Longitudinal correlation between frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking patterns and executive function in children: A two-year follow-up study from the ERGUER Project

Longitudinal correlation between frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking patterns and executive function in children: A two-year follow-up study from the ERGUER Project | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Longitudinal correlation between frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking patterns and executive function in children: A two-year follow-up study from the ERGUER Project David Nunes Oliveira, Ellen C. M. Silva, João Carlos Nascimento Melo, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8137384/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The present longitudinal study examined the correlation between sitting, standing, and walking patterns and cognitive performance in children over a two-year period. Data were collected in 2018 and 2019 from 61 elementary school students. Physical behavior during school hours was assessed using ActivPAL inclinometers, with sitting, standing, and walking bouts categorized into durations of 0–1, 1–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–40 minutes. Cognitive performance was evaluated at three time points (beginning of 2018, end of 2018, and end of 2019) using computerized tests of inhibitory control (Go/NoGo), selective attention (visual search), and cognitive flexibility (mental rotation). Analyses were performed with Spearman’s correlation coefficients, adopting conventional thresholds for weak, moderate, and strong associations. Results revealed moderate inverse correlations between 20–40 minutes sitting bouts and visual search accuracy, both in frequency and duration, between the first and second assessments. Additionally, the frequency of 10–20 minutes sitting bouts was inversely associated with performance on the mental rotation test over the same period. Across the two-year follow-up, most associations between sitting, standing, and walking patterns and cognitive performance were weak. These findings suggest that prolonged sitting bouts may negatively influence specific aspects of executive function in children, highlighting the importance of considering movement patterns within the school environment. Sedentary behavior Cognition Schoolchildren Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Sedentary behavior (SB) has become a global concern, worsening health indicators among school-aged children (Kuzik et al., 2025 ). Furthermore, this behavior has been associated with an increased risk of mortality from noncommunicable chronic diseases, particularly when considering total daily sitting time and screen time (Chang et al., 2024 ). Longitudinal studies have shown that higher levels of SB during childhood and adolescence are linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and other mental health problems in adulthood (Zhang et al., 2022 ). In addition, studies have investigated the association of SB and cognitive development, and initial findings suggest a potential detrimental impact of SB on cognitive outcomes in children (Feter et al., 2024). Observational studies suggest that reducing SB appears to protect the mental health of children and adolescents (Shawon et al., 2025 ). Moreover, growing evidence indicates that the type of SB matters: screen-based SB (e.g., television, videos, passive media use) is more consistently associated with negative outcomes, whereas more structured sedentary activities (e.g., reading, schoolwork) may exert neutral or even beneficial effects on cognitive development (Li et al., 2022 ). Among these domains are executive functions, which encompass cognitive processes such as reasoning, impulse control, attention, and memory (Diamond, 2013 ). Executive functions in childhood appear to be associated with behavioral, emotional, and social well-being throughout life (Ganesan & Steinbeis, 2022 ). However, current evidence regarding the associations between SB and executive function in children remains insufficient (Mallawaarachchi et al., 2024 ). International recommendations regarding SB in school settings suggest that prolonged sedentary periods should be interrupted and that various types of movement should be incorporated to break up these risk behaviors (Saunders et al., 2022 ). A recent review indicated that school-related SB may have beneficial effects on cognitive indicators while negatively affecting other forms of movement in children and adolescents (Kuzik et al., 2022 ). Nevertheless, most studies have investigated the relationship between total SB and cognitive indicators outside the classroom and over short periods, without analyzing the patterns and duration of this behavior (Kuzik et al., 2022 ; Norris et al., 2020 ; Reyes-Amigo et al., 2025 ). One way to better understand SB is through bouts or SB patterns uninterrupted periods of sedentary behavior which help determine time spent in a given posture (Bailey et al., 2017 ; Carlson et al., 2023 ; Franssen et al., 2025 ; Jones et al., 2020 ). The investigation of bouts has proven advantageous for objectively understanding the frequency and duration of SB, as it reveals how this behavior is accumulated (Carlson et al., 2023 ). However, to the best of our knowledge, most SB reports focus on total daily amounts based on self-reported data and do not explore SB bouts or their longitudinal impacts in school settings, specifically in the classroom (Carlson et al., 2023 ; Carson et al., 2016 ; Fisher & Louw, 2022 ; Xie et al., 2024 ). Evidence suggests that the impact of classroom movement on cognitive function remains inconclusive, indicating that movements with low cognitive demand may not be sufficient to enhance cognition, according to the cognitive stimulation theory (Peiris et al., 2022 ). We hypothesize that the frequency and duration of SB patterns observed in the classroom may be correlated with cognitive indicators in children over time. Thus, our objective is to investigate the correlation between sitting, standing, and walking behaviors in the classroom and the cognitive performance of children from a public elementary school in the city of Aracaju, Brazil, over a two-year period. Methods Design This longitudinal study was conducted in a school setting over two academic years. This study is part of an intervention study carried out by the ERGUER-Aracaju Project, designed and evaluated by professors and undergrad students from the Federal University of Sergipe. The study included students from four 2nd and 3rd grade classes of a public school in the city of Aracaju, Brazil. The school was selected by convenience. The first assessment (M1) was conducted in early 2018, the second assessment at the end of the same year, and the third assessment took place at the end of the following year (2019). The interval between the first and second assessments was 9 months (M2), and 11 months (M3) between the second and third assessments. This study was reported according to the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) checklist extension for pilot and feasibility trials. Sample This study initially included 61 children of both sexes (55.7% girls), with a mean age of 7.8 ± 0.5 years, all regularly enrolled in the 2nd grade of a public school in April 2018. These children were followed longitudinally through the 2nd and 3rd grades over a two-year period. Data collection occurred at three time points: baseline (M1, April 2018), second assessment (M2, January 2018), and third assessment (M3, December 2019). At baseline, 61 participants provided valid data, decreasing to 55 at M2 and 36 at M3, due to reasons such as school transfer, absence during assessments, grade retention, or withdrawal of consent. The final sample flow is also illustrated in Figure 1. Only those whose parents or carers signed the informed consent form were included. Assessments Sitting, standing, and stepping time Assessment of sitting, standing, and stepping time was performed objectively using ActivPAL inclinometers (PAL Technologies Limited, Glasgow, United Kingdom). Devices were programmed using the ActivPAL software (version 7.2.38) to start data collection immediately after