/kg in Fig. 9 . Table 5. Cumulative emissions over 5 years from topic 2 lysimeters and comparison with the concentration limits of leachable elements for admission to a inert waste storage facility (IWSF) (light colored cell if exceeded) and Non-hazardous waste storage facility (NHWSF) (dark colored cell if exceeded). EC : electrical conductivity. Values <LQ were considered = LQ Lysimeters IWSF NHWSF Mesured parameters (mg/kg) / 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Upper layer Sand MBR non vegetated MBR vegetated Soil Underlayer MBR UMBR MBR UMBR MBR UMBR MBR UMBR L/S (l/kg) 8.9 8.4 6.1 6.1 4.7 4.8 2.5 2.5 10 10 pH (mean value over 5 years) 8.1 7.5 8.2 7.6 8.5 7.8 8.1 8.0 Soluble fraction (from EC) 36613 18093 34008 23516 43412 24955 17826 8967 4000 60000 Sulfates 21369 12982 22272 18820 19319 16061 11380 5690 1000 20000 As 0.123 0.131 0.084 0.087 0.066 0.067 0.036 0.038 0.5 2.0 Cd 0.040 0.041 0.029 0.031 0.026 0.025 0.013 0.014 0.04 1.00 Co 0.017 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.005 Cr 0.858 0.177 1.129 0.495 1.624 0.910 0.256 0.103 0.5 10.0 Cu 0.029 0.028 0.021 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.009 2.0 50.0 Mo 0.403 0.252 0.618 0.491 0.399 0.295 0.128 0.089 0.5 10.0 Ni 0.070 0.069 0.049 0.048 0.043 0.043 0.024 0.026 0.4 10.0 Pb 0.351 0.342 0.255 0.254 0.227 0.248 0.128 0.119 0.5 10.0 Sb 0.057 0.055 0.038 0.037 0.036 0.032 0.022 0.025 0.06 0.70 Se 0.189 0.168 0.152 0.143 0.157 0.104 0.065 0.075 0.10 0.50 V 0.654 0.399 0.570 0.266 0.240 0.179 0.057 0.107 Zn 0.965 0.924 0.866 0.951 0.157 0.156 0.053 0.106 4.0 50.0 Regarding the physico-chemical parameters, the pH ranged according to the L/S ratio between 7.5 and 8.5, i.e. in the neutral zone. The soluble fraction, an alternative regulatory parameter to the sulfate content (calculated as explained above) always exceeded the admission values in IWSF but not in NHWSF. The leachable sulfate contents exceeded the IWSF admission values for 2 lysimeters. Lysimeters with a lower layer of MBR (1, 3, 5, 7) that has not been leached by water treatment had systematically higher pH, soluble fractions and sulfates than their counterpart that has treated acid mine drainage (by leaching effect of MBR during metal immobilization from acid mine drainage). For the heavy metals, the toxic elements of acid mine drainage water were immobilized, and in particular Zn and Cd (main elements of treated acid mine drainage, in bold). The comparison of the couples (MBR – MBRU) cumulated over 5 years showed a complete retention of Zn and Cd. With the option < LQ = LQ, the emission of Cd from lysimeters 1 and 2 with L/S ratios of 8.9 and 8.4 l/kg reached the admission limit in IWSF. For all lysimeters, no other cation exceeds the IWSF admission limits. Lysimeters 1 to 6 exceed the Se emission limit for IWSF. As for the soluble fraction and the sulfates, the lysimeters with a lower layer of MBR (1, 3, 5, 7) which have not been leached by the treatment of water had systematically higher oxyanion contents than their counterpart which had treated acid mine drainage. The lysimeter 8 composed of UMBR and a layer of vegetated soil did not show any overrun of the IWSF concentration limits for cations and anions (in italics in the table). However, it emits sulfates (7.5 g/kg in 5 years). This sulfate comes from the gypsum of the UMBR. The lysimeter n° 6 composed of UMBR and a layer of vegetated MBR emitted sulfates in double quantity of the lysimeter 8 per kg of UMBR but equal per kg of MBR + UMBR. This sulfate therefore comes from the gypsum of the cover MBR and the UMBR. This lysimeter n° 6 showed no overshoot of the IWSF concentration limits for the cations, and one overshoot for the anions (total Cr). This chromium therefore also comes from the cover layer. Like sulfates, the quantities emitted reported to the MBR and UMBR of the lysimeter were close to the quantities of the lysimeter 8. In summary, the low observed emissions were produced by the MBR or the UMBR, and not by the acid mine drainage elements, that are effectively immobilized. As seen in Topic 1, however, improvements to the MBR are possible, possibly bringing emissions back to a level consistent with ISDI allowable waste concentration limits. Conclusion on topic 2: Immobilization of heavy metals by MBR that has depolluted acid mine drainage The MBR immobilizes elements of the AMD without emission for 5 years. Emissions of soluble fraction, sulfates and oxyanions come from the MBR. These emissions could be reduced by preparing the MBR before its use (see Topic 1). The presence of a non-vegetated MBR cover reduces drainage to one third of the rainfall (result obtained without runoff), whereas a vegetated MBR cover reduces it to half and a vegetated ground cover reduces it to quarter of the rain. The proposed technique of immobilizing AMD by MBR and storing it on site with a vegetal cover, possibly MBR, is effective over the period studied. Conclusion The MBR emitted sodium sulfate in a decreasing way during drainage, with a pH in the neutral zone. Sulfate was emitted in quantities greater than the European regulations for acceptance of waste in a non-hazardous waste disposal facility (NHWDF), and oxyanions Cr, Mo and Se were emitted in quantities greater than the acceptance in an inert waste storage facility (IWSF). Emissions were very low for the other elements. Plants settled permanently, and reduced the rate of drainage. Preparation of the MBR for use outside the storage site (use of a minimum rate of gypsum and high leaching for one year) could bring the material into compliance with the concentration limits of allowable waste in IWSF. Immobilization of heavy metals by MBR from acid mine drainage was stable. The cover of the metal-laden MBR can be sand, MBR, vegetated MBR or vegetated soil. When MBR was used as a cover material, the emissions are those of MBR. When soil was used as a cover, the emissions complied with the acceptance of waste in an inert waste disposal facility (IWSF). Revegetation significantly reduced the rate of drainage. This method of immobilizing metals has therefore produced positive results during these 5 years of experimentation. This study demonstrates that acid mine drainage can be depolluted on-site by MBR, and the metal-laden MBR can be stored on-site and revegetated by natural topsoil or better by MBR. Glossary Number « n » [year1, 2014 ; year5, 2018] : Time period from july of the year « n » to june of the year « n+1 ». EC : Electric conductivity (in mS/cm) IWSF : Inert waste storage facility NHWSF : Non-hazardous waste storage facility L/S : liquid/solid ratio (in l/kg) MBR : Modified bauxite residue ie Bauxaline® plus CO2 and gypsum) UMBR : Used modified bauxite residue, loaded with contaminants from acid mine drainage T1 : Type 1 tailings TF : St-Félix mine tailings AMD : Acid Mine Drainage Declarations Ethical Approval Not applicable. Consent to Participate Not applicable. Consent to Publish Not applicable. Authors Contributions Patricia MERDY: conceptualization, investigation and writing—original draft preparation. Pierre HENNEBERT : conceptualization, investigation, methodology, resources, formal analysis, writing, review, and editing. Chen CHEN and Alexandre PARKER :investigation. Funding The BauGeste (also called Bauxaline Technologies) project was funded by ADEME, the Rhône-Mediterranean-Corsica Water Agency (AERMC agreement 2012/0547) and by ALTEO. Competing interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Availability of data and materials Data are available on request. References Barrow N J (1982). Possibility of using caustic residue from bauxite for improving the chemical and physical properties of sandy soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 33/2: 275-285 Courtney RG, Timpson JP (2005) Reclamation of fine fraction bauxite processing residue (red mud) amended with coarse fraction residue and gypsum. Water Air Soil Pollut 164: 91-102 Gu H, Wang N, Liu S (2012) Radiological restrictions of using red mud as building material additive. Waste Manag Res 30(9):961-965 Jacukowicz-Sobala I, Ociński D, Kociołek-Balawejder E (2015) Iron and aluminium oxides containing industrial wastes as adsorbents of heavy metals: Application possibilities and limitations. Waste Manag Res 33:612-629 Kalin M, Fyson A, Wheeler WN (2006) The chemistry of conventional and alternative treatment systems for the neutralization of acid mine drainage. Sc total environ 366 : 395-408 Kinnarinen T, Lubieniecki B, Holliday L, Helsto J-J, Häkkinen A (2015) Enabling safe dry cake disposal of bauxite residue by deliquoring and washing with a membrane filter press. Waste Manag Res 33(3):258-266 Kim SY, Jun Y, Jeon D, Oh JE (2017) Synthesis of structural binder for red brick production based on red mud and fly ash activated using Ca(OH)2 and Na 2 CO 3 . Constr Build Mater 147: 101–116 Klauber C, Gräfe M, Power G (2011) Bauxite residue issues: II. options for residue utilization. Hydrometallurgy 108: 11-32 Lindsay W L, Chemical Equilibria in Soils, 1979, John Wiley and Sons. 449 p. Mishra T, Pandey VC, Singh P, Singh NB, Singh N (2017a) Assessment of phytoremediation potential of native grass species growing on red mud deposits. J geochem explor 182: 206-209 Mishra T, Singh NB, Singh N (2017b) Restoration of red mud deposits by naturally growing vegetation. Int J Phytoremediation, 19: 439-445 Newson T, Dyer T, Sharp S (2006) Effect of structure on the geotechnical properties of bauxite residue . J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132 : 143-151 Pradhan J, Das J, Das S, Thakur RS(1998) Adsorption of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Red Mud. J Colloid Interface Sci 204 : 169-172 Rai S, Wasewar K, Agnihotri A (2017) Treatment of alumina refinery waste (red mud) through neutralization techniques: A review Waste Manag Res 35(6):563-580 Rivera RM, Ulenaers B, Ounoughene G, Binnemans K , Van Gerven T (2018) Extraction of rare earths from bauxite residue (red mud) by dry digestion followed by water leaching. Miner Eng 119: 82-92 Samal S (2021) Utilization of Red Mud as a Source for Metal Ions—A Review. Mater 14:2211 Verma AS, Suri NM, Kant S (2017) Applications of bauxite residue: A mini-review. Waste Manag Res 35:999-1012 Wong JWC, Ho GE (1993) Use of waste gypsum in the revegetation on red mud deposits : a greenhouse study. Waste manag Res 11:249-256 World Aluminum, International Aluminium Institute. (2015) Bauxite Residue Management: Best Practice. 