Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants for Infectious Disease Management in Livestock: Practices, Evidence, and Research Gaps from Kulbo Forest, Southwest Ethiopia

Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants for Infectious Disease Management in Livestock: Practices, Evidence, and Research Gaps from Kulbo Forest, Southwest Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants for Infectious Disease Management in Livestock: Practices, Evidence, and Research Gaps from Kulbo Forest, Southwest Ethiopia Jewar Safeno Jara, Biniam Assefa Alemu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9327071/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Ethnoveterinary medicine plays a crucial role in livestock healthcare in rural communities where access to modern veterinary services is limited. This study aimed to document ethnoveterinary medicinal plant knowledge and assess its cultural importance and conservation status in the Kulbo Forest area of southwest Ethiopia. Methods Data were collected from 138 informants using semi-structured interviews, guided field walks, and group discussions. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices, including Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Use Value (UV), Relative Importance (RI), and Fidelity Level (FL), were applied to evaluate the significance and reliability of reported plant-based remedies. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess differences in knowledge distribution among informant groups. Results A total of 42 medicinal plant species belonging to 38 genera and 27 families were documented for the treatment of 31 livestock ailments. Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae were the most represented families. Shrubs and herbs were the dominant growth forms, and most plants (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats. Leaves (41%) and roots (33%) were the most frequently used plant parts, with remedies mainly prepared from fresh materials using infusion and decoction methods. Oral administration was the predominant route (67%). High ICF values were recorded for gastrointestinal (0.87), respiratory (0.84), and ectoparasitic (0.81) disease categories, indicating strong agreement among informants. Ethnoveterinary knowledge was significantly higher among older informants (p < 0.001). A limited number of species showed high cultural importance based on UV, RI, and FL indices. Conclusions Ethnoveterinary knowledge in the Kulbo Forest area is rich but unevenly distributed and highly dependent on natural forest resources. The observed reliance on wild plant species, combined with threats such as agricultural expansion and overharvesting, poses risks to both plant diversity and knowledge continuity. Community-based conservation strategies, including domestication and sustainable harvesting, are essential to ensure the long-term availability of ethnoveterinary resources and support livestock health management. ethnoveterinary medicine medicinal plants indigenous knowledge quantitative ethnobotany conservation Kulbo Forest Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Background Across sub-Saharan Africa, ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) constitutes an adaptive knowledge system embedded within pastoral and smallholder livestock economies. Studies from West, North, and Southern Africa have documented extensive ethnoveterinary pharmacopoeias structured around ecological availability, cultural transmission, and disease ecology (Solazzo et al., 2024 ). These systems are neither static nor purely traditional; rather, they represent dynamic responses to constrained access to biomedical veterinary infrastructure. Increasingly, ethnoveterinary knowledge is being recognized within conservation and One Health frameworks as a strategic approach to safeguarding ecosystem health, livestock productivity, and community wellbeing (Pieroni 2023 ). Ethiopia’s exceptional biological and cultural diversity has fostered rich ethnomedicinal traditions (Friis et al. 2011 ; Maffi 2005 ). Comparable ethnomedicinal documentation among southern Ethiopian ethnic groups has been reported elsewhere (Giday et al. 2007 ). Numerous ethnoveterinary studies conducted over the past two decades have documented medicinal plant species and associated practices across the country (Lulekal et al. 2014 ; Tolossa et al. 2013 ; Hankiso et al. 2024 ). However, most studies remain largely descriptive, emphasizing species inventories rather than hypothesis-driven approaches, quantitative analysis, or cross-regional comparison (Pieroni 2023 ). In response, contemporary ethnobiological research increasingly calls for analytical, comparative, and conservation-oriented approaches to meet international scientific standards (Albuquerque et al. 2014 ), particularly in the context of livestock disease management. Southwest Ethiopia contains some of the country’s last remaining moist Afromontane forest ecosystems and is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot (Friis et al. 2011 ). Kulbo Forest, located in Maji District, is inhabited predominantly by Dizi communities whose livelihoods