configuration (using 11 a.m. as the cut-off time for ending collection), with 15-second epochs (O’Brien et al., 2022). Inclinometers were attached with adhesive tape to the mid-anterior part of the child's right thigh and were placed at the beginning (7 a.m.) and removed at the end (11 a.m.) of the school shift. Movement behaviors and duration in sitting, standing, and stepping bouts were obtained using the processingPAL software (Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester (UK) and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre), considering valid data from at least one weekday (Barboza et al., 2022) and a minimum of three hours of inclinometer use. The frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and stepping bouts were categorized in the processingPAL software into 0-1, 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 minutes (Sherry et al., 2019), whenever data were available in those ranges . Specifically, these categories correspond to 0-1 min (0 ≤ t ≤ 60 s), 1-5 min (60 < t ≤ 300 s), 5-10 min (300 < t ≤ 600 s), 10-20 min (600 < t ≤ 1200 s), and 20-40 min (1200 < t ≤ 2400 s). For each behavior, the number and duration of bouts were computed separately within these intervals. It is important to note that for standing and walking bouts, no data were found in the categories of 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 minutes, whereas all categories were present for sitting bouts. Cognitive Performance Cognitive performance was assessed through three distinct executive functions: inhibitory control, selective attention, and cognitive flexibility. Computerized tests were performed on the Psytoolkit platform, version 3.2.0 (Stoet, 2010, 2017), a validated and widely used tool for administering cognitive assessments, and supervised by a psychologist. The tests were age-appropriate, and difficulty progression was adjusted in the second year of intervention. Tests were conducted in the morning and administered by psychology students trained to apply the tests. Children were taken individually from the classroom to the evaluation room with the assessor. Participants completed the tests in the order described, and in the first session, two consecutive attempts were made to familiarize and ensure understanding of the procedure. For the analysis, the total number of correct responses and test execution time in milliseconds were considered. Only the students included in the study sample were assessed. To assess inhibitory control, the computerized Go/NoGo traffic light test was used (Verbruggen & Logan, 2008). This test presents various traffic light-shaped figures, where green and red lights alternate randomly. When the green light appears, the child is instructed to press a computer key (spacebar). When the red light appears, the child is instructed to wait for the figure to change, without pressing the key. Selective attention was assessed using the computerized visual search test (Kieras, 2019). This test graphically displays several T-shaped figures in different positions and randomly distributed in red and yellow. The participant is instructed to press a computer key only when the letter T is in the upright position and in red, even if there is only one such letter among many others. If the figure shows the letter T in a different position or another color (yellow), the participant should wait for the next image without pressing the key. Cognitive flexibility was assessed using the computerized mental rotation test (Gardony et al., 2017). In this test, the participant must choose the same figure as another previously shown, among two options; however, the correct answer figure is rotated left or right, while the other figure, despite being similar, is not the same image. The participant is instructed to point to the correct figure, even if rotated. This test aims to assess spatial reasoning and visual discrimination. Reaction time was not considered for this test, as participants had difficulty using the mouse to point to the figures. All computerized tests included familiar everyday elements, such as traffic light colors or easily recognizable letters and shapes, theoretically aligned with real-life functionality and aiming to predict real-life aspects for children (Souissi et al., 2022). Statistical Analysis Descriptive analyses (mean, standard deviation, absolute and relative frequencies) were performed to characterize the sample and describe variables at baseline. Data normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Measures from cognitive tests were analyzed based on the number of correct responses and reaction time (RT) in milliseconds, except for the mental rotation test. The correlation between frequency and duration of sitting, standing, stepping bouts, and cognitive performance was analyzed using Spearman's correlation, with strength defined as weak (0.1 < r ≤ 0.3), moderate (0.3 < r ≤ 0.6), and strong (0.6 < r ≤ 0.9) (Akoglu, 2018). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data were processed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Missing data from M2 and M3 were not imputed. Analyses were conducted using all available valid data at each assessment point. Results Table 1 presents the characteristics of the participants at the first evaluation moment (baseline). The sample includes 34 girls and 27 boys with a mean age (± SD) of 7.8 years (0.6). The means of frequency (n) and duration (minutes) of bouts of sitting, standing, and walking are presented in absolute frequencies and were distributed according to time categories (0–1, 1–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–40 minutes). The means of the cognitive tests Go/NoGo, Visual Search, and Mental Rotation are expressed as the number of correct responses (absolute frequencies) and test execution time (milliseconds). Table 1. Sample characteristics at baseline. Variables Frequency (%) or Mean (SD) (n = 61) Girls (%) 34 (55.7%) Boys (%) 27 (44.3%) Age (years) 7.8 (0.6) Sitting Bouts 0–1 (n) 16 (9.3) Sitting Bouts 1–5 (n) 13 (6.3) Sitting Bouts 5–10 (n) 3 (1.6) Sitting Bouts 10–20 (n) 2 (0.9) Sitting Bouts 20–40 (n) 1 (0.6) Standing Bouts 0–1 (n) 136 (48.6) Standing Bouts 1–5 (n) 12 (6.8) Walking Bouts 0–1 (n) 346 (129.3) Walking Bouts 1–5 (n) 1 (0.6) Sitting Time 0–1 (min) 8 (4.7) Sitting Time 1–5 (min) 31 (13.8) Sitting Time 5–10 (min) 23 (11.2) Sitting Time 10–20 (min) 28 (13.5) Sitting Time 20–40 (min) 21 (16.7) Standing Time 0–1 (min) 33 (12.9) Standing Time 1–5 (min) 21 (13.3) Walking Time 0–1 (min) 27 (9.2) Walking Time 1–5 (min) 1 (0.6) Go/NoGo Accuracy 23.9 (1.3) Go/NoGo RT (ms) 816.7 (214.2) Visual Search Accuracy 7.4 (1.7) Visual Search RT (ms) 3349 (1041.8) Mental Rotation Accuracy 12.4 (1.5) Table 2 shows the correlations between bouts (frequency and duration) of sitting, standing, and walking time with accuracy and reaction time in each cognitive test. Regarding accuracy in the Go/NoGo test, weak negative correlations were identified for sitting time (0–1 min; rho = -0.305, p<0.05) and walking time (0–1 min; rho = -0.317, p<0.05) for the number of bouts. Weak negative correlations were also found for sitting time (0–1 min; duration; rho = -0.266, p<0.05) and standing time (0–1 min; duration; rho = -0.255, p<0.05). For reaction time in the Go/NoGo test, moderate positive correlations were observed for sitting time 0–1 min and 1–5 min (rho = 0.458, p<0.01; rho = 0.331, p<0.01, respectively), for standing time 0–1 min (rho = 0.505, p<0.01) and 1–5 min (rho = 0.282, p<0.05), and for walking time 0–1 min (rho = 0.428, p<0.01) regarding the number of bouts. Regarding bout duration, moderate positive correlations were found for sitting time 0–1 min (rho = 0.464, p<0.01), standing time 0–1 min (rho = 0.492, p<0.01), and walking time 0–1 min (rho = 0.432, p<0.01), whereas a moderate negative correlation was observed for sitting time 20–40 min (rho = -0.487, p<0.01). In the Visual Search test, weak positive correlations were identified for sitting time 10–20 min for both number of bouts (rho = 0.347, p<0.01) and bout duration (rho = 0.356, p<0.01). Table 2. Correlation between bouts of movement behaviors and cognitive performance at baseline (M1). Bout Frequency Go/NoGo Visual Search Mental Rotation Sitting Time Hits