1-31 Yanju L, Ravi N (2014) Hidden values in bauxite residue (red mud): Recovery of metals. Waste Manag. 34:2662-2673 Supplementary Files ESPRSUPPLEMENTARYMATERIALPart1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2821565","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":219383410,"identity":"ec321be6-213f-4a29-be17-e08ceb34377b","order_by":0,"name":"Patricia Merdy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACCYYKBgY2EOsBAwM/kVrOgLUwNiQwMEg2EKWFsQ1ME6lFt7334W3eeYfz+CQS2B8k7mCQMCekx+zMcWNr3m2Hi9kkEhgbEs8wSMgcIKTlRhqbNFBLYhvP+Y8NiW0MdRKEHGZ2/xlQyxyQlgOMIC0ShLXcYANqaQBqYW8gVsuZNGbLOcfSwVpmJLZJEKHl+DHGG29qrBPnNzMwfPjYZkNYCwgw8SDYRGkARuEP4tSNglEwCkbBSAUAK/A6AZWlGd8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4540-6464","institution":"Université de Toulon: Universite de Toulon","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Patricia","middleName":"","lastName":"Merdy","suffix":""},{"id":219383411,"identity":"9470e83d-9e59-41c4-92b9-86eabfb2dc6b","order_by":1,"name":"Alexandre Parker","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université de Toulon: Universite de Toulon","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexandre","middleName":"","lastName":"Parker","suffix":""},{"id":219383412,"identity":"7183806a-1016-4d09-bcf1-e952ded9e7a3","order_by":2,"name":"Chen Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Université de Toulon: Universite de Toulon","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chen","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":219383413,"identity":"b49ffe6b-3162-42b7-8d13-38078b3be4e0","order_by":3,"name":"Pierre Hennebert","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"INERIS: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pierre","middleName":"","lastName":"Hennebert","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-04-15 18:10:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2821565/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2821565/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":40377760,"identity":"793767d3-c979-4607-aeb8-b63630802db4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:43:00","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":419449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLysimeters experimental setup. Left: 40l volume lysimeter; center and right: 700l lysimeters, shown from the side and from above respectively\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/1237ac4151c26002a6b267fd.png"},{"id":40378418,"identity":"e0059bfa-5386-4291-a88c-b5f246512949","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:51:00","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRainfall, drainage in mm (left), drainage/rainfall ratio (right) of topic 1 lysimeters\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/115cdae0ee5bed0fbdfbfdea.png"},{"id":40376852,"identity":"c0c7d5b6-a79d-4ddc-a2a6-a8131b8f28d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:35:00","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003epH and electrical conductivity of Theme 1 lysimeters. Lysimeter 16 started year 2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/9707f99048e6506a9b2bc03d.png"},{"id":40376860,"identity":"d801f329-679d-4d4c-b448-ad709db1f4de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:35:00","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":177430,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConcentrations of some selected elements (Al, Fe, S, Zn, Cr, Mo, V, As, Na) in drainage water expressed as L/S ratios in mg/kg\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/8b9ba51d01eaf39187557d27.png"},{"id":40376856,"identity":"4be8ff61-4a62-45d5-8814-519b75cd1cc8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:35:00","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":40053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCumulated element quantity (mg/kg) emitted by the lysimeters of topic 1\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/b2e26e350b96585e87204e53.png"},{"id":40377761,"identity":"8686625a-3ba0-4af8-8263-da53b408c222","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:43:00","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRain, drainage, ratio drainage/rain and drainage/MBR of the lysimeters of topic 2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/6f08dd40e373d5ac0e977dab.png"},{"id":40376859,"identity":"8f5b4360-5585-4961-9016-547f32aae4cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:35:00","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003epH and electrical conductivity of Theme 2 lysimeters (from 1 to 8)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/613f9ddc1e6d606445f1f01e.png"},{"id":40376855,"identity":"0410ca2a-98ad-4c53-95b8-64f8758370d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:35:00","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConcentrations of some selected elements (Pb, Cd, Co, Zn, Cr, Mo, V, As, Cu) in drainage water expressed as L/S ratios in mg/kg.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/d2c64c96396b22ad23d9f2ce.png"},{"id":40377762,"identity":"4d20c65e-79b9-4339-9b06-16efb53c52a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:43:00","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76073,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCumulated element quantity (mg/kg) emitted by the non-vegetated (left) and vegetated (right) lysimeters of topic 2.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"ESPRPart1Fig9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/bc0ce26c1271c4e78a3be5f4.png"},{"id":43985334,"identity":"cdcd635e-1db9-479c-b929-192666cdf04b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-02 19:43:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1626214,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/28156be5-1fba-4042-a88a-12ad5af0a18f.pdf"},{"id":40376861,"identity":"bc972938-ac12-40e0-a589-aa1e29c3ce69","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-07-21 13:35:00","extension":"docx","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":120487,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ESPRSUPPLEMENTARYMATERIALPart1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2821565/v1/13f0345a80abc8de582631d9.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"5 years of leaching experiments to evaluate a modified bauxite residue. Part 1: transformation into a soil and storage of immobilized heavy metals from acid mine drainage","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBauxite ore contains levels of aluminum oxides and hydroxides ranging from 30 to 65%. Red mud (also called \u0026laquo; bauxite residue \u0026raquo;) is a by product left after Bayer process (used since 1893) applied on bauxite ore to produce alumina (Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). In the world, there are appoximately over a hundred alumina refinery plants. This Bayer process requires to heat the bauxite at high temperature (from 140\u0026deg;C for bauxite rich in gibbsite up to 280\u0026deg;C for diasporic bauxites) and high pressure in caustic soda (NaOH), which allow to form sodium aluminate. The remaining insoluble material from the extraction are known as bauxite residue, themselves composed of around 4% liquor and 55% solid (red mud). Unfortunately, a huge amount of insoluble material is left over after the extraction: it represents from 0.3 to 2.5 tonnes per tonne of alumina produced. In general, starting with two tons of bauxite the refinery process allows to reach one ton of alumina. Worldwide, around 120 millions of tons of red mud are produced every year, which poses significant environmental hazard concern. The need to find new ways of reusing this waste and to restore disposal land is crucial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe caustic soda used in the process explains the high alcalnity of the red mud generated. Its pH is between 10 and 13. Salinity and sodicity generate toxic effects on plants and animals. If revegetation is planned, neutralization of red mud has to be achieved in first place. Rai et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) have studied various techniques such as using mineral acids, acidic waste (pickling liquor waste), superphosphate and gypsum, coal dust, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, silicate material and seawater. There is usually a complete absence of quartz or clay minerals in this waste. If present, clay minerals are neo 1:1 silicates saturated by Na like cancrinite. Typical red mud show up to 20\u0026ndash;30% clay sized particles, the majority being in the silt range. Some red muds have been found to have greater than 50% of the particles less than 2\u0026micro;m, but it depends on the processing and the bauxite ore (Newson et al. 2014). Anyway, this size distribution is fine and the instable structure in contact with water impedes plant settlement by its own.