Investigating Grand Marshalling Operations Alternatives for Guiding Aircraft to their Parking Positions; Crictic-Vikor Approach

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Nwachukwu Joshua, Moses Mario Idisi, Uche James, Idama Favour This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8213913/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Congested airports, where multiple aircraft operations coincide, ground marshalling becomes even more vital to prevent accidents, delays, and operational inefficiencies. Aircraft marshalling is crucial because to the intricacies and inherent risks associated with maneuvering large aircraft on the ground as airports are usually bustling, congested environments with restricted sight, particularly in proximity to terminal gates, hangars, and taxiways. The study successfully applied CRITIC Weight-VIKOR technique to choose a prominent alternative for airport ground marshalling operations. The weights of such criteria as the Operational Efficiency (OE), Safety Enhancement (SE), Cost of Implementation (C), Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure (CEI), Training and Human Adaptability (THA), Environmental Impact (EI), and Reliability in Adverse Conditions (RAC). were estimated using the CRITIC Weight technique were 0.1055, 0.1087, 0.1904, 0.1261, 0.1077, 0.2025 and 0.1590 respectively which were used to promote VIKOR techniques application in appraising ranks of the airport ground marshalling operations such as Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) with the following results 0.3232, 0.0082, 0.4823, 0.1411, and 0.9411 respectively. The result obtained showed that the Wand-Based Marshalling Systems is the preeminent airport ground marshalling operations method/the best alternative. The study concludes that the full potential of technology in improving airport operations is yet to be realized. However, the existing awareness and willingness among aviation professionals to embrace technology provide a strong foundation for future improvement in airport ground marshalling operations. Airport Ground Marshalling. Alternatives Criteria CRITIC Weight VIKOR technique 1.0 Introduction The aviation industry is an indispensable part of the global transportation network, enabling the swift movement of people, goods, and services across continents. Its importance spans various sectors, including transport, tourism, trade, and logistics which contribute to economic development globally. In recent years, the aviation sector has become a key driver of globalization and economic growth, with an estimated contribution of $ 3.5 trillion to the global economy annually (ICAO 2024). Ground handling operations encompass the airside activities at airports responsible for managing passengers, cargo, facilities, and supplies associated with parked aircraft (Diego and Felix 2017 ). Ground marshalling is a critical aspect of airport operations that involves guiding aircraft during taxiing, parking, and departure using visual signals, wands, or automated systems. Ground marshallers, also known as ramp agents, play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of aircraft movements on the tarmac. At congested airports, where multiple aircraft operations coincide, ground marshalling becomes even more vital to prevent accidents, delays, and operational inefficiencies. Aircraft marshalling is crucial because to the intricacies and inherent risks associated with maneuvering large aircraft on the ground as airports are usually bustling, congested environments with restricted sight, particularly in proximity to terminal gates, hangars, and taxiways. At many airports, the configuration or terrestrial impediments hinder pilots from perceiving the precise route they must navigate. In this context, marshallers offer essential direction for safe and effective navigation. Marshalling is essential where radio communication is limited or restricted especially in smaller airports or when ground workers and pilots are unable to clearly communicate via radio. In these situations, marshalling hand signals take precedence over other methods of aircraft guidance. Furthermore, the marshaller's presence also adds an additional degree of safety during inclement weather, such as persistent rain or fog. Visual signals minimises the possibility of misunderstandings that could result in ground accidents by ensuring that pilots receive clear, intelligible instructions. In addition, marshalling is necessary in emergency situations. The marshaller directs emergency personnel to the aircraft or assist in arranging for the crew and passengers’ safety evacuation from an aircraft if needs to be on the tarmac. Pilots and ground workers alike contribute to aviation safety by comprehending and using marshalling signals efficiently. Over the years, advancements in technology have revolutionized ground marshalling globally. Systems such as Automated Visual Docking Guidance Systems (AVDGS), Augmented Reality (AR) glasses, and sensor-based solutions have enhanced the precision and safety of aircraft handling. AVDGS, for instance, uses advanced sensors and cameras to automate the docking process, reducing reliance on human operators and minimizing the risk of errors. Methods for Guiding Aircraft to their Parking Positions Aircraft can be guided to their assigned parking spots (gates or apron stands) using a variety of methods which includes both contemporary automated docking technology and more conventional human-based approaches. The following methods; Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) can be technologically classified into three; Low-tech, medium-tech systems and high-tech systems. Manual Hand Signals The manual hand signal method is the oldest and most popular method for directing aircraft to their parking spots at the airport which depends on qualified ground marshaller communicating directly to the pilot using ICAO- standardised visual hand signals or illuminated wands. With the present technological advancement in grand marshalling, manual hand signal method is still a crucial, dependable, and widely accepted. Wand-Based Marshalling Systems In airport ground operations, wand-based marshalling systems is one of the most popular and useful techniques for securely guiding aircrafts into and out of parking spots. The approach is based on manual hand signals; however, the marshaller employs illuminated wands (batons) to enhance visibility. Furthermore, wand-based marshalling systems standardized by ICAO and IATA for global consistency, economical, adaptable, and still extensively utilised globally, notwithstanding the emergence of sophisticated docking technologies. Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance Systems Follow-Me vehicles are ground support units employed to direct aircrafts while taxiing, particularly in intricate or crowded airports. GPS-based guidance systems improve accuracy, efficiency, and safety in navigating aeroplanes between runways and parking stands. Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance Systems has High implementation cost (GPS systems, vehicle modifications, integration). dependent on GPS signal availability (may be affected by interference) and operated by human drivers (unless paired with autonomous systems). Infrared Camera Marshalling Systems Infrared Camera Marshalling Systems are sophisticated aircraft ground guidance technologies intended to facilitate the safe parking and alignment of aircraft, particularly in low-visibility or nocturnal conditions. An Infrared (IR) Camera Marshalling System use thermal imaging technologies to identify and monitor aircraft activity. Rather than depending exclusively on human visual indicators (hand signals, wands) or conventional video cameras, it utilises infrared cameras to detect heat signatures from engines, tires, and the aircraft fuselage. Infrared Camera Marshalling Systems represent a contemporary, technology-enhanced advancement over conventional visual docking, ensuring safer and more dependable aircraft navigation under any weather and lighting situations with higher installation and maintenance cost compared to wand systems. Infrared camera marshalling systems requires precise alignment and periodic recalibration and are affected by weather conditions such as heavy rain or extreme heat which can sometimes distort IR imaging. Finally, over-reliance on in infrared camera marshalling systems may reduce human skill in manual marshalling. Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) are sophisticated electronic marshalling solutions that steer aircraft from the taxiway to an exact parking position at the gate, eliminating the necessity for direct human hand signals. Applying automated, sensor-driven technologies that show pilots instructions directly, ADGS ensures safe, effective, and accurate aircraft parking by replacing human marshalling at gates. Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) are part of Advanced Visual Docking Guidance Systems (A-VDGS) used at modern airports which has high installation and maintenance cost, with system downtime risk, and high environmental risk. Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) are complex to operate requiring skolled technical staff for upkeep. 