RT Hits RT Hits 0-1 -0,305* 0,458** -0,120 0,191 -0,167 1-5 -0,184 0,331** -0,209 0,191 -0,107 5-10 0,204 -0,115 -0,179 0,057 -0,108 10-20 0,083 -0,219 0,347** -0,025 -0,036 20-40 0,129 -0,479** -0,074 -0,135 0,035 Standing Time 0-1 -0,280* 0,505** -0,092 0,122 -0,130 1-5 -0,205 0,282* -0,187 0,106 -0,183 Walking Time 0-1 -0,317* 0,428** -0,001 0,079 -0,094 1-5 0,186 -0,081 0,134 0,030 0,154 Bout Duration Sitting Time 0-1 -0,266* 0,464** -0,122 0,168 -0,151 1-5 -0,131 0,293 -0,204 0,184 -0,102 5-10 0,236 -0,123 0,167 0,078 -0,092 10-20 0,090 -0,233 0,356** -0,019 0,004 20-40 0,161 -0,487** -0,108 -0,141 0,079 Standing Time 0-1 -0,255* 0,492** -0,160 0,093 -0,163 1-5 -0,189 0,216 -0,178 0,121 -0,211 Walking Time 0-1 -0,311 0,432** 0,040 0,080 -0,100 1-5 0,300 -0,167 0,002 0,034 -0,175 Note: ** (≤ 0.0/1), * (≤ 0.05). Table 3 presents the correlation between the changes in sitting, standing, and walking bouts (frequency and duration), categorized by time period, and cognitive performance through the number of correct responses and reaction time in the test that measures the difference between baseline (M1) and the second evaluation moment (M2). Regarding the number of correct responses in the Visual Search test, moderate negative correlations were identified for sitting time 20-40 minutes (rho = -0.352, p < 0.01) for bout frequency (Figure 2), and moderate negative correlations for the same period regarding bout duration (rho = -0.348, p < 0.01) (Figure 3). For the Mental Rotation test, a moderate negative correlation was found for sitting time 10–20 minutes (rho = -0.313, p < 0.05) regarding bout frequency (Figure 2). Table 3. Correlation between changes in movement behavior bouts and cognitive performance between baseline and the second evaluation moment (M2–M1). Bout Frequency Go/NoGo Visual Search Mental Rotation Sitting Time Hits RT Hits RT Hits 0-1 -0,017 0,121 -0,019 0,099 -0,067 1-5 0,061 0,068 -0,250 0,020 -0,194 5-10 -0,012 0,090 -0,233 0,078 -0,042 10-20 0,154 0,175 -0,156 -0,172 -0,313* 20-40 0,153 0,115 -0,352** -0,074 -0,141 Standing Time 0-1 -0,065 0,035 -0,022 -0,182 0,012 1-5 -0,121 0,104 0,042 -0,169 -0,111 Walking Time 0-1 0,006 -0,002 0,073 0,184 0,062 1-5 0,115 -0,132 -0,029 -0,014 0,070 Bout Duration Sitting Time 0-1 -0,002 0,067 -0,023 0,062 -0,077 1-5 0,093 0,037 -0,263 0,069 -0,194 5-10 -0,002 0,050 -0,227 0,117 -0,002 10-20 -0,135 0,178 0,157 -0,172 -0,261 20-40 -0,085 0,141 -0,348** -0,089 -0,174 Standing Time 0-1 -0,124 0,071 -0,014 0,067 -0,052 1-5 -0,096 0,063 0,038 -0,117 -0,166 Walking Time 0-1 0,023 -0,062 0,063 0,213 0,053 1-5 0,067 -0,061 -0,178 0,007 -0,017 Note: ** (≤ 0.0/1), * (≤ 0.05). Table 4 presents the correlation between sitting, standing, and walking bouts (frequency and duration) and cognitive performance, measured by the number of correct answers and execution time in the difference test between baseline (M1) and the final assessment point (M3). Regarding the number of correct answers in the Visual Search test, a moderate positive correlation was found with sitting bouts lasting 10-20 minutes (rho = 0.356; p < 0.05), related to bout duration. Table 4. Correlation between changes in movement behavior bouts and cognitive performance between baseline and the second evaluation moment (M3–M1). Bout Frequency Go/NoGo Visual Search Mental Rotation Sitting Time Hits RT Hits RT Hits 0-1 -0,030 -0,004 -0,165 0,192 -0,111 1-5 0,130 -0,071 -0,185 0,184 -0,213 5-10 0,147 -0,295 -0,284 0,067 -0,156 10-20 -0,183 0,259 0,314 -0,100 -0,054 20-40 0,067 0,104 -0,094 -0,128 0,243 Standing Time 0-1 -0,024 0,151 -0,256 0,271 -0,182 1-5 0,144 0,082 -0,230 0,183 -0,262 Walking Time 0-1 -0,128 0,259 -0,190 0,213 -0,124 1-5 0,021 -0,089 0,174 0,171 0,074 Bout Duration Sitting Time 0-1 -0,024 0,026 -0,195 0,309 -0,152 1-5 0,169 -0,078 -0,195 0,129 -0,236 5-10 0,168 -0,283 -0,275 0,079 -0,190 10-20 -0,165 0,278 0,356* -0,182 -0,006 20-40 0,045 0,146 -0,047 -0,114 0,227 Standing Time 0-1 -0,017 0,175 -0,233 0,300 -0,248 1-5 0,128 0,072 -0,235 0,195 -0,247 Walking Time 0-1 -0,078 0,247 -0,218 0,213 -0,070 1-5 0,070 0,034 0,178 0,121 0,062 Note: ** (≤ 0.0/1), * (≤ 0.05). Discussion Our findings revealed that the effects of sitting bouts varied according to their duration, with sitting for 10-20 minutes associated with a tendency toward better performance in selective attention tasks, possibly reflecting an optimal window for concentration and learning, while sitting bouts of 20-40 minutes showed weak negative correlations with cognitive outcomes, suggesting that longer uninterrupted sedentary periods may impair engagement and cognitive processing. These results indicate that the relationship between sedentary behavior and cognition may be non-linear and dependent on bout duration rather than total sitting time. Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between light intensity physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cognitive function in the school environment (Norris et al., 2020; Wood et al., 2020). Current evidence indicates that these lower intensity behaviors still require further investigation, not only through objective measurement but also by considering the context and type of activity performed, in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying their associations with cognition (Feter et al., 2024b; Wassenaar et al., 2020). In our study, children’s behaviors outside the school setting were not assessed, which represents a limitation since such information could have influenced the observed outcomes, and examining only a single school shift, as is often the case in studies conducted in developing countries, may not provide sufficient variability to fully capture the relationship between bout patterns and cognitive performance (Norris et al., 2020; Wassenaar et al., 2020). Importantly, the literature still lacks studies that objectively analyze sitting, standing, and walking bouts in the classroom within this context (Singh et al., 2019; Wassenaar et al., 2020). By addressing this gap, our findings advance the field by providing complementary evidence on light intensity physical activity (standing time and walking time bouts) and sedentary behavior (sitting time bouts) measured objectively in a setting that reflects the realities of developing countries. Most of the available evidence on the relationship between movement behaviors and cognition has emphasized moderate to vigorous physical activity, particularly in studies employing objective measures of activity (Bidzan-Bluma & Lipowska, 2018; Feter et al., 2024a). In contrast, sedentary behavior, especially the structure and duration of sitting bouts, has received comparatively little attention despite its relevance in the school setting. Furthermore, studies often rely on subjective self-reported questionnaires, which are prone to recall bias and misclassification (Helmerhorst et al., 2012). Our findings add to this gap by suggesting that not only the total amount of sedentary time but also the way it is accumulated throughout the school day may be relevant for children’s cognitive outcomes. Inclinometer data on bout frequency and duration categories revealed only a limited number of significant correlations with cognitive performance over time, and the observed increase in sitting time from M1 to M3, accompanied by a reduction in light physical activity, suggests that these changes are more likely explained by environmental demands of the school context rather than individual motivation, as the structure of lessons increasingly requires children to remain seated throughout the academic year, with exams and other academic activities further limiting opportunities for spontaneous movement (Nascimento et al., 2023), consequently highlighting the inherent challenge of introducing and maintaining physically active strategies within a traditional school setting that structurally promotes sedentary behavior (Sousa et al., 2024). It is important to note that this study did not examine the emotional and social well-being of the children, which are also potential influencing factors of cognitive performance (Diamond, 2013). Our findings provide insight into the relationship between patterns of bout frequency and duration and cognitive outcomes in the school context