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chemical content and physical properties of red mud depend on the bauxite ore origin and refinery process applied. So the bauxite residue left over is unique in each refinery plant. Typically, red mud contains elevated concentrations of iron oxides (goethite, hematite, magnetite) in addition to un-dissolved alumina, titanium oxide (anatase, rutile, perovskite) and valuable rare earth elements. The content of metals ranges from 4\u0026ndash;20% for Ti, 5\u0026ndash;30% for Si, 20\u0026ndash;45% for Fe and 10\u0026ndash;22% for Al. More precisely, the major elements present in red mud are Fe, Ti, Mn, Al, Ca, Na, Si, Cr, V, La, Sc, Y (Samal \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Other elements are also present at trace level: As, Be, Cd, Cu, Gl, Pb, Hg, Ni, Th, U, V, Zn. Rare eath elements can be cited too : Ce, La, Sc, Nd, Sm. At last, non-metallic elements such as phosphorus and sulfur may be present in the bauxite residue (Gu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In term of radioactivity, bauxite residue can typically exhibit radioactive activity around 0.03 to 0.06Bq/g due to \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU and 0.03 to 0.76Bq/g due to \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, both radioelements coming from the original bauxite ore. In order to compare, usual soil radioactivity is around 0.033 Bq/g for \u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU and 0.045Bq/g for \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh (World Aluminium 2015). The major elements and some particularly toxic trace metal elements (such as Cd) are the ones that could represent the most hazardous issues, requiring their monitoring over time when bauxite residue is re-used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVarious methods of disposal have been tried around the world, including dumping on the ocean, landfilling and storage in settling ponds. Because of the detrimental impact these disposal ways represent on our environment, many attempts have been made to find environmentally friendly and economically interesting methods of disposing or utilizing red mud. Even if the goal is to reach a full re-use of the red mud residue produced, just a small volume of it effectively is. The reasons for the far much greater volume of red mud produced compared to its consumption in derived products are the cost of the re-use, its efficiency in the derived product compared to classical material, and the environmental hazard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the various red mud reuse applications we can cite construction and building materials (bricks, cement, geopolymers, road base for example), the recovery of valuable chemicals (rare earth and scandium in particular) in red mud, and the environmental remediation (Kim et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rivera et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al. 2014 ; Klauber et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Verma et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). If recovery of valuable chemical elements might be be economically interesting, we have to mention that it does not consume large volume of bauxite residue, unless the recovery of titanium, iron and silicon is carried out simultaneously. On the contrary, cement production, landfill capping, road and levee construction allow to consume large tonnage of red mud (more than 500.000t/y estimated) (World Aluminium 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn particular, many studies have focused on the utilization of red mud in environmental remediation. We can mention phytoremediation potential of various plants grown on red mud deposits (Mishra et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017a\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e) or revegetation (Wong et al. 1993 ; Mishra et al. 2017). These solutions aim at limiting wind erosion, airborne dust dissemination and water pollution on disposal land. The establishment of vegetation on the bauxite residues offers a good opportunity for landscaping, stabilisation and pollution control, but is limited by the alcaline pH and sodium high level exhibited by the red mud. Moreover, because the very fine size distribution gives to the residue clay low hydraulic conductivity, and sodicity gives low structural stability in presence of water, establishment of plants is difficult on raw bauxite residue. Usually, coarse material (such as sand) is added to red mud to overcome this difficulty (Courtney et al. 2005). In addition, common pratice involves gypsum amendment to lower the pH and washing to reduce the salinity and the sodicity (Kinnarinen et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), and to create a stable structure. This solution was depicted by Lindsay (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1979\u003c/span\u003e) and tested by Barrow (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). So physical limitations together with too rich chemical composition can be diverted to allow rehabilitation of red mud disposal sites by revegetation. Nevertheless, the risks linked to these remediation proposals must be assessed and controlled. Indeed, metal leaching through the groundwater should be evaluated over time so is the soil and plant contamination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBauxite residue can immobilise elements, both cationic and anionic. For example, it is able to remove phophate from used water (Pradham et al., 1998). Phosphate concentrations in domestic wastewater is too high and its discharge should be limited to avoid eutrophication in aquatic environment. Various classical technologies used in wastewater tratment plants for phosphate removal from wastewater exist such as precipitation, biological process, ion exchange. Adsorption process on solid material was experimented too such as activated alumina, dolomite, activated carbon, bentonite, iron oxides, etc. (Jacukowicz et al. 2015). Because red mud contains iron oxides and aluminum oxides, it exhibits good adsorption capacity and consequently could be used too as adsorbent in the process of phosphorous removal in wastewater (Pradham et al. 1998). This alternative technique is economically interesting since it uses industrial waste produced in high quantity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe environmental impacts caused by the abandonment of mines represent a global scourge since few regulations require the rehabilitation of sites by their industrial owners. The major problem lies in the production of acid mine drainage (AMD). AMD occurs when sulfides (especially pyrite and pyrrhotite) oxidize on contact with air and water to produce acidic (pH less than 6) and sulfated solutions. Its drainage capacity increased by bacterial activity is perpetuated over very long periods of time, over 100 years (Kalin et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). In a conventional treatment system, alkaline chemicals are added to the AMD to neutralize it and induce hydroxide precipitation. Among traditional alkaline chemical, we can cite CaO which forms Ca hydroxide in aqueous medium. Calcite can also be used. Bauxite residue, due to its alkaline properties, is able to neutralize AMD too.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBauxite residues, once washed and dried in a press filter, form a new material: Bauxaline\u0026reg;. In the context of stopping its discharges into the sea of alumina manufacturing residues, solutions to develop ways of recovering/reusing Bauxaline\u0026reg; emerged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this present study, the reuse of bauxite residue involves, in a first step, the pH drop of Bauxaline\u0026reg; from 11 to 8.5, by neutralization by atmospheric CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and precipitation of calcium carbonate (addition of gypsum). The transformed material was called \u0026ldquo;modified bauxite residue\u0026rdquo; (MBR). A second step in order to be able to grow plants was to desalinate the material by removing the sodium sulfate produced by the reaction, and to provide nutrients at agronomic doses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe immobilization of heavy metals from effluents, wastes, contaminated soils and mine tailings by modified bauxite residue has been developed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFifteen lysimeters with MBR used as a green cover material, were lauched for 5 years to assess long-term emissions from treated materials, compared with untreated materials, to purify effluents containing metals, and to treat mine tailings and contaminated soils. Revegetation of the MBR was experimented too in a sixteenth lysimeter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe long-term behavior of materials resulting from these processes can be grouped into three themes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Storage of modified bauxite residue and revegetation (part 1, present paper)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Immobilization of heavy metals by MBR that has depolluted acid mine drainage (part 1, present paper)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. Remediation of sulfidic mine tailings with MBR and limestone, and revegetation (part 2 of the study).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study presents the emission results in drainage water from these 16 lysimeters since their launch, and is organised in two separate parts as explained above.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this paper is to present the positive results for these three methods which have been observed over four or five years concerning drainage and the emission of contaminants: storage and revegetation of modified bauxite residue, storage of heavy metals from acid mine drainage treated with MBR.