The Treatment of diarrheal mice with Tenebrio Molitor meal

The Treatment of diarrheal mice with Tenebrio Molitor meal | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Treatment of diarrheal mice with Tenebrio Molitor meal Tingting Liu, Qiaoli Wang, Zhengli Wang, Jiaxu Yan, jian jun zhu, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844820/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Feeding Tenebrio Molitor meal has an important effect on promoting the growth, absorption, reproduction, and disease resistance of animals. In this study, 3×10 8 cfu/ml Escherichia coli was used to establish a mouse diarrhea model. Different doses (8%, 5%, 2.5%) of tenebrio molitor meal were added to the basic diet, respectively. The feed intake, water intake, body weight, loose stool rate, diarrhea rate, intestinal flora number, immune organ index, intestinal enzyme, and serum enzyme activities of the diarrhea mice were detected. The results showed that compared with the model group, the feed intake, water intake, and body weight of mice with diarrhea were improved by adding tenebrio molitor meal, and the dosage was proportional to that of tenebrio molitor meal. The rate of loose stool and diarrhea decreased with the increase of tenebrio molitor meal. The total bacterial count and Escherichia coli count in the intestinal tract of mice with diarrhea were negatively correlated with the dosage of tenebrio molitor meal. The immune organ index of the diarrhea mice in the three tenebrio molitor meal supplementation groups was higher than that in the model group and was proportional to the dosage. The liver index of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was 11.79mg/g higher than that in the blank group. Compared with the blank group, diarrhea significantly decreased the activities of various enzymes in the intestinal tract and serum of mice (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the activities of intestinal and serum protective enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase), detoxification enzymes (glutathione-S transferase, acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase) and digestive enzymes (serum amylase, serum lipase, lactate dehydrogenase) in diarrhea mice were increased by adding tenebrio molitor meal (P < 0.05). The results showed that tenebrio molitor meal had a positive effect on the treatment of diarrhea in mice. Tenebrio molitor Mouse Escherichia coli Diarrhea Antioxidant enzymes Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Diarrhea is a major disease that harms humans and young animals. To prevent and control the infection of the agents of the disease, a large number of antibiotics are used, but due to the irrational use of antibiotics, the agents have resistance [ 1 ] . The diarrhea rate and mortality of children and young animals caused by E. coli infection are extremely high, which can reach 10%-30% [ 2 ] . How to reduce the diarrhea rate caused by E. coli has become an urgent problem to be solved. Tenebrio molitor, also known as tenebrio molitors, belong to the genus Coleoptera. First found in South America, it is a kind of world grain storage pest with the characteristics of fast reproduction and easy feeding [ 3 ] . Tenebrio molitor is rich in active substances protein, amino acid, fatty acid, and fiber, which can be used as a renewable animal protein resource to alleviate the shortage of animal feed resources [ 4 ] . Buβler et al. found that tenebrio molitor can be eaten directly [ 5 ] . As a medicinal resource, tenebrio molitor flavus has made some achievements. Studies have found that adding tenebrio molitor meal to the basic diet of obese mice can change the expression of glucose and lipid metabolism genes in their liver and adipose tissue [ 6 ] . Khanal et al. [ 7 ] found that feeding tenebrio molitor meal could increase animal weight and promote the digestion and absorption of protein. Biasato et al. [ 8 ] found that feeding tenebrio molitor can improve the influence of serum acidic and alkaline enzyme activity of animals, thus enhancing the antioxidant capacity of animals. At present, the experiments on the treatment of E. coli diarrhea by tenebrio molitor mainly focus on the medicinal activity of tenebrio molitor in vivo, and the studies on tenebrio molitor meal are very few. As a sustainable drug resource, the medicinal value of tenebrio molitor has been reported in the fields of anti-inflammation, diarrhea, tumors, and other diseases [ 9 ] , but whether its insect powder has such effects has not been reported. In this study, three doses (8%, 5%, 2.5%) of tenebrio molitor meal were added to the basic diet of mice with diarrhea to study the therapeutic mechanism of tenebrio molitor meal on mice with diarrhea and provide a basis for clinical application. To strengthen the cultivation scale and technical research of medicinal resources is to better serve our human society with this sustainable and valuable resource. Materials and methods Experimental animals, design, and management. The mice were kept in the Animal Experiment station of Shihezi University. The mice were treated according to the principles of experimental animal protection during the whole experiment process, and the experimental program was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the College of Animal Science and Technology of Shihezi University. The study was conducted in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines.In the early stage, according to the experimental method of LuJunjia et al. [ 10 ] 3×10 8 cfu/ml Escherichia coli (ATCC43255) was selected and the mouse diarrhea model was constructed by injecting bacterial suspension into the abdomen.Death by cervical dislocation (Grab the tail of the mice with the right hand and pull it back hard, while the left thumb and index finger press down on the head of the mice, pull off the spinal cord and brain, and the mice will die immediately. Mice were monitored daily for signs of pain or distress according to the guidelines of the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University. Ethics statement The study was conducted strictly in accordance with the university in an already approved facility. All mice were reared and euthanized in strict accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of the College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, approval number:A 2021-14. Prepare tenebrio molitor meal feed Experimental basic feed (wheat 60%, corn 25%, pea 25%, soybean meal 10%, cabbage 15%, apple 15%, hawthorn 15%, sweet potato 20%, celery 15%, lettuce 10%) was purchased from the experimental animal breeding center of Shihezi University. The tenebrio molitor was killed at a low temperature (-4℃), and the surface debris was washed off with running water. It was dried to constant weight in an incubator at 55℃, crushed, and mixed with the basic feed, and the dosage of tenebrio molitor meal was 8%, 5%, and 2.5%, respectively. Mice were grouped and treated A total of 75 healthy male Kunming mice with a body weight of (20 ± 2)g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 5 mice per replicate. On the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th days, 3×10 8 cfu/ml Escherichia coli (ATCC43255) bacterial suspension was injected intraperitoneally, the dose was 0.02ml/g, and the diarrhea model was established. The blank group was injected with an equal dose of sterile normal saline. After the diarrhea model was built, the diarrhea group was divided into model groups, 8% tenebrio molitor meal group, 5% tenebrio molitor meal group, and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group. During treatment, the model group and blank group were fed a basic diet without tenebrio molitor meal. The experiment lasted for 20 days, including 5 days of adaptation period, 5 days of diarrhea model period, and 10 days of feeding tenebrio molitor meal treatment period. The mice were managed according to routine feeding [ 11 ] , with a feed dosage of 55g/ cage and water of 150 ml/ cage to ensure adequate supply. Body weight, feed intake, and water intake were measured The feeding situation of the mice was observed every day, and the cage was regularly fed and cleaned. The weight, feed intake, and water intake of the mice were respectively weighed at the 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 9d, 11d, 13d, and 15d (16:00–18:00), and the average weight, feed intake, and water intake of the mice were calculated. Individual feed intake = (amount of fed food - amount of remaining food) /5 Single drinking water quantity = (water supply - remaining water) /5 The rates of loose stool and diarrhea were measured The shape of mouse feces was determined by reference to previous methods [ 12 ] . Observe and record the number of diarrhea and the number of loose stools in mice at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15d, and calculate the rate of loose stools and diarrhea in animals, the formula is as follows: Loose stools rate = Number of loose stools/total animal defecation ×100% Diarrhea rate = Number of animals with diarrhea/total number of animals ×100% The rates of loose stool and diarrhea were measured The shape of mouse feces was determined by reference to previous methods [ 12 ] . Observe and record the number of diarrhea and the number of loose stools in mice at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15d, and calculate the rate of loose stools and diarrhea in animals, the formula is as follows: Loose stools rate = Number of loose stools/total animal defecation ×100% Diarrhea rate = Number of animals with diarrhea/total number of animals ×100% Determination of the number of intestinal colonies in mice On the 20th day of the experiment, all mice were killed by spinal dislocation. The contents of the ileum, cecum, and colon of each group were collected in a sterile EP tube and placed in a refrigerator at -80℃ for the determination of total bacteria and E. coli in the ileum, cecum, and colon. Escherichia coli and total bacteria were cultured using eosin methylene blue medium and AGAR medium respectively, and the determination steps and methods were referred to previous test methods [ 13 ] . Determination of immune organ index in mice After treatment (20d), the mice were weighed, their liver, spleen, and thymus were taken, the surfaces were washed with 4℃ normal saline, and the surface water was absorbed by filter paper and weighed. The indexes of the liver, spleen, and thymus were calculated with the following formula: Liver Index = Liver (mg)/Body weight (g) Spleen index = spleen (mg)/Body weight (g) Thymus index = Thymus (mg)/Body weight (g) Determination of intestinal enzyme activity in mice At the end of the experiment (20d), the ileum, cecum, and colon tissues of mice were collected, their surfaces and intestinal contents were washed with sterile normal saline at 4℃, placed into 1.5ml sterile EP tube, and stored at -20℃ for later use. Weigh and grind the ileum, cecum, and colon tissues of 0.2g each in a mortar, pour in liquid nitrogen and grind, add 1.8mlsterile normal saline at 4℃ to make tissue homogenate, centrifuge for 10min at 4000r/min, and take the supernatant into a 2ml sterile EP tube at 4℃. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GSH), acid phosphatase (ACP), acetylcholinesterase (ACHe), amylase (AMS) and fat in ileum, cecum and colon were determined by ELISA kit (Shanghai Yucun Biotechnology Co., LTD.) Enzyme (LPS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Determination of serum enzyme activity in mice At the end of the experiment (20d), Small amount of pentobarbital was used to stun mice, and blood was collected through the heart with a 2 mL syringe. The blood was placed in a 2mL sterile EP tube, centrifuged at 4000r/min for 10min immediately, and serum was collected and placed in a refrigerator at 4℃. It was used to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GSH), acid phosphatase (ACP), acetylcholinesterase (ACHe), amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum. Data statistics and analysis The test data were analyzed by SPSS17.0, One-WayANOVA. Results and analysis Effects of tenebrio molitor meal on body weight, feed intake, and water intake of diarrhea mice During the treatment of diarrhea mice with tenebrio molitor meal, (Table 1 ) on day 7, the body weight of mice in 8% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group was 21.17g and 20.65g, respectively, significantly lower than that in the blank group (24.60g) (P < 0.05). At 9, 11, and 13 days, the body weight of the 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly lower than that of the blank group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between each dose group and the model group. On day 15, the body weight of mice in the 8%, 5% tenebrio molitor meal group, and blank group was 27.59g, 28.42g, and 29.54g, respectively, which were higher than 24.24g in the model group. In conclusion, dietary tenebrio molitor meal has a positive effect on the weight increase of diarrhea mice. (Table 2 ) On day 11, the feed intake of mice in 8%, 5%, and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups was 29.38g, 31.29g, and 30.91g, respectively, which was significantly lower than that in the blank group at 41.40g (P < 0.05) and higher than that in model group at 22.41g. The feed intake of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was lower than that of the 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group. On day 13, the feed intake of the 2.5% group was lower than that of the blank group (P < 0.05). On day 15, the feed intake of 8%, 5%, and 2.5% groups was 34.92g, 29.26g, and 25.65g, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of the blank group by 41.06g (P < 0.05), and significantly higher than that of the model group by 21.24g. The difference between the blank group and the model group was 19.82g, indicating that the feed intake of mice with diarrhea caused by E. coli was decreased. (Table 3 ) Compared with the model group, an increase in the water consumption of diarrhea mice was observed in the three groups supplemented with tenebrio molitor meal, and the water consumption of 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was higher than that of other treatment groups; On day 13, the drinking water volume of 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group and model group was 10.25mL and 10.50mL, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of blank group (P < 0.05); On day 15, the water intake of 8% and 5% tenebrio molitor meal groups and blank group was 23.00mL, 23.00mL and 28.50mL, respectively, which were significantly higher than 12.75mL in model group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that adding tenebrio molitor meal to the diet of diarrhea mice can significantly increase their body weight, feed intake, and water intake. Table 1 Effected of Tenebrio molitor powder on feed intake of diarrhea mice Treatment Feed intake(g) 1d 3d 5d 7d 9d 11d 13d 15d Blank group 31.34 ± 6.84 31.30 ± 6.11 32.30 ± 7.23 30.74 ± 4.64 33.73 ± 3.55 41.40 ± 2.73 a 41.25 ± 1.49 a 41.06 ± 2.74 a Model group 20.25 ± 2.31 22.87 ± 0.01 22.93 ± 0.11 22.54 ± 1.40 26.94 ± 0.48 22.41 ± 1.90 c 23.08 ± 1.23 b 21.236 ± 1.53 d 8% yellow mealworm meal group 19.88 ± 2.68 21.85 ± 1.46 21.92 ± 1.51 24.80 ± 0.09 28.80 ± 2.55 29.38 ± 2.04 bc 35.09 ± 2.72 ab 34.916 ± 1.95 b 5% yellow mealworm meal group 28.78 ± 6.95 27.77 ± 8.13 27.99 ± 7.84 26.95 ± 7.17 29.42 ± 9.20 31.29 ± 0.83 b 35.31 ± 2.92 ab 29.256 ± 0.46 bc 2.5% yellow mealworm meal group 24.63 ± 7.81 21.47 ± 5.00 21.48 ± 4.76 20.02 ± 4.15 27.90 ± 1.31 30.91 ± 2.73 b 27.89 ± 5.96 b 25.646 ± 0.17 dc Note : The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the feed intake of diarrhea model mice between d 6 and d 15. Different letters within the same column show significant difference (P ＜ 0. 