2.0 Literature Review Szabo et al. ( 2022 ) in their contribution was to increase the efficiency of aircraft ground handling at the selected airport. They find out that in the changes in the deployment of selected ground handling equipment, the individual processes were shortened, as well as the total stay of the aircraft at the airport after landing and before take-off. Szabo et al. ( 2022 ) in their submission confirmed that certain operations cannot be done faster such as guiding an aircraft to the parking port or hanger. With Szabo et al. ( 2022 ) submission, technology advancement does not have significant effect on grand marshalling than the traditional method knowing that speed in not required in aircraft taxing operations. Kovynyov and Mikut ( 2019 ) accessed how digital transformation changed airport ground operation, with their result showing that ground handling agents are embracing current trends to craft new business models and develop new revenue streams. Kovynyov and Mikut ( 2019 ), further examine the ground handling agent’s value chain and identify areas that are strongly affected by digital transformation and those that are not. In Kovynyov and Mikut ( 2019 ) submission, they did not identify ground marshalling operations as an area strongly effected by digital transformation. Meaning that both traditional and digital marshalling operations are actively in use in aircraft ground marshalling operations. One notable study by Olatunji et al ( 2020 ) examined the adoption of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and Ground Positioning Systems (GPS) in Nigerian airports, with a focus on their potential to improve the safety and efficiency of ground marshalling operations. The study found that while these technologies have been successfully implemented in several developed countries, their use remains limited in Nigeria due to high initial implementation costs, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of comprehensive government policies supporting technology adoption in the aviation sector. Furthermore, the study highlighted that despite the potential benefits, such as faster turnaround times and improved safety through real-time monitoring, the operational and financial constraints faced by Nigerian airports have resulted in minimal adoption of these advanced technologies. Yusuf ( 2022 ), focused on the integration of human operators with automated ground marshalling systems. Yusuf’s study emphasized that despite the rise of automation in other sectors of airport operations, ground marshalling in Nigeria still relies heavily on manual, human-controlled procedures. The study illustrated that although automated technologies, such as digital signage and radar-guided systems, have the potential to reduce human error and improve the precision of aircraft movements, their implementation remains a challenge in Nigerian airports. Yusuf also pointed out that human-machine collaboration could be optimized by introducing systems like augmented reality (AR) to aid marshallers in accurately guiding aircraft to parking positions, thus improving both safety and efficiency. However, the research acknowledged that this vision remains far from realized due to technological, financial, and training-related barriers. In addition, the work of Obasi and Eze ( 2021 ) explored the role of digital technologies in reducing ground incidents, such as aircraft collisions and misalignments, at Nigerian airports. The study showed that airports in Nigeria that have started to adopt digital technologies, such as radar-based guidance systems and communication tools that enable real-time feedback from marshalling teams, experienced a notable reduction in such incidents. However, the authors also observed that the adoption of these technologies is still in its infancy, with only a handful of major airports beginning to implement them on a small scale. These findings align with the general trend that while technological advancements can lead to significant improvements in safety, Nigerian airports are still largely reliant on outdated systems and traditional methods of marshalling. Although there is limited literature in airport ground marshalling operations, from the reviewed literature none placed superiority to any of the methods applied in ground marshalling operations. Although, there could be reasons like high cost of implementation, lack of technical know-how and lack of willingness from government as in the case of Nigeria in total integration of advanced technology. However, adverse weather conditions as often experienced in the two seasons in Nigeria could be a likely reason why full-scale technological adaptation have not been implemented in Nigeria. Based on the identified gap of not being able to investigate different methods of ground marshalling, this paper investigates Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)) grand marshalling operations alternatives for guiding aircraft to their parking positions applying multi-criteria decision approach using the following criteria; Operational Efficiency (OE), Safety Enhancement (SE), Cost of Implementation (C), Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure (CEI), Training and Human Adaptability (THA), Environmental Impact (EI), and Reliability in Adverse Conditions (RAC). 3.0 Methodology This study applied Critic and Vikor methods for both criteria and alternatives evaluation. The weight of each criterion was determined using Critics while Vikor was used in the ranking of the alternatives to determine the best alternatives. 3.1 Application Critic Method The CRITIC method is an objective MCDM weighting technique that evaluates the importance of criteria based on data variability and intercriteria correlation, making it valuable when subjective expert opinions are unavailable or undesirable. Critic have advantage over other MCDM like AHP or Delphi because it uses statistical information from the decision matrix such as standard deviation of each criterion and conflict between criteria. CRITIC method procedures are described as follows: Stage I: Decision matrix normalization using \(\:{s}_{jk}=\frac{{s}_{jk}-{s}_{j}^{worst}}{{s}_{j}^{best}-{s}_{j}^{worst}\:}\) ………………………………(i) Where performance ration of the considered alternative k on criterion j is represented by \(\:{s}_{jk}\) . Stage II: Standard deviation \(\:\left({\partial\:}_{j}\right)\) for each criterion is determined. Stage III: Linear correlation coefficient of paired criteria \(\:{y}_{jk}\) with the symmetric matrix are determined. Stage IV: Using equation ii, the measure of conflict created by criterion 𝑗 is determined. \(\:\sum\:_{k=j}^{n}\left(1-{y}_{jk}\right)\) ………………………………………(ii) Stage V: Quantity of inforµation based on each criterion is obtained using equation iii \(\:{C}_{j}={\partial\:}_{j\:}\sum\:_{k=j}^{n}\left(1-{y}_{jk}\right)\) ……………………………(iii) Where criteria contrast is represented by C𝑗 Stage VI: Using Equation iv, the objective weights of the criteria is deterµined \(\:{W}_{j\:}=\frac{{C}_{j}}{\sum\:_{k=j}^{n}{C}_{j}}\) ………………………………………(iv) Where weight of the criterion is represented by \(\:{W}_{j}\) 3.2 Application Vikor Method The VIKOR method (Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), developed by Serafim Opricovic in 1998, is a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) technique used to rank and select alternatives when there are conflicting criteria. It emphasizes a compromise solution that is closest to the ideal, considering both individual regret (worst-case) and group utility (overall satisfaction). VIKOR is a methodology designed for the multi-criteria optimisation of intricate systems across diverse domains (Nwaoha and Udosoh 2022 ). Opricovic and Tzeng ( 2004 ), outlined the stages involved in VIKOR Method application as follows: Stage I: The best value \(\:\:{Z}_{i}^{+}\) together with the worst value \(\:{Z}_{i}^{-}\) out of all criterion ratings are determined. Stage II: Using equation (v) and (vi) the utility measure values \(\:\left({T}_{i}\right)\) and regret measure values \(\:\left({U}_{i}\right)\) are computed. \(\:{T}_{i}=\sum\:_{j=1}^{m}\left({W}_{j}*\frac{{Z}_{i}^{+}-{Z}_{ij}}{{Z}_{i}^{+}-\:{Z}_{i}^{-}}\right)\) ………………………………….(v) Where \(\:{W}_{j}\) = the weight of criteria \(\:{U}_{i\:\:}={max}_{j}\left[{W}_{j}*\:\frac{{Z}_{i}^{+}-{Z}_{ij}}{{Z}_{i}^{+}-{Z}_{i}^{-}}\right]\) ……………………………. .…(vi) Stage III: \(\:{Q}_{i}\) for 𝑗=1,2,3… m is computed where \(\:{T}^{*}\) = \(\:{Min\:T}_{i,}\) \(\:{T}^{-}={\text{max}T}_{i}.\) \(\:{U}^{*}=min{T}_{i}\) , \(\:{U}^{-}=max{U}_{i}\) The weight assigned to the decision-making strategy of maximising group utility is represented as “c,” whilst the weight for individual regret is designated as “1–c.” 0.5 is typically regarded as the value of "c". The calculation of \(\:{Q}_{i}\) for each possibility can be determined using Equation vii. \(\:{Q}_{i}=C\left(\frac{{T}_{i}-{T}^{*}}{{T}^{-}-{T}^{*}}\right)+\:\left(1-C\right)\left(\frac{{U}_{i}-{U}^{*}}{{U}^{-}-{U}^{*}}\right)\) ………………………(vii) Where; C is the weight for a decision-making strategy of the maximum group utility 1 – c is the weight for the individual regret. 0.5typically regarded value of C. The minimum value of \(\:{Q}_{i}\) is the best ranked alternative. Stage IV: Rank the optimal alternative(s) based on the minimum value of 𝑄𝑖. The ranking is deemed acceptable if the subsequent two conditions are satisfied. Condition 1: Acceptable merit/advantage using equation viii \(\:Q\left(a2\right)-Q\left(a1\right)\:\ge\:DQ\) ……………………………………(viii) Hence, the alternatives selected respectively first and second by 𝑸ἱ are a1 and a2. \(\:DQ=\frac{\text{1}}{P-1}\) …………………………………………………..(ix) Number of alternatives is represented by P. Condition 2: Sufficient consistency in decision-making. This indicates that option a1 must also be the highest-ranked alternative by Ti and/or Ui. Stage V: If one of the requirements in stage 4 is not met, a proposed array of compromise solutions is presented, which consists of the following: In the event that just criterion 2 is unmet, the first and second-ranked alternatives, a1 and a2, If condition 1 is not satisfied, options a1 and a2… a(n): the proximity of alternative a(n) ranked nth by Qi is determined using \(\:\left(Qa(n\right))-Q\left(a1\right)<DQ\) ……………………………………(x) 3.3 Critic Method Application for Criteria’s Weight Determination. The scale employed in this study is shown in Table 1 , which also depicts the scale that experts used to rate each criterion against the options shown in Table 2 . Table 1 Benefit criteria rating scale (Nwaoha and Udosoh 2022 ) Low Average High 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 In this activity, three specialists with equivalent expertise in the subject of investigation facilitated the decision-making. In the weight estimation process utilising Critic technique, the experts diverse backgrounds compliment one other using the benefit criteria rating scales presented in Table 1 . It also illustrates the rating system that experts employed for each criterion in relation to the choices in Table 2 . A benefit criterion is more desirable if its value is higher than another benefit criterion's, and conversely while cost, which is a non-beneficial criterion, is better off with smaller values. Table 3 shows that the average rating provided by the three experts was considered the definitive evaluation due to their equivalent expertise in the issue under investigation. The CRITIC technique was utilised to ascertain the weights of the criteria for selecting grand marshalling operations methods. Equation (i) was utilized to normalise the decision matrix in Table 3 , and the results are presented in Table 4 . For every criterion, the standard deviation of the normalised values was computed, with the findings presented in Table 5 . The correlation coefficients of each pair of columns were used to create the symmetric matrix shown in Table 5 . Using equation (ii), the measure of conflict