Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia

Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia Shugute Addisu Kure, Chemeda Fininsa, Zelalem Bekeko, Abdi Mohammad, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123002/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Feb, 2024 Read the published version in European Journal of Plant Pathology → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The production of chickpea, an important legume that is grown all over the world for its nutritious fibers and minerals, is severely constrained by ascochyta blight, which can cause up to a 100% yield loss under ideal conditions. The most reliable, economical, and effective management techniques for this disease are fungicide treatments and host plant resistance. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate chickpea varieties and fungicide application intervals against chickpea ascochyta blight epidemics; identify the most effective fungicide application time interval; and determine the association of ascochyta blight incidence and severity with yield and yield component of chickpea. The study was carried out in two hotspot regions (Dhera and Dugda) during the main growing seasons of 2020 and 2021. Three chickpea varieties (Dhera, Habru, and Mariye) and four fungicide spray schedules (Mancozeb 80% WP at a rate of 2.5 a.i. kg/ha) were utilized as treatments, and they were treated up until the crop reached full physiological maturity. Twelve treatments were set up in a factorial arrangement with three replications using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Both the Gompertz model and the logistic model were used to assess dependent variables under various treatments. For the disease progression rate under various treatments, the slope of the regression line was determined. The results of the data analysis revealed considerable variations between the treatments. Fungicide application time scheduled, varieties, and their interactions had substantial effects on ascochyta blight. The Mariye variety noted the highest occurrence (100%) and severity (70.68%) of ascochyta blight, with 100% yield loss seen from untreated plots, whereas the Dhera variety experienced the lowest incidence (6.35%) and severity (11.01%) following fungicide management on the 7th day of the interval. The analysis of the means revealed that applying fungicide at intervals of 7 and 14 days was an effective strategy for reducing the severity, incidence, and AUDPC of ascochyta blight. This strategy led to the highest yield of seeds per pod, pods per plant, and grain yield when compared to the untreated plot and the plot treated at a 21-day interval. To handle polycyclic outbreaks of the disease successfully, both the logistic and Gompertz models were used. The study's extent of variety resistance was enough to control the disease in two cropping seasons and locations. This investigation led us to the conclusion that a program to control the ascochyta blight of chickpea in Ethiopia may include the integration of fungicide and resistant varieties. Additionally, methods for integrated management of the Ethiopian ascochyta blight on chickpeas must be devised. Chickpea Disease incidence percent severity index Fungicide Relative yield loss Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction The chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), one of the most major food legumes and animal feed crops produced worldwide, is listed by Millan et al. ( 2006 ). It is a good source of carbohydrates and a high source of protein (28.9%), oil (3%), carbohydrate (60%) and minerals (magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, and iron). It is grown in more than 50 nations, with 90% of the growth being for human consumption (Joshi et al., 2001 ). Following India (65%) and Myanmar (14%), Ethiopia is the largest producer of chickpeas (FAOSTAT, 2018), contributing 4% to global output overall (FAO, 2019 ). With a national average yield of 2.14 t ha-1 (FAOSTAT, 2018), chickpea ranks third among all legume crops in Ethiopia in terms of volume of production, considerably behind its potential output of more than 5.0 t ha-1 (Zewdie, 2018 ). Furthermore, it can fix nitrogen into the soil, increase soil fertility, and stop the disease cycles of significant cereal pathogens (Pande et al., 2011 ). As a result, it is commonly planted in succession with cereals like tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Geletu and Yadeta, 1994). The low productivity of chickpea in Ethiopia is primarily caused due to its susceptibility to a number of biotic and abiotic constraints. Among the biotic constraints, ascochyta blight, caused by Didymella rabiei , is one among the major diseases of chickpea worldwide. All of the chickpea plant's shoots are affected, resulting in lesions, shoot breakage, and the development of necrotic lesions that quickly cause tissue and plant collapse (Pande et al., 2005 ). When climatic factors (RH > 60%, temperature of 10–20 oC, and increased wind speed) support the epidemic's growth, it can cause up to 100% yield loss and can lower the quality of the crop on untreated and susceptible varieties (Aslam et al., 2014). Conidia may be splash-dispersed for up to 10 m from their initial foci when rain and high wind are present, which is a crucial element in the development of this disease (Trapero-Casas and Kaiser; 1992 ; Kimber et al. 2007 ). The most efficient and cost-effective way to control this disease is to use resistant cultivars, but in many countries, the level of resistance present in cultivated chickpea cultivars is insufficient to withstand high disease pressure when the environment is right for epidemic development (Akem, 1999 ). Fungicides must be used in a timely manner, ideally before a rain shower, to effectively control the spread of disease (Shtienberg et al., 2006 ). Although foliar sprays have typically been proven to be ineffectual during major outbreaks, the rate with which the disease develops when conditions are favorable can make it very difficult to implement a fungicide treatment for susceptible types (Shtienberg et al. 2000 ). Only in dry circumstances may fungicide treatments be decreased (Chongo et al. 2003 ), and even in moderate epidemics susceptible varieties may need four to six times sprays to limit the disease amount (Nene, 1982 ). Therefore, the greatest long-term strategy for controlling ascochyta blight is host plant resistance (Pande et al. 2005 ). The national chickpea modification program of BARC (Bishoftu Agricultural Research Center) has so far issued two moderately resistant chickpea varieties (Eshete and Asnake) to the producers in Ethiopia. The implementation of ecologically based integrated disease management strategies is one of the objectives of plant disease epidemiology and management. However, only partial resistance is insufficient to manage ascochyta blight (Chongo et al. 2003 ), especially in nations like Ethiopia where the production of chickpeas is mostly done using a rain-fed method. In addition, there is always a chance that new pathotypes will appear and end up defeating the developing variety' resistance (Bayaa et al. 2004 ). In order to manage the disease, extra measures like fungicide treatments must be modified. According to Reddy and Singh ( 1984 ) and Ahmad et al. ( 2006 ), foliar application of fungicides along with host plant resistance can control the ascochyta blight. There is a greater need to develop alternative or additional technologies which will allow a rational use of fungicides and provide adequate crop protection for sustainable chickpea production in the future (Pandey et al., 2005). Although the benefits from the use of fungicides to prevent chickpea yield losses caused by the disease cannot be overlooked. Ascochyta blight is a disease that has completely infected commercial varieties of the majority of the chickpea cultivars planted in Ethiopia. On a variety of pulse crops, mancozeb has been successfully used to combat ascochyta blight (Shtienberg et al. 2006 ). Currently, Ethiopian farmers are having a difficult time increasing productivity and production of chickpeas in a sustainable manner due to the ascochyta blight. Therefore, it is essential to apply fungicide repeatedly and ascochyta blight resistant chickpea varieties. Such an integrated disease management strategy is a cheap and simple approach to manage the disease. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: (1) evaluate chickpea varieties and fungicide application intervals against chickpea ascochyta blight epidemics; (2) pinpoint the optimal time for fungicide application; and (3) identify the relationship between ascochyta blight incidence and severity with chickpea yield and yield component. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Description of the experimental sites Field experiments were conducted at Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia during 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. Both the locations belong to Oromia regional State, which is 120 and 125 km East and South of Addis Ababa, respectively. These sites are characterized by weather conducive for ascochyta blight epidemics. Dhera is located at latitude 8 o 19’10’’ N, longitude 38 O 19’13’’ E, altitude of 1650 m.a.s.l. with average total annual rainfall of about 620 mm, minimum and maximum average annual temperatures of 14.0 and 27.8 O C, and the soil type is light silty-loam (KARC, 2019). Dugda is located at latitude 8 o 18’24.4’’ N, longitude 38 o 57’05.3’’E, altitude 1700 m.a.s.l. that receives an average annual rainfall of about 728 mm, and average annual temperature ranges from 13-27 O C, whereas the soil type is light black sandy loam with pH 6.4 (DZARC, 2018). The weather data while conducting experiment (August to December) in both the cropping season were also recorded and found to be ranged from 9.4 to 30.7 O C and 11.2 to 32.6 O C (Figure 1) for the sites Dhera and Dugda, respectively, which is favorable for ascochyta blight germination and epidemic development. 2.2 Planting materials and experimental design Three chickpea varieties—Dhera, Habru, and Mariye—released by the Bishoftu Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Ethiopia, were used in the experiments. These varieties grow well at elevations between 1500 and 2600 meters above sea level with an average annual rainfall of 700 to 1300 millimeters (BARC unpublished data). In the study conducted earlier at BARC during 2016-2019 chickpea growing seasons, Mariye (Kabuli type; pedigree: FLIP 8842c) was characterized as susceptible variety whereas Habru (Desi type; pedigree: K-850-3/27x F378) and Dhera (Kabuli type; pedigree: X98TH30FLIP-93-55C XS-96231) was found to be moderately resistant and resistant, respectively (Unpublished data). Planting of all three chickpea varieties at both the experimental sites were performed by hand seeding at the rate of 125 to 140 kg ha −1 in early August (5 th to 9 th day) of 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. The plot used for each experiment was of 1.2 m x 3 m (3.6 m 2 ) size with 4 seeding rows. Spacing used between block, plots, rows (inter-row), and plants (intra-row) were of 1m, 0.5m, 0.4m, and 0.1m, respectively. As the experimental field plots were free of chickpea production for two years, no fertilizer was applied during chickpea cultivation of this study. Weeding was performed twice, 20- and 35-days post emergence, and all recommended agronomic practices were followed uniformly for all the plots. 2.3 Fungicide treatments for ascochyta blight management The fungicide treatments were applied in a factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications for each treatment. The study included a total of 12 treatments, including an unsprayed control, three variety of chickpea, and three different fungicide spraying intervals. Mancozeb 80% WP was sprayed at a rate of 2.5 kg/ha (active ingredient) three times, at intervals of 7, 14, and 21 days, with an unsprayed plot serving as the reference plot. Until the crop reached full physiological maturity, spraying was continued at the predetermined intervals. Plastic sheet was placed between the spraying plot and the surrounding plots to keep them apart and avoid inter-plot interference from spray drift. Starting at the seedling stage 30 days after planting and continuing through the podding stage, the plots were routinely checked for disease progression. Based on the Pande et al., (2011) scale, the symptoms and their severity were noted. 2.4 Data collection 2.4.1 Ascochyta blight incidence and severity assessment According to Pande et al. (2010), Ascochyta blight causes tiny, circular lesions that are brown and oval lesions that are brown on the leaves and stem of affected plants. Similar symptoms were seen on the plants during the experimental trials conducted in 2020 and 2021, across the regions and seasons, which were taken into account for assessing disease incidence. Ascochyta blight incidence was initially scored as soon as the usual symptoms started to develop on the plants in the experimental plots. Scoring was then repeated every week until disease severity ceased changing and signs of normal aging became hidden. Thereafter, the percent incidence of disease (DI) was calculated using simple mathematical formula; DI = No. of plants diseased / Total no. of plants available in the plots x 100. Using 12 randomly chosen and pre-tagged plants per plot at intervals of 7 days, from the time the first disease signs appeared until the crop reached full physiological maturity, the severity of the disease was evaluated three to nine times. Pande et al. (2011) used the score of the selected and tagged chickpea plants to evaluate the disease severity of each variety in both the seasons and locations since ascochyta blight affects all of the plant's aerial parts, where 1, no visible symptoms; 2, minute lesions prominent on the apical stems; 3, lesions up to 5‒10 mm in size and slight drooping of apical stems; 4, lesions obvious on all plant parts and clear drooping of apical stems; 5, lesions on all plants parts, defoliation initiated, breaking and drying of branches slight to moderate; 6, lesions as in 5, defoliation, broken, dry branches common, some plants killed; 7, lesions as in 5, defoliation, broken, dry branches very common, up to 25 % of plants killed; 8, symptoms as in 7 but up to 50 % of the plants killed and 9, symptoms as in 7 but up to 100 % of the plants killed . The disease severity scores were converted to severity index (SI) for analysis using the formula of Wheeler (1969): Further, the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for each plot was also calculated using the formula of Shanner and Finney (1977): Where, Xi = the SI of disease at the i th assessment/observation; ti = is the time of the i th assessment in days from the first assessment date; and n = total number of disease assessments. 2.4.2 Chickpea growth, yield, and yield components During both seasons, data pertaining to growth, yield, and yield components were gathered from each plot at each site. From 10 pre-tagged plants at each plot, the average plant height (cm) was estimated by measuring the height of the mature plant from the base to the tip. Each plot's data from the initial days to 50% flowering and 95% physiological maturity was recorded. The average number of pods from 10 randomly selected pre-tagged plants from the two center rows was used to calculate the average number of pods per plant. The average number of seeds in 10 randomly chosen pods from pre-tagged plants was used to calculate the average number of seeds per pod. Weighing the collected seeds from the two centre rows (pre-tagged plants) of each experimental plot at 14% moisture content allowed us to compute the grain yield (kg/ha). The weight of a hundred seeds was measured in grams and was taken as a representative sample of the total number of seeds gathered from each experimental plot. 2.4.3 Yield loss estimation Using the following method from Madden et al. (2007), the relative percentage of yield and yield component losses were determined independently for each treatment: Where, RYL (%) = percentage of relative yield loss (reduction of yield or yield components), Y1 = mean yield of the most protected plot; Y2 = mean yield of the unsprayed plots or sprayed plots with varying level of disease. 2.5 Data analysis Data was evaluated and the mean disease responses for each plot's 12 plants were determined. When F values revealed significant differences, the data were submitted to analysis of variance, and Duncan's multiple-range test was applied at a 5% level of probability. ANOVA was used to examine the disease incidence, SI, AUDPC, and chickpea growth, yield, and yield components data. Using logistic (y (1-y) and Gompertzy y [-ln(y)] growth models, disease progression rate was calculated. The disease progression rate under different treatments was estimated using the slope of the regression line. The LSD was used to calculate the mean separation at the 5% confidence level. 3. Results 3.1 Disease incidence and severity During two consecutive evaluation years (2020 and 2021), the severity of ascochyta blight epidemics differed significantly (P 0.05) across chickpea varieties, and it was discovered that severe epidemics developed in both seasons. The disease was initially noticed on the Mariye variety 30 Days after Planting (DAP), then spread to the other varieties in the next plot. The varieties and fungicide spray intervals showed significant differences (Tables 1 and 3). Four to five weeks after the first signs of the disease in the unsprayed plots appeared at both locations, the disease severity in the highly susceptible varieties reached 90% (Table 3). Disease development in moderately susceptible variety was slower, but the final disease severity within the unsprayed experimental plots surpassed the 50% level. Although the final disease severity of untreated experimental plots was significant, disease development in highly resistant varieties had never exceeded 20% (Table 3). Regarding their relative responses to the disease, Mancozeb 80% WP spray times were significantly varied regardless of fungicide treatment intervals (P 0.05). Additionally, plots demonstrated significantly different ascochyta blight severity levels (P 0.05) at all assessment dates (30, 37, 44, 51, 58, 65, 72, 79, and 86 DAP) (Table 3). The lowest average severity level of ascochyta blight was noted on the 7th day of interval fungicide treatment (from the start of ascochyta blight evaluation). Moreover, the maximum (100%) and minimum (24.54%) severity were recorded on susceptible variety (Table 3). Although there was no statistically significant difference between the crop seasons, the minimum disease incidence and severity of 15.1% at Dhera and 11.2% at Dugda, respectively, were recorded from moderate and resistant varieties in the 7th day's interval application. Furthermore, in Dugda during the 2020 crop season, susceptible variety in untreated plots had the highest ascochyta blight incidence and severity of 99.60% and 70.7%, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). Similar to the susceptible variety, the ascochyta blight intensity was high on the 21 st day after application (Table 3); 74.1% at Dhera and 66.7% at Dugda). This suggests that compared to the Mariye variety, the Dhera and Habru varieties are more resistant to ascochyta blight. According to the mean value of two seasons and two locations; the minimum disease incidence of 15. 1% at Dhera was recorded from resistant varieties and 7 th day’s interval application of the fungicide, while the maximum disease incidence of 91.07% at Dugda and 86.19% at Dhera was recorded from susceptible variety on unsprayed plots (Table 1). Genotype resistance had a lower disease incidence than genotype susceptibility, according to Kanouni et al. (2010), who also provided confirmation of this finding. In this investigation, the same outcomes were seen for the ascochyta blight severity index (SI) (Table 2). Moreover, there was significant (P < 0.05) ascochyta blight incidence difference between a combinations of plots treated with 7 th , 14 th , 21 th day’s intervals and no spray of Mancozeb WP 80 % and varieties viz; Dhera, Habru and Mariye until the 9 th date of disease assessment under two seasons and locations (Table 3). For each variety, the difference in disease incidence levels was statistically (P 0.05) non-significant on the 7 th (30 DAP) day of disease assessment. Comparing the sprayed and unsprayed plots, the treated plot had considerably decreased disease incidence. For the last eight assessment dates, the unsprayed plot continuously had the highest disease incidence values. In all sites throughout seasons, fungicide-treated plots had significantly lower ascochyta blight severity indices than untreated plots at all stages of crop growth (P 0.05) (Table 2). For both the fungicide and the varieties at the two sites during the seasons, with the exception of a few rare cases, the severity in the >3 times planned spray was much lower than the control. With means across year and location, the fungicide produced the largest reduction in severity vs control for each variety (Table 2). The mean temperature at each of the site-seasons under study ranged from 9.2 to 32.6 OC, and more than 580 mm of rain fall throughout that time (Figure 1). When temperatures are low (15–25 OC) and there is a lot of rain (>150 mm) throughout the growth season, Ascochyta blight is more severe and may completely kill susceptible varieties of plants (Nene, 1982). The current findings are also reported and confirmed by Pande et al. (2005). 