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eLysimeters\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe lysimeters were filled according to two topics explored in this paper:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTopic 1: \u003cstrong\u003eEmission of modified bauxite residue and revegetation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFive lysimeters were used to measure MBR emissions during storage, with and without revegetation. The fifth lysimeter was made up of one ton of MBR, in order to approximate the real vegetation conditions of a MBR storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTopic 2: \u003cstrong\u003eImmobilization of heavy metals by MBR that has depolluted acid mine drainage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEight lysimeters (including 3 from Theme 1) were set up to measure emissions from MBR that have been already loaded with acid mine drainage (called Used Modified Bauxite Residue: UMBR). They include two types of lower layer (MBR with or without treatment of this effluent), and in the upper layer four different covers (sand, MBR, vegetated MBR, topsoil).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Experimental setup of the 9 lysimeters related to the topics 1 and 2. UMBR and MBR: (Used) Modified Bauxite Residue\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 94%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:47.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLysimeter number\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:56.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTopic studied\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eLysimeter volume (l)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:122.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eComposition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.35pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eRevegeta-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003etion and watering\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.35pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eweight taken into account (kg of dry material)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTime of study (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:47.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBottom layer (0.22 m)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:58.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTop layer (0.22 m)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51.35pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eaccording to the topics (1) or (2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:47.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eX\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F2DBDB;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:58.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSilica sand\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24 (1) / 24 (2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 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style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd 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style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:58.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F2DBDB;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:47.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F2DBDB;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:58.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#E5DFEC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSoil\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:47.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eUMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:58.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#E5DFEC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSoil\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:47.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top: none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:28.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:56.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e700\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:122.25pt;border-top:none;border-left: none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#F2DBDB;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMBR (0.66 m)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:51.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eYes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:63.35pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1087\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;text-align:center;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe 60l lysimeters were filled to 40l, the weight of each layer was around 24kg of dry material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eRevegetation procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe revegetation procedure includes an addition of compost (1% w/w in the first 20 cm_layer), N-P-K fertilizer (at an agronomic dose), topsoil (1\u0026permil; w/w in the first 20 cm layer) and seeds (agglomerated cocksfoot and common sainfoin), as well as initial watering to desalinate the seedbed. A drainage system must ensure the final evacuation of the sodium sulfate. A supply of soluble manganese (trace element) at an agronomic dose was carried out during years 2 and 3. A supply of N-P-K fertilizer was carried out each year at the same dose as the initial dose. Historical red mud from AluSuisse, not washed in press-filter, was vegetated with the same method in a 15th lysimeter, the only difference being the addition of 10% gypsum rather than 5%, due to higher alkalinity, salinity and sodicity. For simplicity, the results of this latter lysimeter are not presented here. They are similar to 5 and 16, with lower desalination rate. Vegetation was successful.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevegetation of the forest soil (lysimeters 7 and 8) was carried out in the same way, without initial leaching.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRevegetation of untreated and treated mine tailings follows the same procedure, without initial leaching, and with re-sowing each year for untreated mine tailings. The plants develop slightly in the Saint-F\u0026eacute;lix mine tailing (TF), then die after two to three months; seeds do not germinate in the other mine tailing (T1). In the Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u0026laquo; failure \u0026raquo; is indicated for these reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eProduction of the Modified bauxite residue (MBR)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBauxaline\u0026reg; from ALTEO is thickened red mud, washed and partially dried in a filter press, in the form of a shovelable material. Modified bauxite residue (MBR) is Bauxaline\u0026reg; treated with atmospheric CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with 5% gypsum (hydrated calcium sulfate) in the laboratory or in the field in order to precipitate the alkalinity of soda into calcium carbonate, at a pH of 8.5. Soluble sodium sulfate remains.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsed Modified Bauxite Residue (UMBR) is MBR that has bound contaminants from acid mine drainage. The MBR layers were not leached before or during placement, whereas the UMBR layer was leached by the acid mine drainage treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEasier desalination was observed in the presence of plants. Before revegetation, between two waterings, during summer, evaporation occurs on the surface. White crystals of sodium sulfate form on the surface. This significant capillary rise was observed on the Vitrolles storage site and on the Mange Garri storage site with Bauxaline\u0026reg;. Once a surface layer has been sufficiently desalinated by regular watering to be revegetated, and when revegetation progresses, this salt no longer appears on the surface. Plants take water through the roots (without the salt) deep down to evaporate it through the leaves. The salt stays deep. As it does not rise between two waterings, desalination is much more effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eLysimeter management and drain samples collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate watering was applied in summer, to maintain the plants in a vegetative state allowing an immediate recovery when the rains start again, without causing runoff.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupply in years 4 and 5 of 5 grams of fresh forest plant litter was given per lysimeter (15 grams for lysimeter 16) in order to populate with decomposing organisms, because organic matter accumulates on the surface, forming a mat.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollection of drains was achieved after each rain and the samples were stored at 5\u0026deg;C. The composition of composite samples (from multiple sub-samples) of drains is explained as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e- The first year of operation of a lysimeter, a sample was collected every 100 mm of rain (proportionally to the volume drained) from the samples of each rain (approximately 7 samples the first year);\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e- Then one composite sample was obtained proportionally to the volumes drained per year.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e- Measurement of pH, electrical conductivity and redox potential were achieved for each sample. Total element analysis was performed on each sample after acidification.