05), same letters within the same column show no significant difference(P > 0.05). 1–5 d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was d 6 – d 15. Table 2 Effected of Tenebrio molitor powder on water intake of diarrhea mice Treatment Water intake(mL) 1d 3d 5d 7d 9d 11d 13d 15d Blank group 11.50 ± 5.5 13.50 ± 0.50 14.50 ± 0.50 11.50 ± 0.50 14.50 ± 0.50 30.00 ± 1.00 28.00 ± 2.00 a 28.50 ± 3.50 a Model group 3.00 ± 0.00 9.00 ± 0.00 10.00 ± 0.00 15.00 ± 2.00 18.00 ± 4.00 12.75 ± 0.25 10.50 ± 0.50 b 12.75 ± 0.25 b 8% yellow mealworm meal group 3.50 ± 1.50 12.75 ± 0.25 11.50 ± 0.50 14.00 ± 3.00 19.50 ± 6.50 20.00 ± 6.00 19.50 ± 5.50 ab 23.00 ± 3.00 a 5% yellow mealworm meal group 3.50 ± 1.50 10.00 ± 1.00 10.00 ± 1.00 11.00 ± 2.00 15.75 ± 3.25 18.00 ± 6.00 18.00 ± 5.00 ab 23.00 ± 1.00 a 2.5% yellow mealworm meal group 3.50 ± 0.50 7.50 ± 3.50 9.75 ± 2.75 11.75 ± 1.25 14.25 ± 0.75 12.50 ± 5.00 10.25 ± 2.25 b 14.50 ± 0.50 b Note : The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the body weight of diarrhea model mice between d 6 and d 15. Different letters within the same column show significant difference (P ＜ 0. 05), same letters within the same column show no significant difference(P > 0. 05). 1–5d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was 6–15d . Table 3 Effected of Tenebrio molitor powder on body weight of diarrhea mice Treatment Body weight 1d 3d 5d 7d 9d 11d 13d 15d Blank group 19.81 ± 0.50 22.03 ± 0.56 23.22 ± 0.47 a 24.60 ± 0.40 a 26.08 ± 0.51 a 27.24 ± 0.27 a 28.58 ± 0.27 a 29.54 ± 0.35 a Model group 20.29 ± 0.59 20.61 ± 0.46 21.02 ± 0.33 ab 22.12 ± 0.36 ab 23.54 ± 0.42 ab 24.59 ± 0.60 ab 24.53 ± 0.52 b 24.23 ± 0.74 c 8% yellow mealworm meal group 18.97 ± 0.21 19.42 ± 0.36 19.66 ± 0.38 ab 21.17 ± 0.66 b 23.62 ± 1.02 ab 25.35 ± 0.72 ab 26.77 ± 0.70 ab 27.59 ± 0.48 ab 5% yellow mealworm meal group 20.85 ± 0.74 21.66 ± 1.10 21.82 ± 0.89 ab 22.42 ± 0.95 ab 25.47 ± 1.10 a 26.51 ± 1.19 a 28.00 ± 1.12 a 28.42 ± 1.46 a 2.5% yellow mealworm meal group 20.23 ± 0.61 20.87 ± 0.63 21.52 ± 0.75 ab 20.65 ± 0.41 b 21.76 ± 0.84 b 22.67 ± 0.75 b 24.53 ± 0.44 b 25.41 ± 0.34 bc Note The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the body weight of diarrhea model mice between d 6 and d 15. Different letters within the same column show significant difference (P ＜ 0. 05), same letters within the same column show no significant difference(P > 0. 05). 1–5d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was 6–15d . The change of loose stool rate and diarrhea rate in mice with diarrhea The therapeutic effect of tenebrio molitor meal on the diarrhea rate of mice with diarrhea(Table 4 ). Except for the control group, the diarrhea rate of mice in other groups was above 20%, among which the diarrhea rate in the model group remained above 80% from the 5th day. From day 7 to day 15, the diarrhea rate of mice in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the model group, and the diarrhea rate in the high-dose group on day 15 was 1/4, 1/2, and 1/2.5 of that in the model group, the medium-dose group, and the low-dose group, respectively, achieving a significant therapeutic effect. The effect of yellow mealworm meal on the loose stool rate of mice with diarrhea (Table 5 ). Except for the control group, the loose stool rate of mice in other groups ranged from 15%-70%, among which the loose stool rate in the model group reached 69.23% on the first day, higher than that in other groups, and was not lower than 48.15%. From the 7th to the 15th day of treatment, the dilute stool rate of mice in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the model group, except that the low dose group on the 9th day had a higher dilute stool rate than that in the model group, and the high dose group on the 15th day had the lowest dilute stool rate, which was 16.67%, about a quarter of that in the model group, achieving a significant effect. Table 4 Effected of Tenebrio molitor powder on diarrhea rate of diarrhea mice Treatment Diarrhea rate (%) 1d 3d 5d 7d 9d 11d 13d 15d Blank group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Model group 20.00 60.00 92.00 90.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 8% yellow mealworm meal group 20.00 73.00 85.00 60.00 50.00 30.00 20.00 20.00 5% yellow mealworm meal group 33.00 60.00 93.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 50.00 40.00 2.5% yellow mealworm meal group 20.00 20.00 87.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 60.00 50.00 Note : The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the diarrhea rate of diarrhea model mice between d 6 and d 15. 1–5d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was d 6 – d 15. Table 5 Effect of Tenebrio molitor powder on stool rate of diarrhea mice Treatment Stool rate 1d 3d 5d 7d 9d 11d 13d 15d Blank group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Model group 69.23 51.72 54.84 62.5 48.15 51.72 56.67 64.29 8% yellow mealworm meal group 46.67 50.00 57.14 40.63 40.74 36.36 29.16 16.67 5% yellow mealworm meal group 40.00 51.85 59.26 48.39 44.83 35.00 30.00 23.08 2.5% yellow mealworm meal group 40.00 56.00 57.69 51.72 50.00 45.45 38.09 38.09 Note : The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the stool rate of diarrhea model mice between d 6 to 15d. 1–5d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was d 6 − 15d. Effects of tenebrio molitor meal on the number of intestinal Escherichia coli and total bacteria in diarrhea mice The balance of intestinal flora has a positive significance for the stable operation of the body. (Fig. 1 ) The number of Escherichia coli in the model group was significantly higher than that in the blank group and the three tenebrio molitor meal addition groups. The maximum number of Escherichia coli in the cecal model group was 220.9×10 6 CFU/mL, which was 2.9 times that of the blank group. The number of Escherichia coli in the ileum, colon, and cecum of 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group had no significant difference compared with the blank group, but the number of Escherichia coli among the three supplementation groups decreased with the increase of tenebrio molitor meal dosage. In conclusion, the tenebrio molitor meal has a certain inhibitory effect on the production of enteric Escherichia coli in mice with diarrhea. (Fig. 2 ) The total bacterial count of the model group was higher than that of the other groups, and the total bacterial count of the cecum model group was the largest, up to 620.6×106CFU/mL, while the total bacterial count of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group of the ileum was at least 28.6×104CFU/mL. Except for 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal in the cecum group, the total bacteria number of each dose group in the ileum, colon, and cecum was significantly lower than that in the corresponding model group, and the total bacteria number of each dose group decreased with the increase of tenebrio molitor meal supplemental level. In conclusion, dietary tenebrio molitor meal can inhibit the increase of intestinal total bacteria number in diarrhea mice to a certain extent. Effect of tenebrio molitor meal on immune organs of diarrhea mice (Fig. 3 ) The highest spleen index of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was 11.79mg/g, which was significantly different from the model group (P < 0.05) and increased by 1.57mg/g compared with the blank group. The liver index of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was the highest, reaching 78.16mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of other groups (P < 0.05). The thymus index of the model group was the smallest, only 1.57mg/g, which was significantly lower than that of 8%, 5% tenebrio molitor meal groups, and blank group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary tenebrio molitor meal can improve the immune organ index of mice with diarrhea, and there is a positive correlation with the supplemental amount. Effect of tenebrio molitor meal on intestinal enzyme activity in mice with diarrhea Enzyme activity in the intestinal tract of mice with diarrhea was measured by an ELISA kit (Shanghai Yuchun Biotechnology Co, LTD.). The results showed that the contents of protective enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase), detoxification enzymes (glutathione-S transferase, acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase), and digestive enzymes (serum amylase, serum lipase, lactate dehydrogenase) in the ileum of mice caused by E. coli decreased. It produces a large number of free radicals in the colon, cecum, and ileum. (Fig. 4 A) The highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was 609.67U/mL in the 8% tenebrio molitor group. The lowest value was 86.51U/mL in the ileum model group. The activity of SOD in the ileum, colon, and cecum of diarrhea mice was increased in the three tenebrio molitor meal groups. The effects of different doses of tenebrio molitor meal on enzyme activity were also different. It can be seen that the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group had the most obvious improvement in the SOD activity of diarrhea mice, and the activity was close to that of the blank group. (Fig. 4 B) The highest POD activity was 96.25U/mL in the blank cecum group, while the lowest POD activity was only 1.84U/mL in the ileal model group. Compared with the model group, the POD enzyme activity of the ileum, colon, and cecum of diarrhea mice was increased by adding tenebrio molitor meal, and was proportional to adding tenebrio molitor meal. The POD enzyme activity of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal added to the group was the highest among the three added groups and close to the blank control group. (Fig. 4 C) The highest CAT activity was 59.23U/mL in the blank group of cecum, and the lowest CAT activity was 4.4U/mL in the ileal model group. Compared with the model group, the three tenebrio molitor meal supplementation groups could increase the intestinal CAT enzyme activity of diarrhea mice. The CAT activity of 8% tenebrio molitor meal in the colon and cecum was very close to that of the blank control group. These results indicate that the CAT activities of the ileum, cecum, and colon of diarrhea mice can be significantly increased by dietary tenebrio molitor meal. (Fig. 4 D) The highest ACHe content in the cecum was 4.41U/mL, and the lowest ACHe content in the ileum was 0.24U/mL. Compared with the model group, the increase of ACHe enzyme activity was observed in the three groups supplemented with tenebrio molitor meal. The increase in enzyme activity was proportional to the amount of tenebrio molitor meal added. The ACHe activity of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was higher than that of the blank control group. The data show that adding the proper amount of tenebrio molitor meal to the diet of mice with diarrhea has a positive effect on the activity of intestinal ACHe. (Fig. 4 E) The highest ACP content in the cecum was 816.77U/mL, while the lowest ACP content in the colon was 134.07U/mL. Compared with the model group, the ACP content of the three dose groups was significantly increased and was proportional to the addition amount. Among them, the ACP activity of the ileum and cecum in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was close to that in the blank control group. (Fig. 4 F) The highest GSH activity was 1076.93U/mL in the blank cecum group. GSH activity in the ileum was the lowest, only 199.67U/mL. Compared with the model group, the GSH content of the three groups supplemented with tenebrio molitor meal was significantly increased and was proportional to the additional amount. The GSH activity of 8% tenebrio molitor meal was closest to that of the blank control group, and the enzyme activity of 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal in the ileum was close to that of the control group. (Fig. 4 G) LDH activity in the blank cecum group was the highest, reaching 7737.05U/mL. LDH activity in the ileum model group was the lowest, only 708.1U/mL. The LDH content of the three added tenebrio molitor meal groups was higher than that of the model group and was proportional to the added amount. The content of LDH in the ileum was not affected by the tenebrio molitor meal between different dosage groups. (Fig. 4 H) The LPS activity in the blank cecum group was the highest, reaching 871.6U/mL. LPS activity in the ileum model group was the lowest, only 50.86U/mL. Compared with the model group, the content of intestinal LPS of diarrhea mice was significantly increased in the three dose groups. The content of LPS in the ileum of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was slightly higher than that in the control group. The results indicated that tenebrio molitor meal played a positive role in enhancing intestinal enzyme activity in mice with diarrhea. (Fig. 4 I) The AMS activity in the blank caecum group was the highest, reaching 1.13U/mL. AMS activity in the ileum model group was the lowest (0.33U/mL). The activity of AMS in the added tenebrio molitor meal group was higher than that in the model group and was proportional to the added amount. The content of AMS in the ileum of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was slightly higher than that of the control group. tenebrio molitor meal can improve intestinal enzyme activity and intestinal antioxidant capacity in mice with diarrhea. Effect of tenebrio molitor meal on serum enzyme activity in mice with diarrhea The level of serum enzyme activity reflected the antioxidant activity of serum. ELISA kit was used to determine the activity of various enzymes in the serum of mice with diarrhea. (Fig. 5 A) The highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was 140.7U/mL, which was 80.13U/mL higher than that in the model group. The activity of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the blank group and three dose groups was significantly higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05). The serum SOD