3.2 Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) The study found that chickpea varieties, fungicide application interval (FAI), and interaction effects all significantly affected AUDPC at P 0.05. However, locations and cropping seasons were not significantly affected by the study (Figure 2). According to (Bellido Lopez, 2008), AUDPC is a very useful summary of plant disease epidemics that takes into account starting intensity, the rate parameter, and the duration of the epidemic, which affects ultimate disease intensity. The AUDPC levels in untreated plots of susceptible genotype were utilized throughout the trial as a measure of how favorable the environment was to the disease. The more favorable the weather was for the pathogen, the higher the AUDPC levels. The environment's ability to support the pathogen was significantly (P 0.05) correlated with the effectiveness of chemical control in susceptible varieties. When weather supported minor epidemics and increased the mancozeb WP 80% spray schedule, ascochyta blight suppression was effectively suppressed, but insufficiently when weather supported severe epidemics and lowered the spray schedule (Figure 2). Based on the average AUDPC value for the two years and locations, the Dhera variety had the lowest AUDPC values at Dugda and Dhera, respectively, and the Habru variety had the highest AUDPC values at 136% and 141.76 % for the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons, respectively (Figure 2). Mariye variety had the highest AUDPC values at 561.72% and 491.76% for the two years, respectively (Figure 2). This demonstrated that the Dhera and Habru types are more resistant to the occurrence of the Ascochyta blight than the Mariye variety. These findings have been supported and agreed upon by several writers throughout the course of time (Aslam et al., 2014). Additionally, Mancozeb WP 80% management had a highly significant (P 0.05) impact on AUDPC reduction when compared to untreated plot at the 7th, 14th, and 21st days (Figure 2). The disease progressed more quickly in untreated plots compared to the plots received fungicide treatments over seasons and locations (Figure 2). The comparison of treatments/varieties by their values of AUDPC indicated that the value of AUDPC is directly proportional to the AB disease incidence, severity and epidemic levels. 3.3 Disease progress rate Between the main effects of variety and FAI as well as their interaction, the disease progression rate showed a significant difference at P 0.05 (Figure 3). Ascochyta blight disease infection spread more quickly on susceptible varieties in both location and seasons than on resistant varieties in Dhera and Habru, where slower disease progression rates were seen throughout the crop seasons of 2020 and 2021 (Figure 3). Zewdie reported similar findings in 2018, stating that genotypes have a significant impact on the disease progression rate, which is higher for susceptible and lower for resistant varieties. Additionally, the untreated plot had a greater disease progression rate, but the 7th FAI recorded a reduced infection rate during the duration of the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons, and the 7th FADI once more recorded an infection digression rate (-0.01) (Figure 3). Separate analysis of the Logistic and Gompertz models were conducted. R2, coefficient residue, standard error, and other metrics were used to calculate the model's fitness. The varieties Dhera (7, 14 and 21 days of fungicide treatment), Habru (14 days of fungicide application), and Mariye (7 and 21 days of fungicide application) were fitted with the Gompertz model, while the others were fitted with the Logistic Model, based on the comparison of the R2 values (Table 4). The Gomportez model, an alternative for the logistic model, is based on the disease's gradual progression over time and is directly related to both its level (y) and its negative natural logarithm (-Lny). Additionally, in the logistic model, the proportion of healthy plant tissue (1-y) to the degree of disease present (y) determines how gradually the disease progresses over time. This combination of exponential and monomolecular characteristics gives basis for description of polycyclic disease by logistic model (Fininsa C. 2022). However, we use both "r" and AUDPC values for comparison. In general, Gompertz model fits using data for each fungicide application day's analysis of all treatments. The rate shows how far the illness has progressed each day, but the AUDPC values produce an extensive amount of data from the time the disease first appeared until the last recording date at plant maturity. Based on these results, the best variety was determined to be Dhera (7, 14 and 21 days of fungicide application), followed by Habru (7, 14 and 21 days of fungicide application), while Mariye was determined to be a susceptible variety. Because the AUDPC computed values are the same for both models, the only aspect of the logistic model from which it differs is the value of Rate(r). However, the AUDPC and rate values are often connected with each other using the Gompertz model's logistic function. 3.4 Chickpea growth In both the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons, an analysis of variance showed that treatments significantly affected the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the days to 50% flowering, and the 95% physiological maturity. For each variety, the interval fungicide application on the 7 th day produced the longest days to 50% flowering and 95% physiological maturity (Table 5). This shows that the ascochyta blight affects and shortens the period of flowering and physiological maturity, which causes a decrease in yield by interfering with each variety's optimum physiological and flowering maturity. The findings also showed that the ascochyta blight intensity level accelerated chickpea senescence, which had a detrimental influence on the amount of grain produced. Ascochyta blight was seen to rapidly re-infect the plants, although rejuvenates were also seen on the susceptible variety at the 21st-day time period of fungicide treatment. When comparing the Mariye variety to Habru and Dhera, the frequency of fungicide treatments had a highly significant impact on the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod in both the seasons and the locations (Table 6). In comparison to untreated plants, the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod increased after fungicide treatments (Table 6). These results are in agreement with Bellido Lopez's (2008) findings, which indicated that agronomic parameters such as pods per plant, seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, days to flowering, and days to maturity play a significant effect in the severity of ascochyta blight in chickpea. This proves that the ascochyta blight affects every aerial portion of the chickpea plant and has a significant impact on plant development. Despite greater disease on individual plants (Chang et al., 2007), the improved seed production with large plant population is due to the development of more pods and seeds per unit area (Regan et al., 2003). Similar to this, Shamsi et al. (2010)'s findings demonstrated that varietal variations are more closely related to plants' pods and are utilized as standards for choosing the best materials. The frequency of scheduled fungicide treatments also significantly affected the plant height of all kinds in the current investigation, according to analysis of variance (Table 5). The plants in treatments that received fungicide application at 7- and 14-day intervals were slightly taller than the plants in treatments that received treatment at 21-day intervals or received no treatment (Table 5). Analysis of variance results for seed yield showed that the Mariye variety was significantly affected by the treatments relative to the season and location. As a result, the results showed that yield in both years and locations was significantly affected by the frequency of Mancozeb 80% WP treatments. In 2020 and 2021, the mean grain yield of treatments with fungicide applications at 7th and 14th day intervals was significantly higher than that of treatments with 21st and untreated. On the Dhera variety, treatments with 7 th day interval fungicide applications had mean yields of 3484.60 kg ha-1 over years and locations, and 3497.00 kg ha-1 over locations, respectively. These values were significantly higher than at treatments with no fungicide application (Table 7). According to a previous investigation by Sagir et al. (2004), the yield per plant has a significant correlation with the quantity of pods per plant. Although in this instance, fewer pods per plant probably led to a lower yield per plant. According to Sadeghipour and Aghaei (2012), the production of grain yields may be affected by varietal differences. The findings showed that the grain yield was significantly affected by severe ascochyta blight on susceptible variety with untreated plots, and 100% yield loss was reported (Table 8). Ascochyta blight can result in the completely death of plants, which would result in a 100% yield loss, according to other writers who also agreed with this statement (Islam et al., 2017). According to Chongo et al. (2003), chickpea fungicide treatments have a significant influence on the production of grain. Furthermore, Amin and Fufa (2014) proved that the Mancozeb 80% WP fungicide treatment for ascochyta blight in Ethiopia results in the maximum yield of chickpea. 4. Discussion Depending on the quantity and distribution of the initial inoculum and the disease's increase of growth over time, integrating host resistance and applying fungicides are the main strategies for managing polycyclic diseases (Fininsa C. 2022 ). The current study was done on integrated management strategies in locations that have been identified nationally as disease hotspots and are characterized by climate variables that favor the spread of ascochyta blight epidemics. Contrary to the earlier report by Amin Mohammed and Fufa Melkamu ( 2014 ), which stated that the disease was first discovered 54 days after planting in Ethiopia, chickpea ascochyta blight was first detected in the current study at 30 days post-planting across seasons and locations. However, the Ascochyta blight start time has been shown to vary from year to year and to be influenced by environmental factors as well (Shtienberg et al., 2005). In this study, the disease's incidence and severity were found to be greater at both locations. This finding may be related to the fact that both study locations were at low altitudes with high temperatures and/or humidity, which supports the pathogen's quick development and dissemination in the study regions (Fig. 1 ). This result is consistent with that of Pande et al. ( 2005 ), who also highlighted that ascochyta blight outbreaks are more likely to emerge in most regions of the world where the crop is often produced in cold, wet conditions. In addition, Trapero-Casas and Kaiser ( 1992 ) pointed out that the disease's severity increased with increasing relative humidity, cloudiness, and extended wet weather, which promotes the quick onset and spread of AB disease. Ascochyta blight continues to remain an important challenge to Ethiopia's potential to produce chickpeas, despite the recent development and widespread usage of partly resistant cultivars. Partial resistance alone did not adequately reduce ascochyta blight in study regions with moderate to high inoculum pressure and weather conducive to disease development, as seen in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. The study also revealed a significant negative relationship between yield loss and ascochyta blight intensity (Tables 3 and 8 ). This indicates that severe ascochyta blight caused large production losses, although the connection between the disease and yield losses varied among varieties via Dhera, Habru, and Mariye. The most effective strategy to reduce losses in yield brought on by chickpea ascochyta blight is to employ resistant genetic resources. The absence of sources of high levels of resistance in the main gene pool and the high pathogenic diversity of the fungus pose obstacles to breeding for resistance to ascochyta blight in chickpea, according to Khan et al. (1999) and other research that verified and confirmed these findings. In order to boost the levels and/or persistence of the resistance, it is therefore necessary to diversify the genetic material responsible for ascochyta blight resistance in the highest chickpea germplasm. This is especially important in light of changes in the virulence of the Didymella rabiei pathotype. Didymella rabiei aggressive isolates severely affect some chickpea cultivars that are resistant to less aggressive isolates under the same conditions because of the high level of variation in aggressiveness within the Didymella rabiei population (Chongo et al., 2004 ) and similar level of variation in resistance among chickpea cultivars. Therefore, differences in ascochyta blight-associated yield loss severity between resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible varieties, as well as between the moderate and resistant varieties, were found when overall ascochyta blight severity was low. This showed that variety selection is an essential aspect of an integrated ascochyta blight management strategy for chickpea. According to Fininsa C. ( 2022 ), resistant varieties of plants may minimize or delay the growth of the pathogen population that causes epidemics of plant diseases. Chemical protectants may also delay the pathogen population's rate of expansion. The study found a favorable link between disease incidence and severity at both low and high ascochyta blight scoring from each variety. Contrarily, at low levels of disease, incidence and severity frequently have a linear connection; hence, measuring incidence is adequate (Madden et al., 2007 ). However, there is frequently a complex inconsistent link between incidence and severity at high disease levels. The disease developed similarly in all kinds during the experiment, although at varying intensities; Mariye variety had the highest intensity, compared to Dhera and Habru. Ascochyta blight pre-infection processes such spore germination, appressorium production, and germ tube penetration are all comparable in both resistant and susceptible variants, according to several research that have supported this hypothesis. However, throughout the development of the disease, resistant and susceptible varieties differ from one another (Ilarslan and Dolar, 2002 ). Additionally, as the plants progress toward the stage of flowering and podding phases, resistance decreases (Chongo and Gossen, 2003 ). The two resistant and moderately resistant chickpea varieties in this study also demonstrated resistance at the seedling and early vegetative phases but were susceptible at the flowering and podding stages. Though this differed across the two sites, varieties with better ascochyta blight resistance often also had higher grain yields. This was in agreement with Kimurto et al. ( 2013 ) who indicated that the high disease incidence, which damaged vegetative plant parts and killed some plants, was the reason of the poor yield in the arid highlands of the Rift Valley. With regard to grain yield measurements such final plant stand, number of pods, biomass, and hundred seed weight, disease severity and AUDPC showed a negative association. Kimurto et al. ( 2013 ) made comparable observations. Additionally, there was an adverse correlation between grain yield performance and the severity of the disease. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to control Ascochyta blight disease, particularly through the application of host plant resistance, in order to increase chickpea grain yield performance. Any management technique or crop production method that lowers the incidence and severity of diseases during the development of the epidemic from the beginning minimizes the rate of disease increase (Fininsa C. 2022 ). With the method of treatment chosen or put into effect throughout the study, the progressive and digressive curve of the disease and the epidemic rate of the disease (the rate of growth of the epidemic) have been established (Fig. 3 ). Depending on the type of disease, according to Fininsa C. ( 2022 ), dy/dt (the absolute rate of change in y at t) might signify the absolute rate of disease decrease. This suggests that the primary biotic challenge to the main cropping season chickpea agriculture in the Ethiopian area is the ascochyta blight. However, fungicide management significantly reduces the AUDPC of chickpea ascochyta blight in comparison to untreated control. Applications of protective fungicides often reduce the chance of infection of deposited spores, depending on when the fungicide is used (Fininsa C. 2022 ). This is true for both epidemiological and ecological grounds of plant disease management. Therefore, the creation of integrated disease management (IDM) tools to combat this threat may make it possible for chickpea to be sown during the main season in areas where it is currently impossible and reduce pathogen-related losses in regions where main cropping season is currently used. According to Fininsa C. ( 2022 ), diseases offer serious challenges to agricultural yields and product quality, hence the development of efficient disease management techniques is crucial to plant productivity and profitability. IDM is also crucial to sustainability. With the integration of Mancozeb 80% WP during the trial, adequate disease suppression was accomplished even in environments that were extremely permissive to the pathogen when the degree of resistance was high, as in the case of the Dhera variety. Akem ( 1999 ) further proved that genotype resistance is the main technique used to control Didymella rabiei. The Mancozeb fungicide, which is extensively used and consistently effective against ascochyta blight on a variety of pulse crops, was also confirmed and published by Chongo et al. in 2003 and Gan et al., 2006 . Similar to this, Bretag et al. ( 2006 ) found that ascochyta blight-prone chickpea varieties may be cultivated successfully by strategically spraying foliar mancozeb fungicide multiple times throughout the growing season. Additionally, according to Kaiser and Hannan ( 1988 ), fungicide-sprayed treatments can significantly aid in reducing the initial inoculum level and limit the spread of the disease or races into new regions. The high disease incidence that might have attacked vegetative plant parts and died nearly all plants, minimizing production in especially for those untreated plots and except during the extended fungicide application period, is the reason of the poor yield in both the experimental season and location. In comparison to unsprayed plots, fungicide-sprayed plots produced higher yields. While the seed yield recorded from treated plots was higher than that from untreated plots (906.2 kg ha-1), the seed yield on sprayed plots varied from 3526 to 122 kg ha-1 with a mean value of 2506.9 kg ha-1. Ascochyta blight resistance and minimal disease incidence were observed in the Habru and Dhera varieties in contrast to the Mariye variety, which had a lower yield (0.00–1968 kg/ha). Therefore, it is advised to grow both of these varieties at various Mancozeb 80% WP treatment periods that are less conducive to ascochyta blight epidemics. According to earlier research (Ahmed et al., 2006), cultivars with compound leaves are less susceptible to disease than unifoliate lines. High temperatures (9.4–32.6 OC) and high relative humidity (97.3%) were reported during the growth seasons, which enhanced disease severity at both research regions, during the major rainy season, when the study was done. It took 4–5 days to detect the disease's pycnidia, and it may have taken 7–10 days for them to manifest due to favorable environmental conditions. Ascochyta blight infection and its development occur between 5 and 25 OC, with an ideal temperature of 16 to 20 OC, as noticed and validated by Pande et al. ( 2005 ). Additionally, Trapero-Casas and Kaiser ( 1992 ) pointed out that increased relative humidity, cloudiness, and prolonged wet weather all contribute to a disease's tendency to grow and spread quickly. Due to favorable meteorological circumstances that encouraged rapid pathogen development and transmission due to cold, damp conditions in these locations, the ascochyta blight infection was significant at both Dhera and Dugda (Fig. 1 ). In order to create a strong integrated disease management strategy, it is essential to comprehend the crucial environmental factors, such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, that encourage infection, disease development, dissemination, survival of primary inoculum, and disease development (Fininsa C. 2022 ). With the incorporation of fungicide sprays, the two varieties in the current study that had stronger resistance to ascochyta blight also had higher grain production (Table 7 ). Similar to this, Pande et al. ( 2005 ) verified that in most locations of the world where the chickpea crop is often produced, cold and rainy weather encourages the development of disease outbreaks. According to Tekeoglu et al. ( 2000 ), ascochyta blight hinders chickpea production all over the world. Disease treatment based on a single gene resistance is unlikely to provide long-term control due to the genetic diversity of the disease's pathogen population (Chongo et al. 2004 ). This study showed that ascochyta blight can cause substantial yield losses in susceptible varieties, including complete crop failure (Table 8 ), in the conditions where Ethiopian chickpeas are grown. While the influence of chickpea genotype and fungicide treatment time accounted for most of the variance in both years, this study also looked at the effect of chickpea variety, fungicide application time, location, and season on the presence and intensity of ascochyta blight. However, the effects of cropping