of a developing country. While children who spent more time in prolonged sitting bouts tended to show lower cognitive performance relative to baseline, we did not observe correlations between standing or walking bouts and improvements in cognitive outcomes, and therefore, our results do not allow us to draw strong conclusions about the mechanisms linking light-intensity physical activity and sedentary behavior to cognitive performance. Although our findings provide limited insight into the mechanisms linking sitting, standing, and walking bouts to cognitive performance, considering contextual factors in the classroom may help interpret these relationships. Typically, children of this age group tend to be more active in the classroom, and teachers often use playful pedagogical practices, allowing greater flexibility for active behavior (Silva & Oliveira, 2016) . Incorporating additional variables such as sleep duration, motivation, and feelings of loneliness, as well as a wider range of cognitive tests assessing different executive functions, could offer a more comprehensive understanding of how bout behavior frequency and duration relate to cognitive outcomes in school settings (Diamond, 2013; Wade et al., 2020). A key strength of our study is the use of objective measures with multiple categories of frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking bouts over time, since these behaviors may reveal useful insights at each assessment point. However, the study was conducted in only one school, which limited our sample size and did not allow for observations in a larger sample, and we did not collect information on the classroom teacher's profile, which may influence how pedagogical strategies reduce children's sedentary time. Another important limitation is the lack of cognitive maturation data, as we did not use age-based cutoff points, thus missing the differentiation of children who may have been more developmentally advanced. In our study, we identified a weak relationship between behavior patterns and cognitive performance, especially for sitting time, over two years of follow-up. These results remain inconsistent and are not sufficient to fully explain the relationship between light-intensity physical activity and reduced sedentary time in the classroom and cognitive outcomes. Conclusion In conclusion, the frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking bout patterns showed only weak correlations with cognitive performance over the two school years, highlighting the need for further investigations to better understand the relationship between these movement behaviors and cognitive outcomes. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Municipal Secretariat of Aracaju, Sergipe, as well as the principal, teachers, and interns of Oviêdo Teixeira Municipal Elementary School , who actively participated in the ERGUER Project. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Funding This research was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal no Ensino Superior (CAPES), Brazil. Ethical approval statement This study was approved and followed all the guidelines of the Ethics Committee in Research with Human Beings of the Federal University of Sergipe (protocol no. 2.587.676). Author Contribution D.N.O., D.R.P.S., and J.T. conceived the study, designed the methodology, coordinated data collection, and conducted the analyses. J.C.N.M., E.C.M.S., L.B., L.G., and J.Y. contributed to data interpretation and participated in writing and revising the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript. References Fig. 6 Akoglu, H. (2018). User’s guide to correlation coefficients. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine , 18 (3), 91–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2018.08.001 Bailey, D. P., Charman, S. J., Ploetz, T., Savory, L. A., & Kerr, C. J. (2017). Associations between prolonged sedentary time and breaks in sedentary time with cardiometabolic risk in 10–14-year-old children: The HAPPY study. 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The influence of sedentary behaviour on mental health among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Affective Disorders , 306 , 90–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.018 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":192391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy timeline with sample flow.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8137384/v1/ace6d896e8a69a2e552089ec.png"},{"id":96805475,"identity":"59ec161a-5e06-44e3-9f5a-1c1a4e5456bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-26 09:10:05","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":291654,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe figure shows scatter plots and trends of the sample with significant correlation values between the frequency and duration of bouts and cognitive performance. A = Frequency of sitting time for 20–40 minutes and Hits Visual Search test (M2–M1). B = Frequency of sitting time for 10–20 minutes and Hits Mental Rotation test (M2–M1). C = Duration of sitting time for 20–40 minutes and Hits Visual Search test (M2–M1). D = Duration of sitting time for 10–20 minutes and Hits Visual Search test (M3–M1).\u003cstrong\u003e ** (≤ 0.01), * (≤ 0.05).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8137384/v1/90a7f42497e084b75171cb73.png"},{"id":98622579,"identity":"515628c5-fe7e-42fd-abb3-287d84512754","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 16:58:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1314990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8137384/v1/a12dd45c-e6cb-4181-a008-031e3e3a09f6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eLongitudinal correlation between frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking patterns and executive function in children: A two-year follow-up study from the ERGUER Project\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSedentary behavior (SB) has become a global concern, worsening health indicators among school-aged children (Kuzik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, this behavior has been associated with an increased risk of mortality from noncommunicable chronic diseases, particularly when considering total daily sitting time and screen time (Chang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Longitudinal studies have shown that higher levels of SB during childhood and adolescence are linked to an increased risk of depression, anxiety, and other mental health problems in adulthood (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, studies have investigated the association of SB and cognitive development, and initial findings suggest a potential detrimental impact of SB on cognitive outcomes in children (Feter et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eObservational studies suggest that reducing SB appears to protect the mental health of children and adolescents (Shawon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, growing evidence indicates that the type of SB matters: screen-based SB (e.g., television, videos, passive media use) is more consistently associated with negative outcomes, whereas more structured sedentary activities (e.g., reading, schoolwork) may exert neutral or even beneficial effects on cognitive development (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Among these domains are executive functions, which encompass cognitive processes such as reasoning, impulse control, attention, and memory (Diamond, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Executive functions in childhood appear to be associated with behavioral, emotional, and social well-being throughout life (Ganesan \u0026amp; Steinbeis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, current evidence regarding the associations between SB and executive function in children remains insufficient (Mallawaarachchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational recommendations regarding SB in school settings suggest that prolonged sedentary periods should be interrupted and that various types of movement should be incorporated to break up these risk behaviors (Saunders et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). A recent review indicated