activity of the 8% tenebrio molitor group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P < 0.05). The serum SOD activity of the blank group and 5% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that of 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group (P < 0.05). tenebrio molitor meal can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum of mice with diarrhea. (Fig. 5 B) The peroxidase (POD) activity in the blank group was the highest (670.37U/mL), and the peroxidase (POD) activity in the model group was the lowest (193.52U/mL). Compared with the model group, the three tenebrio molitor meal groups can increase the activity of serum catalase, and it is proportional to the additional amount. Serum POD activity in the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that in 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups (P < 0.05). (Fig. 5 C) With the increase of tenebrio molitor meal supplemental level, the serum catalase (CAT) activity of diarrhea mice also increased. The highest serum catalase (CAT) activity in the blank group was 70.94U/mL, which was 49.82U/mL higher than 21.12U/mL in the model group. Serum catalase (CAT) activity in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group and blank group was significantly higher than that in the model group and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group (P < 0.05). (Fig. 5 D) Serum glutathione-S transferase (GSH) activity in the blank group was 30.34U/mL, 26.27U/mL higher than that in a model group of 4.07U/mL. The serum glutathione-S transferase (GSH) activity of the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that of 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups and model groups (P < 0.05). The activity of serum glutathione-S transferase (GSH) in mice with diarrhea could be increased by adding tenebrio molitor meal. (Fig. 5 E) Serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the blank group was 2.26U/mL, 1.02U/mL higher than 1.24U/mL in the model group. The activity of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) in mice with diarrhea could be increased by different doses of tenebrio molitor meal. The activity of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) in the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that in 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups and model groups (P < 0.05). (Fig. 5 F) The highest serum acetylcholinesterase (ACHe) activity in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was 10.63/mL, which was 8.43U/mL higher than that in model group of 2.2U/mL. The serum acetylcholinesterase (ACHe) activity in the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that in the 5%, 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group and model group (P < 0.05). (Fig. 5 G) Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the blank group was 15477.66/mL, which was 9972.51U/mL higher than that in model group 5505.15U/mL. Different doses of tenebrio molitor could increase serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in mice with diarrhea. The serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of 8% and 5% tenebrio molitor meal groups and blank group was significantly higher than that of the model group (P < 0.05). (Fig. 5 H) Serum lipase (LPS) activity in the blank group was 387.08U/mL, which was 314.03U/mL higher than 73.05U/mL in the model group. The activity of serum lipase (LPS) in the serum of mice with diarrhea could be increased by different doses of tenebrio molitor meal. The serum lipase activity of the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that of the 5%, 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group and model group (P < 0.05). (Fig. 5 I) Serum amylase (AMS) activity of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was 717.49U/mL, which was 76.51U/mL higher than that of the model group 640.98U/mL. The activity of serum amylase (AMS) in the serum of mice with diarrhea could be increased by different doses of tenebrio molitor. Serum lipase activity in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group and blank group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05). Adding tenebrio molitor meal to the basal diet can increase the activity of the serum enzyme system and increase the serum antioxidant capacity of diarrhea mice. Discussion Escherichia coli is one of the major pathogens causing diarrhea in humans and animals [ 14 ] . The diarrhea rate and mortality of animals caused by E. coli infection are extremely high, which can reach 10%-30% [ 15 ] . Escherichia coli contains adhesion and enterotoxin, which is the main factor causing diarrhea [ 16 ] . Enterotoxin promotes intestinal tissue lesions, causes intestinal environment disorders, increases the volume of loose stools, and thus causes diarrhea and death in mice [ 17 ] . Tao Wu et al. made a diarrhea model by gavage and intraperitoneal injection of E. coli [ 18 ] and found that an ideal diarrhea model with a high diarrhea rate and low mortality could be obtained after intraperitoneal injection of E. coli. Based on this, Escherichia coli (ATCC43255) was selected in the experiment, and the mouse diarrhea model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial suspension. Relevant studies have shown that the reasons for the differences in body weight, feed intake, and water consumption of mice may be related to the different needs of different individuals for food and water consumption, the preparation process of tenebrio molitor meal, and the bioactive ingredients contained in tenebrio molitor meal [ 19 – 20 ] . The basic diet of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group is rich in amino acids, proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, and other nutrients [ 21 ] , which is conducive to the absorption of water and food by mice, resulting in weight gain of mice. The nutrient content of 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups was relatively low. This is similar to the results of Momin et al., which found that fly maggot meal can promote digestion, immunity, and growth of animals, but there are some differences, which may be related to the difference between feeding worm meal and experimental subjects [ 22 ] . The mouse gut usually contains a stable and complex microbial community that plays important roles in the body, including enhancing the accumulation of host fat and short-chain fatty acids and regulating the mucosal immune system [ 23 ] . Studies have shown that most additives have the function of regulating the stability of the intestinal microbial community by affecting the number of intestinal bacteria [ 24 ] . Various antibacterial active substances contained in tenebrio molitors are related, such as antibacterial substance MD-(7095), chitose, chitosan, antibacterial protein, etc. [ 25 ] . This is consistent with our findings that each dose group can significantly reduce the diarrhea rate, loose stool rate, total bacteria, and Escherichia coli number in the intestinal tract (ileum, colon, cecum) of mice with diarrhea. The difference in the liver index of mice may be related to the different dosages of tenebrio molitor meal. With the increase in dosage, fat was deposited in the liver, increasing liver index [ 26 ] . The reason for the difference in spleen and thymus indices of mice among different dosage groups of tenebrio molitor meal may be that the tenebrio molitor meal added to the feed can improve the immunity of mice with diarrhea, and the spleen and thymus, as part of the immune system, also improve with the increase of tenebrio molitor meal added dose. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) has the function of anti-oxidation and anti-aging, and its mechanism is mainly to clear the harmful superoxide anion free radical (O2-). The level of SOD content indirectly reflects the ability of the body to remove superoxide anion (O2-) [ 27 ] . Peroxidase (POD) is the hallmark enzyme of peroxisome, which mainly exists in the peroxisome of carrier, and can remove toxic substances with high activity in the body and reduce cell damage [ 28 ] . Catalase (CAT) can accelerate the decomposition of peroxides in the body, to avoid the damage of oxides in the machine [ 29 ] . Glutathione-s transferase (GSH) plays an important role in preventing the oxidative decomposition of hemoglobin, maintaining the activity of sulfhydryl protein, and ensuring the reducibility of sulfhydryl protein and the integrity of cells [ 30 ] . Acid phosphatase (ACP) can catalyze the hydrolysis of almost all monophosphate esters and directly participate in phosphorus metabolism, playing an important role in the digestion, absorption, and secretion of calcium and phosphorus [ 31 ] . Acetylcholinesterase (ACHe) can degrade acetylcholine, ensure the normal transmission of nerve signals in organisms, participate in cell development and maturation, and promote neuronal development and nerve regeneration [ 32 ] . Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is involved in intracellular REDOX reactions that convert the resulting lactic acid to pyruvate. The level of LDH is often used to assess the degree of cell damage or inflammatory response [ 33 ] . Serum amylase (AMS), which plays an important role in the digestion of polysaccharide compounds in food, is mainly used in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis [ 34 ] . The synergistic effect of these enzymes enables the body to operate in a balanced and stable manner. In this study, diarrhea caused a significant decrease in serum and intestinal enzyme system activity in mice compared with a blank control group. Compared with the model group, tenebrio molitor meal could significantly increase the activity of the enzyme system in the serum and intestinal tract of mice with diarrhea. The effect of different dosages of tenebrio molitor meal on the activity of the enzyme system is also different, which is proportional to the added amount. The results showed that the tenebrio molitor meal could improve the intestinal enzyme activity by increasing the activities of detoxification enzymes (GSH, ACHe, ACP), protective enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT), digestive enzymes (AMS, LPS, LDH), and enhance the anti-diarrhea ability of mice. However, the underlying biological mechanism needs further study, and it is speculated that there is a certain relationship with the chemical substances contained in the body of tenebrio molitors. The results of this study showed that adding tenebrio molitor meal to the basic diet of mice played a positive role in the treatment of diarrhea in mice. It laid a foundation for developing the medicinal methods and efficacy of tenebrio molitor, better utilizing its effective and healthy medical information, and further promoting the research and development of tenebrio molitor medicinal resources in the prevention and control of human and animal infectious diseases. Declarations Author Contributions Shen Hong and Wang Jungang conceived and supervised this study. Liu Tingting completed the main experimental content. Wang Qiaoli and Wang Zhengli collected and analyzed data. Zhu Jianjun and Yan Jiaxu wrote the first draft of manuscript. All authors contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript and have read and approved the final version. Financial support Project of Specialized Research Fund for the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31660703）. Availability of Data and Materials The datasets during and analy zed during the current study available from the corresp ondingauthor on reasonable request. Data Availability The data reported here have been deposited at the Dryad with the website https://datadryad.org/stash/share/vHLN1lr8z1DpXkt6_LMi0gKtgBBjATCDWjF2NKtvgvM. The DOI number is DOI:10.5061/dryad.xgxd254p7. Conflict of interest statement We declare that we have no conflict of interest and that all of our financial support comes from teachers' projects. References Mero S, Timonen S, Lääveri T, Løfberg S, Kirveskari J, Ursing J, Rombo L, Kofoed PE, Kantele A. Prevalence of diarrhoeal pathogens among children under five years of age with and without diarrhoea in Guinea-Bissau. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Sep 29;15(9):e0009709. Tang, Fang Li D, Gao S, Ren J, Ma L, Liu F, Zhuge X, Yan G, Lu Y, Dai J. “Comparative genomic analysis of 127 Escherichia coli strains isolated from domestic animals with diarrhea in China.” BMC genomics vol. 20,1 212. 13 Mar. 2019. Ko, Hye Jin. “IKKγ/NEMO Is Required to Confer Antimicrobial Innate Immune Responses in the Yellow Mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 21,18 6734. 14 Sep. 2020. Morales-Ramos, Juan A. “Nutritional Value of Pupae Versus Larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) as Food for Rearing Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).” Journal of economic entomology vol. 109,2 (2016): 564-71. Bußler, Sara; Rumpold, Birgit A; Fröhling, Antje; et al. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma processing of insect flour from Tenebrio molitor: Impact on microbial load and quality attributes in comparison to dry heat treatment. J Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2016, 36. 277 - 286. Yifei Kang, Catherine C. Applegate, Fei He, Patricia M. Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Lesser Mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) Proteins Slowed Weight Gain and Improved Metabolism of Diet-Induced Obesity Mice,The Journal of Nutrition,Volume 153, Issue 8,2023,Pages 2237-2248,ISSN 0022-3166. Prabhat Khanal, Deepak Pandey, Geir Næss. Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative animal feed source: A comprehensive characterization of nutritional values and the larval gut microbiome,Journal of Cleaner Production,Volume 389,2023,136-104. Biasato, I et al. “Effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor meal inclusion in free-range chickens.” Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 100,6 (2016): 1104-1112. Lee JB, Kwon DK, Jeon YJ, Song YJ. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)-derived protein supplementation attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy in hindlimb casting immobilized rats. Chin J Physiol. 2021 Sep-Oct;64(5):211-217. Azagoh, C. “Extraction and physicochemical characterization of Tenebrio molitor proteins.” Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) vol. 88,Pt A (2016): 24-31. Lu, Jun jia. “Changes of intestinal microflora diversity in diarrhea model of KM mice and effects of Psidium guajava L. as the treatment agent for diarrhea.” Journal of infection and public health vol. 13,1 (2020): 16-26. Yang, Chun hua . “Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Mouse Feces.” Bio-protocol vol. 10,8 (2020): e3584. Hertz, Frederik Boetius. “Effects of Antibiotics on the Intestinal Microbiota of Mice.” Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 9,4 191. 