season and location on disease levels were minimal. These tests investigated the importance of applying fungicides at key points during the chickpea growth season in addition to assessing fungicide effectiveness. The majority of the new varieties in Ethiopia are far more disease resistant than the ones that were previously available, and only sometimes need to be treated with fungicides. The best outcomes will be seen in cases where fungicide is used with the more potent mancozeb 80% WP before the disease is discovered or at extremely low infection levels. In order to enhance protection against disease transmission by rain splash, protectant fungicides—regardless of variety—are most effective when managed before rain (Shtienberg et al. 2006 ). Only in the most extreme situations were fungicide treatments necessary during the research period for the more resistant varieties. Therefore, Fininsa C. ( 2022 ) suggested that integrated disease management is the most effective and cost-effective when all pertinent information about the crop is available, including information about the various pathogens known to cause economically significant diseases on the crop, the history of the diseases in previous seasons and years, varietal resistance to the diseases, the environmental conditions anticipated to prevail during the current season, and practicable diseases management technologies. There is always a chance that new pathotypes could exceed the resistance of the various chickpea varieties, according to Pande et al. ( 2005 ). The results revealed that combining a fungicide's first two treatments (7th and 14th ) with the Dhera and Habru varieties had the most influence on disease. This could be as a result of the Mancozeb WP 80% fungicide spray being able to control the spread of ascochyta blight secondary inoculum inside and between adjacent plants while also having the potential to minimize ongoing primary infection. Nevertheless, given the genotype's susceptibility, continued spraying is essential for the rest of the growing season to keep severe outbreaks under control and reduce production losses. This was observed at two hot spots for ascochyta blight throughout growing seasons, where ascochyta blight infection during pod filling resulted in considerable output losses. To prevent pods from ascochyta blight infection, Chongo and Gossen (2001) established that fungicide use during podding is advised for all varieties. Additionally, this guarantees the production of disease-free seed that is kept in the nation for planting. The trial locations in Dhera and Dugda had the greatest areas under progression of disease curves, respectively (Fig. 2 ). Variety Mariye was found to be more prone to ascochyta blight disease in the two experimental sites where it was studied. Varieties with larger area under the disease progress curve also had higher disease severity. It is obvious that an important integrated management component of controlling ascochyta blight in chickpea for its economic viability is applying fungicide sprays early in the season and integrating with resistance chickpea varieties to delay the rapid development of the epidemic during this period. According to Fininsa C. ( 2022 ), the objective of integrated disease management will therefore assure its economic viability, boost productivity and productivity, ensure human and environmental health, and preserve production and biodiversity. 5. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the integration of fungicide treatment time schedules and varieties, as compared with cropping seasons and locations, had an impact on chickpea ascochyta blight. The results of the current investigation showed that the disease may cause damage a plant at any stage of growth by creating lesions on any part of it. As a result, if the disease is left untreated, yield loss could be catastrophic and reach over 90%. Reducing the losses brought on by the disease depends on resistant varieties and the application of Mancozeb 80% WP, but repeated applications at set intervals up to four times are typically effective and cost-effective. By complementing with genetic resistance, Mancozeb 80% WP consumption in ascochyta blight of chickpea can be decreased while minimizing production costs and environmental consequences of fungicides. For the ascochyta blight of chickpea to be economically and effectively controlled, integrated disease management strategies must be adopted. We obtain the conclusion from this study that the main cropping season of chickpea is achievable in Ethiopia when the ascochyta blight is sufficiently suppressed. Variety resistance is therefore the main strategy for disease management, with Mancozeb 80% WP control being used as a supplementary strategy if needed. Therefore, it was demonstrated that timing the application of the fungicide Mancozeb 80% WP after the crop started to senesce was ineffective. A fungicide application to protect the crop against the disease, however, would probably not be profitable if the outbreak is more severe and develops during podding. Four fungicide treatments are often necessary to manage ascochyta blight during the growing season in an area with significant rainfall. The integration of high yielding varieties with 2.5 kg a.i / ha Mancozeb 80% WP is lastly advised for additional investigation and potential introduction in Ethiopia's chickpea belt area. When the disease severity level is high during the main growing season, the most susceptible variety could not be suited for production. In breeding initiatives aiming at creating resistant varieties of chickpea, varieties that are only partially resistant to ascochyta blight can be employed. For continued breeding to maintain its genetic potential and grain output with 14 to 21 application interval periods, the resistant and high yielding variety Dhera is especially advised. Declarations Acknowledgement This study was supported by a PhD grant from the Modernizing Ethiopian Research on Crop Improvement (MERCI) initiative and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). We appreciate the financial assistance from the MERC and EIAR. Conflict of interest An article titled "Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia" has been enclosed and submitted to the European Plant Pathology journal for consideration for publication. We neither engage in nor have any financial affiliation with any of the organizations or entities mentioned in this book. Additionally, we have no competing interests to disclose. I'm sending and I would like to have the manuscript considered for publication in the European Plant pathology journal . This is a declaration that the manuscript titled " Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight ( Ascochyta rabiei ) on Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia " is my original work and not published earlier and I have not submitted this manuscript for publication elsewhere. I have cited a number of authors whose published materials are used in the manuscript. 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An Introduction to Plant Diseases. Wiley and Sons, London. 374 pp. Zewdie A (2018). Assessment of chickpea seed borne disease with special reference to ascochyta blight (Didymella rabiei) in Central Ethiopia. International Journal of Life Sciences 6(3):707-712. Tables Table 1. Fungicide application interval (FAI) and chickpea variety interactions exhibited a two-way effect on the prevalence of chickpea ascochyta blight at Dhera and Dugda in Ethiopia during the crop seasons of 2020 and 2021. Variety FAI (days) Incidence (%) Mean incidence over seasons (%) 2020 2021 Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Mariye 7 53.4 g-j 51.9 hij 48.0 i-l 45.3 i-m 50.7 de 48.6 def 14 55.6 fi 76.2 cde 55.5 fi 50.3 ijk 55.6cd 63.2 bc 21 65.5 e-h 72.1 cde 66.4 efg 68.5 def 65.9 b 70.3 b Unsprayed 91.2 ab 99.6 a 81.2 bcd 82.5 bc 86.2 a 91.1 a Habru 7 17.7 s-w 24.3 p-w 12.5 w 16.2 t-w 15.1 lm 20.2 klm 14 26.5 o-v 29.4 n-t 21.2 r-w 22.3 q-w 23.8 jkl 25.9 ijk 21 40.0 j-o 41.2 j-n 30.4 n-s 30.5 n-s 35.2 ghi 35.8 gh Unsprayed 37.3 k-p 49.9 ijk 32.2 m-r 35.2 l-q 34.8 e 42.6 efg Dhera 7 14.7 uvw 12.8 vw 12.8 vw 13.9 vw 13.7 lm 13.4m 14 30.5 n-s 20.3 r-w 18.7 r-w 15.2 uvw 24.6 jkl 17.7 klm 21 40.4 j-n 27.8 n-u 24.2 p-w 21.6 q-w 32.3 ghi 24.7 jkl Unsprayed 48.6 i-l 48.4 i-l 37.7 k-p 30.9 n-s 43.1 efg 39.6 fgh LSD(0.05) 13.74 9.72 CV (%) 20.88 According to Fisher's protected LSD test, means in the column with different lettered are significantly different at P 0.05. Table 2. Chickpea varieties and fungicide application interval (FAI) had a two-way interaction effect on the severity index of chickpea ascochyta blight at Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia, during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Variety FAI (days) Severity index (%) Mean of severity index (%) 2020 2021 Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Mariye 7 20.3 j-m 20.2 j-n 18.4 k-o 16.7 l-q 19.3 f 18.5 fg 14 29.2 efg 31.4 de 21.5 i-l 23.6 h-k 25.3 de 27.5 cde 21 64.5 bc 60.9 c 30.8 ef 36.6 d 47.6 b 48.8 b Unsprayed 67.8 b 70.7 a 66.3 ab 64.3 cd 67.1 a 67.5 a Habru 7 11.4 r 11.3 r 11.7 pqr 11.1 r 11.5 ij 11.2 j 14 15.5 m-r 17.0 l-p 15.0 n-r 12.5 pqr 15.2 ghi 14.8 g-i 21 17.6 l-p 16.8 l-q 15.4 m-r 17.7 l-p 16.5 fgh 17.3 fgh Unsprayed 29.5 efg 30.3 ef 28.9 e-h 26.8 e-i 29.2 c 28.6 cd Dhera 7 11.4 r 11.3 r 11.6 qr 11.1 r 11.5 ij 11.2 j 14 15.3 m-r 16.0 m-r 15.8 m-r 12.5 pqr 15.6 gh 14.2 hij 21 14.7 o-r 13.7 o-r 15.0 n-r 14.4 o-r 14.8 g-j 14.0 hij Unsprayed 25.6 f-i 24.2 g-j 26.3 e-i 24.2g -j 26.0 cde 24.2 e LSD(0.05) 5.29 3.74 CV (%) 13.1 Means in the column followed by different letter are significantly different at P <0.05 according to Fisher’s protected LSD test. Table 3. The average effect of the combination of chickpea varieties and fungicide application intervals (FAI) evaluation on the ascochyta blight severity index at various time intervals in Dhera and Dugda during the 2020 and 2021 crop years. Varieties FAI (days) Locations Severity index (%) at days after planting (DAP) 30 37 44 51 58 65 72 79 86 Mariye Unsprayed Dhera 22.7 a 25.9 a 40.7 ab 61.1 a 81.5 a 95.8 a 95.4 a 100 a 100 a Dugda 19.9 ab 24.0 a 37.5 b 53.7 b 75.5 a 83.3 a 89.4 a 94.0 a 84.7 ab 7 Dhera 19.5 ab 13.0 f-i 13.9 de 14.4 fg 19.0 c-f 18.1 d-g 19.0 efg 24.1 e-i 28.2 f-i Dugda 14.4 c 12.5 f-i 12.0 e 14.8 fg 16.2 def 18.5 d-g 22.7 d-g 28.2 d-h 24.5 ghi 14 Dhera 19.0 b 25.9 a 16.2 cde 21.3 def 25.0 cde 30.1 cd 24.5 c-g 36.1 c-f 35.6 efg Dugda 14.4 c 17.1 bcd 20.4 cd 25.5 d 31.5 c 32.9 c 32.4 cde 34.7 c-g 29.6 e-h 21 Dhera 13.9 c 20.4 b 44.4 a 38.0 c 47.2 b 65.3 b 52.8 b 71.3 b 74.1 bc Dugda 13.0 c 18.5 ab 35.2 b 38.9 c 53.2 b 65.3 b 62.0 b 66.7 b 60.2 cd Habru Unsprayed Dhera 13.0 c 14.8 d-h 15.7 cde 17.1 efg 21.8 c-f 29.6 cd 33.8 cd 37.0 cde 47.7 de Dugda 13.4 c 12.0 ghi 12.5 e 16.2 efg 20.4 c-f 25.9 cde 31.0 c-f 40.3 cde 44.5 def 7 Dhera 12.9 c 11.1 i 11.1 e 11.1 g 13.0 ef 11.1 g 11.1 g 11.1 i 11.1 hi Dugda 12.5 c 11.1 i 11.1 e 11.1 g 11.1 f 11.1 g 11.6 g 11.1 i 9.72 i 14 Dhera 13.9 c 15.7 c-f 13.9 de 12.0 g 11.1 f 15.7 efg 13.0 g 19.4 f-i 15.7 hi Dugda 13.0 c 12.0 ghi 12.5 e 11.1 g 12.5 ef 13.0 efg 16.2 g 16.7 hi 17.1 ghi 21 Dhera 12.0 11.1 i 20.3 cd 13.9 g 14.8 def 25.9 cde 13.0 g 13.9 hi 14.8 hi Dugda 13.4 c 11.1 i 11.1 e 11.6 g 12.5 ef 15.3 efg 15.7 g 15.7 hi 16.8 ghi Dhera Unsprayed Dhera 14.4 c 13.4 e-i 15.3 cde 22.7 de 27.8 cd 32.9 c 38.4 c 47.7 c 57.0 cd Dugda 12.5 c 13.4 e-i 15.3 cde 17.6 efg 21.3 c-f 25.5 c-f 33.3 cd 41.2 cd 44.9 def 7 Dhera 12.5 c 11.1 i 11.1 e 11.1 g 11.1 f 11.1 g 11.1 g 11.1 i 11.1 hi Dugda 12.5 c 11.1 i 11.1 e 11.1 g 11.1 f 11.1 g 11.1 g 11.1 i 9.72 i 14 Dhera 14.8 c 16.7 cde 13.4 e 13.4 g 12.5 ef 14.8 efg 18.1 fg 18.5 ghi 19.9 ghi Dugda 13.0 c 11.6 hi 12.0 e 11.6 g 12.5 ef 13.9 efg 16.8 g 18.0 ghi 19.9 ghi 21 Dhera 12.5 c 15.3 c-g 21.3 c 11.6 g 12.0 ef 14.8 efg 13.9 g 14.4 hi 19.5 ghi Dugda 13.4 c 12.0 ghi 12.0 e 11.1 g 12.0 ef 12.5 fg 15.7 g 16.2 hi 17.6 ghi LSD (0.05) 3.55 3.29 6.85 7.26 13.5 13.4 14.0 17.0 19.1 CV (%) 10.1 8.94 15.3 14.8 22.6 19.0 19.5 20.9 23.0 Grand mean 14.5 15.1 18.3 20.1 24.4 28.9 29.2 33.3 33.9 SE 1.45 1.35 2.80 2.97 5.53 5.48 5.71 6.94 7.79 The means in the column with distinct lettering are significantly different at P 0.05, according to Fisher's protected LSD test. Table 4. Summary table for FAI and chickpea types of Ascochyta blight model fitness Variety FAI Gompotez model (r) Logistic Model (r) Gompertz Model(R 2 ) Logistic Model (R 2 ) Model Fitness Dhera Untreated 0.487443 0.487443 98.80% 99.80% Logistic Model 7 -0.02349 -0.02349 95.40% 97.40% Gompertz Model 14 0.02536 0.02536 95.25% 88.00% Gompertz Model 21 0.011728 0.011728 89.21% 92.21% Gompertz Model Habru Untreated 0.523738 0.523738 100% 98.6% Gompertz Model 7 -0.02141 -0.02141 99.50% 99.50% Logistic Model 14 0.054956 0.054956 97.23% 98.23% Gompertz Model 21 0.059959 0.059959 96.00% 99.00% Logistic Model Mariye Untreated 1.433875 1.433875 99.30% 99.80% Logistic Model 7 0.163692 0.163692 98.14% 96.14% Gompertz Model 14 0.336442 0.336442 99.20% 100.00% Logistic Model 21 0.889417 0.889417 99.90% 99.12% Gompertz Model Table 5. Evaluation of fungicide application intervals (FAI) and chickpea variety effects on ascochyta blight throughout the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons in Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia. Variety FAI (days) Phenology and growth parameters Days to 50% flowering Days to 95% physiological maturity Plant height (cm) 2020 2021 2020 2021 2020 2021 Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Mariye Habru Dhera 7 52.7 ab 49.3 ab 53.0 ab 54.3 ab 83.3 c-g 78.7 d-h 109 a-e 111 a-e 40.0 pqr 38.1 r 45.7 i-m 45.0 k-p 14 53.0 ab 50.3 ab 53.0 ab 58.7 a 86.0 c-g 82.3 c-h 111 a-d 112 a-d 42.0 m-r 40.3 o-r 45.4 j-n 45.7 i-m 21 36.3 bc 57.3 a 52.3 ab 52.3 ab 66.0 f-i 64.7 g-i 116 a-d 116 a-d 14.0 u 30.3 s 46.3 h-m 43.9 l-q Unsprayed 22.3 c 22.0 c 0.00 d 21.0 c 37.3 ij 36.0 ij 0.00 j 42 hi 14.1 u 23.1 t 17.8 u 15.3 u 7 50.7 ab 49.7 ab 51.0 ab 56.7 a 84.3 c-g 82.0 ch 102 a-g 70.1 e-i 48.0 f-l 49.5 e-k 52.3 b-g 52.1 c-g 14 50.3 ab 53.0 ab 50.3 ab 55.7 a 85.3 c-g 83.0 ch 101 a-g 70.1 e-i 47.9 f-l 47.5 g-l 54.3 a-e 52.8 a-f 21 53.7 ab 51.0 ab 51.7 ab 57.3 a 88.7 b-g 81.7 ch 104 a-g 109 a-e 43.9 l-q 48.4 f-l 51.4 c-h 50.5 d-i Unsprayed 60.0 a 61.7 a 60.3 a 62.0 a 106 a-f 104.7 a-g 139 a 81 c-h 37.3 r 39.4 qr 45.3 j-o 39.2 qr 7 50.7 ab 51.0 ab 51.0 ab 59.0 a 84.3 c-g 83.3 c-g 108 a-e 111 a-d 51.9 c-g 49.2 f-k 57.7 a 55.6 abc 14 52.0 ab 50.0 ab 51.7 ab 54.7 a 85.0 c-g 84.0 c-g 112 a-d 112 a-d 51.1 c-h 50.3 d-i 57.2 ab 55.2 a-d 21 51.7 ab 56.7 a 49.3 ab 53.3 ab 87.0 b-g 86.0 c-g 107 a-e 110 a-e 48.6 f-l 50.9 c-h 55.9 abc 55.1 a-d Unsprayed 60.7 a 59.0 a 58.0 a 63.0 a 104 a-g 96.7 b-g 121 a-bc 128 a-b 40.3 n-r 45.4 i-m 47.3 g-l 38.9 qr Grand Mean 50.7 90.9 44.1 LSD (0.05) 18.2 Ns Ns Ns 41.0 5.10 CV 22.1 Note: means in the column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Fisher’s protected LSD test Table 6. Effect of chickpea variety and Mancozeb WP 80% spray intervals on the varieties yield components during 2020 and 2021cropping seasons at Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia. Variety FAI (days) Number of seeds per pod Number of pods per plant 2020 2021 2020 2021 Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Mariye 7 1.40 f-n 1.44 d-n 1.36 h-n 1.31 k-n 20.5 l-o 29.2 e-j 21.4 k-o 19.7 mno 14 1.40 f-n 1.32 j-n 1.28 lmn 1.33 j-n 15.8 o-p 17.7 o-p 17.9 op 15.9 op 21 0.32 o 0.11 pq 1.26 mn 1.25 n 13.8 p-q 1.22 r 1.75 r 9.89 q Unsprayed 0.21 op 0.00 q 0.00 q 0.14 opq 0.58 r 0.00 r 0.00 r 1.61 r Habru 7 1.57 a-f 1.64 abc 1.62 a-d 1.50 a-k 34.7 b-e 39.0 ab 30.8 dh 32.1 c-g 14 1.66 ab 1.68 a 1.63 a-d 1.47 b-l 31.1 c-h 35.8 a-d 29.2 eh 27.0 g-k 21 1.55 a-h 1.56 a-i 1.51 a-j 1.44 a-n 28.2 f-j 29.1 e-j 29.0 f-j 23.8 j-n Unsprayed 1.56 a-h 1.57 a-f 1.37g-n 1.42 e-n 25.0 i-m 23.9 j-n 19.6 mno 18.7 nop Dhera 7 1.63 a-d 1.56 a-g 1.60 a-d 1.69 a 34.8 b-e 40.9 a 31.7 c-g 31.3 c-h 14 1.58 a-f 1.64 abc 1.61 a-e 1.61 a-e 33.2 c-f 36.8 abc 31.3 ch 28.9 f-j 21 1.59 a-f 1.63 a-d 1.44 d-n 1.50 a-k 30.3 d-i 32.0 c-g 25.7 h-l 26.9 g-k Unsprayed 1.45 c-m 1.55 a-h 1.32 j-n 1.35 i-n 19.2 nop 23.7 j-n 18.2 nop 17.1 o-p Grand Mean 1.33 23.0 LSD (0.05) 0.19 CV 8.90 15.3 Table 7. Effect of fungicide application interval (FAI) and chickpea variety on yield and crop hundred seed weight during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons in Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia. Variety FAI (days) Yield per hectare (Kg -1 ) Hundred seed weight (g) 2020 2021 2020 2021 Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Mariye 7 1950 c 1968 c 1545 cd 767 fgh 22.8 a-h 17.2 g-j 23.9 a-h 23.5 a-h 14 1531 cde 1613 cd 744 fgh 770 fgh 23.2 a-h 17.7 f-i 22.9 a-h 21.5 b-i 21 617 f-i 816 e-h 136 hi 122 hi 12.0 h-k 6.75 jk 19.8 e-i 20.9 d-i Unsprayed 442 ghi 0.00 i 0.00 i 0.00 i 6.00 jk 0.00 k 0.00 k 0.00 k Habru 7 3418 ab 3287 ab 3425 ab 3314 ab 32.9 abc 23.1 a-h 33.5 a 32.7 a-d 14 3162 ab 3066 ab 3431 ab 3144 ab 31.1 a-e 23.0 a-h 33.5 ab 30.9 a-e 21 2779 b 2991 ab 3228 ab 3042 ab 33.4 ab 33.7 a 33.6 a 30.3 a-e Unsprayed 1649 cd 1632 cd 720 f-i 1098 d-g 23.1 a-h 23.1 a-h 24.6 a-g 24.1 a-g Dhera 7 3471 ab 3526 a 3498 ab 3467 ab 33.1 ab 23.0 a-h 31.2 a-e 31.2 a-e 14 3203 ab 3298 ab 3412 ab 2948 ab 31.5 a-e 22.3 a-h 32.3 a-d 32.4 a-d 21 3177 ab 3076 ab 3287 ab 3019 ab 30.0 a-e 21.0 c-i 28.7 a-g 29.2 a-f Unsprayed 1949 c 1953 c 1282 c-f 149 hi 25.8 a-g 28.0 a-g 27.8 a-g 27.0 a-g Grand Mean 2107 23.77 12.0 LSD (0.05) 726 CV 21.3 31.0 Note: means in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Fisher’s protected LSD test. Table 8. Effect of chickpea varieties and fungicide application interval (FAI) on relative yield loss at Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia, during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons. Varieties Relative yield loss (Kg) 2020 2021 Dhera Dugda Dhera Dugda Mariye 100 a 100 a 100 a 100 a Habru 45.2 bc 56.0 b 52.7 bc 55.3 bc Dhera 45.2 bc 56.0 b 52.7 bc 55.3 bc LSD (0.05) 14.0 CV 31.0 Note: means in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Fisher’s protected LSD test Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Feb, 2024 Read the published version in European Journal of Plant Pathology → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Aug, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Aug, 2023 Editor invited by journal 24 Jul, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 23 Jul, 2023 First submitted to journal 20 Jul, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3123002","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":229806777,"identity":"34fdd2a1-268b-4d80-9738-f9e5e16c181b","order_by":0,"name":"Shugute Addisu Kure","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgjFz8DARpIWAwbJBpK1GBwgVgt//9ljkl/b/sgZ30h+9uBDBYM8v9gB/FokbuSlScu2GRib3UgzN5xxhsFw5uwEAtbc4DGTlmwzSNx2I8FMmreNIcHgNgEt8ufPgLXUb56R/o04LQYHcswkP7YZJBhI5BBpi+GNHGNrhnPGQG+8KZOccUaCsF/kzp8xvPmjTE6evz19m8SHCht5fmkCWkCAGRw1AmCVEoSVgwDjDxDJf4A41aNgFIyCUTDyAABC6z9DyG2ocQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shugute","middleName":"Addisu","lastName":"Kure","suffix":""},{"id":229806778,"identity":"adfde8b6-78af-4dcd-b43d-691070ba9662","order_by":1,"name":"Chemeda Fininsa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chemeda","middleName":"","lastName":"Fininsa","suffix":""},{"id":229806779,"identity":"3b8728e7-0dae-424d-8dd8-b056976a86f7","order_by":2,"name":"Zelalem Bekeko","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zelalem","middleName":"","lastName":"Bekeko","suffix":""},{"id":229806780,"identity":"4932db70-2857-481a-a2df-bf423050666a","order_by":3,"name":"Abdi Mohammad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdi","middleName":"","lastName":"Mohammad","suffix":""},{"id":229806781,"identity":"3f2fdf36-02eb-4ccd-96eb-c271872caeae","order_by":4,"name":"Alok Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alok","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":229806782,"identity":"625219d3-16f8-44b3-8a0e-8e8c298091fb","order_by":5,"name":"Asnake Fikre","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asnake","middleName":"","lastName":"Fikre","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-06-29 05:53:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123002/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123002/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-024-02828-x","type":"published","date":"2024-02-22T15:01:56+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":42516681,"identity":"9a111a09-7c3d-46ac-85b8-e872162ab409","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-01 20:41:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":324731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe main chickpea planting seasons (August to December) in 2020 and 2021, total monthly rainfall, mean minimum and maximum temperatures (curves), and relative humidity at the Dhera and Dugda experimental locations in Ethiopia. Data source: National Meteorological Agency, 2020 and 2021.