created by criterion 𝑗 is determined. The extent of the conflict generated by each criterion, as influenced by the decision context established by the other criteria, was determined and shown in Table 6 . The criteria contrasts were obtained with the aid of Equation (iii). The results are presented in Table 7 . With the help of Equation (iv), the weights of the criterion were determined. The findings are shown in Table 8 . Table 2 Experts rating of alternatives in respect to criteria EXPERTS Alternatives Criteria OE SE C CEI THA EI RAC EXPERT 1 Manual Hand Signals 4 5 1 10 10 10 4 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 6 7 1 9 8 9 6 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 7 8 5 8 8 7 7 Infrared Camera Systems 6 7 4 6 5 8 6 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 9 9 6 7 6 6 6 EXPERT 2 Manual Hand Signals 5 6 1 10 8 10 5 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 6 7 3 9 8 9 6 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 7 8 5 8 8 7 7 Infrared Camera Systems 6 7 4 6 5 8 6 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 9 9 6 7 6 6 6 EXPERT 3 Manual Hand Signals 6 7 1 10 9 10 6 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 6 7 2 9 8 9 6 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 7 8 5 8 8 7 7 Infrared Camera Systems 6 7 4 6 5 8 6 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 9 9 6 7 6 6 6 Table 3 Average Experts Rating Alternatives Criteria OE SE C CEI THA EI RAC Manual Hand Signals 5.00 6.00 1.00 10.00 9.00 10.00 5.00 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 6.00 7.00 2.00 9.00 8.00 9.00 6.00 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 7.00 8.00 5.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 Infrared Camera Systems 6.00 7.00 4.00 6.00 5.00 8.00 6.00 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 9.00 9.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Table 4 Rating values of normalized alternatives Alternatives Criteria OE SE C CEI THA EI RAC Manual Hand Signals 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 0.25 0.33 1.80 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.50 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 0.50 0.65 0.20 0.50 0.75 0.25 1.00 Infrared Camera Systems 0.25 0.33 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.50 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.50 Standard deviation ∂ j 0.3376 0.3464 0.4690 0.4796 0.3606 0.5831 0.4472 Table 5 Symmetric matrix CRITERIA OE SE C CEI THA EI RAC OE 1.0000 1,5304 -1,8035 0.4015 -0.3903 -0.9999 1.1589 SE 1.5304 1.0000 -1.1145 -0.3467 -0.5635 -0.5510 1.3476 C -1,8035 -1.1145 1.0000 0.5669 0.9314 0.5302 -0.4769 CEI 0.4015 -0.3467 0.5669 1.0000 0.5061 0.3910 -0.2914 THA -0.3903 -0.5635 0.9314 0.5061 1.0000 0.4458 -0.3487 EI -0.9999 -0.5510 0.5302 0.3910 0.4458 1.0000 -0.1198 RAC 1.1589 1.3476 -0.4769 -0.2914 -0.3487 -0.1198 1.0000 Table 6 Alternative measure of conflict CRITERIA OE SE C CEI THA EI RAC ∑(1-r) OE 0 0.5304 2.8035 0.5985 1.3903 1.9999 -0.5890 5.6728 SE 0.5304 0 2.1145 1.3467 1.5635 1.5510 -0.3476 5.6977 C 2.8035 2.1145 0 0.4331 0.0686 0.4698 1.4769 7.3662 CEI 0.5985 1.3467 0.4331 0 0.4939 0.6090 1.2914 4.7726 THA 1.3903 1.5635 0.0686 0.0686 0 0.5542 1.3487 5.4192 EI 1.9999 1.5510 0.4698 0.4698 0.6090 0 1.1198 6.3037 RAC -0.5890 -0.3476 1.4769 1.2914 1.3487 1.1198 0 6.0481 Table 7 Criteria contrasts CRITERIA ∂ ∑(1-r) C𝑗 OE 0.3376 5.6728 1.9151 SE 0.3464 5.6977 1.9737 C 0.4690 7.3662 3.4547 CEI 0.4796 4.7726 2.2889 THA 0.3606 5.4192 1.9542 EI 0.5831 6.3037 3.6757 RAC 0.4472 6.0481 2.8862 \(\:\sum\:\_(J=0)^n▒\mathbf{C}\mathbf{j}\) 18.1485 Table 8 Objective weights of criteria CRITERIA W𝑗 OE 0.1055 SE 0.1087 C 0.1904 CEI 0.1261 THA 0.1077 EI 0.2025 RAC 0.1590 3.4 VIKOR Technique Application for Airport Ground Marshalling Operations Alternative Ranking Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) alternatives were ranked using vikor techniques. The weights of the following criterion; Operational Efficiency (OE), Safety Enhancement (SE), Cost of Implementation (C), Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure (CEI), Training and Human Adaptability (THA), Environmental Impact (EI), and Reliability in Adverse Conditions (RAC) are 0.1055, 0.1087, 0.1904, 0.1261, 0.1077, 0.2025 and 0.1590 respectively which were used to promote vikor techniques application in appraising ranks of the airport ground marshalling operations such as Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS). Table 9 shows each criterion's best and worst values. The greatest value is the best value for the beneficial criteria, while the lowest value represents the worst. The optimal value is the minimum, whereas the suboptimal value is the highest for non-beneficial. Equation (v) was used to compute the unity measure 𝑇𝑖 as the Table 10 presents the computation's findings. Equation (vi) is utilised to get the individual regret 𝑈𝑖 values for each choice and the outcomes are presented in Table 11 . The individual’s regret in every row, the greatest value is the 𝑈𝑖 value. Table 9 Best Zἱ + and Worst Zἱ − ALTERNATIVES OE SE C CEI THA EI RAC Manual Hand Signals 5.00 6.00 1.00 10.00 9.00 10.00 5.00 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 6.00 7.00 2.00 9.00 8.00 9.00 6.00 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 7.00 8.00 5.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 7.00 Infrared Camera Systems 6.00 7.00 4.00 6.00 5.00 8.00 6.00 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 9.00 9.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Best Zἱ + 9.00 9.00 1.00 10.00 9.00 10.00 7.00 Worst Zἱ − 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 6.00 5.00 Table 10 Estimation of utility measure values Ti for each alternative ALTERNATIVES OE SE C CEI THA EI RAC 𝑇𝑖 Manual Hand Signals 0.1055 0.1087 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1590 0.3732 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 0.0791 0.0725 0.0381 0.0315 0.0269 0.0506 0.0795 0.3782 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 0.0575 0.0362 0.1523 0.0631 0.0269 0.1519 0.0000 0.4879 Infrared Camera Systems 0.0791 0.0725 0.1142 0.1261 0.1077 0.1013 0.0795 0.6804 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 0.0000 0.0000 0.1904 0.0946 0.0808 0.2025 0.0759 0.6442 Table 11 Estimation of the regret measure values Ui for each alternative ALTERNATIVES OE SE C CEI THA EI RAC 𝑈𝑖 Manual Hand Signals 0.1055 0.1087 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.1590 0.1590 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 0.0791 0.0725 0.0381 0.0315 0.0269 0.0506 0.0795 0.0795 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 0.0575 0.0362 0.1523 0.0631 0.0269 0.1519 0.0000 0.1523 Infrared Camera Systems 0.0791 0.0725 0.1142 0.1261 0.1077 0.1013 0.0795 0.1142 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 0.0000 0.0000 0.1904 0.0946 0.0808 0.2025 0.0759 0.2025 The optimal values of 𝑇𝑖 and 𝑈𝑖, T* and U*, respectively were estimated and presented in Table 12 . Table 12 estimates the values of T- and U-, which are the worst values of 𝑇𝑖 and 𝑈𝑖. The results of applying Equation (vii) to the computation of 𝑄𝑖 for each possibility are shown in Table 13 . Table 12 Alternatives and their unity measures, 𝑇𝑖 and regret values 𝑈𝑖 ALTERNATIVES 𝑇𝑖 𝑈𝑖 Manual Hand Signals 0.3732 0.1590 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 0.3782 0.0795 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 0.4879 0.1523 Infrared Camera Systems 0.6804 0.1142 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 0.6442 0.2025 T* U* 0.3732 0.0795 T − U − 0.6804 0.2025 Table 13 Ranks of alternatives obtained ALTERNATIVES 𝑇𝑖 𝑈𝑖 Q𝑖 Ranking of Alternatives Manual Hand Signals 0.3732 0.1590 0.3232 2 Wand-Based Marshalling Systems 0.3782 0.0795 0.0082 1 Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance 0.4879 0.1523 0.4823 3 Infrared Camera Systems 0.6804 0.1142 0.1411 4 Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) 0.6442 0.2025 0.9411 5 T* U* 0.3732 0.0795 T − U − 0.6804 0.2025 3.5 Acceptance of Rank Choice With the use of Conditions 1 and 2, it is possible to ascertain whether the rank option is accepted using equation (viii) and (ix) Condition 1: $$\:Q\left(a2\right)-Q\left(a1\right)\:\ge\:DQ$$ Where \(\:DQ=\frac{\text{1}}{5-1}\) = 0.25 a2 = 0.3232 a1 = 0.0082 Applying the values we have = 0.3232 − 0.0082 ≥ 0.25 = 0.3150 ≥ 0.25 Since Q(a2) – Q(a1) ≥ DQ, Condition 1 is satisfied and Condition 2 is also satisfied, since a1 is the best ranked alternative by Ui. 3.6 Result Discussion According to the outcome shown in Table 13 , the Qi value of the following ground marshalling; Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems, and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) are 0.3232, 0.0082, 0.4823, 0.1411, and 0.9411 respectively. Based on VIKOR technique, for Wand-Based Marshalling Systems to be adopted as the best ground marshalling alternative, two conditions must be mate. Based on the result obtained, the two conditions were satisfied since Q(a2) - Q(a1) equals to 0.3932, which is greater than DQ, 0.25. Condition 2 is also satisfied since the steel wire rope is also the best ranked alternative by Ui In order for the steel wire rope to be adopted as the best alternative according to the VIKOR method, it is required to meet Conditions 1 and 2. Based on the result obtained, the two conditions were satisfied since Q(a2) - Q(a1) equals to 0.3150, which is greater than DQ, 0.25. Condition 2 is also satisfied since the Wand-Based Marshalling Systems is also the best ranked ground marshalling alternative by Ui. We can conclude that the technique has successfully identified a prominent alternative for ground marshalling. 4.0 Conclusions The CRITIC Weight-VIKOR technique were successfully applied in this study to choose a prominent alternative for airport ground marshalling operations. The problem that was given was thoroughly reviewed. The weights of such criteria as the Operational Efficiency (OE), Safety Enhancement (SE), Cost of Implementation (C), Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure (CEI), Training and Human Adaptability (THA), Environmental Impact (EI), and Reliability in Adverse Conditions (RAC). were estimated using the CRITIC Weight technique in order to facilitate the selection of a prominent alternative for ground marshalling such as, Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems, and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) using the VIKOR technique. The algorithm of the VIKOR technique was used to identify the airport ground marshalling operations method. The result obtained showed that the Wand-Based Marshalling Systems is the preeminent airport ground marshalling operations method/the best alternative. The study concludes that the full potential of technology in improving airport operations is yet to be realized. However, the existing awareness and willingness among aviation professionals to embrace technology provide a strong foundation for future improvement in airport ground marshalling operations. Declarations Author Contribution Osuji JN, handled the analysis together with technical supervision and conclusionIdisi MM, handled the literature reviewUche J, handled the introductory Idama F, handled the referencing.All authors reviewed the manuscript Research funding This research did not receive funding or grant. References Diego AT, Felix MC. (2017) Aircraft Ground Operations: Steps Towards Automation Aerospace Europe 6th CEAS Conference. CEAS 2017 paper no. 184 Page 3. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (2024), Wings of Prosperity: Economic Growth Through Air Transport. Economic Development of Air Transport. First Edition - August 2024. Kovynyov I, Mikut R. Digital technologies in airport ground operations. Netnomics: Economic Res Electron Netw. 2019;20(1):1–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-019-09132-5 . Nwaoha TC, Udosoh NE. Facilitating optimal operations of a wave energy converter using a preeminent mooring line: an entropy weight-VIKOR method. J Mech Energy Eng. 2022;6(46):77–84. Obasi FE, Eze S. The impact of digital technologies on safety in airport ground operations: A case study of Nigeria. J Aviat Saf. 2021;16(2):122–38. Olatunji OS, Folarin O, Bamidele A. Adoption of automated guided vehicles for aircraft ground movement in Nigeria. J Transp Technol Innov. 2020;8(1):55–67. Opricovic S, Tzeng G. Compromise solution by MCDM methods: A Comparative Analysisof VIKOR and TOPSIS. Eur J Oper Res. 2004;156:445–55. Szabo S, Pilát M, Makó S, Korba P, ˇCiˇcváková M, Kmec L. (2022) Increasing the Efficiency of Aircraft Ground Handling—A Case Study. Aerospace 2022, 9, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9010002 Yusuf SA. Human-machine collaboration in airport ground marshalling: A case study from Nigeria. Int J Airpt Manage. 2022;19(4):340–55. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8213913","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":552262135,"identity":"15bb9727-892e-4854-ba22-5bd0f69376a3","order_by":0,"name":"Osuji. Nwachukwu Joshua","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYGNijzYOMDBoYDpGlpNiBKCxCwwRkSRGlhbm9/9pinxsbe4ODhtmqemjty/AzMDx/dwOewnjPmxjzH0hI3HDjYdpvn2DNjyQY2Y+McfFpm5LBJ87AdTjAAa2E7DNTLwyaNX0v6M2mef4ftQVqKgQxitCSYSfO2HWYEOYwZyCBCS88ZM8m5fWmJMw8cbAYyDhtLNhPwiyEwxCTefLOx57tx/OGHN98Oy/GzNz98jFdLA4wlcYCBiQfEYMajHATk4Sz+BgbGHwRUj4JRMApGwcgEANLDU5PEFJpfAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Southern Delta University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Osuji.","middleName":"Nwachukwu","lastName":"Joshua","suffix":""},{"id":552262136,"identity":"d5158a71-7c05-44b6-bb87-d2066568968c","order_by":1,"name":"Moses Mario Idisi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southern Delta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moses","middleName":"Mario","lastName":"Idisi","suffix":""},{"id":552262137,"identity":"5ce60f3a-ab53-4b16-b90a-4ddc2f7fa10b","order_by":2,"name":"Uche James","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southern Delta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Uche","middleName":"","lastName":"James","suffix":""},{"id":552262138,"identity":"3d932792-d1c7-40b5-b4e1-768fba50cae9","order_by":3,"name":"Idama Favour","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Southern Delta University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Idama","middleName":"","lastName":"Favour","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-26 14:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8213913/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8213913/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97249727,"identity":"c2b2d5ff-4720-4db9-add6-10551e36c601","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 13:13:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1130027,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8213913/v1/81cc9d04-2c18-45e7-8584-a0ec56c8388a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigating Grand Marshalling Operations Alternatives for Guiding Aircraft to their Parking Positions; Crictic-Vikor Approach","fulltext":[{"header":"1.0 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe aviation industry is an indispensable part of the global transportation network, enabling the swift movement of people, goods, and services across continents. Its importance spans various sectors, including transport, tourism, trade, and logistics which contribute to economic development globally. In recent years, the aviation sector has become a key driver of globalization and economic growth, with an estimated contribution of \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e3.5 trillion to the global economy annually (ICAO 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGround handling operations encompass the airside activities at airports responsible for managing passengers, cargo, facilities, and supplies associated with parked aircraft (Diego and Felix \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGround marshalling is a critical aspect of airport operations that involves guiding aircraft during taxiing, parking, and departure using visual signals, wands, or automated systems. Ground marshallers, also known as ramp agents, play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of aircraft movements on the tarmac. At congested airports, where multiple aircraft operations coincide, ground marshalling becomes even more vital to prevent accidents, delays, and operational inefficiencies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAircraft marshalling is crucial because to the intricacies and inherent risks associated with maneuvering large aircraft on the ground as airports are usually bustling, congested environments with restricted sight, particularly in proximity to terminal gates, hangars, and taxiways. At many airports, the configuration or terrestrial impediments hinder pilots from perceiving the precise route they must navigate. In this context, marshallers offer essential direction for safe and effective navigation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarshalling is essential where radio communication is limited or restricted especially in smaller airports or when ground workers and pilots are unable to clearly communicate via radio. In these situations, marshalling hand signals take precedence over other methods of aircraft guidance. Furthermore, the marshaller's presence also adds an additional degree of safety during inclement weather, such as persistent rain or fog. Visual signals minimises the possibility of misunderstandings that could result in ground accidents by ensuring that pilots receive clear, intelligible instructions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, marshalling is necessary in emergency situations. The marshaller directs emergency personnel to the aircraft or assist in arranging for the crew and passengers\u0026rsquo; safety evacuation from an aircraft if needs to be on the tarmac. Pilots and ground workers alike contribute to aviation safety by comprehending and using marshalling signals efficiently.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver the years, advancements in technology have revolutionized ground marshalling globally. Systems such as Automated Visual Docking Guidance Systems (AVDGS), Augmented Reality (AR) glasses, and sensor-based solutions have enhanced the precision and safety of aircraft handling. AVDGS, for instance, uses advanced sensors and cameras to automate the docking process, reducing reliance on human operators and minimizing the risk of errors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods for Guiding Aircraft to their Parking Positions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAircraft can be guided to their assigned parking spots (gates or apron stands) using a variety of methods which includes both contemporary automated docking technology and more conventional human-based approaches. The following methods; Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) can be technologically classified into three; Low-tech, medium-tech systems and high-tech systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe manual hand signal method is the oldest and most popular method for directing aircraft to their parking spots at the airport which depends on qualified ground marshaller communicating directly to the pilot using ICAO- standardised visual hand signals or illuminated wands. With the present technological advancement in grand marshalling, manual hand signal method is still a crucial, dependable, and widely accepted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn airport ground operations, wand-based marshalling systems is one of the most popular and useful techniques for securely guiding aircrafts into and out of parking spots. The approach is based on manual hand signals; however, the marshaller employs illuminated wands (batons) to enhance visibility. Furthermore, wand-based marshalling systems standardized by ICAO and IATA for global consistency, economical, adaptable, and still extensively utilised globally, notwithstanding the emergence of sophisticated docking technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance Systems\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me vehicles are ground support units employed to direct aircrafts while taxiing, particularly in intricate or crowded airports. GPS-based guidance systems improve accuracy, efficiency, and safety in navigating aeroplanes between runways and parking stands. Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance Systems has High implementation cost (GPS systems, vehicle modifications, integration). dependent on GPS signal availability (may be affected by interference) and operated by human drivers (unless paired with autonomous systems).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInfrared Camera Marshalling Systems\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Marshalling Systems are sophisticated aircraft ground guidance technologies intended to facilitate the safe parking and alignment of aircraft, particularly in low-visibility or nocturnal conditions. An Infrared (IR) Camera Marshalling System use thermal imaging technologies to identify and monitor aircraft activity. Rather than depending exclusively on human visual indicators (hand signals, wands) or conventional video cameras, it utilises infrared cameras to detect heat signatures from engines, tires, and the aircraft fuselage.