17 Apr. 2020. Chandra, Bijay Kumar. “Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli as a predominant cause of paediatric nosocomial diarrhoea in India.” Journal of medical microbiology vol. 61,Pt 6 (2012): 830-836. Gómez-Duarte, Oscar G. “Enfermedad diarreica aguda por Escherichia coli enteropatógenas en Colombia”. Revista chilena de infectologia : organo oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia vol. 31,5 (2014): 577-86. Klemm, Per. “Fimbrial adhesins from extraintestinal Escherichia coli.” Environmental microbiology reports vol. 2,5 (2010): 628-40. Bolick, D T. “Critical Role of Zinc in a New Murine Model of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Diarrhea.” Infection and immunity vol. 86,7 e00183-18. 21 Jun. 2018. Wu, Tao . “Establishment of a recombinant Escherichia coli-induced piglet diarrhea model.” Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) vol. 23,8 1517-1534. 1 Mar. 2018. Meléndez-Fernández, O Hecmarie . “The role of daylight exposure on body mass in male mice.” Physiology & behavior vol. 266 (2023): 114-186. Jensen L D , Miklos R , Dalsgaard T K . Nutritional evaluation of common ( Tenebrio molitor ) and lesser ( Alphitobius diaperinus ) mealworms in rats and processing effect on the lesser mealworm[J].Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2019, 5(4):1-10. Jin, X H. “Supplementation of Dried Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Profiles in Weaning Pigs.” Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 29,7 (2016): 979-86. Momin Khan, Naila Chand, Sarzamin Khan. Rifat Ullah Khan,Partial and total replacement of soybean meal with maggot larvae meal in broiler chicken diets: Impact on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, haemotological parameters and intestinal histomorphology,Livestock Science,Volume 277,2023,105355,ISSN 1871-1413 Gerhard Liebisch, Johannes Plagge, Marcus Höring. The effect of gut microbiota on the intestinal lipidome of mice,International Journal of Medical Microbiology,Volume 311, Issue 3,2021,151488,ISSN 1438-4221. Sun Y, Yu P, Cheng Y, Liu J. The Feed Additive Potassium Diformate Prevents Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum Infection and Affects Intestinal Flora in Chickens. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Sep 18;11(9):1265. Xie X, Yuan Z, Fu K, An J, Deng L. Effect of Partial Substitution of Flour with Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Powder on Dough and Biscuit Properties. Foods. 2022 Jul 20;11(14):2156. Andersen D, Roager HM, Zhang L, Moll JM, Frandsen HL, Danneskiold-Samsøe NB, Hansen AK, Kristiansen K, Licht TR, Brix S. Systems-wide effects of short-term feed deprivation in obese mice. Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 11;11(1):5716. Griess B, Tom E, Domann F, Teoh-Fitzgerald M. Extracellular superoxide dismutase and its role in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017 Nov;112:464-479. Khan AA, Rahmani AH, Aldebasi YH, Aly SM. Biochemical and pathological studies on peroxidases -an updated review. Glob J Health Sci. 2014 May 13;6(5):87-98. Chakravarti R, Gupta K, Majors A, Ruple L, Aronica M, Stuehr DJ. Novel insights in mammalian catalase heme maturation: effect of NO and thioredoxin-1. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 May;82:105-13. Menon D, Board PG. A role for glutathione transferase Omega 1 (GSTO1-1) in the glutathionylation cycle. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(36):25769-25779. Li SM, Li L, Zhang FS, Tang C. Acid phosphatase role in chickpea/maize intercropping. Ann Bot. 2004 Aug;94(2):297-303. Knorr DY, Georges NS, Pauls S, Heinrich R. Acetylcholinesterase promotes apoptosis in insect neurons. Apoptosis. 2020 Oct;25(9-10):730-746. Cheng CS, Tan HY, Wang N, Chen L, Meng Z, Chen Z, Feng Y. Functional inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase suppresses pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression. Clin Transl Med. 2021 Jun;11(6):e467. Liu T, Bian J. Serum pancreatic amylase and colorectal adenoma: From clinical research to practice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Aug;37(8):1641. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3844820","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":267398595,"identity":"66e16909-89b8-42cb-a490-86e4b1a57cda","order_by":0,"name":"Tingting Liu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACfvnHhx8kVNjIMTYcPkCcFsmGtDSDB2fSjJkbjyUQp8XgQI6B5MO2w4ntzWcMiHTZgQMGBgln0hJ72858vPGGwU5Ot4GADsbGhgSQX4xn9pzdbDmHIdnY7AABLczMDAdAtshunHF2mzQPw4HEbYS0sLExNkgkth1m3H//zTPitPDwMDOAtCg2NpxhI06LhAQbG8hhxowNx4wt5xgQ4Rf7G/yfH/6AROXDG28q7OQIakG1kofYqEHSQqqOUTAKRsEoGBEAABiKTAuhEVh7AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University， Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tingting","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":267398596,"identity":"b473031e-3d11-43c3-8950-d2102ce4bc83","order_by":1,"name":"Qiaoli Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University， Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiaoli","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":267398597,"identity":"8fdc473c-f95c-40bb-a3ae-c4e03cb829fd","order_by":2,"name":"Zhengli Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University， Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhengli","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":267398598,"identity":"f84d51a3-d4a2-4eda-b87a-5d80de79b9a6","order_by":3,"name":"Jiaxu Yan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University， Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiaxu","middleName":"","lastName":"Yan","suffix":""},{"id":267398599,"identity":"26f8f521-9bbe-4451-8c06-9eb25cb0ce6d","order_by":4,"name":"jian jun zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University， Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"jian","middleName":"jun","lastName":"zhu","suffix":""},{"id":267398600,"identity":"1d510678-10d7-45d0-ba3e-0f9bd32cd478","order_by":5,"name":"Jungang wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shihezi University， Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jungang","middleName":"","lastName":"wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-01-08 07:49:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844820/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844820/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49794156,"identity":"424ff124-8b37-4e81-9767-7cf7f0485bfb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 06:40:43","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":125334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffected of Tenebrio molitor powder on Escherichia coli of ileum, colon, cecum to diarrhea mice.\u0026nbsp; Note:\u003c/strong\u003eThe diluted with aseptic saline contents of the ileum, cecum, and colon were diluted with 10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e, 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e, 10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL gradients. It was used to count the number of colonies of Escherichia coli in intestinal contents. The was the optimum count number of colonies in 30-300. The was 10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e cfu/mL concentration of ileum and colon content, and the final concentration of cecum was 10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e cfu/mL, the lower case letters showed significant difference. A, B, C, D and E respectively indicate that the blank group, the model group, the 8% dose group, the 5% dose group, the 2.5% dose group, different small letters showed significant difference (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.05), same small letters showed no significant difference(\u003cem\u003e p＞\u003c/em\u003e0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844820/v1/a053434d226f196bc0bca416.png"},{"id":49794153,"identity":"84708277-fbe6-42dc-8b66-ca98efdd745e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 06:40:42","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43401,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffected of Tenebrio molitor powder on the number of total bacteria of ileum, colon, cecum to diarrhea mice. Note:\u003c/strong\u003eThe diluted with aseptic saline contents of the ileum, cecum, and colon were diluted with 104, 105, 106 cfu/mL gradients. It was used to count the number of colonies of total bacterial in intestinal contents. The was the optimum count number of colonies in 30-300. The was 104 cfu/mL concentration of ileum and colon content, and the final concentration of cecum was 106 cfu/mL, the lower case letters showed significant difference. A, B, C, D and E respectively indicate that the blank group, the model group, the 8% dose group, the 5% dose group, the 2.5% dose group, different small letters showed significant difference (p\u0026lt;0.05), same small letters showed no significant difference( p＞0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844820/v1/1e63fbd8c4bfeb6731f3c0a3.png"},{"id":49794152,"identity":"48f110ef-35f8-4e1a-9b92-8e34f391b9c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 06:40:42","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134720,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of Tenebrio molitor powder on immune organs of diarrhea mice. Note: \u003c/strong\u003ethe lower case letters showed significant difference. different small letters showed significant difference (p \u0026lt;0.05), same small letters showed no significant difference( p＞0.05), A, B, C, D and E respectively indicate that the blank group, the model group, the 8% dose group, the 5% dose group, the 2.5% dose group.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844820/v1/b7815c3319edd2a0fb23cdd0.png"},{"id":49794154,"identity":"e1c8757f-2de4-41ed-ab0f-4900ac99f0c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 06:40:43","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":450868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of tenebrio molitor meal on various enzyme activities in ileum, cecum and colon of mice. Note:\u003c/strong\u003eA, B, C, D and E respectively indicate that the blank group, the model group, the 8% dose group, the 5% dose group, the 2.5% dose group, different small letters showed significant difference (p \u0026lt;0.05), same small letters showed no significant difference( p＞0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844820/v1/758973592d74d2acad9b7a00.png"},{"id":49794800,"identity":"27c127d9-e9fe-4e49-9bb3-f9c270abeed9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-18 06:48:43","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":296472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of mealworm meal on the activities of various enzymes in mouse serum. Note:\u003c/strong\u003e A, B, C, D and E respectively indicate that the blank group, the model group, the 8% dose group, the 5% dose group, the 2.5% dose group, different small letters showed significant difference (p \u0026lt;0.05), same small letters showed no significant difference( p＞0.05).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844820/v1/acb0b6a63963c26d762c7cd1.png"},{"id":56511188,"identity":"400ba687-d15e-4eb5-b41d-9e1a92a7d622","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-15 06:37:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2253628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3844820/v1/4b127025-419d-469d-8f23-56ae3cafdac8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Treatment of diarrheal mice with Tenebrio Molitor meal","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea is a major disease that harms humans and young animals. To prevent and control the infection of the agents of the disease, a large number of antibiotics are used, but due to the irrational use of antibiotics, the agents have resistance \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The diarrhea rate and mortality of children and young animals caused by E. coli infection are extremely high, which can reach 10%-30%\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. How to reduce the diarrhea rate caused by E. coli has become an urgent problem to be solved. Tenebrio molitor, also known as tenebrio molitors, belong to the genus Coleoptera. First found in South America, it is a kind of world grain storage pest with the characteristics of fast reproduction and easy feeding\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Tenebrio molitor is rich in active substances protein, amino acid, fatty acid, and fiber, which can be used as a renewable animal protein resource to alleviate the shortage of animal feed resources\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Buβler et al. found that tenebrio molitor can be eaten directly\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. As a medicinal resource, tenebrio molitor flavus has made some achievements. Studies have found that adding tenebrio molitor meal to the basic diet of obese mice can change the expression of glucose and lipid metabolism genes in their liver and adipose tissue\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Khanal et al.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e found that feeding tenebrio molitor meal could increase animal weight and promote the digestion and absorption of protein. Biasato et al.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e found that feeding tenebrio molitor can improve the influence of serum acidic and alkaline enzyme activity of animals, thus enhancing the antioxidant capacity of animals. At present, the experiments on the treatment of E. coli diarrhea by tenebrio molitor mainly focus on the medicinal activity of tenebrio molitor in vivo, and the studies on tenebrio molitor meal are very few. As a sustainable drug resource, the medicinal value of tenebrio molitor has been reported in the fields of anti-inflammation, diarrhea, tumors, and other diseases\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, but whether its insect powder has such effects has not been reported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, three doses (8%, 5%, 2.5%) of tenebrio molitor meal were added to the basic diet of mice with diarrhea to study the therapeutic mechanism of tenebrio molitor meal on mice with diarrhea and provide a basis for clinical application. To strengthen the cultivation scale and technical research of medicinal resources is to better serve our human society with this sustainable and valuable resource.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eExperimental animals, design, and management.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mice were kept in the Animal Experiment station of Shihezi University. The mice were treated according to the principles of experimental animal protection during the whole experiment process, and the experimental program was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the College of Animal Science and Technology of Shihezi University. The study was conducted in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines.In the early stage, according to the experimental method of LuJunjia et al.