Intelligent assessment of surrounding rock grade of tunnel face based on multi-scale geological feature enhancement and deep convolutional network

Intelligent assessment of surrounding rock grade of tunnel face based on multi-scale geological feature enhancement and deep convolutional network | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Intelligent assessment of surrounding rock grade of tunnel face based on multi-scale geological feature enhancement and deep convolutional network Hao Zhong, Xiongying Wu, Zheng Fang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8615720/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To address the issues of image quality degradation and single feature expression in tunnel face images, an intelligent rock mass evaluation method integrating multi-scale progressive enhancement and deep semantic modeling was proposed. A multi-scale image enhancement framework combining spatial domain filtering and transform domain denoising was employed, by which the signal-to-noise ratio was increased by 12.7 dB with significantly enhanced visibility of key geological structures including fractures and joints. A four-dimensional comprehensive evaluation index system was constructed based on the gray-level co-occurrence matrix, improved local binary pattern, and RGB color moments for quantitative rock mass characterization.The ResNet architecture was improved through integration of multi-scale feature extraction and dual attention mechanisms (channel attention + spatial attention), while a weighted cross-entropy-label smoothing composite loss function was adopted to address class imbalance. Based on a constructed database of 5,000 tunnel face images, the model accuracy of 94.27% was achieved on the test set (4.93% higher than the baseline model) with a computational complexity of 4.8 G FLOPs. Practical case verification indicated that the proposed method could provide real-time, objective geological decision support for tunnel construction, significantly improving the intelligence level of rock mass classification. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences tunnel palm face surrounding rock grade assessment multi-scale feature enhancement geologic feature fusion improved ResNet dual-attention mechanism Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files file.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8615720","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":576029338,"identity":"65299ad3-9bdd-452a-b2eb-3d6689b468e8","order_by":0,"name":"Hao Zhong","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACfmbmgw8S/9Qw87M3EKlFsp0t2eBhwzF2yZ4DRGoxOM9jJvmwgZnfYEYCsVoOMxgbJO5gkzaQfLzxBkONTTRhhx1mSHyQeEbG2Fw6rdiC4VhabgMhLXyHGQ4bJLCxJVvOzjGTYGw4TFgLw2HGNokENub6DTfPEKlF4DAzm0RiGzOzwQ0eIrVINrMxGyScOcYs2QP0SwIxfuHnP//x4Y8KUFQe3njjQ40NEX5BAgYSCaQoh2ghVccoGAWjYBSMDAAAg+0+ySXb/lsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Provincial Transportation Survey and Design Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhong","suffix":""},{"id":576029339,"identity":"c28e12b8-14c5-474d-9dde-833eb541b5a1","order_by":1,"name":"Xiongying Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chengdu University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiongying","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":576029340,"identity":"a0cd7751-e212-4954-a281-94d215db0d4a","order_by":2,"name":"Zheng Fang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Provincial Transportation Survey and Design Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Fang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-16 07:51:46","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8615720/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8615720/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100646848,"identity":"d9796331-6ad0-48ed-af08-fe21dd56e436","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:43","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2987517,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SCI1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/89800add5aa9483ab8d8554e.docx"},{"id":100646811,"identity":"f36c29ac-9ad4-40f1-9ca1-e2ecfe105488","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:08","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d21fc90aa04b40a5a97186f884bef907.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/019f8bed8d8b782e5561017c.json"},{"id":100646825,"identity":"6ab03bf7-a91d-47e5-a014-da5150ede1be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:25","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3121976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"file.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/3da6c507f731357d286383b8.docx"},{"id":100646808,"identity":"b36c1e82-16b9-4697-9680-22efad231d79","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:04","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":98928,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d21fc90aa04b40a5a97186f884bef9071enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/972e4c897fcce031e6862506.xml"},{"id":100646935,"identity":"23946431-963e-4867-8008-43c432af9be8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:02:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":127471,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/0cf0321bad8efcb33a2f98c1.jpeg"},{"id":100857678,"identity":"1558efcb-9d9e-48ea-848c-108c926b9338","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-22 07:19:29","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89550,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/335cd2f0b933ab750f9f6616.png"},{"id":100646838,"identity":"804e41d7-6327-4fd9-a11d-c6a142c13b95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:37","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":76069,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/4311445a90c175767d797519.png"},{"id":100646891,"identity":"2d3eb831-1160-46e9-9eee-e13146fd998f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:52","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":95524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/cbbd25cfd9b651935355ed1f.png"},{"id":100646911,"identity":"de898455-b448-40da-8a02-d987b5f65924","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:57","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91190,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/5cf5d92127f32a81028693a9.png"},{"id":100646934,"identity":"d3588822-3ae0-4d5e-84fd-bdd253db3f35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:02:05","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/c5c76aa6fb116ef908eeaab4.png"},{"id":100646926,"identity":"49720634-a40d-4479-88f8-8ee5d6fd582d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:02:02","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":464280,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/22639c48a2c507a3b392f3d2.jpeg"},{"id":100646929,"identity":"dc789982-6647-4f63-8a35-64923f5de152","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:02:04","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074930,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/9c617b2b3286a6a690a18440.jpeg"},{"id":100646908,"identity":"7c461db0-23dd-4dce-910c-2a0a60cde6d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":364989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/cd56ace4255932ae77c9fd7c.jpeg"},{"id":100646813,"identity":"e5c47c88-936b-4b14-b9db-8c19a5f694e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":265168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/2afaf54f2cf8d326a627333d.jpeg"},{"id":100646919,"identity":"c738dd3e-a3e8-4e99-876b-3c6e3124bb40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:59","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":182092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/eb24d70a9499894515db8d9e.jpeg"},{"id":100646861,"identity":"ffc2e269-72b1-4191-b5ba-bdd49c6e0e7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:50","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":332175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/8e1ae6f527001fefe651130d.jpeg"},{"id":100646857,"identity":"b06b1e74-62e0-4cb7-ae4f-92c50003602d