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA total of 247 samples were collected and analyzed over 5 years for 16 lysimeters (topics 1, 2 and 3 together), i.e. \u0026plusmn; 6,100 measurements of 27 parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe chromium measured was always total chromium analyzed with ICP. Total sulfur and total phosphorus analyzes were not performed for 92 samples. For total sulfur, often presenting high levels of several g/l, the averages of the data around 1000 or 100 mg/l were attributed to these missing data. For total phosphorus, systematically showing levels\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01 mg/l except for lysimeters 9 and 12, no substitution of missing data was carried out.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach sample represents a volume (known by weighing) and therefore a calculated liquid/solid ratio (noted L/S in l/kg, i.e. the volume of the sample divided by the mass of MBR for topic 1, MBR or UMBR for topic 2 and lysimeter mining residue for topic 3). All concentration data were expressed in mg/l and quantity data in mg/kg (concentration multiplied by the L/S ratio of the sample). The cumulative quantities were calculated by adding the quantities of each sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results by lysimeter, by year and by parameter are presented in the supplementary data (average concentration in mg/l of drain and annual cumulative quantity in mg/kg of MBR or mining residue).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"TOPIC 1 results: Emission of modified bauxite residue and revegetation","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs indicated in the Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, the lysimeters number 1, 3, 5 and 16 were setup to adress this topic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHydrology\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL/S (l/kg of MBR) ratios of topic 1 lysimeters (number 1, 3, 5 and 16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulated L/S (l/kg) ratios\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCumulated L/S over 5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.46\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe drainage/rainfall ratios showed that 99% of the rain was drained with a sand cover (which therefore protects efficiently against evaporation), 67% with a layer of non-vegetated MBR, and 52\u0026ndash;20% in case of revegetation of the MBR. Vegetation clearly reduced drained volumes. A greater depth of material allowed less drainage, by increasing the quantity of water stored and available for evaporation, as shown by lysimeter 16.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConsequently, the intensity of leaching per kg of MBR was very different at a given time and, cumulated over 5 years, was also decreasing from the sand to the vegetated deep lysimeter. Thus, the L/S ratio of the lysimeter 16 was in 4 years approximately half of that achieved by the same smaller lysimeter (lysimeter 5) in the first year.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003epH, salinity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe pHs converged towards 7.5 (lysimeters 1 and 3) and 8 (lysimeters 5 and 16) and the salinity decreased regularly except for the lysimeter 16 (the L/S is lower than for the other lysimeters because the mass of MBR is greater).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eElements concentrations in drainage samples\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll the data are presented in the supplementary material section. Only a few chemical elements are shown here. Overall, the contents decreased over time with the increasing L/S ratio. We observed a depletion of the soluble pool. This behavior is \u0026ldquo;controlled by the quantity/availability\u0026rdquo; of a soluble stock that is running out. The Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents the evolution of Al, Fe, S, Zn, Cr, Mo, V, As, Na during the 5 years experiment. The maximum concentration observed for iron is not explained. This could be attributed to laboratory analysis bias. Aluminum content started between 3.5 and 4 mg/kg for the 4 lysimeters considered here, and ended, 5 years later to 0.5 mg/kg and below. Iron concentrations were at first between 0.06 and 0.09 mg/kg for the 4 lysimeters considered here, and ended, 5 years later to 0.04mg/kg which represent lower than those of aluminum by a factor of 10. Lysimeter 16 was even more efficient since the emitted iron was less than 0.002 mg/kg after 5 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxyanions are presented as well in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e since these elements were present and could be emitted. The main complexing agents in the solid phase are iron and aluminum oxides, which have negative surface charges at pH\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;7, and therefore retain little or not at all these elements. The total contents were: between 1.50 and 0.6 mg/kg of Cr at the beginning of the drainage and rapidly (within 1 year) dropped below 0.2 mg/kg. Molybdenum behaved the same way. V, Sb, Se and As were found at lower concentrations and seem to be emitted a little bit more at the end of the experiment. However, the concentrations are so low that this tendency is probably not significant. V, Sb, Se and As seem to have a \u0026quot;solubility-controlled\u0026quot; type behavior of a poorly soluble stock that feeds the drains continuously at low concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWe can observe that globally the presence of vegetation allowed a diminution of the elements emission.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe quantities accumulated over four or five years are presented (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) and compared (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) to the admission limits for inert waste storage facilities IWSF (Order of 28 October 2010 relating to inert waste disposal facilities) and non-hazardous waste storage facility NHWSF (European Council Decision no. 2003 /33/EC of December 19, 2002).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Cumulative emissions over 5 years from topic 1 lysimeters and comparison with the concentration limits of leachable elements for admission to a inert waste storage facility (IWSF) (light colored cell if exceeded) and Non-hazardous waste storage facility (NHWSF) (dark colored cell if exceeded). Values \u0026lt;LQ were considered = LQ.\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLysimeters\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-left: none;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMeasured parameters (mg/kg)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIWSF\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(220, 230, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNHWSF\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eL/S (l/kg)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003epH (mean value over 5 years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e9.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSoluble Fraction (mg/kg) (from EC measurement)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e36613\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e34008\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e43412\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7225\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e60000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSulfates\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(250, 191, 143);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e28532\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(250, 191, 143);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e29738\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(250, 191, 143);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25794\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3026\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e20000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eAs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.093\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.056\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.048\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.005\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCd\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.031\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.028\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.026\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.036\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eZn\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.933\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.835\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.113\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.009\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:right;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegarding the physico-chemical parameters, the pH ranges according to the L/S ratio between 8 and 9, i.e. close to the neutral zone. The soluble fraction, an alternative regulatory parameter to the sulfate content (calculated from the electrical conductivity by the formula 1 mS/cm\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;640 mg of salt/l) exceeds the admission values in IWSF but not in NHWSF. The leachable sulfate contents exceed the NHWSF admission values, except for lysimeter 16 at this stage (L/S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.48 l/kg).