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123002/v1/540047836ce8ad1c71e93089.jpg"},{"id":42517718,"identity":"5e40d9b5-3cb2-41b9-a3ab-eabc2517621e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-01 20:49:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe average impact of a combination of chickpea varieties and fungicide treatment intervals on the area under the disease development curve for chickpea ascochyta blight for the Dhera and Mariye varieties during the growing seasons of 2020 and 2021 in Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123002/v1/8558b73716b30862f843710f.jpg"},{"id":42516679,"identity":"d61e8875-e394-4b6b-a8de-6c886fd78689","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-09-01 20:41:25","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94914,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffects of FAI and chickpea varieties interact in two directions on the rate at which the chickpea ascochyta blight develops in Dugda and Dhera during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123002/v1/811327af692e5f78c78cc2ef.jpg"},{"id":51648471,"identity":"92006214-1a1a-43ea-b82d-ca703b20060b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-26 15:13:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":566874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3123002/v1/8005a669-d15f-43c4-bf1e-66509a65a4f2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), one of the most major food legumes and animal feed crops produced worldwide, is listed by Millan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). It is a good source of carbohydrates and a high source of protein (28.9%), oil (3%), carbohydrate (60%) and minerals (magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, and iron). It is grown in more than 50 nations, with 90% of the growth being for human consumption (Joshi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Following India (65%) and Myanmar (14%), Ethiopia is the largest producer of chickpeas (FAOSTAT, 2018), contributing 4% to global output overall (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). With a national average yield of 2.14 t ha-1 (FAOSTAT, 2018), chickpea ranks third among all legume crops in Ethiopia in terms of volume of production, considerably behind its potential output of more than 5.0 t ha-1 (Zewdie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, it can fix nitrogen into the soil, increase soil fertility, and stop the disease cycles of significant cereal pathogens (Pande et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, it is commonly planted in succession with cereals like tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Geletu and Yadeta, 1994).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe low productivity of chickpea in Ethiopia is primarily caused due to its susceptibility to a number of biotic and abiotic constraints. Among the biotic constraints, ascochyta blight, caused by \u003cem\u003eDidymella rabiei\u003c/em\u003e, is one among the major diseases of chickpea worldwide. All of the chickpea plant's shoots are affected, resulting in lesions, shoot breakage, and the development of necrotic lesions that quickly cause tissue and plant collapse (Pande et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). When climatic factors (RH\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60%, temperature of 10\u0026ndash;20 oC, and increased wind speed) support the epidemic's growth, it can cause up to 100% yield loss and can lower the quality of the crop on untreated and susceptible varieties (Aslam et al., 2014). Conidia may be splash-dispersed for up to 10 m from their initial foci when rain and high wind are present, which is a crucial element in the development of this disease (Trapero-Casas and Kaiser; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Kimber et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The most efficient and cost-effective way to control this disease is to use resistant cultivars, but in many countries, the level of resistance present in cultivated chickpea cultivars is insufficient to withstand high disease pressure when the environment is right for epidemic development (Akem, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Fungicides must be used in a timely manner, ideally before a rain shower, to effectively control the spread of disease (Shtienberg et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Although foliar sprays have typically been proven to be ineffectual during major outbreaks, the rate with which the disease develops when conditions are favorable can make it very difficult to implement a fungicide treatment for susceptible types (Shtienberg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Only in dry circumstances may fungicide treatments be decreased (Chongo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), and even in moderate epidemics susceptible varieties may need four to six times sprays to limit the disease amount (Nene, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, the greatest long-term strategy for controlling ascochyta blight is host plant resistance (Pande et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The national chickpea modification program of BARC (Bishoftu Agricultural Research Center) has so far issued two moderately resistant chickpea varieties (Eshete and Asnake) to the producers in Ethiopia. The implementation of ecologically based integrated disease management strategies is one of the objectives of plant disease epidemiology and management. However, only partial resistance is insufficient to manage ascochyta blight (Chongo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), especially in nations like Ethiopia where the production of chickpeas is mostly done using a rain-fed method. In addition, there is always a chance that new pathotypes will appear and end up defeating the developing variety' resistance (Bayaa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). In order to manage the disease, extra measures like fungicide treatments must be modified.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Reddy and Singh (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e) and Ahmad et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), foliar application of fungicides along with host plant resistance can control the ascochyta blight. There is a greater need to develop alternative or additional technologies which will allow a rational use of fungicides and provide adequate crop protection for sustainable chickpea production in the future (Pandey et al., 2005). Although the benefits from the use of fungicides to prevent chickpea yield losses caused by the disease cannot be overlooked. Ascochyta blight is a disease that has completely infected commercial varieties of the majority of the chickpea cultivars planted in Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn a variety of pulse crops, mancozeb has been successfully used to combat ascochyta blight (Shtienberg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Currently, Ethiopian farmers are having a difficult time increasing productivity and production of chickpeas in a sustainable manner due to the ascochyta blight. Therefore, it is essential to apply fungicide repeatedly and ascochyta blight resistant chickpea varieties. Such an integrated disease management strategy is a cheap and simple approach to manage the disease. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: (1) evaluate chickpea varieties and fungicide application intervals against chickpea ascochyta blight epidemics; (2) pinpoint the optimal time for fungicide application; and (3) identify the relationship between ascochyta blight incidence and severity with chickpea yield and yield component.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e2.1 Description of the experimental sites\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eField experiments were conducted at Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia during 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. Both the locations belong to Oromia regional State, which is 120 and 125 km East and South of Addis Ababa, respectively. These sites are characterized by weather conducive for ascochyta blight epidemics. Dhera is located at latitude 8\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e 19\u0026rsquo;10\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; N, longitude 38\u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003e 19\u0026rsquo;13\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; E, altitude of 1650 m.a.s.l. with average total annual rainfall of about 620 mm, minimum and maximum average annual temperatures of 14.0 and 27.8 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC, and the soil type is light silty-loam (KARC, 2019). Dugda is located at\u0026nbsp;latitude\u0026nbsp;8\u003csup\u003eo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e18\u0026rsquo;24.4\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo; N, longitude 38\u003csup\u003eo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e57\u0026rsquo;05.3\u0026rsquo;\u0026rsquo;E, altitude 1700 m.a.s.l. that receives an average annual rainfall of about 728 mm, and average annual temperature ranges from 13-27 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC, whereas the soil type is light black sandy loam with pH 6.4 (DZARC, 2018). The weather data while conducting experiment (August to December) in both the cropping season were also recorded and found to be ranged from 9.4 to 30.7 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC and 11.2 to 32.6 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC (Figure 1) for the sites Dhera and Dugda, respectively, which is favorable for ascochyta blight germination and epidemic development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Planting materials and\u0026nbsp;experimental design\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree chickpea varieties\u0026mdash;Dhera, Habru, and Mariye\u0026mdash;released by the Bishoftu Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Ethiopia, were used in the experiments. These varieties grow well at elevations between 1500 and 2600 meters above sea level with an average annual rainfall of 700 to 1300 millimeters (BARC unpublished data). In the study conducted earlier at BARC during 2016-2019 chickpea growing seasons, Mariye (Kabuli type; pedigree: FLIP 8842c) was characterized as susceptible variety whereas Habru (Desi type; pedigree: K-850-3/27x F378) and Dhera (Kabuli type; pedigree: X98TH30FLIP-93-55C XS-96231) was found to be moderately resistant and resistant, respectively (Unpublished data).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlanting of all three chickpea varieties at both the experimental sites were performed by hand seeding at the rate of 125 to 140 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e in early August (5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e to 9\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day) of 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. The plot used for each experiment was of 1.2 m x 3 m (3.6 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) size with 4 seeding rows. Spacing used between block, plots, rows (inter-row), and plants (intra-row) were of 1m, 0.5m, 0.4m, and 0.1m, respectively. As the experimental field plots were free of chickpea production for two years, no fertilizer was applied during chickpea cultivation of this study. Weeding was performed twice, 20- and 35-days post emergence, and all recommended agronomic practices were followed uniformly for all the plots.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp;Fungicide treatments for ascochyta blight management\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fungicide treatments were applied in a factorial arrangement using a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications for each treatment. The study included a total of 12 treatments, including an unsprayed control, three variety of chickpea, and three different fungicide spraying intervals. Mancozeb 80% WP was sprayed at a rate of 2.5 kg/ha (active ingredient) three times, at intervals of 7, 14, and 21 days, with an unsprayed plot serving as the reference plot. Until the crop reached full physiological maturity, spraying was continued at the predetermined intervals. Plastic sheet was placed between the spraying plot and the surrounding plots to keep them apart and avoid inter-plot interference from spray drift. \u0026nbsp; Starting at the seedling stage 30 days after planting and continuing through the podding stage, the plots were routinely checked for disease progression. Based on the Pande et al., (2011) scale, the symptoms and their severity were noted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4 Data collection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4.1 Ascochyta blight incidence and severity assessment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Pande et al. (2010), Ascochyta blight causes tiny, circular lesions that are brown and oval lesions that are brown on the leaves and stem of affected plants. Similar symptoms were seen on the plants during the experimental trials conducted in 2020 and 2021, across the regions and seasons, which were taken into account for assessing disease incidence. Ascochyta blight incidence was initially scored as soon as the usual symptoms started to develop on the plants in the experimental plots. Scoring was then repeated every week until disease severity ceased changing and signs of normal aging became hidden. Thereafter, the percent incidence of disease (DI) was calculated using simple mathematical formula;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDI = No. of plants diseased / Total no. of plants available in the plots x 100.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing 12 randomly chosen and pre-tagged plants per plot at intervals of 7 days, from the time the first disease signs appeared until the crop reached full physiological maturity, the severity of the disease was evaluated three to nine times. Pande et al. (2011) used the score of the selected and tagged chickpea plants to evaluate the disease severity of each variety in both the seasons and locations since ascochyta blight affects all of the plant\u0026apos;s aerial parts, where 1, no visible symptoms; 2, minute lesions prominent on the apical stems; 3, lesions up to 5‒10 mm in size and slight drooping of apical stems; 4, lesions obvious on all plant parts and clear drooping of apical stems; 5, lesions on all plants parts, defoliation initiated, breaking and drying of branches slight to moderate; 6, lesions as in 5, defoliation, broken, dry branches common, some plants killed; 7, lesions as in 5, defoliation, broken, dry branches very common, up to 25 % of plants killed; 8, symptoms as in 7 but up to 50 % of the plants killed and 9, symptoms as in 7 but up to 100 % of the plants killed . The disease severity scores were converted to severity index (SI) for analysis using the formula of Wheeler (1969):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" style=\"width: 400px; height: 56.8421px;\" width=\"400\" height=\"56.8421\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for each plot was also calculated using the formula of Shanner and Finney (1977):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" style=\"width: 392px; height: 82.9381px;\" width=\"392\" height=\"82.9381\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere, Xi = the SI of disease at the i\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e assessment/observation; ti = is the time of the i\u003csup\u003eth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eassessment in days from the first assessment date; and n = total number of disease assessments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4.2 Chickpea growth, yield, and yield components\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring both seasons, data pertaining to growth, yield, and yield components were gathered from each plot at each site. From 10 pre-tagged plants at each plot, the average plant height (cm) was estimated by measuring the height of the mature plant from the base to the tip. Each plot\u0026apos;s data from the initial days to 50% flowering and 95% physiological maturity was recorded. The average number of pods from 10 randomly selected pre-tagged plants from the two center rows was used to calculate the average number of pods per plant. The average number of seeds in 10 randomly chosen pods from pre-tagged plants was used to calculate the average number of seeds per pod. Weighing the collected seeds from the two centre rows (pre-tagged plants) of each experimental plot at 14% moisture content allowed us to compute the grain yield (kg/ha). The weight of a hundred seeds was measured in grams and was taken as a representative sample of the total number of seeds gathered from each experimental plot. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4.3 Yield loss estimation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUsing the following method from Madden et al. (2007), the relative percentage of yield and yield component losses were determined independently for each treatment:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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UNVUjDID2UlvzBRHbSqZDOEIY/Q973lPZCMFmbmGzfEK2uR2qqVSiuDZCknssMMOkVnOtV2Oaz22CaqN0uFJsCOegIJPrl478D6k6dkg6K/lN9RNBvdRrJFHRPFQZ9nDaAW1yuWjiqgw/WCfVNgoMHRCcnM9SDcSyDpbOxnMjSOvSWk30k0TUOVuuZEZ4gMCeuSu9t0gEpzf20nmziSQkYeuDOEtb3lLpKgPOuigvjbvILI5TsDSwy6YWSAPbpFnKCyQs3JiqU2IS3FzZKQsSxGrQUayUnm8Z4jf+C4vqTF5vvnNb44Uv7gn1xO6kREgDW5VJhQTPrfTz05ALtm9FtrgvnHTwISH4LyX3Li1n/Y6hUmAYLCPOJS+5Mz1KNCVkJCImNAgRq+zVmnnDgsmUkPt6hcQlUydGYPScT4DghLKM5TBImMmUyLmJF5AVYkNZGU129BPA89g/chHPhLrqMyy/WwCizbHiTMg34KZhXiJOIoxJYaCSFR8J3crSMkYNEFKqSMqEyZVLvZjE09pnXAFisVD1YG97nWvq17zmtdE5bjsVU7w9ANkh4wQE7AnZNQtlieOxE6QjL4joGyPiDIrcmSo7665W30RsUBJ4QGEhtz0axToSkhY3wWRm9hUZ9ptAnduGBkodWz2wMxuXl5X1WmVtRsi8yGASsa6YQiI3KUWuGgyQILtHrqlAAhMAH2c4IEaaIrbzCSDbh66e8E4es2aBcMFtYJY9tprr+p5z3tePAtKQI2OyUWa3WSDoCR8TKTWx9k/u1+tAV7Ga1y/8Y1vDGWE7NgDsKV+nzG7YkvsAvRV2+08jgxj0TUgJudCRsIJoB2/c/9Ae7ZO9gnIzz6ZBB2fCXLYaFuHJG2OVRkHFaKzJB71YqMG8oaEqBlEZFahbuwDMiNWc/vJ6DohG7FzIiEX7JxunhlKapKkli0w46iVcMPbATnOdJbN4PCwZExke6RMqbh+N3LeMUhZRrKbHC8YPjw/Y537wt0xyVL6xhxVrr5JuQnlz8Bl/7zTWybSZNtKRmD8MmKTFKWSDZ6aNsaFJtiUcypHyDGaVrAJ8S02iURkPIUqOsWQwLiXFdNf8UznQI7O4TtlIeyD4KDYXE+n6wCiRJ/1Q3vGuWPEqroR47SQmHoSsmzHHntsveGGG6LvOhlZvc4669TJYOptt9223nrrrWPbZptt6jST1Ntvv318vvnmm9errbZaHGNLDyKyZ0cddVRkJPqBTEVyXepEXnV6eHWSnPUGG2wQGYl0o+p0E+qDDz64Tjd64oj2mM0sW3rAdRpwdRq08XPQzfEFs4tERpE522+//aaMaVuaOOs0ccQ4TUQxccRgMDZkvZLCijYTwdRJhXXMssl+JZcvsnP2lxFLAmDi2/ZIRBc2INOWCCPOJYMIyR2tDzjggLAx3+25557LZKpbkVzGyNyttdZa0YdNNtmkPuuss7oeM120pcTMlBSKQB82V7fAdSJfFdBRQnxqhVrYlt9NIlIk6lj4zGqEcrS/F8wmWJxkFkDj55qZqC3t+k7BlozAuMJs4d6ZDf0cdBt0tknPL9QkSV62wTf3rjUYLTZEhUiaUORN8BaoWEW4zbqeUcIz1kdbHl+2bvB9HoOQj2/+rt1me93GXt4nt5f75OewMWVxLYnqHw76H10koodDygl6ZclJsvJpVW9mvxbIQQ8RcciCifGIiQyC7KJZGCu16jxAHlqxzl/v5c4YaPr/vve9LwKR5PBrX/vaILNBgolzAe6P0v/WbFBBf5BQMa4EgJtgB4oYJR3YQQZ3zoS57777RhhgOkhKOMa2NypwgZCfOJN2c4ypCW7Xxz72sYhled6WSMnO6nsnEAcWGuesrTCCOJZCSt+9+93vjhf4MX2V3uxDKUG28VYQB8Ix1rzl9t7xjndMeZvC0ICQMrLLRkb6KhFKvdtuu9XJwKMYynbyySdH8eSBBx5YJ192suArXVB96KGH1jfccMNEa9NDGgz1kUceWa+99trRbvLto9DyxhtvnNijO2bDZUuzRbTPnUxqsk5qsk5qsu8tqc447uqrr44C0H5x8803TyksLdtgmwLgpMAn7uZ/4Z4qBNxss83CrRG2SCp/0mUyrrhzF1100TLFvv1gUJfNmOBiOX9SMVEgmUhy4tv24LK9973vrddcc824BsWRZ5xxRnyXJun6DW94Q53ERrS3++67R6GkfnUCl8090Z4+JzKuzz777K7HTBfLaL/02aS8Ezi24I4yUVZu8wY+ZeaHHHLIZPZAUFpwW0oUk+eFtdOB4LAgXFZCAoJmpnazx7iAapSul7aXI1BT9Pa3v73v7W1ve1scd9JJJw1078xoMjxmqbINvgkn+AnGvcxarkGyPg4kZHbaaadIPBiHVDcvwj6SJ579KCHYLtjNW9FHAXcqqxt8z9uwLzfL8fk6jRk2pl2wny3bfDtoR7Ion9fx2ssu3DCxjMtGqpJ6pKLMlIW1XtTV7uSi/rJramiszNaUyDtZ6T0600nNq2+wboeklA0wCBQaksl+74XZcNk8LDE2fXYfpgvuLqIn37v59Bm5RkvlbcHgEI6Q7hejlFVT66bo0T1lfEIFFpcbQ8jKd6quuTAyTd675AV2SgCygffCoC6bfim49UoRhZkye29961uj350g7srNM8Fx82RwveCOeGAfXidikzGzaF6dlPYQTTsIz1jYqw/Gmiy3PihoHjoQUgaXbdC1bL6zJi35lSEPHbfeeuvV6YaE1BsU6YaFi0Uya0u27bDDDus7qzEbLhvpLjOTBlZkIKxPki0cZCPhrc3junEBC2YOyWgjHJHdKO4MN8cYFkLI8GxkpVZeeeXYT9btoIMOqq+//vq+3Rf7DeKysSFhlNVXXz3233LLLeslS5ZEVrYTrrvuujpN4HXyLmLNJ7fM+jxIIiKy3zmDKGuoP3e2WT+asXTp0jp5Q/Uqq6wSGe8dd9yxvuyyyya+HS7+Z80lO6YuwmyRV/RzO2TgFEiSe/MdZDA1SdoL9nHD/Ox3y66b2hbJgX7UUcHwkMggVAAPgWtkaYdgLzXSVOX5cyEM4567RrWoFcruzLDhPJJKue6OwqHWZAg7gZfhWtQVUn/UXPYOqCBBfNfF67Gf/lP5nUARCobziIRQZBiFaUaBoTiB0vTkIJeD7ORKKCTjxlhHk4hvYs/5CQ/WQxZvU+hI0oo59LvZ33EGfD9uacFwwdi97EyMFOFw07j4YplNMGbPiJumrEVoQhmA8W9SGgW4gggglxlYtqEgmbvVDogRYSFKdsce9S9nEk12CMpnrkfhp/a6ERwyEiNFcPrh2E6Fyf8rhkJIZhVLRDxE6UNwwy644IIgpbywbzagb1h91Cl/pCTQJ4BoVmouC+lny4HHoo5mHoxWvEis1OLXvBykHRCEiVe5gBea2ZdnMCpCMh4Qo7V2+olsxJ4kkdoBwViETvE5Nr+nrEkgCMW756kctullbdprF9hGRlZi+B7ZiRE7dqwJCWTFBLm8UiQvelXYKFDo1SHdovijhAxClpwYvtdGlvbKOhTMP5i0TKqW7vRatG0CYeRqgbJyGSWcQ+AcEfA+hEIUJy9dunQy68Z9RC4+V6zMDXMc5acuMGfZQDBfMN3ngJC8TYOdNttDftqTXOLaIUTH6YdJdxTo+sZIJCP6rhP9ZBGwJpnoWNF4xs2f1Y5ZpJ9CSb6sGFRmeReuCE0xlkHTC3ktm1lEhgG5kK/+dtNVmHfb8s3nt3sABQsHFEW/CtV+7TLPvcA+qA2rH/pZywZsjx0Yl461+t8EizB4IuyNipHhVcCY30pJHPjvK0i2SUh+5zmYqLlr7MOmXe1pO79/TFYxt0dwKPtBco4fCdINmkS6sMhQLVq0KCLwK620Un3EEUdEFqJfaOOEE06YzNTZFFR94AMfiO/ShU3s2R6yDYsXL451bI5NF14fcsghUdDVD2TTDj/88HizXj7/oNt22203mZUoKBgmZNlOO+20ycJfmWyFx72ywDK5Sa3E2yKTOzk5VpOqi0yZLLc1pD5LCi6Klk888cSOmW7ZtgsvvLBObmedFNNke9aryeTJAmYbSkQZn+mnostRYgrFY3wqhDrA1n76u99ZAxzDx7behyoSOMPgVh/zbzFtNzgXSSwIpw/ks0xDv7OR4/WZXHW88w/i31NzlFxzRikYLtK4i22hwriUvMg2Zrz3sjHjkZLyyhNv0KCoqBR1Soo4vaWDd2D8qjtSt2dNaQ5mt8K5eR2KnAXpxaicg2djKRJPicck9iphJdBvqUhroH/YmFIYyT9VVIU8SDcumCC1Ba2DGKh23CDrXrhs/FL+qiyUC+pGEFwsN8XxChvdOIsc3TAPrhcc77ziV161MCgQGCIlczs9zIUCQ8Mgd0/z33nzXGwMySTT3A/yPq3PjBttgrIvl9h4GJn8H0O4L0IRXCwulzEmFmXM9RMWYUvcNoRh4Tv3StlCzsZph72w235CJNrTjva0y3XzjDyTZnviRshz1JhCSAUFTRgaJgXxBIPW4BXLsOTCIJWJQkgCoMo7VPeLizhOdmfjjTcOwhGroI4NdhOdmddEZT/fMx5vVxx1JnS+QYzW81GbRDAgDCQyXeT2EBLRoL1eAf5hoxBSQUcYGupPBDb9Y06EYoAqguU2UJEgI+kVNJYqWEpEGSkqVKdjlpZMUChrNkdmZl2EZFYWqEVclhopsB1VOnk+g0I1MUwnyN4OOcM8rPYGwcyfsWDOwCBHKPk1xFwM7jSiaqZ9DVwzNLfNLGuWVkBI/VBMUsde46HuRXxDLAKpiTMa/L5XHpLfNFowGKiZYZKHtmaDjGBK2r+goBViQCp7JQoEUMUHxfOkfptV5chEPQsysoTGv/sRYBUvchz3jqrynYCszWe+o5SQnDiFtgsWLopCKugJwWeKR02a2VhNV/4/+iCoKgnB/ZK44HplBSWZwXXbf//9419ececyKCYKzGeC3BRWiSAsbBRCKugLgtRcLBXKAtz+K4xANSKhcAS+BaW9NN7ShAyEg6QU17ZmaQTDHc89EDtS3lGwsFEIqaAvKIdQt2LNl3iR2hcLqAW9kZP4kop6KexmiYg4lK0VArGqhLl62nYcImu3b8HCQSGkgr5BJXHbxHkEqwWiBaStqaKOfNdpUWorxI7y8gl1btw56qtgYaMQUkHfED+iZKyREiNasmRJvEnQqyss/szVw72gzsV/r3G8wLfXfji+n7WKBfMbhZAKBoJUvqA18hHEpo7UFvVbQ6QoEhl5TTG3zStr1CzNdAFewXiiEFLBQLBEQeZMZbW0vzQ/l2vRokUTe3SGLJp6JP+iWkVwrkdSKFlQAIWQCgYGd03KXlZMSYCtmc7vBOu3VHxbZiIAjozEo0oguyCjEFLBwOBqqbDOROJvKfxOUFtk4ab36ygRsFREbZKlJ7kiOC/OLXVICxuFkAqGgm4qR6zJy8MUVHL3xI2a/6baGjkLc9U1dSO2gvmPQkgFA0OdEWWTlZLMWqdXyngFjDd4er+6Vf/iTYolLbT1ZlDv3vHPGf3zRdXf2ixYuChr2QoGAoKxTEQNkuJIa9sEpQW1pe2bxMT9koVTGmDFv/IAsSbFkN4LbfNPILTFpUNW1sg1CysLFhaKQioYCBbLIhJEw71SU+Qd7NwxrxRpAiEpfERg1BHXTe2RfzmOpAS4kZEX6lFcrYRWsPBQ3odUMBAQkngPQkJGIPUvQO1Fa831aIYWMvKuJMf5W+C66ZYhIopILZNXH3vVSQ50Fyw8FEIqKCgYG5SpqKCgYGxQCKmgoGBsUAipoKBgbFAIqaCgYGxQCKmgoGBsUAipoKBgbFAIqaCgYExQVf8HSbpE4X04C9QAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\" style=\"width: 228px; height: 63.2466px;\" width=\"228\" height=\"63.2466\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere, RYL (%) = percentage of relative yield loss (reduction of yield or yield components),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eY1 = mean yield of the most protected plot;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eY2 = mean yield of the unsprayed plots or sprayed plots with varying level of disease.