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e 3×10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003ecfu/ml Escherichia coli (ATCC43255) was selected and the mouse diarrhea model was constructed by injecting bacterial suspension into the abdomen.Death by cervical dislocation (Grab the tail of the mice with the right hand and pull it back hard, while the left thumb and index finger press down on the head of the mice, pull off the spinal cord and brain, and the mice will die immediately. Mice were monitored daily for signs of pain or distress according to the guidelines of the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of the School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study was conducted strictly in accordance with the university in an already approved facility. All mice were reared and euthanized in strict accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of the College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, approval number:A 2021-14.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePrepare tenebrio molitor meal feed\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental basic feed (wheat 60%, corn 25%, pea 25%, soybean meal 10%, cabbage 15%, apple 15%, hawthorn 15%, sweet potato 20%, celery 15%, lettuce 10%) was purchased from the experimental animal breeding center of Shihezi University. The tenebrio molitor was killed at a low temperature (-4℃), and the surface debris was washed off with running water. It was dried to constant weight in an incubator at 55℃, crushed, and mixed with the basic feed, and the dosage of tenebrio molitor meal was 8%, 5%, and 2.5%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMice were grouped and treated\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 75 healthy male Kunming mice with a body weight of (20 ± 2)g were randomly divided into 5 groups with 3 replicates per group and 5 mice per replicate. On the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th days, 3×10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003ecfu/ml Escherichia coli (ATCC43255) bacterial suspension was injected intraperitoneally, the dose was 0.02ml/g, and the diarrhea model was established. The blank group was injected with an equal dose of sterile normal saline. After the diarrhea model was built, the diarrhea group was divided into model groups, 8% tenebrio molitor meal group, 5% tenebrio molitor meal group, and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group. During treatment, the model group and blank group were fed a basic diet without tenebrio molitor meal. The experiment lasted for 20 days, including 5 days of adaptation period, 5 days of diarrhea model period, and 10 days of feeding tenebrio molitor meal treatment period. The mice were managed according to routine feeding\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, with a feed dosage of 55g/ cage and water of 150 ml/ cage to ensure adequate supply.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBody weight, feed intake, and water intake were measured\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe feeding situation of the mice was observed every day, and the cage was regularly fed and cleaned. The weight, feed intake, and water intake of the mice were respectively weighed at the 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, 9d, 11d, 13d, and 15d (16:00–18:00), and the average weight, feed intake, and water intake of the mice were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual feed intake = (amount of fed food - amount of remaining food) /5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle drinking water quantity = (water supply - remaining water) /5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe rates of loose stool and diarrhea were measured\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe shape of mouse feces was determined by reference to previous methods\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Observe and record the number of diarrhea and the number of loose stools in mice at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15d, and calculate the rate of loose stools and diarrhea in animals, the formula is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoose stools rate = Number of loose stools/total animal defecation ×100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea rate = Number of animals with diarrhea/total number of animals ×100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe rates of loose stool and diarrhea were measured\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe shape of mouse feces was determined by reference to previous methods \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Observe and record the number of diarrhea and the number of loose stools in mice at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15d, and calculate the rate of loose stools and diarrhea in animals, the formula is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoose stools rate = Number of loose stools/total animal defecation ×100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea rate = Number of animals with diarrhea/total number of animals ×100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of the number of intestinal colonies in mice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the 20th day of the experiment, all mice were killed by spinal dislocation. The contents of the ileum, cecum, and colon of each group were collected in a sterile EP tube and placed in a refrigerator at -80℃ for the determination of total bacteria and E. coli in the ileum, cecum, and colon. Escherichia coli and total bacteria were cultured using eosin methylene blue medium and AGAR medium respectively, and the determination steps and methods were referred to previous test methods\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of immune organ index in mice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter treatment (20d), the mice were weighed, their liver, spleen, and thymus were taken, the surfaces were washed with 4℃ normal saline, and the surface water was absorbed by filter paper and weighed. The indexes of the liver, spleen, and thymus were calculated with the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver Index = Liver (mg)/Body weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpleen index = spleen (mg)/Body weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThymus index = Thymus (mg)/Body weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of intestinal enzyme activity in mice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment (20d), the ileum, cecum, and colon tissues of mice were collected, their surfaces and intestinal contents were washed with sterile normal saline at 4℃, placed into 1.5ml sterile EP tube, and stored at -20℃ for later use. Weigh and grind the ileum, cecum, and colon tissues of 0.2g each in a mortar, pour in liquid nitrogen and grind, add 1.8mlsterile normal saline at 4℃ to make tissue homogenate, centrifuge for 10min at 4000r/min, and take the supernatant into a 2ml sterile EP tube at 4℃. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GSH), acid phosphatase (ACP), acetylcholinesterase (ACHe), amylase (AMS) and fat in ileum, cecum and colon were determined by ELISA kit (Shanghai Yucun Biotechnology Co., LTD.) Enzyme (LPS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDetermination of serum enzyme activity in mice\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment (20d), Small amount of pentobarbital was used to stun mice, and blood was collected through the heart with a 2 mL syringe. The blood was placed in a 2mL sterile EP tube, centrifuged at 4000r/min for 10min immediately, and serum was collected and placed in a refrigerator at 4℃. It was used to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GSH), acid phosphatase (ACP), acetylcholinesterase (ACHe), amylase (AMS), lipase (LPS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData statistics and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test data were analyzed by SPSS17.0, One-WayANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Results and analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffects of tenebrio molitor meal on body weight, feed intake, and water intake of diarrhea mice\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the treatment of diarrhea mice with tenebrio molitor meal, (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) on day 7, the body weight of mice in 8% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group was 21.17g and 20.65g, respectively, significantly lower than that in the blank group (24.60g) (P \u0026lt; 0.05). At 9, 11, and 13 days, the body weight of the 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly lower than that of the blank group (P \u0026lt; 0.05), but there was no significant difference between each dose group and the model group. On day 15, the body weight of mice in the 8%, 5% tenebrio molitor meal group, and blank group was 27.59g, 28.42g, and 29.54g, respectively, which were higher than 24.24g in the model group. In conclusion, dietary tenebrio molitor meal has a positive effect on the weight increase of diarrhea mice. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) On day 11, the feed intake of mice in 8%, 5%, and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups was 29.38g, 31.29g, and 30.91g, respectively, which was significantly lower than that in the blank group at 41.40g (P \u0026lt; 0.05) and higher than that in model group at 22.41g. The feed intake of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was lower than that of the 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group. On day 13, the feed intake of the 2.5% group was lower than that of the blank group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). On day 15, the feed intake of 8%, 5%, and 2.5% groups was 34.92g, 29.26g, and 25.65g, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of the blank group by 41.06g (P \u0026lt; 0.05), and significantly higher than that of the model group by 21.24g. The difference between the blank group and the model group was 19.82g, indicating that the feed intake of mice with diarrhea caused by E. coli was decreased. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) Compared with the model group, an increase in the water consumption of diarrhea mice was observed in the three groups supplemented with tenebrio molitor meal, and the water consumption of 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was higher than that of other treatment groups; On day 13, the drinking water volume of 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group and model group was 10.25mL and 10.50mL, respectively, which was significantly lower than that of blank group (P \u0026lt; 0.05); On day 15, the water intake of 8% and 5% tenebrio molitor meal groups and blank group was 23.00mL, 23.00mL and 28.50mL, respectively, which were significantly higher than 12.75mL in model group (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese results indicate that adding tenebrio molitor meal to the diet of diarrhea mice can significantly increase their body weight, feed intake, and water intake.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffected of Tenebrio molitor powder on feed intake of diarrhea mice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake(g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlank group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.34 ± 6.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.30 ± 6.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.30 ± 7.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.74 ± 4.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.73 ± 3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.40 ± 2.73\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.25 ± 1.49\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.06 ± 2.74\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.25 ± 2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.87 ± 0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.93 ± 0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.54 ± 1.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.94 ± 0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.41 ± 1.90\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.08 ± 1.23\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.236 ± 1.53\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.88 ± 2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.85 ± 1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.92 ± 1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.80 ± 0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.80 ± 2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.38 ± 2.04\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.09 ± 2.72\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.916 ± 1.95\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.78 ± 6.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.77 ± 8.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.99 ± 7.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.95 ± 7.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.42 ± 9.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.29 ± 0.83\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.31 ± 2.92\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.256 ± 0.46\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.63 ± 7.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.47 ± 5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.48 ± 4.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.02 ± 4.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.90 ± 1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.91 ± 2.73\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.89 ± 5.96\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.646 ± 0.17\u003csup\u003edc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the feed intake of diarrhea model mice between d 6 and d 15. Different letters within the same column show significant difference (P ＜ 0. 05), same letters within the same column show no significant difference(P \u003e 0.05). 1–5 d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was d 6 – d 15.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffected of Tenebrio molitor powder on water intake of diarrhea mice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater intake(mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlank group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.50 ± 5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.50 ± 0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.50 ± 0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.50 ± 0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.50 ± 0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00 ± 1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00 ± 2.