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor heavy metals, taking into account the addition of sample results, the number of which increases each year (here approximately 8 the first year and 1 per following year), with for Se an LQ close to the regulatory concentration limit for acceptance in IWSF, it is necessary to present the results with two options: calculations with concentrations\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;LQ being equal to zero, or calculation of concentrations\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;LQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;LQ.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmong the heavy metals, considering the option\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;LQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;LQ, the cations do not exceed the limits and the following oxyanions exceed the limits in IWSF: Cr (4 lysimeters), Mo (lysimeter 3), Se (lysimeters 1, 3, 5 and 16). NHWSF admission limits are not exceeded.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMost of the Cr and Mo emission over time occurs in the first year (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The emissions of the following years are well below the acceptance limits in IWSF. For Se, which was not measured in the first two years, the emission seems to increase in year 5, but an analytical bias cannot be ruled out. This point should be verified in subsequent years.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese results confirm that the MBR cannot be stored in an inert waste storage facility IWSF (by exceeding the soluble fraction, Cr, Mo and leachable Se), but can be stored in a non-hazardous waste storage facility NHWSF, considering the criterion of the soluble fraction (and not the sulfates).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImprovements to the MBR for outdoor use are however possible: use of a minimum rate of gypsum of 2% instead of 5% (without constituting a reserve in the material), and creation of a vegetated material in high leaching during one year at the storage site before use. Emissions could then comply with IWSF allowable waste concentration limits.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt should be precised that these disposal facility admission criteria are not waste hazard assessment criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eConclusions about topic 1 issues: emission of modified bauxite residue and revegetation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe residual soda from the bauxite residue of Bauxaline\u0026reg; can be neutralized by atmospheric CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and the alkalinity can be immobilized by adding soluble calcium (gypsum). When this material is subjected to rain or watered, the sodium sulfate produced is evacuated in the drainage waters, it is possible to grow vegetation on this material. The 5-year tests show that the drains have a pH in the neutral zone or close to it (between 8 and 9 depending on the L/S ratio reached at this stage). The salinity gradually passes from very high values incompatible with plant growth (40 g/l for the very first fractions) to 1.5 g/l for the lysimeter which approaches L/S 10 l/kg, and to 3 g/l for lysimeters having reached an L/S ratio of 2.5 l/kg in 5 years. With a supply of compost and fertilizer at an agronomic dose, the plants can settle as soon as the surface layer is desalinated by rain or watering. Their water absorption from deeper layer facilitates desalination by avoiding water rising followed by surface evaporation, which is final if drainage is organised. Moreover, the emissions of sulfates and oxyanions decrease over time.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe MBR emits a soluble fraction in a quantity greater than that admitted in IWSF (but admissible in NHWSF), and sulfate in a quantity greater than that admissible in NHWSF. All cationic heavy metals are emitted in quantities below acceptance in IWSF. Among the oxyanions, total Cr, Mo and Se are emitted in quantity moderately higher than IWSF acceptance.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThese emissions can be improved with a view to using the MBR outside the Bauxaline\u0026reg; storage site. The best approach would be the production of vegetated MBR on the storage site with a lower dose of gypsum for at least one year on this same site, with high leaching, before its outdoor use (subject to applicable regulations, in particular in the field of waste).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"TOPIC 2: Immobilization of heavy metals by MBR that has depolluted acid mine drainage","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eExperimental Setup\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe treatment of acid mine drainage \u0026ndash; AMD - (pH 4.38, Zn 117 mg/l, Cd 1.05 mg/l) of Saint-F\u0026eacute;lix was carried out in two pilot trials of 50 kg granulated MBR (not presented here) at the rate of 30 liters of AMD per kg of granulated MBR with a residence time of one hour. The depollution yield was 99.89% and 99.63% for the two trials. The loading of Zn and Cd measured by difference between the incoming and outgoing effluents was 4100 mg Zn and 38 mg Cd/kg MBR. The initial contents of MBR were 115 mg Zn/kg and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.8 mg Cd/kg.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe objective of the lysimeter tests was to simulate a loaded MBR storage scenario (called used MBR: UMBR), in particular on the mining sites concerned, and to determine with what requirements this storage could be carried out (cover, drainage, etc.). These tests thus aim to assess, on the one hand, the durability of the treatment under pilot test conditions and, on the other hand, to determine whether storage without a sealing barrier and with vegetation was possible. Two factors were thus studied in the 40-litres lysimeters (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e- The emission of MBR having been loaded (UMBR) to treat a contaminated effluent compared with of a \u0026laquo; new \u0026raquo; MBR;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e- The type of MBR cover: sand, non-vegetated MBR, vegetated MBR, natural forest topsoil.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEach lysimeter contained 24 kg of dry material of MBR or UMBR in deep layer. The revegetation of the MBR and the soil has been detailed in the methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eHydrology\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe cumulative volumes of rain and drains (expressed in height of water in mm, equivalent to l/m\u0026sup2;), the drainage/rain ratios and the L/S ratios (l/kg of MBR or UMBR) are as follows:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\" style=\"margin-right: calc(51%); width: 49%;\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL/S (l/kg of MBR) ratios of topic 2 lysimeters (from 1 to 8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.9157%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 33.006%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulated L/S (l/kg) ratios\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.9157%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.9157%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.9157%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.9157%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.9157%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.9157%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 28.9157%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCumulated L/S over 5 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" style=\"width: 4.6687%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLysimeters with the same coverage have very similar L/S ratios. Revegetation of the MBR cover (lysimeters 5 and 6) reduced the volume of the drains, without reaching the level of a natural topsoil cover (lysimeters 7 and 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003epH, salinity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe pHs converge towards pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8 (average for 5 years between 7.5 and 8.5 according to the lysimeters) and the salinity decreased regularly (average for 5 years of 2.5 g/l). Lysimeters 1, 3, 5 and 7 (with a bottom layer of MBR not leached by water treatment) consistently had higher pH and salinity than their counterpart with UMBR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eElements concentrations in drainage samples\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe full data are presented in the supplementary material section. The concentrations decreased over time (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Vanadium has an almost constant concentration of 0.05 mg/l (see Topic 1). Cd and Zn (from acid mine drainage) immobilized in the UMBR were not emitted during these 5 years. There is no clear difference in emission between lysimeters with MBR and lysimeters with UMBR.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe cumulative emissions over five years for all the elements measured were expressed in mg/kg in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e Cumulative emissions over 5 years from topic 2 lysimeters and comparison with the concentration limits of leachable elements for admission to a inert waste storage facility (IWSF) (light colored cell if exceeded) and Non-hazardous waste storage facility (NHWSF) (dark colored cell if exceeded). EC : electrical conductivity. Values \u0026lt;LQ were considered = LQ\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104.6pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 298.4pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLysimeters\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width:32.