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5 Data analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData was evaluated and the mean disease responses for each plot\u0026apos;s 12 plants were determined. When F values revealed significant differences, the data were submitted to analysis of variance, and Duncan\u0026apos;s multiple-range test was applied at a 5% level of probability. ANOVA was used to examine the disease incidence, SI, AUDPC, and chickpea growth, yield, and yield components data. Using logistic (y (1-y) and Gompertzy y [-ln(y)] growth models, disease progression rate was calculated. The disease progression rate under different treatments was estimated using the slope of the regression line. The LSD was used to calculate the mean separation at the 5% confidence level.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1 Disease incidence and severity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring two consecutive evaluation years (2020 and 2021), the severity of ascochyta blight epidemics differed significantly (P 0.05) across chickpea varieties, and it was discovered that severe epidemics developed in both seasons. The disease was initially noticed on the Mariye variety 30 Days after Planting (DAP), then spread to the other varieties in the next plot. The varieties and fungicide spray intervals showed significant differences (Tables 1 and 3). \u0026nbsp;Four to five weeks after the first signs of the disease in the unsprayed plots appeared at both locations, the disease severity in the highly susceptible varieties reached 90% (Table 3). Disease development in moderately susceptible variety was slower, but the final disease severity within the unsprayed experimental plots surpassed the 50% level. Although the final disease severity of untreated experimental plots was significant, disease development in highly resistant varieties had never exceeded 20% (Table 3).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding their relative responses to the disease, Mancozeb 80% WP spray times were significantly varied regardless of fungicide treatment intervals (P 0.05). Additionally, plots demonstrated significantly different ascochyta blight severity levels (P 0.05) at all assessment dates (30, 37, 44, 51, 58, 65, 72, 79, and 86 DAP) (Table 3). The lowest average severity level of ascochyta blight was noted on the 7th day of interval fungicide treatment (from the start of ascochyta blight evaluation). Moreover, the maximum (100%) and minimum (24.54%) severity were recorded on susceptible variety (Table 3). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough there was no statistically significant difference between the crop seasons, the minimum disease incidence and severity of 15.1% at Dhera and 11.2% at Dugda, respectively, were recorded from moderate and resistant varieties in the 7th day\u0026apos;s interval application. Furthermore, in Dugda during the 2020 crop season, susceptible variety in untreated plots had the highest ascochyta blight incidence and severity of 99.60% and 70.7%, respectively (Tables 1 and 2). Similar to the susceptible variety, the ascochyta blight intensity was high on the 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e day after application (Table 3); 74.1% at Dhera and 66.7% at Dugda). This suggests that compared to the Mariye variety, the Dhera and Habru varieties are more resistant to ascochyta blight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the mean value of two seasons and two locations; the minimum disease incidence of 15. 1% at Dhera was recorded from resistant varieties and 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day\u0026rsquo;s interval application of the fungicide, while the maximum disease incidence of 91.07% at Dugda and 86.19% at Dhera was recorded from susceptible variety on unsprayed plots (Table 1). Genotype resistance had a lower disease incidence than genotype susceptibility, according to Kanouni et al. (2010), who also provided confirmation of this finding. In this investigation, the same outcomes were seen for the ascochyta blight severity index (SI) (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, there was significant (P \u0026lt; 0.05) ascochyta blight incidence difference between a combinations of plots treated with 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 14\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e, 21\u003csup\u003eth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eday\u0026rsquo;s intervals and no spray of Mancozeb WP 80 % and varieties viz; Dhera, Habru and Mariye until the 9\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e date of disease assessment under two seasons and locations (Table 3). For each variety, the difference in disease incidence levels was statistically (P 0.05) non-significant on the 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e (30 DAP) day of disease assessment. Comparing the sprayed and unsprayed plots, the treated plot had considerably decreased disease incidence. For the last eight assessment dates, the unsprayed plot continuously had the highest disease incidence values. In all sites throughout seasons, fungicide-treated plots had significantly lower ascochyta blight severity indices than untreated plots at all stages of crop growth (P 0.05) (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor both the fungicide and the varieties at the two sites during the seasons, with the exception of a few rare cases, the severity in the \u0026gt;3 times planned spray was much lower than the control. With means across year and location, the fungicide produced the largest reduction in severity vs control for each variety (Table 2). The mean temperature at each of the site-seasons under study ranged from 9.2 to 32.6 OC, and more than 580 mm of rain fall throughout that time (Figure 1). When temperatures are low (15\u0026ndash;25 OC) and there is a lot of rain (\u0026gt;150 mm) throughout the growth season, Ascochyta blight is more severe and may completely kill susceptible varieties of plants (Nene, 1982). The current findings are also reported and confirmed by Pande et al. (2005).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2 Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study found that chickpea varieties, fungicide application interval (FAI), and interaction effects all significantly affected AUDPC at P 0.05. However, locations and cropping seasons were not significantly affected by the study (Figure 2). According to (Bellido Lopez, 2008), AUDPC is a very useful summary of plant disease epidemics that takes into account starting intensity, the rate parameter, and the duration of the epidemic, which affects ultimate disease intensity. The AUDPC levels in untreated plots of susceptible genotype were utilized throughout the trial as a measure of how favorable the environment was to the disease. The more favorable the weather was for the pathogen, the higher the AUDPC levels. The environment\u0026apos;s ability to support the pathogen was significantly (P 0.05) correlated with the effectiveness of chemical control in susceptible varieties. When weather supported minor epidemics and increased the mancozeb WP 80% spray schedule, ascochyta blight suppression was effectively suppressed, but insufficiently when weather supported severe epidemics and lowered the spray schedule (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the average AUDPC value for the two years and locations, the Dhera variety had the lowest AUDPC values at Dugda and Dhera, respectively, and the Habru variety had the highest AUDPC values at 136% and 141.76 % for the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons, respectively (Figure 2). Mariye variety had the highest AUDPC values at 561.72% and 491.76% for the two years, respectively (Figure 2). This demonstrated that the Dhera and Habru types are more resistant to the occurrence of the Ascochyta blight than the Mariye variety. These findings have been supported and agreed upon by several writers throughout the course of time (Aslam et al., 2014). Additionally, Mancozeb WP 80% management had a highly significant (P 0.05) impact on AUDPC reduction when compared to untreated plot at the 7th, 14th, and 21st days (Figure 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe disease progressed more quickly in untreated plots compared to the plots received fungicide treatments over seasons and locations (Figure 2). The comparison of treatments/varieties by their values of AUDPC indicated that the value of AUDPC is directly proportional to the AB disease incidence, severity and epidemic levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Disease progress rate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween the main effects of variety and FAI as well as their interaction, the disease progression rate showed a significant difference at P 0.05 (Figure 3). Ascochyta blight disease infection spread more quickly on susceptible varieties in both location and seasons than on resistant varieties in Dhera and Habru, where slower disease progression rates were seen throughout the crop seasons of 2020 and 2021 (Figure 3). Zewdie reported similar findings in 2018, stating that genotypes have a significant impact on the disease progression rate, which is higher for susceptible and lower for resistant varieties. Additionally, the untreated plot had a greater disease progression rate, but the 7th FAI recorded a reduced infection rate during the duration of the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons, and the 7th FADI once more recorded an infection digression rate (-0.01) (Figure 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeparate analysis of the Logistic and Gompertz models were conducted. R2, coefficient residue, standard error, and other metrics were used to calculate the model\u0026apos;s fitness. The varieties Dhera (7, 14 and 21 days of fungicide treatment), Habru (14 days of fungicide application), and Mariye (7 and 21 days of fungicide application) were fitted with the Gompertz model, while the others were fitted with the Logistic Model, based on the comparison of the R2 values (Table 4). The Gomportez model, an alternative for the logistic model, is based on the disease\u0026apos;s gradual progression over time and is directly related to both its level (y) and its negative natural logarithm (-Lny). Additionally, in the logistic model, the proportion of healthy plant tissue (1-y) to the degree of disease present (y) determines how gradually the disease progresses over time. \u0026nbsp;This combination of exponential and monomolecular characteristics gives basis for description of polycyclic disease by logistic model (Fininsa C. 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, we use both \u0026quot;r\u0026quot; and AUDPC values for comparison. In general, Gompertz model fits using data for each fungicide application day\u0026apos;s analysis of all treatments. The rate shows how far the illness has progressed each day, but the AUDPC values produce an extensive amount of data from the time the disease first appeared until the last recording date at plant maturity. Based on these results, the best variety was determined to be Dhera (7, 14 and 21 days of fungicide application), followed by Habru (7, 14 and 21 days of fungicide application), while Mariye was determined to be a susceptible variety. Because the AUDPC computed values are the same for both models, the only aspect of the logistic model from which it differs is the value of Rate(r).\u0026nbsp;However, the AUDPC and rate values are often connected with each other using the Gompertz model\u0026apos;s logistic function.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Chickpea growth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn both the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons, an analysis of variance showed that treatments significantly affected the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the days to 50% flowering, and the 95% physiological maturity. For each variety, the interval fungicide application on the 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day produced the longest days to 50% flowering and 95% physiological maturity (Table 5). This shows that the ascochyta blight affects and shortens the period of flowering and physiological maturity, which causes a decrease in yield by interfering with each variety\u0026apos;s optimum physiological and flowering maturity.\u0026nbsp;The findings also showed that the ascochyta blight intensity level accelerated chickpea senescence, which had a detrimental influence on the amount of grain produced. Ascochyta blight was seen to rapidly re-infect the plants, although rejuvenates were also seen on the susceptible variety at the 21st-day time period of fungicide treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing the Mariye variety to Habru and Dhera, the frequency of fungicide treatments had a highly significant impact on the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod in both the seasons and the locations (Table 6). In comparison to untreated plants, the number of pods per plant and the number of seeds per pod increased after fungicide treatments (Table 6). These results are in agreement with Bellido Lopez\u0026apos;s (2008) findings, which indicated that agronomic parameters such as pods per plant, seeds per pod, hundred seed weight, days to flowering, and days to maturity play a significant effect in the severity of ascochyta blight in chickpea.\u0026nbsp;This proves that the ascochyta blight affects every aerial portion of the chickpea plant and has a significant impact on plant development. Despite greater disease on individual plants (Chang et al., 2007), the improved seed production with large plant population is due to the development of more pods and seeds per unit area (Regan et al., 2003). Similar to this, Shamsi et al. (2010)\u0026apos;s findings demonstrated that varietal variations are more closely related to plants\u0026apos; pods and are utilized as standards for choosing the best materials. The frequency of scheduled fungicide treatments also significantly affected the plant height of all kinds in the current investigation, according to analysis of variance (Table 5).\u0026nbsp;The plants in treatments that received fungicide application at 7- and 14-day intervals were slightly taller than the plants in treatments that received treatment at 21-day intervals or received no treatment (Table 5).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance results for seed yield showed that the Mariye variety was significantly affected by the treatments relative to the season and location. As a result, the results showed that yield in both years and locations was significantly affected by the frequency of Mancozeb 80% WP treatments. In 2020 and 2021, the mean grain yield of treatments with fungicide applications at 7th and 14th day intervals was significantly higher than that of treatments with 21st and untreated. On the Dhera variety, treatments with 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e day interval fungicide applications had mean yields of 3484.60 kg ha-1 over years and locations, and 3497.00 kg ha-1 over locations, respectively. These values were significantly higher than at treatments with no fungicide application (Table 7). According to a previous investigation by Sagir et al. (2004), the yield per plant has a significant correlation with the quantity of pods per plant. Although in this instance, fewer pods per plant probably led to a lower yield per plant. According to Sadeghipour and Aghaei (2012), the production of grain yields may be affected by varietal differences. The findings showed that the grain yield was significantly affected by severe ascochyta blight on susceptible variety with untreated plots, and 100% yield loss was reported (Table 8). Ascochyta blight can result in the completely death of plants, which would result in a 100% yield loss, according to other writers who also agreed with this statement (Islam et al., 2017). According to Chongo et al. (2003), chickpea fungicide treatments have a significant influence on the production of grain. Furthermore, Amin and Fufa (2014) proved that the Mancozeb 80% WP fungicide treatment for ascochyta blight in Ethiopia results in the maximum yield of chickpea.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDepending on the quantity and distribution of the initial inoculum and the disease's increase of growth over time, integrating host resistance and applying fungicides are the main strategies for managing polycyclic diseases (Fininsa C. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The current study was done on integrated management strategies in locations that have been identified nationally as disease hotspots and are characterized by climate variables that favor the spread of ascochyta blight epidemics. Contrary to the earlier report by Amin Mohammed and Fufa Melkamu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), which stated that the disease was first discovered 54 days after planting in Ethiopia, chickpea ascochyta blight was first detected in the current study at 30 days post-planting across seasons and locations. However, the Ascochyta blight start time has been shown to vary from year to year and to be influenced by environmental factors as well (Shtienberg et al., 2005). In this study, the disease's incidence and severity were found to be greater at both locations. This finding may be related to the fact that both study locations were at low altitudes with high temperatures and/or humidity, which supports the pathogen's quick development and dissemination in the study regions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This result is consistent with that of Pande et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), who also highlighted that ascochyta blight outbreaks are more likely to emerge in most regions of the world where the crop is often produced in cold, wet conditions. In addition, Trapero-Casas and Kaiser (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e) pointed out that the disease's severity increased with increasing relative humidity, cloudiness, and extended wet weather, which promotes the quick onset and spread of AB disease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscochyta blight continues to remain an important challenge to Ethiopia's potential to produce chickpeas, despite the recent development and widespread usage of partly resistant cultivars. Partial resistance alone did not adequately reduce ascochyta blight in study regions with moderate to high inoculum pressure and weather conducive to disease development, as seen in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. The study also revealed a significant negative relationship between yield loss and ascochyta blight intensity (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). This indicates that severe ascochyta blight caused large production losses, although the connection between the disease and yield losses varied among varieties via Dhera, Habru, and Mariye. The most effective strategy to reduce losses in yield brought on by chickpea ascochyta blight is to employ resistant genetic resources. The absence of sources of high levels of resistance in the main gene pool and the high pathogenic diversity of the fungus pose obstacles to breeding for resistance to ascochyta blight in chickpea, according to Khan et al. (1999) and other research that verified and confirmed these findings. In order to boost the levels and/or persistence of the resistance, it is therefore necessary to diversify the genetic material responsible for ascochyta blight resistance in the highest chickpea germplasm. This is especially important in light of changes in the virulence of the Didymella rabiei pathotype.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDidymella rabiei aggressive isolates severely affect some chickpea cultivars that are resistant to less aggressive isolates under the same conditions because of the high level of variation in aggressiveness within the Didymella rabiei population (Chongo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and similar level of variation in resistance among chickpea cultivars. Therefore, differences in ascochyta blight-associated yield loss severity between resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible varieties, as well as between the moderate and resistant varieties, were found when overall ascochyta blight severity was low. This showed that variety selection is an essential aspect of an integrated ascochyta blight management strategy for chickpea. According to Fininsa C. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), resistant varieties of plants may minimize or delay the growth of the pathogen population that causes epidemics of plant diseases. Chemical protectants may also delay the pathogen population's rate of expansion. The study found a favorable link between disease incidence and severity at both low and high ascochyta blight scoring from each variety. Contrarily, at low levels of disease, incidence and severity frequently have a linear connection; hence, measuring incidence is adequate (Madden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). However, there is frequently a complex inconsistent link between incidence and severity at high disease levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe disease developed similarly in all kinds during the experiment, although at varying intensities; Mariye variety had the highest intensity, compared to Dhera and Habru. Ascochyta blight pre-infection processes such spore germination, appressorium production, and germ tube penetration are all comparable in both resistant and susceptible variants, according to several research that have supported this hypothesis. However, throughout the development of the disease, resistant and susceptible varieties differ from one another (Ilarslan and Dolar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, as the plants progress toward the stage of flowering and podding phases, resistance decreases (Chongo and Gossen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The two resistant and moderately resistant chickpea varieties in this study also demonstrated resistance at the seedling and early vegetative phases but were susceptible at the flowering and podding stages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThough this differed across the two sites, varieties with better ascochyta blight resistance often also had higher grain yields. This was in agreement with Kimurto et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) who indicated that the high disease incidence, which damaged vegetative plant parts and killed some plants, was the reason of the poor yield in the arid highlands of the Rift Valley. With regard to grain yield measurements such final plant stand, number of pods, biomass, and hundred seed weight, disease severity and AUDPC showed a negative association. Kimurto et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) made comparable observations. Additionally, there was an adverse correlation between grain yield performance and the severity of the disease. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to control Ascochyta blight disease, particularly through the application of host plant resistance, in order to increase chickpea grain yield performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAny management technique or crop production method that lowers the incidence and severity of diseases during the development of the epidemic from the beginning minimizes the rate of disease increase (Fininsa C. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). With the method of treatment chosen or put into effect throughout the study, the progressive and digressive curve of the disease and the epidemic rate of the disease (the rate of growth of the epidemic) have been established (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Depending on the type of disease, according to Fininsa C. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), dy/dt (the absolute rate of change in y at t) might signify the absolute rate of disease decrease. This suggests that the primary biotic challenge to the main cropping season chickpea agriculture in the Ethiopian area is the ascochyta blight. However, fungicide management significantly reduces the AUDPC of chickpea ascochyta blight in comparison to untreated control. Applications of protective fungicides often reduce the chance of infection of deposited spores, depending on when the fungicide is used (Fininsa C. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This is true for both epidemiological and ecological grounds of plant disease management. Therefore, the creation of integrated disease management (IDM) tools to combat this threat may make it possible for chickpea to be sown during the main season in areas where it is currently impossible and reduce pathogen-related losses in regions where main cropping season is currently used. According to Fininsa C. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), diseases offer serious challenges to agricultural yields and product quality, hence the development of efficient disease management techniques is crucial to plant productivity and profitability. IDM is also crucial to sustainability. With the integration of Mancozeb 80% WP during the trial, adequate disease suppression was accomplished even in environments that were extremely permissive to the pathogen when the degree of resistance was high, as in the case of the Dhera variety. Akem (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) further proved that genotype resistance is the main technique used to control Didymella rabiei.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mancozeb fungicide, which is extensively used and consistently effective against ascochyta blight on a variety of pulse crops, was also confirmed and published by Chongo et al. in 2003 and Gan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e. Similar to this, Bretag et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) found that ascochyta blight-prone chickpea varieties may be cultivated successfully by strategically spraying foliar mancozeb fungicide multiple times throughout the growing season. Additionally, according to Kaiser and Hannan (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e), fungicide-sprayed treatments can significantly aid in reducing the initial inoculum level and limit the spread of the disease or races into new regions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe high disease incidence that might have attacked vegetative plant parts and died nearly all plants, minimizing production in especially for those untreated plots and except during the extended fungicide application period, is the reason of the poor yield in both the experimental season and location. In comparison to unsprayed plots, fungicide-sprayed plots produced higher yields. While the seed yield recorded from treated plots was higher than that from untreated plots (906.2 kg ha-1), the seed yield on sprayed plots varied from 3526 to 122 kg ha-1 with a mean value of 2506.9 kg ha-1. Ascochyta blight resistance and minimal disease incidence were observed in the Habru and Dhera varieties in contrast to the Mariye variety, which had a lower yield (0.00\u0026ndash;1968 kg/ha). Therefore, it is advised to grow both of these varieties at various Mancozeb 80% WP treatment periods that are less conducive to ascochyta blight epidemics. According to earlier research (Ahmed et al., 2006), cultivars with compound leaves are less susceptible to disease than unifoliate lines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh temperatures (9.4\u0026ndash;32.6 OC) and high relative humidity (97.3%) were reported during the growth seasons, which enhanced disease severity at both research regions, during the major rainy season, when the study was done. It took 4\u0026ndash;5 days to detect the disease's pycnidia, and it may have taken 7\u0026ndash;10 days for them to manifest due to favorable environmental conditions. Ascochyta blight infection and its development occur between 5 and 25 OC, with an ideal temperature of 16 to 20 OC, as noticed and validated by Pande et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, Trapero-Casas and Kaiser (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e) pointed out that increased relative humidity, cloudiness, and prolonged wet weather all contribute to a disease's tendency to grow and spread quickly. Due to favorable meteorological circumstances that encouraged rapid pathogen development and transmission due to cold, damp conditions in these locations, the ascochyta blight infection was significant at both Dhera and Dugda (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In order to create a strong integrated disease management strategy, it is essential to comprehend the crucial environmental factors, such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, that encourage infection, disease development, dissemination, survival of primary inoculum, and disease development (Fininsa C. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). With the incorporation of fungicide sprays, the two varieties in the current study that had stronger resistance to ascochyta blight also had higher grain production (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar to this, Pande et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) verified that in most locations of the world where the chickpea crop is often produced, cold and rainy weather encourages the development of disease outbreaks. According to Tekeoglu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), ascochyta blight hinders chickpea production all over the world. Disease treatment based on a single gene resistance is unlikely to provide long-term control due to the genetic diversity of the disease's pathogen population (Chongo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). This study showed that ascochyta blight can cause substantial yield losses in susceptible varieties, including complete crop failure (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), in the conditions where Ethiopian chickpeas are grown. While the influence of chickpea genotype and fungicide treatment time accounted for most of the variance in both years, this study also looked at the effect of chickpea variety, fungicide application time, location, and season on the presence and intensity of ascochyta blight. However, the effects of cropping season and location on disease levels were minimal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese tests investigated the importance of applying fungicides at key points during the chickpea growth season in addition to assessing fungicide effectiveness. The majority of the new varieties in Ethiopia are far more disease resistant than the ones that were previously available, and only sometimes need to be treated with fungicides. The best outcomes will be seen in cases where fungicide is used with the more potent mancozeb 80% WP before the disease is discovered or at extremely low infection levels. In order to enhance protection against disease transmission by rain splash, protectant fungicides\u0026mdash;regardless of variety\u0026mdash;are most effective when managed before rain (Shtienberg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Only in the most extreme situations were fungicide treatments necessary during the research period for the more resistant varieties. Therefore, Fininsa C. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that integrated disease management is the most effective and cost-effective when all pertinent information about the crop is available, including information about the various pathogens known to cause economically significant diseases on the crop, the history of the diseases in previous seasons and years, varietal resistance to the diseases, the environmental conditions anticipated to prevail during the current season, and practicable diseases management technologies. There is always a chance that new pathotypes could exceed the resistance of the various chickpea varieties, according to Pande et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The results revealed that combining a fungicide's first two treatments (7th and 14th ) with the Dhera and Habru varieties had the most influence on disease. This could be as a result of the Mancozeb WP 80% fungicide spray being able to control the spread of ascochyta blight secondary inoculum inside and between adjacent plants while also having the potential to minimize ongoing primary infection. Nevertheless, given the genotype's susceptibility, continued spraying is essential for the rest of the growing season to keep severe outbreaks under control and reduce production losses. This was observed at two hot spots for ascochyta blight throughout growing seasons, where ascochyta blight infection during pod filling resulted in considerable output losses. To prevent pods from ascochyta blight infection, Chongo and Gossen (2001) established that fungicide use during podding is advised for all varieties. Additionally, this guarantees the production of disease-free seed that is kept in the nation for planting. The trial locations in Dhera and Dugda had the greatest areas under progression of disease curves, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Variety Mariye was found to be more prone to ascochyta blight disease in the two experimental sites where it was studied. Varieties with larger area under the disease progress curve also had higher disease severity. It is obvious that an important integrated management component of controlling ascochyta blight in chickpea for its economic viability is applying fungicide sprays early in the season and integrating with resistance chickpea varieties to delay the rapid development of the epidemic during this period. According to Fininsa C. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), the objective of integrated disease management will therefore assure its economic viability, boost productivity and productivity, ensure human and environmental health, and preserve production and biodiversity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrated that the integration of fungicide treatment time schedules and varieties, as compared with cropping seasons and locations, had an impact on chickpea ascochyta blight. The results of the current investigation showed that the disease may cause damage a plant at any stage of growth by creating lesions on any part of it. As a result, if the disease is left untreated, yield loss could be catastrophic and reach over 90%. Reducing the losses brought on by the disease depends on resistant varieties and the application of Mancozeb 80% WP, but repeated applications at set intervals up to four times are typically effective and cost-effective.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBy complementing with genetic resistance, Mancozeb 80% WP consumption in ascochyta blight of chickpea can be decreased while minimizing production costs and environmental consequences of fungicides. For the ascochyta blight of chickpea to be economically and effectively controlled, integrated disease management strategies must be adopted. We obtain the conclusion from this study that the main cropping season of chickpea is achievable in Ethiopia when the ascochyta blight is sufficiently suppressed. Variety resistance is therefore the main strategy for disease management, with Mancozeb 80% WP control being used as a supplementary strategy if needed. Therefore, it was demonstrated that timing the application of the fungicide Mancozeb 80% WP after the crop started to senesce was ineffective. A fungicide application to protect the crop against the disease, however, would probably not be profitable if the outbreak is more severe and develops during podding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour fungicide treatments are often necessary to manage ascochyta blight during the growing season in an area with significant rainfall. The integration of high yielding varieties with 2.5 kg a.i / ha Mancozeb 80% WP is lastly advised for additional investigation and potential introduction in Ethiopia's chickpea belt area. When the disease severity level is high during the main growing season, the most susceptible variety could not be suited for production. In breeding initiatives aiming at creating resistant varieties of chickpea, varieties that are only partially resistant to ascochyta blight can be employed. For continued breeding to maintain its genetic potential and grain output with 14 to 21 application interval periods, the resistant and high yielding variety Dhera is especially advised.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by a PhD grant from the Modernizing Ethiopian Research on Crop Improvement (MERCI) initiative and the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). We appreciate the financial assistance from the MERC and EIAR.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn article titled \u0026quot;Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia\u0026quot; has been enclosed and submitted to the European Plant Pathology journal for consideration for publication. We neither engage in nor have any financial affiliation with any of the organizations or entities mentioned in this book. Additionally, we have no competing interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI\u0026apos;m sending and I would like to have the manuscript considered for publication in the \u003cstrong\u003eEuropean Plant pathology journal\u003c/strong\u003e. This is a declaration that the manuscript titled \u0026quot;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAscochyta rabiei\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e) on Chickpea (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCicer arietinum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026quot; is my original work and not published earlier and I have not submitted this manuscript for publication elsewhere. I have cited a number of authors whose published materials are used in the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmad HU Chang KF Hwang SF Gossen BD Howard RJ and Warkentin TD (2006). Component of disease resistance in desi and kabuli chickpea varieties against ascochyta blight. J. Plant Path. 5(3):336-342.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkem, C. 1999. Ascochyta blight of chickpea: Present status and future priorities. Int. J. Pest Manag. 45:131-137. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmin Mohammed and Fufa Melkamu (2014). Management of ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) in Chickpea using a new fungicide. Research in Plant Sciences 2, no. 1, 27-32.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBanic, M., Deore, G.N., Mandal, A.K. and Shah, P. 2017. Selection of yield contributing traits in chickpea varieties by correlation and path analysis studies. 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Histological and ultra-structural changes in leaves and stems of resistant and susceptible chickpea cultivars to Ascochyta rabiei. J. of Phytopathol. (Berlin), 150: 340\u0026ndash;348.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIrena, G. and Ruta, C. 2013. The susceptibility of chickpea (Pisum sativum L.) to wilt under Lithuanian conditions. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 100(3): 283‒288.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam, W., Qasim, M., Noman, A., Idrees, A., \u0026amp; Wang, L. (2017). Genetic resistance in chickpea against ascochyta blight: Historical efforts and recent accomplishments. The Journal of Animal \u0026amp; Plant Sciences, 27(6), 1941-1957.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam, M. A. M. A. Khan and M. B. Ilyas, 1999. Comparison of single and double spray of fungicides on the rate of ascochyta blight, area under the disease progress curve and yield of chickpea cultivars. Pak. J. Bio. Sci. 2(2): 406-409.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoshi, P. K., Parthasarathy, Rao, P., Gowda, C. L. L., Jones, R. B., Silim, S. N., Saxena, K.B. and Kumar, J. 2001. The world chickpea and pigeon pea economies: facts, trends, and outlook. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pardesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 68: 443-6. Order code BOE 030.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaiser WJ and Hannan RM (1988). Seed transmission of ascochyta rabiei in chickpea and its control by seed treatment fungicides. Seed Sci., technology, 16: 625-637. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKimber RBE, Shtienberg D, Ramsey MD, Scott ES, 2007. The role of seedling infection in epiphytotics of ascochyta blight on chickpea. European Journal of Plant Pathology 117, 141-52.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKimurto, P.K., Mulwa, R. M. S., Towett, B.K., Cheruiyot, E.K., Gangarao, R., Silim S., Rutto, D.K., Kirui, G., Gaur, P. and Varshney, R. (2013). Screening of chickpea varieties for tolerance to ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) disease in the dry highlands of Kenya. Journal of Phytopathologia Mediterranean, 52: 611-613.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKanouni, H., Taleei, A., Peyghambari, S. A., Okhovat, S. M., \u0026amp; Abang, M. (2010). Impact of different pathotypes and spore concentrations on ascochyta blight incidence in two Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 12, 56-68.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMadden, L., Hughes, G. and Bosch, F.V.D. 2007. Study of Plant Disease Epidemics. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMegersa, T., Losenge, T., \u0026amp; Chris, O. (2017). The Survey of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) ascochyta blight (\u003cem\u003eAscochyta rabiei\u003c/em\u003e Pass.) Disease Status in Production Regions of Ethiopia. Plant, 5 (1), 23-30. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMillan, T., H.J.Clarke, K.H.Siddique, H.K.Buhariwalla, P.M. Gaur, J. Kumar, J.Gil, G. Kahl and P. Winter. 2006. Chickpea molecular breeding: new tools and concepts. Euphytica.147: 81-103.