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Marshalling Systems represent a contemporary, technology-enhanced advancement over conventional visual docking, ensuring safer and more dependable aircraft navigation under any weather and lighting situations with higher installation and maintenance cost compared to wand systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared camera marshalling systems requires precise alignment and periodic recalibration and are affected by weather conditions such as heavy rain or extreme heat which can sometimes distort IR imaging. Finally, over-reliance on in infrared camera marshalling systems may reduce human skill in manual marshalling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) are sophisticated electronic marshalling solutions that steer aircraft from the taxiway to an exact parking position at the gate, eliminating the necessity for direct human hand signals. Applying automated, sensor-driven technologies that show pilots instructions directly, ADGS ensures safe, effective, and accurate aircraft parking by replacing human marshalling at gates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) are part of Advanced Visual Docking Guidance Systems (A-VDGS) used at modern airports which has high installation and maintenance cost, with system downtime risk, and high environmental risk.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) are complex to operate requiring skolled technical staff for upkeep.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2.0 Literature Review","content":"\u003cp\u003eSzabo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) in their contribution was to increase the efficiency of aircraft ground handling at the selected airport. They find out that in the changes in the deployment of selected ground handling equipment, the individual processes were shortened, as well as the total stay of the aircraft at the airport after landing and before take-off. Szabo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) in their submission confirmed that certain operations cannot be done faster such as guiding an aircraft to the parking port or hanger. With Szabo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) submission, technology advancement does not have significant effect on grand marshalling than the traditional method knowing that speed in not required in aircraft taxing operations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKovynyov and Mikut (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) accessed how digital transformation changed airport ground operation, with their result showing that ground handling agents are embracing current trends to craft new business models and develop new revenue streams. Kovynyov and Mikut (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), further examine the ground handling agent\u0026rsquo;s value chain and identify areas that are strongly affected by digital transformation and those that are not. In Kovynyov and Mikut (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) submission, they did not identify ground marshalling operations as an area strongly effected by digital transformation. Meaning that both traditional and digital marshalling operations are actively in use in aircraft ground marshalling operations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne notable study by Olatunji et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) examined the adoption of Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and Ground Positioning Systems (GPS) in Nigerian airports, with a focus on their potential to improve the safety and efficiency of ground marshalling operations. The study found that while these technologies have been successfully implemented in several developed countries, their use remains limited in Nigeria due to high initial implementation costs, inadequate infrastructure, and a lack of comprehensive government policies supporting technology adoption in the aviation sector. Furthermore, the study highlighted that despite the potential benefits, such as faster turnaround times and improved safety through real-time monitoring, the operational and financial constraints faced by Nigerian airports have resulted in minimal adoption of these advanced technologies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eYusuf (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), focused on the integration of human operators with automated ground marshalling systems. Yusuf\u0026rsquo;s study emphasized that despite the rise of automation in other sectors of airport operations, ground marshalling in Nigeria still relies heavily on manual, human-controlled procedures. The study illustrated that although automated technologies, such as digital signage and radar-guided systems, have the potential to reduce human error and improve the precision of aircraft movements, their implementation remains a challenge in Nigerian airports. Yusuf also pointed out that human-machine collaboration could be optimized by introducing systems like augmented reality (AR) to aid marshallers in accurately guiding aircraft to parking positions, thus improving both safety and efficiency. However, the research acknowledged that this vision remains far from realized due to technological, financial, and training-related barriers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the work of Obasi and Eze (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) explored the role of digital technologies in reducing ground incidents, such as aircraft collisions and misalignments, at Nigerian airports. The study showed that airports in Nigeria that have started to adopt digital technologies, such as radar-based guidance systems and communication tools that enable real-time feedback from marshalling teams, experienced a notable reduction in such incidents. However, the authors also observed that the adoption of these technologies is still in its infancy, with only a handful of major airports beginning to implement them on a small scale. These findings align with the general trend that while technological advancements can lead to significant improvements in safety, Nigerian airports are still largely reliant on outdated systems and traditional methods of marshalling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough there is limited literature in airport ground marshalling operations, from the reviewed literature none placed superiority to any of the methods applied in ground marshalling operations. Although, there could be reasons like high cost of implementation, lack of technical know-how and lack of willingness from government as in the case of Nigeria in total integration of advanced technology. However, adverse weather conditions as often experienced in the two seasons in Nigeria could be a likely reason why full-scale technological adaptation have not been implemented in Nigeria. Based on the identified gap of not being able to investigate different methods of ground marshalling, this paper investigates Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)) grand marshalling operations alternatives for guiding aircraft to their parking positions applying multi-criteria decision approach using the following criteria; Operational Efficiency (OE), Safety Enhancement (SE), Cost of Implementation (C), Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure (CEI), Training and Human Adaptability (THA), Environmental Impact (EI), and Reliability in Adverse Conditions (RAC).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3.0 Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study applied Critic and Vikor methods for both criteria and alternatives evaluation. The weight of each criterion was determined using Critics while Vikor was used in the ranking of the alternatives to determine the best alternatives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Application Critic Method\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe CRITIC method is an objective MCDM weighting technique that evaluates the importance of criteria based on data variability and intercriteria correlation, making it valuable when subjective expert opinions are unavailable or undesirable. Critic have advantage over other MCDM like AHP or Delphi because it uses statistical information from the decision matrix such as standard deviation of each criterion and conflict between criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCRITIC method procedures are described as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage I: Decision matrix normalization using\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{s}_{jk}=\\frac{{s}_{jk}-{s}_{j}^{worst}}{{s}_{j}^{best}-{s}_{j}^{worst}\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;(i)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere performance ration of the considered alternative k on criterion j is represented by \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{s}_{jk}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage II: Standard deviation \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\left({\\partial\\:}_{j}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003efor each criterion is determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage III: Linear correlation coefficient of paired criteria \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{y}_{jk}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e with the symmetric matrix are determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage IV: Using equation ii, the measure of conflict created by criterion \u0026#119895; is determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sum\\:_{k=j}^{n}\\left(1-{y}_{jk}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;(ii)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage V: Quantity of infor\u0026micro;ation based on each criterion is obtained using equation iii\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{C}_{j}={\\partial\\:}_{j\\:}\\sum\\:_{k=j}^{n}\\left(1-{y}_{jk}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;(iii)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere criteria contrast is represented by C\u0026#119895;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage VI: Using Equation iv, the objective weights of the criteria is deter\u0026micro;ined\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{W}_{j\\:}=\\frac{{C}_{j}}{\\sum\\:_{k=j}^{n}{C}_{j}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;(iv)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere weight of the criterion is represented by \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{W}_{j}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Application Vikor Method\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe VIKOR method (Vlsekriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), developed by Serafim Opricovic in 1998, is a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) technique used to rank and select alternatives when there are conflicting criteria. It emphasizes a compromise solution that is closest to the ideal, considering both individual regret (worst-case) and group utility (overall satisfaction). VIKOR is a methodology designed for the multi-criteria optimisation of intricate systems across diverse domains (Nwaoha and Udosoh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Opricovic and Tzeng (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), outlined the stages involved in VIKOR Method application as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage I: The best value\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\:{Z}_{i}^{+}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e together with the worst value \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Z}_{i}^{-}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e out of all criterion ratings are determined.