that school-related SB may have beneficial effects on cognitive indicators while negatively affecting other forms of movement in children and adolescents (Kuzik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, most studies have investigated the relationship between total SB and cognitive indicators outside the classroom and over short periods, without analyzing the patterns and duration of this behavior (Kuzik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Norris et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Reyes-Amigo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne way to better understand SB is through bouts or SB patterns uninterrupted periods of sedentary behavior which help determine time spent in a given posture (Bailey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Carlson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Franssen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The investigation of bouts has proven advantageous for objectively understanding the frequency and duration of SB, as it reveals how this behavior is accumulated (Carlson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). However, to the best of our knowledge, most SB reports focus on total daily amounts based on self-reported data and do not explore SB bouts or their longitudinal impacts in school settings, specifically in the classroom (Carlson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Carson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Fisher \u0026amp; Louw, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Xie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvidence suggests that the impact of classroom movement on cognitive function remains inconclusive, indicating that movements with low cognitive demand may not be sufficient to enhance cognition, according to the cognitive stimulation theory (Peiris et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). We hypothesize that the frequency and duration of SB patterns observed in the classroom may be correlated with cognitive indicators in children over time. Thus, our objective is to investigate the correlation between sitting, standing, and walking behaviors in the classroom and the cognitive performance of children from a public elementary school in the city of Aracaju, Brazil, over a two-year period.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDesign\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis longitudinal study was conducted in a school setting over two academic years. This study is part of an intervention study carried out by the ERGUER-Aracaju Project, designed and evaluated by professors and undergrad students from the Federal University of Sergipe. The study included students from four 2nd and 3rd grade classes of a public school in the city of Aracaju, Brazil. The school was selected by convenience. The first assessment (M1) was conducted in early 2018, the second assessment at the end of the same year, and the third assessment took place at the end of the following year (2019). The interval between the first and second assessments was 9 months (M2), and 11 months (M3) between the second and third assessments. This study was reported according to the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) checklist extension for pilot and feasibility trials.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSample\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study initially included 61 children of both sexes (55.7% girls), with a mean age of 7.8 \u0026plusmn; 0.5 years, all regularly enrolled in the 2nd grade of a public school in April 2018. These children were followed longitudinally through the 2nd and 3rd grades over a two-year period. Data collection occurred at three time points: baseline (M1, April 2018), second assessment (M2, January 2018), and third assessment (M3, December 2019). At baseline, 61 participants provided valid data, decreasing to 55 at M2 and 36 at M3, due to reasons such as school transfer, absence during assessments, grade retention, or withdrawal of consent. The final sample flow is also illustrated in Figure 1. Only those whose parents or carers signed the informed consent form were included.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAssessments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSitting, standing, and stepping time\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssessment of sitting, standing, and stepping time was performed objectively using ActivPAL inclinometers (PAL Technologies Limited, Glasgow, United Kingdom). Devices were programmed using the ActivPAL software (version 7.2.38) to start data collection immediately after configuration (using 11 a.m. as the cut-off time for ending collection), with 15-second epochs (O\u0026rsquo;Brien et al., 2022). Inclinometers were attached with adhesive tape to the mid-anterior part of the child\u0026apos;s right thigh and were placed at the beginning (7 a.m.) and removed at the end (11 a.m.) of the school shift. Movement behaviors and duration in sitting, standing, and stepping bouts were obtained using the processingPAL software (Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester (UK) and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre), considering valid data from at least one weekday (Barboza et al., 2022) and a minimum of three hours of inclinometer use. The frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and stepping bouts were categorized in the processingPAL software into 0-1, 1-5, 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 minutes (Sherry et al., 2019), whenever data were available in those ranges . Specifically, these categories correspond to 0-1 min (0 \u0026le; t \u0026le; 60 s), 1-5 min (60 \u0026lt; t \u0026le; 300 s), 5-10 min (300 \u0026lt; t \u0026le; 600 s), 10-20 min (600 \u0026lt; t \u0026le; 1200 s), and 20-40 min (1200 \u0026lt; t \u0026le; 2400 s). For each behavior, the number and duration of bouts were computed separately within these intervals. It is important to note that for standing and walking bouts, no data were found in the categories of 5-10, 10-20, and 20-40 minutes, whereas all categories were present for sitting bouts.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCognitive Performance\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Cognitive performance was assessed through three distinct executive functions: inhibitory control, selective attention, and cognitive flexibility. Computerized tests were performed on the Psytoolkit platform, version 3.2.0 (Stoet, 2010, 2017), a validated and widely used tool for administering cognitive assessments, and supervised by a psychologist. The tests were age-appropriate, and difficulty progression was adjusted in the second year of intervention. Tests were conducted in the morning and administered by psychology students trained to apply the tests. Children were taken individually from the classroom to the evaluation room with the assessor. Participants completed the tests in the order described, and in the first session, two consecutive attempts were made to familiarize and ensure understanding of the procedure. For the analysis, the total number of correct responses and test execution time in milliseconds were considered. Only the students included in the study sample were assessed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess inhibitory control, the computerized Go/NoGo traffic light test was used (Verbruggen \u0026amp; Logan, 2008). This test presents various traffic light-shaped figures, where green and red lights alternate randomly. When the green light appears, the child is instructed to press a computer key (spacebar). When the red light appears, the child is instructed to wait for the figure to change, without pressing the key.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelective attention was assessed using the computerized visual search test (Kieras, 2019). This test graphically displays several T-shaped figures in different positions and randomly distributed in red and yellow. The participant is instructed to press a computer key only when the letter T is in the upright position and in red, even if there is only one such letter among many others. If the figure shows the letter T in a different position or another color (yellow), the participant should wait for the next image without pressing the key.