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhammad Aslam, Khalil Ahmad, Muhammad Amir Maqbool , Saira Bano , Qamar U Zaman and Ghulam Mohyuddin Talha (2014). Assessment of adaptability in genetically diverse chickpea varieties (Cicer arietinum L.) based on different physio-morphological standards under ascochyta blight inoculation. International Journal of Advanced Research, Volume 2, Issue 2, 245-255\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNavas-Cortes, J.A., Trapero-Casas, A. and Jimenez-Diaz, R.M. 1995. Survival of Didymella rabiei in chickpea straw debris in Spain. Plant Pathology, 44: 332\u0026ndash;339.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNene, Y. L. 1982. A review of ascochyta blight of chickpea. Trop. Pest Manag. 28:61-70. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNene Y, Reddy M, Haware M, Ghanekar A, Amin K, Pande S, Sharma M (2012). Field Diagnosis of Chickpea Diseases and their Control. Information Bulletin No. 28 (revised). International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePande S Siddique KHM Kishore GK Bayaa B Gaur PM Gowda CLL Bretag TW and Crouch JH (2011). Development of screening techniques and identification of new sources of resistance to ascochytablight disease of chickpea. Australian J. Plant Pathology, 40: 149-156.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePande S, Sharma M, Gaur PM and Gowda CLL. 2010. Host Plant Resistance to Ascochyta Blight of Chickpea. Information Bulletin No. 82. Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 40 pp. ISBN 978-92-9066-525-0. Order code: IBE 082.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePande, S., Siddique, K. H. M., Kishore, G. K., Bayaa, B., Gaur, P. M., Goweda, C. L. L., Bretag, T. W., and Crouch, J. H. 2005. Ascochyta blight of chickpea (\u003cem\u003eCicer arietinum\u003c/em\u003e L.): A review of biology, pathogenicity, and disease management. Australian J. Agric. Res. 56:317-332. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eQurban Ali , Muhammad Iqbal , Arbab Ahmad , Muhammad Hammad Nadeem Tahir , Muhammad Ahsan, Nazir Javed and Jehanzeb Farooq (2013). Screening of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germpalsm against ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Lab.] correlation and combining ability analysis for various quantitative traits. Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science. Vol. 5(6), pp. 103-110. DOI: 10.5897/JPBCS10.041\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRegan, K. L., Siddique, K. H. M. and Martin, D. 2003. Response of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to sowing rate in Mediterranean-type environments of south-western Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 43: 87\u0026ndash;97.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReddy MV and Singh KB (1984). Evaluation of world collection of chickpea germplasm accession for resistance to ascochyta blight Plant Dis., 68: 900-901.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSadeghipour O, Aghaei P (2012). 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Australasian Plant Pathology 35, 715--724. doi: 10.1071/AP06069.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShtienberg, D., Vintal, H., Brener, S., and Retig, B. 2000. Rational management of \u003cem\u003eDidymellarabiei\u003c/em\u003e in chickpea by integration of genotype resistance and post-infection application of fungicides. Phytopathology, 90: 834\u0026ndash;842.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTekeoglu, M., Santra, D., Kaiser, W.J. and Muehlbauer, F.J. 2000. Ascochyta blight resistance inheritance in three chickpea recombinant inbred line populations. Crop Science. 40: 1251\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTrapero-Casas, A., and Kaiser, W. J. 1992. Influence of temperature, wetness period, plant age, and inoculum concentration on infection and development of ascochyta blight of chickpea. Phytopathology 82:589- 596.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWheeler, B.E. 1969. An Introduction to Plant Diseases. Wiley and Sons, London. 374 pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZewdie A (2018). Assessment of chickpea seed borne disease with special reference to ascochyta blight (Didymella rabiei) in Central Ethiopia. International Journal of Life Sciences 6(3):707-712.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1. \u0026nbsp;Fungicide application interval (FAI) and chickpea variety interactions exhibited a two-way effect on the prevalence of chickpea ascochyta blight at Dhera and Dugda in Ethiopia during the crop seasons of 2020 and 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.474747474747474%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Incidence (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.252525252525253%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean incidence over seasons (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.555555555555557%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.72222222222222%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.72222222222222%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMariye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.4\u003csup\u003eg-j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.9\u003csup\u003ehij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003csup\u003ei-l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.3\u003csup\u003ei-m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003csup\u003efi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.2\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003csup\u003efi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.3\u003csup\u003eijk\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6cd\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.2\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003csup\u003ee-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.1\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.4\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.2\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.2\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.5\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003csup\u003es-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.3\u003csup\u003ep-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003ew\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003csup\u003et-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003csup\u003elm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003csup\u003eklm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003csup\u003eo-v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003csup\u003en-t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003csup\u003er-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003csup\u003eq-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003csup\u003ejkl\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003csup\u003eijk\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003csup\u003ej-o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003csup\u003ej-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003csup\u003en-s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003csup\u003en-s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.8\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003csup\u003ek-p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003csup\u003eijk\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003csup\u003em-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003csup\u003el-q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003csup\u003euvw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003csup\u003evw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003csup\u003elm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003csup\u003en-s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003csup\u003er-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003csup\u003er-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003csup\u003euvw\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003csup\u003ejkl\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003csup\u003eklm\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003csup\u003ej-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003csup\u003en-u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003csup\u003ep-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.6\u003csup\u003eq-w\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.7\u003csup\u003ejkl\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003csup\u003ei-l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003csup\u003ei-l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.7\u003csup\u003ek-p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003csup\u003en-s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.1\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.6\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD(0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"61.61616161616162%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;13.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.252525252525253%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"86.86868686868686%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;20.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Fisher\u0026apos;s protected LSD test, means in the column with different lettered are significantly different at P 0.05.\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2. Chickpea varieties and fungicide application interval (FAI) had a two-way interaction effect on the severity index of chickpea ascochyta blight at Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia, during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAI (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.464646464646464%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity index (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.262626262626263%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean of severity index (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.888888888888886%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"51.111111111111114%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMariye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003csup\u003ej-m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003csup\u003ej-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003csup\u003ek-o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003csup\u003eh-k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.476190476190476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.5\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.3\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd 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width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003csup\u003el-p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003csup\u003el-q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003csup\u003em-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003csup\u003el-p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.476190476190476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003csup\u003eij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003csup\u003em-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003csup\u003em-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003csup\u003em-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003epqr\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.476190476190476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003csup\u003egh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u003csup\u003ehij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003csup\u003eo-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003csup\u003eo-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003csup\u003en-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.095238095238095%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003csup\u003eo-r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.476190476190476%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003csup\u003eg-j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003csup\u003ehij\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.43298969072165%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003csup\u003ef-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003csup\u003eg-j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003csup\u003ee-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2g\u003csup\u003e-j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.402061855670103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD(0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"60.60606060606061%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;5.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.262626262626263%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.131313131313131%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"86.86868686868686%\" colspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeans in the column followed by different letter are significantly different at P \u0026lt;0.05 according to Fisher\u0026rsquo;s protected LSD test.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3. The average effect of the combination of chickpea varieties and fungicide application intervals (FAI) evaluation on the ascochyta blight severity index at various time intervals in Dhera and Dugda during the 2020 and 2021 crop years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVarieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.371134020618557%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFAI (days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"68.04123711340206%\" colspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeverity index (%) at days after planting (DAP)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.698412698412698%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" rowspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMariye\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.8\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003csup\u003ef-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003csup\u003ec-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003csup\u003ed-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003csup\u003ee-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003csup\u003ef-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003ef-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003csup\u003ed-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003csup\u003ed-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003csup\u003ed-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.0\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003csup\u003ec-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003csup\u003ec-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003csup\u003ec-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.6\u003csup\u003ee-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003csup\u003ec-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003csup\u003ec-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.3\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.72\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003csup\u003ec-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.7\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003csup\u003ee-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003csup\u003ec-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003csup\u003ec-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.9\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n 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width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.9\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.634146341463415%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003csup\u003ec-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003csup\u003eefg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.317073170731708%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.4\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.571428571428571%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.428571428571429%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.6\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrand mean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.76595744680851%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe means in the column with distinct lettering are significantly different at P 0.05, according to Fisher\u0026apos;s protected LSD test. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4. Summary table for FAI and chickpea types of Ascochyta blight model fitness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Gompotez model (r)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistic Model (r)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGompertz Model(R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistic Model (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel Fitness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.487443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.487443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistic Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGompertz Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.25%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGompertz Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.21%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.21%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGompertz Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGompertz Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistic Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.23%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.23%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGompertz Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059959\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistic Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.204081632653061%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMariye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.244897959183673%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUntreated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.306122448979592%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.433875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.433875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistic Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.163692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.163692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.14%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.14%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGompertz Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.336442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.336442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogistic Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.636363636363637%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.045454545454547%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.889417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.889417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.772727272727273%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGompertz Model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5. \u0026nbsp; Evaluation of fungicide application intervals (FAI) and chickpea variety effects on ascochyta blight throughout the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons in Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"112%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.070707070707071%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAI (days)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"84.84848484848484%\" colspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenology and growth parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.26829268292683%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDays to 50% flowering\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.36585365853659%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDays to 95% physiological