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eIWSF\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width:38.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eNHWSF\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104.6pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMesured parameters (mg/kg) /\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:37.05pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.15pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:42.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:35.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 2.25pt;background:#DBE5F1;padding:0in 3.5pt 0in 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104.6pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUpper layer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSand\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 80.7pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMBR non vegetated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 70.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMBR vegetated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 74.3pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSoil\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104.6pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUnderlayer\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(219, 229, 241);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:107%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eUMBR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104.6pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eL/S (l/kg)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e6.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.1pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104.6pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003epH (mean value over 5 years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e7.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e8.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.1pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104.6pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003eSoluble fraction (from EC)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37.05pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e36613\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.5pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e23516\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New 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none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.1pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New 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none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(250, 191, 143);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e22272\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e16061\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e11380\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;background: rgb(253, 233, 217);padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e5690\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:8.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.570\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:8.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.266\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.0pt;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104.6pt;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: 1pt solid windowtext;border-image: initial;border-top: none;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:6.0pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eZn\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.924\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.15pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:8.05pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.866\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:8.05pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.951\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:8.05pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.157\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:8.05pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.156\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:8.05pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.053\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.85pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 2.25pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:8.05pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.106\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.05pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e4.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.1pt;border-top: none;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 3.5pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:106%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;text-indent:7.05pt;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:12px;line-height:106%;font-family: \"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegarding the physico-chemical parameters, the pH ranged according to the L/S ratio between 7.5 and 8.5, i.e. in the neutral zone. The soluble fraction, an alternative regulatory parameter to the sulfate content (calculated as explained above) always exceeded the admission values in IWSF but not in NHWSF. The leachable sulfate contents exceeded the IWSF admission values for 2 lysimeters. Lysimeters with a lower layer of MBR (1, 3, 5, 7) that has not been leached by water treatment had systematically higher pH, soluble fractions and sulfates than their counterpart that has treated acid mine drainage (by leaching effect of MBR during metal immobilization from acid mine drainage).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor the heavy metals, the toxic elements of acid mine drainage water were immobilized, and in particular Zn and Cd (main elements of treated acid mine drainage, in bold). The comparison of the couples (MBR \u0026ndash; MBRU) cumulated over 5 years showed a complete retention of Zn and Cd. With the option\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;LQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;LQ, the emission of Cd from lysimeters 1 and 2 with L/S ratios of 8.9 and 8.4 l/kg reached the admission limit in IWSF.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor all lysimeters, no other cation exceeds the IWSF admission limits. Lysimeters 1 to 6 exceed the Se emission limit for IWSF. As for the soluble fraction and the sulfates, the lysimeters with a lower layer of MBR (1, 3, 5, 7) which have not been leached by the treatment of water had systematically higher oxyanion contents than their counterpart which had treated acid mine drainage.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe lysimeter 8 composed of UMBR and a layer of vegetated soil did not show any overrun of the IWSF concentration limits for cations and anions (in italics in the table). However, it emits sulfates (7.5 g/kg in 5 years). This sulfate comes from the gypsum of the UMBR. The lysimeter n\u0026deg; 6 composed of UMBR and a layer of vegetated MBR emitted sulfates in double quantity of the lysimeter 8 per kg of UMBR but equal per kg of MBR\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;UMBR. This sulfate therefore comes from the gypsum of the cover MBR and the UMBR.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis lysimeter n\u0026deg; 6 showed no overshoot of the IWSF concentration limits for the cations, and one overshoot for the anions (total Cr). This chromium therefore also comes from the cover layer. Like sulfates, the quantities emitted reported to the MBR and UMBR of the lysimeter were close to the quantities of the lysimeter 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn summary, the low observed emissions were produced by the MBR or the UMBR, and not by the acid mine drainage elements, that are effectively immobilized. As seen in Topic 1, however, improvements to the MBR are possible, possibly bringing emissions back to a level consistent with ISDI allowable waste concentration limits.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConclusion on topic 2: Immobilization of heavy metals by MBR that has depolluted acid mine drainage\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe MBR immobilizes elements of the AMD without emission for 5 years. Emissions of soluble fraction, sulfates and oxyanions come from the MBR. These emissions could be reduced by preparing the MBR before its use (see Topic 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe presence of a non-vegetated MBR cover reduces drainage to one third of the rainfall (result obtained without runoff), whereas a vegetated MBR cover reduces it to half and a vegetated ground cover reduces it to quarter of the rain. The proposed technique of immobilizing AMD by MBR and storing it on site with a vegetal cover, possibly MBR, is effective over the period studied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe MBR emitted sodium sulfate in a decreasing way during drainage, with a pH in the neutral zone. Sulfate was emitted in quantities greater than the European regulations for acceptance of waste in a non-hazardous waste disposal facility (NHWDF), and oxyanions Cr, Mo and Se were emitted in quantities greater than the acceptance in an inert waste storage facility (IWSF). Emissions were very low for the other elements. Plants settled permanently, and reduced the rate of drainage. Preparation of the MBR for use outside the storage site (use of a minimum rate of gypsum and high leaching for one year) could bring the material into compliance with the concentration limits of allowable waste in IWSF.