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCognitive flexibility was assessed using the computerized mental rotation test (Gardony et al., 2017). In this test, the participant must choose the same figure as another previously shown, among two options; however, the correct answer figure is rotated left or right, while the other figure, despite being similar, is not the same image. The participant is instructed to point to the correct figure, even if rotated. This test aims to assess spatial reasoning and visual discrimination. Reaction time was not considered for this test, as participants had difficulty using the mouse to point to the figures. All computerized tests included familiar everyday elements, such as traffic light colors or easily recognizable letters and shapes, theoretically aligned with real-life functionality and aiming to predict real-life aspects for children (Souissi et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive analyses (mean, standard deviation, absolute and relative frequencies) were performed to characterize the sample and describe variables at baseline. Data normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Measures from cognitive tests were analyzed based on the number of correct responses and reaction time (RT) in milliseconds, except for the mental rotation test. The correlation between frequency and duration of sitting, standing, stepping bouts, and cognitive performance was analyzed using Spearman\u0026apos;s correlation, with strength defined as weak (0.1 \u0026lt; r \u0026le; 0.3), moderate (0.3 \u0026lt; r \u0026le; 0.6), and strong (0.6 \u0026lt; r \u0026le; 0.9) (Akoglu, 2018). A p-value \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data were processed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Missing data from M2 and M3 were not imputed. Analyses were conducted using all available valid data at each assessment point.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e presents the characteristics of the participants at the first evaluation moment (baseline). The sample includes 34 girls and 27 boys with a mean age (\u0026plusmn; SD) of 7.8 years (0.6). The means of frequency (n) and duration (minutes) of bouts of sitting, standing, and walking are presented in absolute frequencies and were distributed according to time categories (0\u0026ndash;1, 1\u0026ndash;5, 5\u0026ndash;10, 10\u0026ndash;20, and 20\u0026ndash;40 minutes). The means of the cognitive tests Go/NoGo, Visual Search, and Mental Rotation are expressed as the number of correct responses (absolute frequencies) and test execution time (milliseconds).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSample characteristics at baseline.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"407\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency (%) or Mean (SD)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 61)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGirls (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (55.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBoys (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (44.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Bouts 0\u0026ndash;1 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Bouts 1\u0026ndash;5 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Bouts 5\u0026ndash;10 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Bouts 10\u0026ndash;20 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Bouts 20\u0026ndash;40 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Bouts 0\u0026ndash;1 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Bouts 1\u0026ndash;5 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Bouts 0\u0026ndash;1 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e346 (129.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Bouts 1\u0026ndash;5 (n)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time 0\u0026ndash;1 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time 1\u0026ndash;5 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (13.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time 5\u0026ndash;10 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time 10\u0026ndash;20 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time 20\u0026ndash;40 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Time 0\u0026ndash;1 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Time 1\u0026ndash;5 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Time 0\u0026ndash;1 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Time 1\u0026ndash;5 (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGo/NoGo Accuracy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGo/NoGo RT (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e816.7 (214.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVisual Search Accuracy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVisual Search RT (ms)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3349 (1041.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMental Rotation Accuracy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 220px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e shows the correlations between bouts (frequency and duration) of sitting, standing, and walking time with accuracy and reaction time in each cognitive test. Regarding accuracy in the Go/NoGo test, weak negative correlations were identified for sitting time (0\u0026ndash;1 min; rho = -0.305, p\u0026lt;0.05) and walking time (0\u0026ndash;1 min; rho = -0.317, p\u0026lt;0.05) for the number of bouts. Weak negative correlations were also found for sitting time (0\u0026ndash;1 min; duration; rho = -0.266, p\u0026lt;0.05) and standing time (0\u0026ndash;1 min; duration; rho = -0.255, p\u0026lt;0.05). For reaction time in the Go/NoGo test, moderate positive correlations were observed for sitting time 0\u0026ndash;1 min and 1\u0026ndash;5 min (rho = 0.458, p\u0026lt;0.01; rho = 0.331, p\u0026lt;0.01, respectively), for standing time 0\u0026ndash;1 min (rho = 0.505, p\u0026lt;0.01) and 1\u0026ndash;5 min (rho = 0.282, p\u0026lt;0.05), and for walking time 0\u0026ndash;1 min (rho = 0.428, p\u0026lt;0.01) regarding the number of bouts. Regarding bout duration, moderate positive correlations were found for sitting time 0\u0026ndash;1 min (rho = 0.464, p\u0026lt;0.01), standing time 0\u0026ndash;1 min (rho = 0.492, p\u0026lt;0.01), and walking time 0\u0026ndash;1 min (rho = 0.432, p\u0026lt;0.01), whereas a moderate negative correlation was observed for sitting time 20\u0026ndash;40 min (rho = -0.487, p\u0026lt;0.01). In the Visual Search test, weak positive correlations were identified for sitting time 10\u0026ndash;20 min for both number of bouts (rho = 0.347, p\u0026lt;0.01) and bout duration (rho = 0.356, p\u0026lt;0.01).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCorrelation between bouts of movement behaviors and cognitive performance at baseline (M1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"472\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBout Frequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Go/NoGo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Visual Search\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mental Rotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; RT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; RT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,305*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,458**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-0,120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,331**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-0,209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-0,179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0,347**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,479**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-0,074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,280*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,505**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-0,092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,282*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-0,187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,317*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,428**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-0,001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0,134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBout Duration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,266*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,464**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,356**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,487**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,255*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,492**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,432**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eNote: **\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(\u0026le; 0.0/1),\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(\u0026le; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e presents the correlation between the changes in sitting, standing, and walking bouts (frequency and duration), categorized by time period, and cognitive performance through the number of correct responses and reaction time in the test that measures the difference between baseline (M1) and the second evaluation moment (M2). Regarding the number of correct responses in the Visual Search test, moderate negative correlations were identified for sitting time 20-40 minutes (rho = -0.352, p \u0026lt; 0.01) for bout frequency (Figure 2), and moderate negative correlations for the same period regarding bout duration (rho = -0.348, p \u0026lt; 0.01) (Figure 3). For the Mental Rotation test, a moderate negative correlation was found for sitting time 10\u0026ndash;20 minutes (rho = -0.313, p \u0026lt; 0.05) regarding bout frequency (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCorrelation between changes in movement behavior bouts and cognitive performance between baseline and the second evaluation moment (M2\u0026ndash;M1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"472\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBout Frequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Go/NoGo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Visual Search\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mental Rotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; RT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; RT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,313*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,352**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0,042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBout Duration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-0,348**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eNote: **\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(\u0026le; 0.0/1),\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(\u0026le; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e presents the correlation between sitting, standing, and walking bouts (frequency and duration) and cognitive performance, measured by the number of correct answers and execution time in the difference test between baseline (M1) and the final assessment point (M3). Regarding the number of correct answers in the Visual Search test, a moderate positive correlation was found with sitting bouts lasting 10-20 minutes (rho = 0.356; p \u0026lt; 0.05), related to bout duration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eCorrelation between changes in movement behavior bouts and cognitive performance between baseline and the second evaluation moment (M3\u0026ndash;M1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"472\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBout Frequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Go/NoGo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Visual Search\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mental Rotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; RT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; RT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Hits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,094\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBout Duration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitting Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,356*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStanding Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,233\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWalking Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0,070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 141px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote: **\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(\u0026le; 0.0/1),\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(\u0026le; 0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur findings revealed that the effects of sitting bouts varied according to their duration, with sitting for 10-20 minutes associated with a tendency toward better performance in selective attention tasks, possibly reflecting an optimal window for concentration and learning, while sitting bouts of 20-40 minutes showed weak negative correlations with cognitive outcomes, suggesting that longer uninterrupted sedentary periods may impair engagement and cognitive processing. These results indicate that the relationship between sedentary behavior and cognition may be non-linear and dependent on bout duration rather than total sitting time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the relationship between light intensity physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cognitive function in the school environment (Norris et al., 2020; Wood et al., 2020). Current evidence indicates that these lower intensity behaviors still require further investigation, not only through objective measurement but also by considering the context and type of activity performed, in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying their associations with cognition (Feter et al., 2024b; Wassenaar et al., 2020). In our study, children\u0026rsquo;s behaviors outside the school setting were not assessed, which represents a limitation since such information could have influenced the observed outcomes, and examining only a single school shift, as is often the case in studies conducted in developing countries, may not provide sufficient variability to fully capture the relationship between bout patterns and cognitive performance (Norris et al., 2020; Wassenaar et al., 2020). Importantly, the literature still lacks studies that objectively analyze sitting, standing, and walking bouts in the classroom within this context (Singh et al., 2019; Wassenaar et al., 2020). By addressing this gap, our findings advance the field by providing complementary evidence on light intensity physical activity (standing time and walking time bouts) and sedentary behavior (sitting time bouts) measured objectively in a setting that reflects the realities of developing countries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of the available evidence on the relationship between movement behaviors and cognition has emphasized moderate to vigorous physical activity, particularly in studies employing objective measures of activity (Bidzan-Bluma \u0026amp; Lipowska, 2018; Feter et al., 2024a). In contrast, sedentary behavior, especially the structure and duration of sitting bouts, has received comparatively little attention despite its relevance in the school setting. Furthermore, studies often rely on subjective self-reported questionnaires, which are prone to recall bias and misclassification (Helmerhorst et al., 2012). Our findings add to this gap by suggesting that not only the total amount of sedentary time but also the way it is accumulated throughout the school day may be relevant for children\u0026rsquo;s cognitive outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInclinometer data on bout frequency and duration categories revealed only a limited number of significant correlations with cognitive performance over time, and the observed increase in sitting time from M1 to M3, accompanied by a reduction in light physical activity, suggests that these changes are more likely explained by environmental demands of the school context rather than individual motivation, as the structure of lessons increasingly requires children to remain seated throughout the academic year, with exams and other academic activities further limiting opportunities for spontaneous movement (Nascimento et al., 2023),\u0026nbsp;consequently highlighting the inherent challenge of introducing and maintaining physically active strategies within a traditional school setting that structurally promotes sedentary behavior\u0026nbsp;(Sousa et al., 2024).