maturity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.36585365853659%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.414634146341463%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.853658536585366%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.073170731707318%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.29268292682927%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.853658536585366%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.51219512195122%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.329113924050633%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.594936708860759%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.594936708860759%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.594936708860759%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.860759493670885%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.594936708860759%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.126582278481013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.860759493670885%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.860759493670885%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.594936708860759%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.860759493670885%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.126582278481013%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" rowspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMariye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3\u003csup\u003ec-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.7\u003csup\u003ed-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003csup\u003epqr\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003csup\u003ei-m\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.0\u003csup\u003ek-p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.195402298850574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.045977011494253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003csup\u003ef-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.7\u003csup\u003eg-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.195402298850574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003csup\u003ea-d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.045977011494253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003csup\u003ea-d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003csup\u003eu\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003csup\u003et\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.045977011494253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003csup\u003eu\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.195402298850574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003csup\u003eu\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.195402298850574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.045977011494253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.3\u003csup\u003ec-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.0\u003csup\u003ech\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.195402298850574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003csup\u003ea-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.045977011494253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1\u003csup\u003ee-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.045977011494253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003csup\u003ef-l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003csup\u003eg-l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.045977011494253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.195402298850574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.8\u003csup\u003ea-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.195402298850574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.747126436781609%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.896551724137931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e47.3\u003csup\u003eg-l\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.195402298850574%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003csup\u003eqr\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrand Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.319148936170213%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.382978723404255%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: means in the column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Fisher\u0026rsquo;s protected LSD test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6. Effect of chickpea variety and Mancozeb\u0026nbsp;WP 80% spray intervals\u0026nbsp;on the varieties yield components during 2020 and 2021cropping seasons at Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"97%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.183673469387756%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAI (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.69387755102041%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of seeds per pod\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.857142857142854%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of pods per plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.27027027027027%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.324324324324323%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.027027027027028%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.37837837837838%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.95890410958904%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.58904109589041%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.32876712328767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.32876712328767%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.698630136986301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.698630136986301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.698630136986301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.698630136986301%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMariye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003csup\u003ef-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003csup\u003ed-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003csup\u003eh-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003csup\u003ek-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003csup\u003el-o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003csup\u003ee-j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003csup\u003ek-o\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.7\u003csup\u003emno\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.40\u003csup\u003ef-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003csup\u003ej-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003csup\u003elmn\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003csup\u003ej-n\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003csup\u003eo-p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003csup\u003eo-p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003csup\u003eop\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003csup\u003eop\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003csup\u003epq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003csup\u003emn\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003csup\u003en\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003csup\u003ep-q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.89\u003csup\u003eq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.75609756097561%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003csup\u003eop\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.536585365853659%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003eq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003eq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.975609756097562%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003csup\u003eopq\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003csup\u003er\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003csup\u003ea-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003csup\u003ea-d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003csup\u003ea-k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd 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valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.2\u003csup\u003enop\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.195121951219512%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003csup\u003eo-p\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrand Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.68421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.368421052631579%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.526315789473685%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7. Effect of fungicide application interval (FAI) and chickpea variety on yield and crop hundred seed weight during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons in Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFAI \u003cstrong\u003e(days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.416666666666664%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYield per hectare (Kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"1.0416666666666667%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.416666666666664%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHundred seed weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.77922077922078%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.376623376623378%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.376623376623378%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.376623376623378%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.090909090909092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.45945945945946%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.81081081081081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.81081081081081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.162162162162161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.81081081081081%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.162162162162161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.162162162162161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.162162162162161%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.45945945945946%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.638297872340425%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMariye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.638297872340425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1950\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1968\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1545\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e767\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.8\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003csup\u003eg-j\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.5\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1531\u003csup\u003ecde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1613\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e744\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e770\u003csup\u003efgh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.2\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.7\u003csup\u003ef-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.9\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003csup\u003eb-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e617\u003csup\u003ef-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e816\u003csup\u003ee-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003csup\u003eh-k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.75\u003csup\u003ejk\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003csup\u003ee-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003csup\u003ed-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e442\u003csup\u003eghi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00\u003csup\u003ejk\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.638297872340425%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.638297872340425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3418\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3287\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3425\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3314\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.7\u003csup\u003ea-d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3162\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3066\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3431\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3144\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.1\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2779\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2991\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3228\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3042\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.4\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1649\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1632\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e720\u003csup\u003ef-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1098\u003csup\u003ed-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003csup\u003ea-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003csup\u003ea-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.638297872340425%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.638297872340425%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3471\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3526\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3498\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3467\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.51063829787234%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.574468085106384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.446808510638298%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3203\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3298\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3412\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2948\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003csup\u003ea-h\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.3\u003csup\u003ea-d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003csup\u003ea-d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3177\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3076\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3287\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3019\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003csup\u003ea-e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003csup\u003ec-i\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003csup\u003ea-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.2\u003csup\u003ea-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.904761904761905%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnsprayed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1949\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1953\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1282\u003csup\u003ec-f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003csup\u003ehi\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.523809523809524%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.8\u003csup\u003ea-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003csup\u003ea-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003csup\u003ea-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.714285714285714%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003csup\u003ea-g\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrand Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.05154639175258%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.11340206185567%\" colspan=\"5\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.39344262295082%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.39344262295082%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"55.73770491803279%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.475409836065573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.309278350515465%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.05154639175258%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.11340206185567%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: means in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Fisher\u0026rsquo;s protected LSD test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8. Effect of chickpea varieties and fungicide application interval (FAI) on relative yield loss at Dhera and Dugda, Ethiopia, during the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVarieties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.77777777777777%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRelative yield loss (Kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.775510204081634%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDugda\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMariye\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabru\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.7\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.3\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.448979591836736%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDhera\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.2\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.7\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.387755102040817%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.3\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.77777777777777%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"77.77777777777777%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: means in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p = 0.05 according to Fisher\u0026rsquo;s protected LSD test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-plant-pathology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejpp","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Plant Pathology](http://link.springer.com/journal/10658)","snPcode":"10658","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ejpp/default2.aspx","title":"European Journal of Plant Pathology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Chickpea, Disease incidence, percent severity index, Fungicide, Relative yield loss","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123002/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123002/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe production of chickpea, an important legume that is grown all over the world for its nutritious fibers and minerals, is severely constrained by ascochyta blight, which can cause up to a 100% yield loss under ideal conditions. The most reliable, economical, and effective management techniques for this disease are fungicide treatments and host plant resistance. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate chickpea varieties and fungicide application intervals against chickpea ascochyta blight epidemics; identify the most effective fungicide application time interval; and determine the association of ascochyta blight incidence and severity with yield and yield component of chickpea. The study was carried out in two hotspot regions (Dhera and Dugda) during the main growing seasons of 2020 and 2021. Three chickpea varieties (Dhera, Habru, and Mariye) and four fungicide spray schedules (Mancozeb 80% WP at a rate of 2.5 a.i. kg/ha) were utilized as treatments, and they were treated up until the crop reached full physiological maturity. \u0026nbsp;Twelve treatments were set up in a factorial arrangement with three replications using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Both the Gompertz model and the logistic model were used to assess dependent variables under various treatments. For the disease progression rate under various treatments, the slope of the regression line was determined. The results of the data analysis revealed considerable variations between the treatments. Fungicide application time scheduled, varieties, and their interactions had substantial effects on ascochyta blight. The Mariye variety noted the highest occurrence (100%) and severity (70.68%) of ascochyta blight, with 100% yield loss seen from untreated plots, whereas the Dhera variety experienced the lowest incidence (6.35%) and severity (11.01%) following fungicide management on the 7th day of the interval. The analysis of the means revealed that applying fungicide at intervals of 7 and 14 days was an effective strategy for reducing the severity, incidence, and AUDPC of ascochyta blight. This strategy led to the highest yield of seeds per pod, pods per plant, and grain yield when compared to the untreated plot and the plot treated at a 21-day interval. To handle polycyclic outbreaks of the disease successfully, both the logistic and Gompertz models were used. The study's extent of variety resistance was enough to control the disease in two cropping seasons and locations. This investigation led us to the conclusion that a program to control the ascochyta blight of chickpea in Ethiopia may include the integration of fungicide and resistant varieties. Additionally, methods for integrated management of the Ethiopian ascochyta blight on chickpeas must be devised.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Temporal Epidemics and Management of Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta rabiei) on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-09-01 20:41:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3123002/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2023-08-30T07:40:47+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-08-30T07:38:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"European Journal of Plant Pathology","date":"2023-07-24T06:58:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-07-23T22:37:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"European Journal of Plant Pathology","date":"2023-07-21T03:57:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-plant-pathology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ejpp","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Plant Pathology](http://link.springer.com/journal/10658)","snPcode":"10658","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ejpp/default2.aspx","title":"European Journal of Plant Pathology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a1488be4-500a-4eed-8ce3-9df866c7818a","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 1st, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-26T15:07:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3123002","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-024-02828-x","journal":{"identity":"european-journal-of-plant-pathology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"European Journal of Plant Pathology"},"publishedOn":"2024-02-22 15:01:56","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 22nd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-09-01 20:41:20","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10658-024-02828-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-024-02828-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3123002","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3123002","identity":"rs-3123002","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}