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImmobilization of heavy metals by MBR from acid mine drainage was stable. The cover of the metal-laden MBR can be sand, MBR, vegetated MBR or vegetated soil. When MBR was used as a cover material, the emissions are those of MBR. When soil was used as a cover, the emissions complied with the acceptance of waste in an inert waste disposal facility (IWSF). Revegetation significantly reduced the rate of drainage. This method of immobilizing metals has therefore produced positive results during these 5 years of experimentation. This study demonstrates that acid mine drainage can be depolluted on-site by MBR, and the metal-laden MBR can be stored on-site and revegetated by natural topsoil or better by MBR.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Glossary","content":"\u003cp\u003eNumber \u0026laquo;\u0026nbsp;n\u0026nbsp;\u0026raquo; [year1, 2014\u0026nbsp;; year5, 2018]\u0026nbsp;: Time period from july of the year \u0026laquo;\u0026nbsp;n\u0026nbsp;\u0026raquo; to june of the year \u0026laquo;\u0026nbsp;n+1\u0026nbsp;\u0026raquo;. EC\u0026nbsp;: Electric conductivity (in mS/cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIWSF\u0026nbsp;: Inert waste storage facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNHWSF\u0026nbsp;: Non-hazardous waste storage facility\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eL/S\u0026nbsp;: liquid/solid ratio (in l/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMBR\u0026nbsp;: Modified bauxite residue ie Bauxaline\u0026reg; plus CO2 and gypsum)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUMBR\u0026nbsp;: Used modified bauxite residue, loaded with contaminants from acid mine drainage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT1\u0026nbsp;: Type 1 tailings\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTF\u0026nbsp;: St-F\u0026eacute;lix mine tailings\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAMD : Acid Mine Drainage\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatricia MERDY: conceptualization, investigation and writing—original draft preparation. Pierre HENNEBERT : conceptualization, investigation, methodology, resources, formal analysis, writing, review, and editing. Chen CHEN and Alexandre PARKER :investigation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe BauGeste (also called Bauxaline Technologies) project was funded by ADEME, the Rhône-Mediterranean-Corsica Water Agency (AERMC agreement 2012/0547) and by ALTEO.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are available on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarrow N J (1982). Possibility of using caustic residue from bauxite for improving the chemical and physical properties of sandy soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 33/2: 275-285\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCourtney RG, Timpson JP (2005) Reclamation of fine fraction bauxite processing residue (red mud) amended with coarse fraction residue and gypsum. Water Air Soil Pollut 164: 91-102\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGu H, Wang N, Liu S (2012) Radiological restrictions of using red mud as building material additive. Waste Manag Res 30(9):961-965\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJacukowicz-Sobala I, Ociński D, Kociołek-Balawejder E (2015) Iron and aluminium oxides containing industrial wastes as adsorbents of heavy metals: Application possibilities and limitations. Waste Manag Res 33:612-629 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalin M, Fyson A, Wheeler WN (2006) The chemistry of conventional and alternative treatment systems for the neutralization of acid mine drainage. Sc total environ 366 : 395-408\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKinnarinen T, Lubieniecki B, Holliday L, Helsto J-J, H\u0026auml;kkinen A (2015) Enabling safe dry cake disposal of bauxite residue by deliquoring and washing with a membrane filter press. Waste Manag Res 33(3):258-266\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim SY, Jun Y, Jeon D, Oh JE (2017) Synthesis of structural binder for red brick production based on red mud and fly ash activated using Ca(OH)2 and Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Constr Build Mater\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e147: 101\u0026ndash;116\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKlauber\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eC, Gr\u0026auml;fe M, Power G (2011) Bauxite residue issues: II. options for residue utilization. Hydrometallurgy 108: 11-32\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLindsay W L, Chemical Equilibria in Soils, 1979, John Wiley and Sons. 449 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMishra T, Pandey VC, Singh P, Singh NB, Singh N (2017a) Assessment of phytoremediation potential of native grass species growing on red mud deposits. J geochem explor 182: 206-209\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMishra T, Singh NB, Singh N (2017b) Restoration of red mud deposits by naturally growing vegetation. Int J Phytoremediation, 19: 439-445\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNewson T, Dyer T, Sharp S (2006) Effect of structure on the geotechnical properties of bauxite residue\u003cem\u003e. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng\u003c/em\u003e 132 : 143-151\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePradhan J, Das J, Das S, Thakur RS(1998) Adsorption of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Red Mud. J Colloid Interface Sci 204 : 169-172\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRai S, Wasewar K, Agnihotri A (2017) Treatment of alumina refinery waste (red mud) through neutralization techniques: A review Waste Manag Res 35(6):563-580\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRivera RM, Ulenaers B, Ounoughene G, Binnemans K , Van Gerven T (2018) Extraction of rare earths from bauxite residue (red mud) by dry digestion followed by water leaching. Miner Eng 119: 82-92\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e Samal S (2021) Utilization of Red Mud as a Source for Metal Ions\u0026mdash;A Review. Mater 14:2211\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVerma AS, Suri NM, Kant S (2017) Applications of bauxite residue: A mini-review. Waste Manag Res 35:999-1012\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWong JWC, Ho GE (1993) Use of waste gypsum in the revegetation on red mud deposits : a greenhouse study. Waste manag Res 11:249-256\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Aluminum, International Aluminium Institute. (2015) Bauxite Residue Management: Best Practice. 1-31\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYanju L, Ravi N (2014) Hidden values in bauxite residue (red mud): Recovery of metals. Waste Manag. 34:2662-2673\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Red mud, bauxite residue, heavy metals, revegetation, lysimeter, remediation, acid mine drainage","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2821565/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2821565/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eALTEO company produces approximately 300,000 tons per year of bauxite residue washed and dried in a press filter, so-called Bauxaline\u0026reg;, after extraction of the alumina. The study explored different ways of recovery and re-use for this residue, namely transformation into a vegetated soil, acid mine drainage depollution, and sulfide-mine tailings remediation. The soluble alkalinity of the material was transformed into solid phase alkalinity by reaction with atmospheric CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and precipitation of carbonates in limestone following the addition of gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate), and the resulting sodium sulfate was leached. The Bauxaline\u0026reg; was so transformed into modified bauxite residue (MBR), with reduced alkalinity, salinity and sodicity. A total of sixteen lysimeters of 40 liters volume each and one lysimeter of 700 liters were set up and allowed 5-years monitoring, to assess long-term emissions from MBR and MBR having reacted with acid mine drainage. Vegetation was tested on various conditions and its impact on emission was evaluated. The emissions are compliant with EU inert waste or non-hazardous waste storage requirements. The material can be easily vegetated. This study demonstrates that red mud can be transformed into an soil, that acid mine drainage can be depolluted at pilot scale site by MBR, and that the metal-laden MBR can be stored on-site and revegetated by natural topsoil or better by MBR.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"5 years of leaching experiments to evaluate a modified bauxite residue. Part 1: transformation into a soil and storage of immobilized heavy metals from acid mine drainage","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-07-21 13:34:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2821565/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d40a1b4b-efd6-462f-b018-c5f4050d0811","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 21st, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-02T19:35:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-07-21 13:34:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2821565","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2821565","identity":"rs-2821565","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}