\u0026nbsp;It is important to note that this study did not examine the emotional and social well-being of the children, which are also potential influencing factors of cognitive performance\u0026nbsp;(Diamond, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings provide insight into the relationship between patterns of bout frequency and duration and cognitive outcomes in the school context of a developing country.\u0026nbsp;While children who spent more time in prolonged sitting bouts tended to show lower cognitive performance relative to baseline, we did not observe correlations between standing or walking bouts and improvements in cognitive outcomes, and therefore, our results do not allow us to draw strong conclusions about the mechanisms linking light-intensity physical activity and sedentary behavior to cognitive performance. Although our findings provide limited insight into the mechanisms linking sitting, standing, and walking bouts to cognitive performance, considering contextual factors in the classroom may help interpret these relationships. Typically, children of this age group tend to be more active in the classroom, and teachers often use playful pedagogical practices, allowing greater flexibility for active behavior (Silva \u0026amp; Oliveira, 2016) . Incorporating additional variables such as sleep duration, motivation, and feelings of loneliness, as well as a wider range of cognitive tests assessing different executive functions, could offer a more comprehensive understanding of how bout behavior frequency and duration relate to cognitive outcomes in school settings (Diamond, 2013; Wade et al., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA key strength of our study is the use of objective measures with multiple categories of frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking bouts over time, since these behaviors may reveal useful insights at each assessment point.\u0026nbsp;However, the study was conducted in only one school, which limited our sample size and did not allow for observations in a larger sample, and we did not collect information on the classroom teacher\u0026apos;s profile, which may influence how pedagogical strategies reduce children\u0026apos;s sedentary time. Another important limitation is the lack of cognitive maturation data, as we did not use age-based cutoff points, thus missing the differentiation of children who may have been more developmentally advanced.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, we identified a weak relationship between behavior patterns and cognitive performance, especially for sitting time, over two years of follow-up. These results remain inconsistent and are not sufficient to fully explain the relationship between light-intensity physical activity and reduced sedentary time in the classroom and cognitive outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking bout patterns showed only weak correlations with cognitive performance over the two school years, highlighting the need for further investigations to better understand the relationship between these movement behaviors and cognitive outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Municipal Secretariat of Aracaju, Sergipe, as well as the principal, teachers, and interns of \u003cem\u003eOvi\u0026ecirc;do Teixeira Municipal Elementary School\u003c/em\u003e, who actively participated in the ERGUER Project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This research was supported by the Coordena\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Aperfei\u0026ccedil;oamento de Pessoal no Ensino Superior (CAPES), Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;This study was approved and followed all the guidelines of the Ethics Committee in Research with Human Beings of the Federal University of Sergipe (protocol no. 2.587.676).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD.N.O., D.R.P.S., and J.T. conceived the study, designed the methodology, coordinated data collection, and conducted the analyses. J.C.N.M., E.C.M.S., L.B., L.G., and J.Y. contributed to data interpretation and participated in writing and revising the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"Fig. 6\n \n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkoglu, H. (2018). User\u0026rsquo;s guide to correlation coefficients. \u003cem\u003eTurkish Journal of Emergency Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e18\u003c/em\u003e(3), 91\u0026ndash;93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjem.2018.08.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBailey, D. P., Charman, S. J., Ploetz, T., Savory, L. A., \u0026amp; Kerr, C. J. (2017). 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The influence of sedentary behaviour on mental health among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Affective Disorders\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e306\u003c/em\u003e, 90\u0026ndash;114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.018\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sedentary behavior, Cognition, Schoolchildren","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8137384/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8137384/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe present longitudinal study examined the correlation between sitting, standing, and walking patterns and cognitive performance in children over a two-year period. Data were collected in 2018 and 2019 from 61 elementary school students. Physical behavior during school hours was assessed using ActivPAL inclinometers, with sitting, standing, and walking bouts categorized into durations of 0\u0026ndash;1, 1\u0026ndash;5, 5\u0026ndash;10, 10\u0026ndash;20, and 20\u0026ndash;40 minutes. Cognitive performance was evaluated at three time points (beginning of 2018, end of 2018, and end of 2019) using computerized tests of inhibitory control (Go/NoGo), selective attention (visual search), and cognitive flexibility (mental rotation). Analyses were performed with Spearman\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficients, adopting conventional thresholds for weak, moderate, and strong associations. Results revealed moderate inverse correlations between 20\u0026ndash;40 minutes sitting bouts and visual search accuracy, both in frequency and duration, between the first and second assessments. Additionally, the frequency of 10\u0026ndash;20 minutes sitting bouts was inversely associated with performance on the mental rotation test over the same period. Across the two-year follow-up, most associations between sitting, standing, and walking patterns and cognitive performance were weak. These findings suggest that prolonged sitting bouts may negatively influence specific aspects of executive function in children, highlighting the importance of considering movement patterns within the school environment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Longitudinal correlation between frequency and duration of sitting, standing, and walking patterns and executive function in children: A two-year follow-up study from the ERGUER Project","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 09:09:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8137384/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cfd9fd18-3151-4904-9da6-f3da5b3aa24b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-10T21:38:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 09:09:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8137384","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8137384","identity":"rs-8137384","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}