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.50 ± 3.50\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00 ± 0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00 ± 0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00 ± 0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00 ± 2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00 ± 4.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.75 ± 0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50 ± 0.50\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.75 ± 0.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50 ± 1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.75 ± 0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.50 ± 0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00 ± 3.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.50 ± 6.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00 ± 6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.50 ± 5.50\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.00 ± 3.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50 ± 1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00 ± 1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00 ± 1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00 ± 2.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.75 ± 3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00 ± 6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00 ± 5.00\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.00 ± 1.00\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.50 ± 0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50 ± 3.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.75 ± 2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.75 ± 1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.25 ± 0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.50 ± 5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.25 ± 2.25\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.50 ± 0.50\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the body weight of diarrhea model mice between d 6 and d 15. Different letters within the same column show significant difference (P ＜ 0. 05), same letters within the same column show no significant difference(P \u003e 0. 05). 1–5d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was 6–15d .\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"±\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffected of Tenebrio molitor powder on body weight of diarrhea mice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlank group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.81 ± 0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.03 ± 0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.22 ± 0.47\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.60 ± 0.40\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.08 ± 0.51\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.24 ± 0.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.58 ± 0.27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.54 ± 0.35\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.29 ± 0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.61 ± 0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.02 ± 0.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.12 ± 0.36\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.54 ± 0.42\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.59 ± 0.60\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.53 ± 0.52\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.23 ± 0.74\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.97 ± 0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.42 ± 0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.66 ± 0.38\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.17 ± 0.66\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.62 ± 1.02\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.35 ± 0.72\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.77 ± 0.70\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.59 ± 0.48\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.85 ± 0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.66 ± 1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.82 ± 0.89\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.42 ± 0.95\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.47 ± 1.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.51 ± 1.19\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00 ± 1.12\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.42 ± 1.46\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.23 ± 0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"±\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.87 ± 0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.52 ± 0.75\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.65 ± 0.41\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.76 ± 0.84\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.67 ± 0.75\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.53 ± 0.44\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.41 ± 0.34\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the body weight of diarrhea model mice between d 6 and d 15. Different letters within the same column show significant difference (P ＜ 0. 05), same letters within the same column show no significant difference(P \u003e 0. 05). 1–5d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was 6–15d .\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe change of loose stool rate and diarrhea rate in mice with diarrhea\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe therapeutic effect of tenebrio molitor meal on the diarrhea rate of mice with diarrhea(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Except for the control group, the diarrhea rate of mice in other groups was above 20%, among which the diarrhea rate in the model group remained above 80% from the 5th day. From day 7 to day 15, the diarrhea rate of mice in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the model group, and the diarrhea rate in the high-dose group on day 15 was 1/4, 1/2, and 1/2.5 of that in the model group, the medium-dose group, and the low-dose group, respectively, achieving a significant therapeutic effect. The effect of yellow mealworm meal on the loose stool rate of mice with diarrhea (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Except for the control group, the loose stool rate of mice in other groups ranged from 15%-70%, among which the loose stool rate in the model group reached 69.23% on the first day, higher than that in other groups, and was not lower than 48.15%. From the 7th to the 15th day of treatment, the dilute stool rate of mice in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the model group, except that the low dose group on the 9th day had a higher dilute stool rate than that in the model group, and the high dose group on the 15th day had the lowest dilute stool rate, which was 16.67%, about a quarter of that in the model group, achieving a significant effect.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffected of Tenebrio molitor powder on diarrhea rate of diarrhea mice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlank group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the diarrhea rate of diarrhea model mice between d 6 and d 15. 1–5d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was d 6 – d 15.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Tenebrio molitor powder on stool rate of diarrhea mice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStool rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlank group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5% yellow mealworm meal group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e: The effects of T. molitor protein powder, administered as a feed additive, on the stool rate of diarrhea model mice between d 6 to 15d. 1–5d represented an establish diarrhea period during which no T. molitor protein powder was administered. The active treatment period during which T. molitor protein powder was administered to feed, was d 6 − 15d.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEffects of tenebrio molitor meal on the number of intestinal Escherichia coli and total bacteria in diarrhea mice\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe balance of intestinal flora has a positive significance for the stable operation of the body. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) The number of Escherichia coli in the model group was significantly higher than that in the blank group and the three tenebrio molitor meal addition groups. The maximum number of Escherichia coli in the cecal model group was 220.9×10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eCFU/mL, which was 2.9 times that of the blank group. The number of Escherichia coli in the ileum, colon, and cecum of 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group had no significant difference compared with the blank group, but the number of Escherichia coli among the three supplementation groups decreased with the increase of tenebrio molitor meal dosage. In conclusion, the tenebrio molitor meal has a certain inhibitory effect on the production of enteric Escherichia coli in mice with diarrhea. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) The total bacterial count of the model group was higher than that of the other groups, and the total bacterial count of the cecum model group was the largest, up to 620.6×106CFU/mL, while the total bacterial count of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group of the ileum was at least 28.6×104CFU/mL. Except for 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal in the cecum group, the total bacteria number of each dose group in the ileum, colon, and cecum was significantly lower than that in the corresponding model group, and the total bacteria number of each dose group decreased with the increase of tenebrio molitor meal supplemental level. In conclusion, dietary tenebrio molitor meal can inhibit the increase of intestinal total bacteria number in diarrhea mice to a certain extent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEffect of tenebrio molitor meal on immune organs of diarrhea mice\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) The highest spleen index of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was 11.79mg/g, which was significantly different from the model group (P \u0026lt; 0.05) and increased by 1.57mg/g compared with the blank group. The liver index of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was the highest, reaching 78.16mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of other groups (P \u0026lt; 0.05). The thymus index of the model group was the smallest, only 1.57mg/g, which was significantly lower than that of 8%, 5% tenebrio molitor meal groups, and blank group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary tenebrio molitor meal can improve the immune organ index of mice with diarrhea, and there is a positive correlation with the supplemental amount.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEffect of tenebrio molitor meal on intestinal enzyme activity in mice with diarrhea\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnzyme activity in the intestinal tract of mice with diarrhea was measured by an ELISA kit (Shanghai Yuchun Biotechnology Co, LTD.). The results showed that the contents of protective enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase), detoxification enzymes (glutathione-S transferase, acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase), and digestive enzymes (serum amylase, serum lipase, lactate dehydrogenase) in the ileum of mice caused by E. coli decreased. It produces a large number of free radicals in the colon, cecum, and ileum. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eA) The highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was 609.67U/mL in the 8% tenebrio molitor group. The lowest value was 86.51U/mL in the ileum model group. The activity of SOD in the ileum, colon, and cecum of diarrhea mice was increased in the three tenebrio molitor meal groups. The effects of different doses of tenebrio molitor meal on enzyme activity were also different. It can be seen that the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group had the most obvious improvement in the SOD activity of diarrhea mice, and the activity was close to that of the blank group. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eB) The highest POD activity was 96.25U/mL in the blank cecum group, while the lowest POD activity was only 1.84U/mL in the ileal model group. Compared with the model group, the POD enzyme activity of the ileum, colon, and cecum of diarrhea mice was increased by adding tenebrio molitor meal, and was proportional to adding tenebrio molitor meal. The POD enzyme activity of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal added to the group was the highest among the three added groups and close to the blank control group. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eC) The highest CAT activity was 59.23U/mL in the blank group of cecum, and the lowest CAT activity was 4.4U/mL in the ileal model group. Compared with the model group, the three tenebrio molitor meal supplementation groups could increase the intestinal CAT enzyme activity of diarrhea mice. The CAT activity of 8% tenebrio molitor meal in the colon and cecum was very close to that of the blank control group. These results indicate that the CAT activities of the ileum, cecum, and colon of diarrhea mice can be significantly increased by dietary tenebrio molitor meal. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eD) The highest ACHe content in the cecum was 4.41U/mL, and the lowest ACHe content in the ileum was 0.24U/mL. Compared with the model group, the increase of ACHe enzyme activity was observed in the three groups supplemented with tenebrio molitor meal. The increase in enzyme activity was proportional to the amount of tenebrio molitor meal added. The ACHe activity of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was higher than that of the blank control group. The data show that adding the proper amount of tenebrio molitor meal to the diet of mice with diarrhea has a positive effect on the activity of intestinal ACHe. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eE) The highest ACP content in the cecum was 816.77U/mL, while the lowest ACP content in the colon was 134.07U/mL. Compared with the model group, the ACP content of the three dose groups was significantly increased and was proportional to the addition amount. Among them, the ACP activity of the ileum and cecum in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was close to that in the blank control group. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eF) The highest GSH activity was 1076.93U/mL in the blank cecum group. GSH activity in the ileum was the lowest, only 199.67U/mL. Compared with the model group, the GSH content of the three groups supplemented with tenebrio molitor meal was significantly increased and was proportional to the additional amount. The GSH activity of 8% tenebrio molitor meal was closest to that of the blank control group, and the enzyme activity of 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal in the ileum was close to that of the control group. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eG) LDH activity in the blank cecum group was the highest, reaching 7737.05U/mL. LDH activity in the ileum model group was the lowest, only 708.1U/mL. The LDH content of the three added tenebrio molitor meal groups was higher than that of the model group and was proportional to the added amount. The content of LDH in the ileum was not affected by the tenebrio molitor meal between different dosage groups. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eH) The LPS activity in the blank cecum group was the highest, reaching 871.6U/mL. LPS activity in the ileum model group was the lowest, only 50.86U/mL. Compared with the model group, the content of intestinal LPS of diarrhea mice was significantly increased in the three dose groups. The content of LPS in the ileum of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was slightly higher than that in the control group. The results indicated that tenebrio molitor meal played a positive role in enhancing intestinal enzyme activity in mice with diarrhea. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eI) The AMS activity in the blank caecum group was the highest, reaching 1.13U/mL. AMS activity in the ileum model group was the lowest (0.33U/mL). The activity of AMS in the added tenebrio molitor meal group was higher than that in the model group and was proportional to the added amount. The content of AMS in the ileum of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was slightly higher than that of the control group. tenebrio molitor meal can improve intestinal enzyme activity and intestinal antioxidant capacity in mice with diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEffect of tenebrio molitor meal on serum enzyme activity in mice with diarrhea\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe level of serum enzyme activity reflected the antioxidant activity of serum. ELISA kit was used to determine the activity of various enzymes in the serum of mice with diarrhea. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA) The highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was 140.7U/mL, which was 80.13U/mL higher than that in the model group. The activity of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the blank group and three dose groups was significantly higher than that in the model group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). The serum SOD activity of the 8% tenebrio molitor group was significantly higher than that of the blank group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). The serum SOD activity of the blank group and 5% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that of 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). tenebrio molitor meal can increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum of mice with diarrhea. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eB) The peroxidase (POD) activity in the blank group was the highest (670.37U/mL), and the peroxidase (POD) activity in the model group was the lowest (193.52U/mL). Compared with the model group, the three tenebrio molitor meal groups can increase the activity of serum catalase, and it is proportional to the additional amount. Serum POD activity in the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that in 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups (P \u0026lt; 0.05). (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eC) With the increase of tenebrio molitor meal supplemental level, the serum catalase (CAT) activity of diarrhea mice also increased. The highest serum catalase (CAT) activity in the blank group was 70.94U/mL, which was 49.82U/mL higher than 21.12U/mL in the model group. Serum catalase (CAT) activity in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group and blank group was significantly higher than that in the model group and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eD) Serum glutathione-S transferase (GSH) activity in the blank group was 30.34U/mL, 26.27U/mL higher than that in a model group of 4.07U/mL. The serum glutathione-S transferase (GSH) activity of the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that of 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups and model groups (P \u0026lt; 0.05). The activity of serum glutathione-S transferase (GSH) in mice with diarrhea could be increased by adding tenebrio molitor meal. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eE) Serum acid phosphatase (ACP) activity in the blank group was 2.26U/mL, 1.02U/mL higher than 1.24U/mL in the model group. The activity of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) in mice with diarrhea could be increased by different doses of tenebrio molitor meal. The activity of serum acid phosphatase (ACP) in the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that in 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups and model groups (P \u0026lt; 0.05). (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eF) The highest serum acetylcholinesterase (ACHe) activity in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was 10.63/mL, which was 8.43U/mL higher than that in model group of 2.2U/mL. The serum acetylcholinesterase (ACHe) activity in the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that in the 5%, 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group and model group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eG) Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the blank group was 15477.66/mL, which was 9972.51U/mL higher than that in model group 5505.15U/mL. Different doses of tenebrio molitor could increase serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in mice with diarrhea. The serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of 8% and 5% tenebrio molitor meal groups and blank group was significantly higher than that of the model group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eH) Serum lipase (LPS) activity in the blank group was 387.08U/mL, which was 314.03U/mL higher than 73.05U/mL in the model group. The activity of serum lipase (LPS) in the serum of mice with diarrhea could be increased by different doses of tenebrio molitor meal. The serum lipase activity of the blank group and 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was significantly higher than that of the 5%, 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal group and model group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eI) Serum amylase (AMS) activity of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group was 717.49U/mL, which was 76.51U/mL higher than that of the model group 640.98U/mL. The activity of serum amylase (AMS) in the serum of mice with diarrhea could be increased by different doses of tenebrio molitor. Serum lipase activity in the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group and blank group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P \u0026lt; 0.05). Adding tenebrio molitor meal to the basal diet can increase the activity of the serum enzyme system and increase the serum antioxidant capacity of diarrhea mice.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli is one of the major pathogens causing diarrhea in humans and animals \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The diarrhea rate and mortality of animals caused by E. coli infection are extremely high, which can reach 10%-30%\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Escherichia coli contains adhesion and enterotoxin, which is the main factor causing diarrhea\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Enterotoxin promotes intestinal tissue lesions, causes intestinal environment disorders, increases the volume of loose stools, and thus causes diarrhea and death in mice \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Tao Wu et al. made a diarrhea model by gavage and intraperitoneal injection of E. coli \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and found that an ideal diarrhea model with a high diarrhea rate and low mortality could be obtained after intraperitoneal injection of E. coli. Based on this, Escherichia coli (ATCC43255) was selected in the experiment, and the mouse diarrhea model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial suspension.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelevant studies have shown that the reasons for the differences in body weight, feed intake, and water consumption of mice may be related to the different needs of different individuals for food and water consumption, the preparation process of tenebrio molitor meal, and the bioactive ingredients contained in tenebrio molitor meal \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The basic diet of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal group is rich in amino acids, proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, and other nutrients \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, which is conducive to the absorption of water and food by mice, resulting in weight gain of mice. The nutrient content of 5% and 2.5% tenebrio molitor meal groups was relatively low. This is similar to the results of Momin et al., which found that fly maggot meal can promote digestion, immunity, and growth of animals, but there are some differences, which may be related to the difference between feeding worm meal and experimental subjects\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mouse gut usually contains a stable and complex microbial community that plays important roles in the body, including enhancing the accumulation of host fat and short-chain fatty acids and regulating the mucosal immune system\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies have shown that most additives have the function of regulating the stability of the intestinal microbial community by affecting the number of intestinal bacteria\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Various antibacterial active substances contained in tenebrio molitors are related, such as antibacterial substance MD-(7095), chitose, chitosan, antibacterial protein, etc.\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This is consistent with our findings that each dose group can significantly reduce the diarrhea rate, loose stool rate, total bacteria, and Escherichia coli number in the intestinal tract (ileum, colon, cecum) of mice with diarrhea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe difference in the liver index of mice may be related to the different dosages of tenebrio molitor meal. With the increase in dosage, fat was deposited in the liver, increasing liver index \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The reason for the difference in spleen and thymus indices of mice among different dosage groups of tenebrio molitor meal may be that the tenebrio molitor meal added to the feed can improve the immunity of mice with diarrhea, and the spleen and thymus, as part of the immune system, also improve with the increase of tenebrio molitor meal added dose.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSuperoxide dismutase (SOD) has the function of anti-oxidation and anti-aging, and its mechanism is mainly to clear the harmful superoxide anion free radical (O2-). The level of SOD content indirectly reflects the ability of the body to remove superoxide anion (O2-) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Peroxidase (POD) is the hallmark enzyme of peroxisome, which mainly exists in the peroxisome of carrier, and can remove toxic substances with high activity in the body and reduce cell damage\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Catalase (CAT) can accelerate the decomposition of peroxides in the body, to avoid the damage of oxides in the machine\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Glutathione-s transferase (GSH) plays an important role in preventing the oxidative decomposition of hemoglobin, maintaining the activity of sulfhydryl protein, and ensuring the reducibility of sulfhydryl protein and the integrity of cells \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Acid phosphatase (ACP) can catalyze the hydrolysis of almost all monophosphate esters and directly participate in phosphorus metabolism, playing an important role in the digestion, absorption, and secretion of calcium and phosphorus\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Acetylcholinesterase (ACHe) can degrade acetylcholine, ensure the normal transmission of nerve signals in organisms, participate in cell development and maturation, and promote neuronal development and nerve regeneration \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is involved in intracellular REDOX reactions that convert the resulting lactic acid to pyruvate. The level of LDH is often used to assess the degree of cell damage or inflammatory response \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Serum amylase (AMS), which plays an important role in the digestion of polysaccharide compounds in food, is mainly used in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The synergistic effect of these enzymes enables the body to operate in a balanced and stable manner. In this study, diarrhea caused a significant decrease in serum and intestinal enzyme system activity in mice compared with a blank control group. Compared with the model group, tenebrio molitor meal could significantly increase the activity of the enzyme system in the serum and intestinal tract of mice with diarrhea. The effect of different dosages of tenebrio molitor meal on the activity of the enzyme system is also different, which is proportional to the added amount. The results showed that the tenebrio molitor meal could improve the intestinal enzyme activity by increasing the activities of detoxification enzymes (GSH, ACHe, ACP), protective enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT), digestive enzymes (AMS, LPS, LDH), and enhance the anti-diarrhea ability of mice. However, the underlying biological mechanism needs further study, and it is speculated that there is a certain relationship with the chemical substances contained in the body of tenebrio molitors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study showed that adding tenebrio molitor meal to the basic diet of mice played a positive role in the treatment of diarrhea in mice. It laid a foundation for developing the medicinal methods and efficacy of tenebrio molitor, better utilizing its effective and healthy medical information, and further promoting the research and development of tenebrio molitor medicinal resources in the prevention and control of human and animal infectious diseases.