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":695822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/daef2579cb619890b8c84e30.jpeg"},{"id":100646830,"identity":"ed0779d8-c8c6-46fa-8c30-e50443833be3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:32","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":83498,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/b55e3ed994be71a667905e0d.png"},{"id":100646852,"identity":"85c44cc5-f9e9-4c61-95b7-6f3087253e97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:47","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/fb0f3e9ee9a5c284ae2478f6.png"},{"id":100646849,"identity":"cde13d19-eb41-444c-8415-2a04c65417c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:44","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25400,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/f066cc498f75a0d209dbe9bb.png"},{"id":100646850,"identity":"43712136-25a2-49b9-9bc5-f15f63b3a6fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:46","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21965,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/124e4efcfa109b57f5720dea.png"},{"id":100796267,"identity":"1a6bed57-a4e3-4636-9a57-7c89ad9d7951","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 13:42:21","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/3e81d556493ff9be29d445a4.png"},{"id":100646916,"identity":"7a7c4e60-35a4-40e4-ad4e-4264626ff9cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:58","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":25880,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/0b2d80c32110a08ef7767895.png"},{"id":100646940,"identity":"fca3808e-89fb-4052-8fad-3af66465127a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:02:09","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17769,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/4952f8828e7424942c02f3bd.png"},{"id":100796224,"identity":"05caa39a-8c4d-4123-856a-260e3a2d37e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-21 13:42:10","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":279305,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/a9c17ea9092865ceba903267.png"},{"id":100646892,"identity":"b2efcfe3-7b3d-4ca1-98b6-391f7647001f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:53","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":437425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/2341da81c0d594844f0c4ce9.png"},{"id":100646847,"identity":"1db038d7-bb49-47e2-9d35-40959439ac53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:43","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/8604c399c2c1207049f50ece.png"},{"id":100646853,"identity":"ab59f718-7874-4998-a896-9dfce0e7f1e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:47","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/822d191ecd13863563c73912.png"},{"id":100646836,"identity":"2aa0067f-0471-4fc1-897a-a3393aa63221","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:36","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/783652a0399c29f47573bcb0.png"},{"id":100646899,"identity":"a095860f-b414-496f-ba44-011a0354c769","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:55","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/89179e8a540ae2820485619e.png"},{"id":100646814,"identity":"bf158137-4d15-4556-bac7-01579e0c469b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:13","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":225195,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/5d85c62352f0e2ee8b599b56.png"},{"id":100646829,"identity":"e9903ffd-361a-4895-b327-82632540ce80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:32","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/cccdc70a6987c65aceab94b1.png"},{"id":100646842,"identity":"df81e811-7c9a-4c50-97e6-cfef9d520d02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:40","extension":"xml","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":94821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"d21fc90aa04b40a5a97186f884bef9071structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/514c28f2939ea9086c4cc2a0.xml"},{"id":100646925,"identity":"c06a4284-b707-4876-9a36-546d1ab8d165","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:02:01","extension":"html","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":113839,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/be80d3a880844230b1321811.html"},{"id":101446719,"identity":"ab5170aa-4a1a-4658-8d62-e2c382e2e40b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-29 18:39:34","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1424337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SCI1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1_covered_0d2c82d5-867c-460f-a5a8-0718bbb60517.pdf"},{"id":100646920,"identity":"bb9f9bc2-38a6-4c95-b8d6-71ab1a365a34","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-20 05:01:59","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":3121976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"file.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8615720/v1/8cd962f8eb4fda0fc9d1d706.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Intelligent assessment of surrounding rock grade of tunnel face based on multi-scale geological feature enhancement and deep convolutional network","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"tunnel palm face, surrounding rock grade assessment, multi-scale feature enhancement, geologic feature fusion, improved ResNet, dual-attention mechanism","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8615720/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8615720/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo address the issues of image quality degradation and single feature expression in tunnel face images, an intelligent rock mass evaluation method integrating multi-scale progressive enhancement and deep semantic modeling was proposed. A multi-scale image enhancement framework combining spatial domain filtering and transform domain denoising was employed, by which the signal-to-noise ratio was increased by 12.7 dB with significantly enhanced visibility of key geological structures including fractures and joints. A four-dimensional comprehensive evaluation index system was constructed based on the gray-level co-occurrence matrix, improved local binary pattern, and RGB color moments for quantitative rock mass characterization.The ResNet architecture was improved through integration of multi-scale feature extraction and dual attention mechanisms (channel attention\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;spatial attention), while a weighted cross-entropy-label smoothing composite loss function was adopted to address class imbalance. Based on a constructed database of 5,000 tunnel face images, the model accuracy of 94.27% was achieved on the test set (4.93% higher than the baseline model) with a computational complexity of 4.8 G FLOPs. Practical case verification indicated that the proposed method could provide real-time, objective geological decision support for tunnel construction, significantly improving the intelligence level of rock mass classification.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Intelligent assessment of surrounding rock grade of tunnel face based on multi-scale geological feature enhancement and deep convolutional network","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-20 04:58:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8615720/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2394a13c-33cf-4700-82a1-562c86f90982","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 20th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":61293443,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":61293444,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"},{"id":61293445,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards"},{"id":61293446,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-29T18:38:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-20 04:58:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8615720","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8615720","identity":"rs-8615720","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}