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage II: Using equation (v) and (vi) the utility measure values \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\left({T}_{i}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and regret measure values \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\left({U}_{i}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e are computed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{T}_{i}=\\sum\\:_{j=1}^{m}\\left({W}_{j}*\\frac{{Z}_{i}^{+}-{Z}_{ij}}{{Z}_{i}^{+}-\\:{Z}_{i}^{-}}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.(v)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{W}_{j}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= the weight of criteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{U}_{i\\:\\:}={max}_{j}\\left[{W}_{j}*\\:\\frac{{Z}_{i}^{+}-{Z}_{ij}}{{Z}_{i}^{+}-{Z}_{i}^{-}}\\right]\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;. .\u0026hellip;(vi)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage III: \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Q}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for \u0026#119895;=1,2,3\u0026hellip; m is computed where \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{T}^{*}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Min\\:T}_{i,}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{T}^{-}={\\text{max}T}_{i}.\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{U}^{*}=min{T}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{U}^{-}=max{U}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe weight assigned to the decision-making strategy of maximising group utility is represented as \u0026ldquo;c,\u0026rdquo; whilst the weight for individual regret is designated as \u0026ldquo;1\u0026ndash;c.\u0026rdquo; 0.5 is typically regarded as the value of \"c\". The calculation of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Q}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for each possibility can be determined using Equation vii.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Q}_{i}=C\\left(\\frac{{T}_{i}-{T}^{*}}{{T}^{-}-{T}^{*}}\\right)+\\:\\left(1-C\\right)\\left(\\frac{{U}_{i}-{U}^{*}}{{U}^{-}-{U}^{*}}\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;(vii)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC is the weight for a decision-making strategy of the maximum group utility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1 – c is the weight for the individual regret.\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5typically regarded value of C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe minimum value of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{Q}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is the best ranked alternative.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage IV: Rank the optimal alternative(s) based on the minimum value of \u0026#119876;\u0026#119894;. The ranking is deemed acceptable if the subsequent two conditions are satisfied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondition 1: Acceptable merit/advantage using equation viii\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:Q\\left(a2\\right)-Q\\left(a1\\right)\\:\\ge\\:DQ\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;(viii)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHence, the alternatives selected respectively first and second by \u0026#119928;ἱ are a1 and a2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:DQ=\\frac{\\text{1}}{P-1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;..(ix)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of alternatives is represented by P.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondition 2: Sufficient consistency in decision-making.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis indicates that option a1 must also be the highest-ranked alternative by Ti and/or Ui.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage V: If one of the requirements in stage 4 is not met, a proposed array of compromise solutions is presented, which consists of the following:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the event that just criterion 2 is unmet, the first and second-ranked alternatives, a1 and a2,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf condition 1 is not satisfied, options a1 and a2\u0026hellip; a(n): the proximity of alternative a(n) ranked nth by Qi is determined using\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\left(Qa(n\\right))-Q\\left(a1\\right)\u0026lt;DQ\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;(x)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Critic Method Application for Criteria\u0026rsquo;s Weight Determination.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe scale employed in this study is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, which also depicts the scale that experts used to rate each criterion against the options shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBenefit criteria rating scale (Nwaoha and Udosoh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 1 2 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 5 6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 8 9 10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this activity, three specialists with equivalent expertise in the subject of investigation facilitated the decision-making. In the weight estimation process utilising Critic technique, the experts diverse backgrounds compliment one other using the benefit criteria rating scales presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. It also illustrates the rating system that experts employed for each criterion in relation to the choices in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA benefit criterion is more desirable if its value is higher than another benefit criterion's, and conversely while cost, which is a non-beneficial criterion, is better off with smaller values.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that the average rating provided by the three experts was considered the definitive evaluation due to their equivalent expertise in the issue under investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe CRITIC technique was utilised to ascertain the weights of the criteria for selecting grand marshalling operations methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEquation (i) was utilized to normalise the decision matrix in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, and the results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. For every criterion, the standard deviation of the normalised values was computed, with the findings presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The correlation coefficients of each pair of columns were used to create the symmetric matrix shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing equation (ii), the measure of conflict created by criterion \u0026#119895; is determined. The extent of the conflict generated by each criterion, as influenced by the decision context established by the other criteria, was determined and shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. The criteria contrasts were obtained with the aid of Equation (iii). The results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. With the help of Equation (iv), the weights of the criterion were determined. The findings are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExperts rating of alternatives in respect to criteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEXPERTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternatives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCriteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE SE C CEI THA EI RAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEXPERT 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEXPERT 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEXPERT 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage Experts Rating\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternatives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCriteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE SE C CEI THA EI RAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRating values of normalized alternatives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternatives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCriteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE SE C CEI THA EI RAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard deviation \u0026part;\u003cb\u003ej\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4690\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3606\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5831\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4472\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSymmetric matrix\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCRITERIA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,5304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,8035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.3903\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.9999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.1145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.3467\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.5635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.5510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1,8035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.1145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5669\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5302\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.4769\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCEI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.3467\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5669\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3910\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.2914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.3903\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.5635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5061\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.3487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.9999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.5510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5302\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3910\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4458\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.1198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRAC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.4769\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.2914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.3487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.1198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternative measure of conflict\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCRITERIA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026sum;(1-r)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3903\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.5890\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3467\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.3476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6977\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.1145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0686\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4698\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4769\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3662\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCEI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3467\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4331\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4939\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7726\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3903\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5635\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0686\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0686\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4698\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4698\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRAC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.5890\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.3476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4769\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCriteria contrasts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCRITERIA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026part;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026sum;(1-r)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u0026#119895;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3376\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6728\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3464\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6977\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9737\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4690\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3662\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4547\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4796\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7726\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2889\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3606\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9542\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5831\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4472\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8862\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\sum\\:\\_(J=0)^n▒\\mathbf{C}\\mathbf{j}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.1485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObjective weights of criteria\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCRITERIA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eW\u0026#119895;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 VIKOR Technique Application for Airport Ground Marshalling Operations Alternative Ranking\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) alternatives were ranked using vikor techniques.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe weights of the following criterion; Operational Efficiency (OE), Safety Enhancement (SE), Cost of Implementation (C), Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure (CEI), Training and Human Adaptability (THA), Environmental Impact (EI), and Reliability in Adverse Conditions (RAC) are 0.1055, 0.1087, 0.1904, 0.1261, 0.1077, 0.2025 and 0.1590 respectively which were used to promote vikor techniques application in appraising ranks of the airport ground marshalling operations such as Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e shows each criterion's best and worst values. The greatest value is the best value for the beneficial criteria, while the lowest value represents the worst.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe optimal value is the minimum, whereas the suboptimal value is the highest for non-beneficial. Equation (v) was used to compute the unity measure \u0026#119879;\u0026#119894; as the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e presents the computation's findings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEquation (vi) is utilised to get the individual regret \u0026#119880;\u0026#119894; values for each choice and the outcomes are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. The individual\u0026rsquo;s regret in every row, the greatest value is the \u0026#119880;\u0026#119894; value.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBest Zἱ\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e and Worst Zἱ\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALTERNATIVES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBest Zἱ\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorst Zἱ\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimation of utility measure values Ti for each alternative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALTERNATIVES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#119879;\u0026#119894;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0791\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0725\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0506\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3782\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1523\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1519\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0791\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0725\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6804\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0946\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0759\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6442\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimation of the regret measure values Ui for each alternative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALTERNATIVES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTHA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#119880;\u0026#119894;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0791\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0725\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0506\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0575\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1523\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1519\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1523\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0791\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0725\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0946\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0759\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe optimal values of \u0026#119879;\u0026#119894; and \u0026#119880;\u0026#119894;, T* and U*, respectively were estimated and presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e estimates the values of T- and U-, which are the worst values of \u0026#119879;\u0026#119894; and \u0026#119880;\u0026#119894;. The results of applying Equation (vii) to the computation of \u0026#119876;\u0026#119894; for each possibility are shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlternatives and their unity measures, \u0026#119879;\u0026#119894; and regret values \u0026#119880;\u0026#119894;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALTERNATIVES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#119879;\u0026#119894;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#119880;\u0026#119894;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3782\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1523\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6804\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6442\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT* U*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eU\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6804\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRanks of alternatives obtained\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eALTERNATIVES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#119879;\u0026#119894;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026#119880;\u0026#119894;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ\u0026#119894;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRanking of Alternatives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManual Hand Signals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1590\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3232\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWand-Based Marshalling Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3782\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4879\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1523\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4823\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfrared Camera Systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6804\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1142\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutomated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6442\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT* U*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3732\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eT\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cb\u003eU\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6804\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Acceptance of Rank Choice\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the use of Conditions 1 and 2, it is possible to ascertain whether the rank option is accepted using equation (viii) and (ix)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCondition 1:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Q\\left(a2\\right)-Q\\left(a1\\right)\\:\\ge\\:DQ$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:DQ=\\frac{\\text{1}}{5-1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3232\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ea1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0082\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplying the values we have\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e=\u0026thinsp;0.3232\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.0082\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e=\u0026thinsp;0.3150\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince Q(a2) \u0026ndash; Q(a1)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;DQ, Condition 1 is satisfied and Condition 2 is also satisfied, since a1 is the best ranked alternative by Ui.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6 Result Discussion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the outcome shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, the Qi value of the following ground marshalling; Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems, and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) are 0.3232, 0.0082, 0.4823, 0.1411, and 0.9411 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on VIKOR technique, for Wand-Based Marshalling Systems to be adopted as the best ground marshalling alternative, two conditions must be mate. Based on the result obtained, the two conditions were satisfied since Q(a2) - Q(a1) equals to 0.3932, which is greater than DQ, 0.25. Condition 2 is also satisfied since the steel wire rope is also the best ranked alternative by Ui\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order for the steel wire rope to be adopted as the best alternative according to the VIKOR method, it is required to meet Conditions 1 and 2. Based on the result obtained, the two conditions were satisfied since Q(a2) - Q(a1) equals to 0.3150, which is greater than DQ, 0.25. Condition 2 is also satisfied since the Wand-Based Marshalling Systems is also the best ranked ground marshalling alternative by Ui. We can conclude that the technique has successfully identified a prominent alternative for ground marshalling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4.0 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe CRITIC Weight-VIKOR technique were successfully applied in this study to choose a prominent alternative for airport ground marshalling operations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe problem that was given was thoroughly reviewed. The weights of such criteria as the Operational Efficiency (OE), Safety Enhancement (SE), Cost of Implementation (C), Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure (CEI), Training and Human Adaptability (THA), Environmental Impact (EI), and Reliability in Adverse Conditions (RAC). were estimated using the CRITIC Weight technique in order to facilitate the selection of a prominent alternative for ground marshalling such as, Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems, and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) using the VIKOR technique. The algorithm of the VIKOR technique was used to identify the airport ground marshalling operations method. The result obtained showed that the Wand-Based Marshalling Systems is the preeminent airport ground marshalling operations method/the best alternative. The study concludes that the full potential of technology in improving airport operations is yet to be realized. However, the existing awareness and willingness among aviation professionals to embrace technology provide a strong foundation for future improvement in airport ground marshalling operations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOsuji JN, handled the analysis together with technical supervision and conclusionIdisi MM, handled the literature reviewUche J, handled the introductory Idama F, handled the referencing.All authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch funding\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive funding or grant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDiego AT, Felix MC. (2017) Aircraft Ground Operations: Steps Towards Automation Aerospace Europe 6th CEAS Conference. CEAS 2017 paper no. 184 Page 3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (2024), Wings of Prosperity: Economic Growth Through Air Transport. Economic Development of Air Transport. First Edition - August 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKovynyov I, Mikut R. Digital technologies in airport ground operations. Netnomics: Economic Res Electron Netw. 2019;20(1):1\u0026ndash;30. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-019-09132-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11066-019-09132-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNwaoha TC, Udosoh NE. Facilitating optimal operations of a wave energy converter using a preeminent mooring line: an entropy weight-VIKOR method. J Mech Energy Eng. 2022;6(46):77\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eObasi FE, Eze S. The impact of digital technologies on safety in airport ground operations: A case study of Nigeria. J Aviat Saf. 2021;16(2):122\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOlatunji OS, Folarin O, Bamidele A. Adoption of automated guided vehicles for aircraft ground movement in Nigeria. J Transp Technol Innov. 2020;8(1):55\u0026ndash;67.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOpricovic S, Tzeng G. Compromise solution by MCDM methods: A Comparative Analysisof VIKOR and TOPSIS. Eur J Oper Res. 2004;156:445\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSzabo S, Pil\u0026aacute;t M, Mak\u0026oacute; S, Korba P, ˇCiˇcv\u0026aacute;kov\u0026aacute; M, Kmec L. (2022) Increasing the Efficiency of Aircraft Ground Handling\u0026mdash;A Case Study. Aerospace 2022, 9, 2.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9010002\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/aerospace9010002\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYusuf SA. Human-machine collaboration in airport ground marshalling: A case study from Nigeria. Int J Airpt Manage. 2022;19(4):340\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Airport, Ground Marshalling. Alternatives, Criteria, CRITIC Weight, VIKOR technique","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8213913/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8213913/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCongested airports, where multiple aircraft operations coincide, ground marshalling becomes even more vital to prevent accidents, delays, and operational inefficiencies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAircraft marshalling is crucial because to the intricacies and inherent risks associated with maneuvering large aircraft on the ground as airports are usually bustling, congested environments with restricted sight, particularly in proximity to terminal gates, hangars, and taxiways.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study successfully applied CRITIC Weight-VIKOR technique to choose a prominent alternative for airport ground marshalling operations. The weights of such criteria as the Operational Efficiency (OE), Safety Enhancement (SE), Cost of Implementation (C), Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure (CEI), Training and Human Adaptability (THA), Environmental Impact (EI), and Reliability in Adverse Conditions (RAC). were estimated using the CRITIC Weight technique were 0.1055, 0.1087, 0.1904, 0.1261, 0.1077, 0.2025 and 0.1590 respectively which were used to promote VIKOR techniques application in appraising ranks of the airport ground marshalling operations such as Manual Hand Signals, Wand-Based Marshalling Systems, Follow-Me Vehicles with GPS Guidance, Infrared Camera Systems and Automated Docking Guidance Systems (ADGS) with the following results 0.3232, 0.0082, 0.4823, 0.1411, and 0.9411 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe result obtained showed that the Wand-Based Marshalling Systems is the preeminent airport ground marshalling operations method/the best alternative. The study concludes that the full potential of technology in improving airport operations is yet to be realized. However, the existing awareness and willingness among aviation professionals to embrace technology provide a strong foundation for future improvement in airport ground marshalling operations.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigating Grand Marshalling Operations Alternatives for Guiding Aircraft to their Parking Positions; Crictic-Vikor Approach","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-01 10:29:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8213913/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"140e7fa3-2d19-4f62-bfdc-071b6ebc9bae","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-12T15:38:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-01 10:29:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8213913","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8213913","identity":"rs-8213913","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}