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShen Hong and Wang Jungang conceived and supervised this study. Liu Tingting completed the main experimental content. Wang Qiaoli and Wang Zhengli collected and analyzed data. Zhu Jianjun and Yan Jiaxu wrote the first draft of manuscript. All authors contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript and have read and approved the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial support\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProject of Specialized Research Fund for the National Natural Science Foundation of China\u0026nbsp;（31660703）.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets during and analy zed during the current study available from the corresp ondingauthor on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data reported here have been deposited at the \u0026nbsp;Dryad \u0026nbsp;with the website https://datadryad.org/stash/share/vHLN1lr8z1DpXkt6_LMi0gKtgBBjATCDWjF2NKtvgvM. The DOI number is \u0026nbsp;DOI:10.5061/dryad.xgxd254p7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe declare that we have no conflict of interest and that all of our financial support comes from teachers\u0026apos; projects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMero S, Timonen S, L\u0026auml;\u0026auml;veri T, L\u0026oslash;fberg S, Kirveskari J, Ursing J, Rombo L, Kofoed PE, Kantele A. \u003c/strong\u003ePrevalence of diarrhoeal pathogens among children under five years of age with and without diarrhoea in Guinea-Bissau. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Sep 29;15(9):e0009709. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTang, Fang Li D, Gao S, Ren J, Ma L, Liu F, Zhuge X, Yan G, Lu Y, Dai J.\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ldquo;Comparative genomic analysis of 127 Escherichia coli strains isolated from domestic animals with diarrhea in China.\u0026rdquo; BMC genomics vol. 20,1 212. 13 Mar. 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKo, Hye Jin. \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;IKK\u0026gamma;/NEMO Is Required to Confer Antimicrobial Innate Immune Responses in the Yellow Mealworm, Tenebrio Molitor.\u0026rdquo; International journal of molecular sciences vol. 21,18 6734. 14 Sep. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorales-Ramos, Juan A. \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Nutritional Value of Pupae Versus Larvae of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) as Food for Rearing Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).\u0026rdquo; Journal of economic entomology vol. 109,2 (2016): 564-71. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBu\u0026szlig;ler, Sara; Rumpold, Birgit A; Fr\u0026ouml;hling, Antje; et al.\u003c/strong\u003e Cold atmospheric pressure plasma processing of insect flour from Tenebrio molitor: Impact on microbial load and quality attributes in comparison to dry heat treatment. J Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2016, 36. 277 - 286.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYifei Kang, Catherine C. Applegate, Fei He, Patricia M. \u003c/strong\u003eYellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Lesser Mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) Proteins Slowed Weight Gain and Improved Metabolism of Diet-Induced Obesity Mice,The Journal of Nutrition,Volume 153, Issue 8,2023,Pages 2237-2248,ISSN 0022-3166.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrabhat Khanal, Deepak Pandey, Geir N\u0026aelig;ss.\u003c/strong\u003eYellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as an alternative animal feed source: A comprehensive characterization of nutritional values and the larval gut microbiome,Journal of Cleaner Production,Volume 389,2023,136-104.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiasato, I et al. \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor meal inclusion in free-range chickens.\u0026rdquo; Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition vol. 100,6 (2016): 1104-1112. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLee JB, Kwon DK, Jeon YJ, Song YJ. \u003c/strong\u003eMealworm (Tenebrio molitor)-derived protein supplementation attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy in hindlimb casting immobilized rats. Chin J Physiol. 2021 Sep-Oct;64(5):211-217. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAzagoh, C. \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Extraction and physicochemical characterization of Tenebrio molitor proteins.\u0026rdquo; Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) vol. 88,Pt A (2016): 24-31. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLu, Jun jia.\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ldquo;Changes of intestinal microflora diversity in diarrhea model of KM mice and effects of Psidium guajava L. as the treatment agent for diarrhea.\u0026rdquo; Journal of infection and public health vol. 13,1 (2020): 16-26. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYang, Chun hua .\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ldquo;Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Mouse Feces.\u0026rdquo; Bio-protocol vol. 10,8 (2020): e3584. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHertz, Frederik Boetius.\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ldquo;Effects of Antibiotics on the Intestinal Microbiota of Mice.\u0026rdquo; Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 9,4 191. 17 Apr. 2020.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChandra, Bijay Kumar.\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ldquo;Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli as a predominant cause of paediatric nosocomial diarrhoea in India.\u0026rdquo; Journal of medical microbiology vol. 61,Pt 6 (2012): 830-836. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u0026oacute;mez-Duarte, Oscar G.\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ldquo;Enfermedad diarreica aguda por Escherichia coli enteropat\u0026oacute;genas en Colombia\u0026rdquo;. Revista chilena de infectologia : organo oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia vol. 31,5 (2014): 577-86. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKlemm, Per. \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Fimbrial adhesins from extraintestinal Escherichia coli.\u0026rdquo; Environmental microbiology reports vol. 2,5 (2010): 628-40. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBolick, D T. \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Critical Role of Zinc in a New Murine Model of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Diarrhea.\u0026rdquo; Infection and immunity vol. 86,7 e00183-18. 21 Jun. 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWu, Tao \u003c/strong\u003e. \u0026ldquo;Establishment of a recombinant Escherichia coli-induced piglet diarrhea model.\u0026rdquo; Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) vol. 23,8 1517-1534. 1 Mar. 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMel\u0026eacute;ndez-Fern\u0026aacute;ndez, O Hecmarie .\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;The role of daylight exposure on body mass in male mice.\u0026rdquo; Physiology \u0026amp; behavior vol. 266 (2023): 114-186. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJensen L D , Miklos R , Dalsgaard T K .\u003c/strong\u003eNutritional evaluation of common ( Tenebrio molitor ) and lesser ( Alphitobius diaperinus ) mealworms in rats and processing effect on the lesser mealworm[J].Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2019, 5(4):1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJin, X H. \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Supplementation of Dried Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Profiles in Weaning Pigs.\u0026rdquo; Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences vol. 29,7 (2016): 979-86. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMomin Khan, Naila Chand, Sarzamin Khan. \u003c/strong\u003eRifat Ullah Khan,Partial and total replacement of soybean meal with maggot larvae meal in broiler chicken diets: Impact on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, haemotological parameters and intestinal histomorphology,Livestock Science,Volume 277,2023,105355,ISSN 1871-1413\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGerhard Liebisch, Johannes Plagge, Marcus H\u0026ouml;ring.\u003c/strong\u003eThe effect of gut microbiota on the intestinal lipidome of mice,International Journal of Medical Microbiology,Volume 311, Issue 3,2021,151488,ISSN 1438-4221.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSun Y, Yu P, Cheng Y, Liu J. \u003c/strong\u003eThe Feed Additive Potassium Diformate Prevents Salmonella enterica Serovar Pullorum Infection and Affects Intestinal Flora in Chickens. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022 Sep 18;11(9):1265.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXie X, Yuan Z, Fu K, An J, Deng L.\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of Partial Substitution of Flour with Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Powder on Dough and Biscuit Properties. Foods. 2022 Jul 20;11(14):2156. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAndersen D, Roager HM, Zhang L, Moll JM, Frandsen HL, \u003c/strong\u003eDanneskiold-Sams\u0026oslash;e NB, Hansen AK, Kristiansen K, Licht TR, Brix S. Systems-wide effects of short-term feed deprivation in obese mice. Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 11;11(1):5716. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGriess B, Tom E, Domann F, Teoh-Fitzgerald M. \u003c/strong\u003eExtracellular superoxide dismutase and its role in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017 Nov;112:464-479. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKhan AA, Rahmani AH, Aldebasi YH, Aly SM.\u003c/strong\u003e Biochemical and pathological studies on peroxidases -an updated review. Glob J Health Sci. 2014 May 13;6(5):87-98.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChakravarti R, Gupta K, Majors A, Ruple L, Aronica M, Stuehr DJ.\u003c/strong\u003e Novel insights in mammalian catalase heme maturation: effect of NO and thioredoxin-1. Free Radic Biol Med. 2015 May;82:105-13. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMenon D, Board PG.\u003c/strong\u003e A role for glutathione transferase Omega 1 (GSTO1-1) in the glutathionylation cycle. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(36):25769-25779. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLi SM, Li L, Zhang FS, Tang C. \u003c/strong\u003eAcid phosphatase role in chickpea/maize intercropping. Ann Bot. 2004 Aug;94(2):297-303. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnorr DY, Georges NS, Pauls S, Heinrich R. \u003c/strong\u003eAcetylcholinesterase promotes apoptosis in insect neurons. Apoptosis. 2020 Oct;25(9-10):730-746.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCheng CS, Tan HY, Wang N, Chen L, Meng Z, Chen Z, Feng Y. \u003c/strong\u003eFunctional inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase suppresses pancreatic adenocarcinoma progression. Clin Transl Med. 2021 Jun;11(6):e467. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiu T, Bian J.\u003c/strong\u003e Serum pancreatic amylase and colorectal adenoma: From clinical research to practice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Aug;37(8):1641. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Tenebrio molitor, Mouse, Escherichia coli, Diarrhea, Antioxidant enzymes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844820/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844820/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFeeding Tenebrio Molitor meal has an important effect on promoting the growth, absorption, reproduction, and disease resistance of animals. In this study, 3\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003ecfu/ml Escherichia coli was used to establish a mouse diarrhea model. Different doses (8%, 5%, 2.5%) of tenebrio molitor meal were added to the basic diet, respectively. The feed intake, water intake, body weight, loose stool rate, diarrhea rate, intestinal flora number, immune organ index, intestinal enzyme, and serum enzyme activities of the diarrhea mice were detected. The results showed that compared with the model group, the feed intake, water intake, and body weight of mice with diarrhea were improved by adding tenebrio molitor meal, and the dosage was proportional to that of tenebrio molitor meal. The rate of loose stool and diarrhea decreased with the increase of tenebrio molitor meal. The total bacterial count and Escherichia coli count in the intestinal tract of mice with diarrhea were negatively correlated with the dosage of tenebrio molitor meal. The immune organ index of the diarrhea mice in the three tenebrio molitor meal supplementation groups was higher than that in the model group and was proportional to the dosage. The liver index of the 8% tenebrio molitor meal supplementation group was 11.79mg/g higher than that in the blank group. Compared with the blank group, diarrhea significantly decreased the activities of various enzymes in the intestinal tract and serum of mice (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Compared with the model group, the activities of intestinal and serum protective enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase), detoxification enzymes (glutathione-S transferase, acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase) and digestive enzymes (serum amylase, serum lipase, lactate dehydrogenase) in diarrhea mice were increased by adding tenebrio molitor meal (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The results showed that tenebrio molitor meal had a positive effect on the treatment of diarrhea in mice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Treatment of diarrheal mice with Tenebrio Molitor meal","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-18 06:40:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3844820/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fe927269-6487-4712-98fa-2cc1751a9972","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-15T06:29:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-18 06:40:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3844820","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3844820","identity":"rs-3844820","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}