depend on mixed farming and forest resource use. Livestock keeping—particularly cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and equines—is central to subsistence and income generation, yet access to formal veterinary services remains limited. In this context, ethnoveterinary medicine functions as the primary, and often the only, livestock healthcare system, including the management of infectious and parasitic diseases. However, agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and sociocultural change are accelerating forest degradation and disrupting the intergenerational transmission of traditional knowledge. Despite its ecological and cultural importance, no prior ethnoveterinary study has been conducted in Kulbo Forest, leaving a clear gap in Ethiopia’s ethnobiological record. Evidence from other Ethiopian regions indicates that ethnoveterinary plant-use patterns are shaped by ecological conditions and cultural history (Tolossa et al. 2013 ; Kidane et al. 2018 ). Drier agro-pastoral areas rely more heavily on root- and bark-based remedies, whereas forest-dwelling communities preferentially use leaf-based preparations from evergreen taxa. Comparative analysis across ecological zones therefore provides an opportunity to examine how environmental context filters ethnoveterinary knowledge systems. In addition, generational changes in education, livelihood strategies, and access to modern veterinary services may influence knowledge retention, with younger cohorts often demonstrating reduced familiarity with traditional practices (Kidane et al. 2018 ). Beyond their cultural relevance, ethnoveterinary practices have important public health and conservation implications. Several medicinal plants used in livestock treatment exhibit documented antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties (Heinrich et al. 1998 ; Gensa et al. 2023 ), potentially contributing to the control of infectious and zoonotic diseases and reducing reliance on commercial veterinary drugs. Conversely, unsustainable harvesting of wild medicinal species—particularly roots and bark—poses increasing threats to forest integrity and biodiversity (Kidane et al. 2018 ). Although Ethiopia is recognized as a center of biocultural diversity, forest-dependent ethnoveterinary systems remain comparatively underexplored relative to highland agro-pastoral systems. Kulbo Forest, a moist Afromontane ecosystem inhabited predominantly by Dizi communities, therefore offers a valuable setting to examine how ecological structure shapes therapeutic selection and disease management practices. Research Questions This study therefore addresses three interrelated questions: Which taxa are prioritized within the local veterinary pharmacopoeia? How does ecological similarity influence cross-regional therapeutic overlap? Is knowledge distribution structured by age cohort? Accordingly, the objectives were to document ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and practices, quantitatively evaluate cultural agreement and plant importance, conduct cross-regional comparisons, and assess conservation implications for livestock health and community resilience. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area Kulbo Forest is in Maji District (Woreda), Mirab Omo Zone, within the Southwest Ethiopia Peoples’ Region in southwestern Ethiopia. Geographically, the forest lies between 6°06′–6°18′30″ N latitude and 29°24′–29°39′ E longitude (Fig. 1 ), with an altitudinal range of approximately 1,929 to 2,500 meters above sea level. The area experiences a unimodal rainfall pattern, with a main rainy season extending from April to October. The mean annual rainfall ranges between 1,300 and 1,500 mm, while mean annual temperatures vary from 15 to 18°C, based on records from the National Meteorological Agency and field observations (NMA 2023). Ecologically, Kulbo Forest is classified as a moist Afromontane forest, typical of the highlands of southwestern Ethiopia (Friis et al. 2010; Teketay et al. 2018). The vegetation is dominated by characteristic Afromontane tree species such as Albizia gummifera, Schefflera abyssinica, Syzygium guineense, Croton macrostachyus, and Dracaena afromontana, with a diverse understory of shrubs and herbaceous species. These ecosystems provide essential services, including biodiversity conservation, soil stabilization, and local climate regulation (MEA 2005 ; Teketay et al. 2018). Local livelihoods are primarily based on mixed farming systems integrating crop cultivation and livestock production, a common practice in southwestern Ethiopia (CSA 2013; Abebe et al. 2021 ). Livestock species include cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and equines, which are central to food security and household income. In this context, ethnoveterinary medicine plays a crucial role in maintaining animal health, particularly where access to modern veterinary services is limited (McCorkle 1995; Yineger et al. 2007 ). Livestock population trends are consistent with recent national agricultural surveys (CSA 2023). The majority of the population belongs to the Dizi ethnic group, with minority representation from Amhara, Oromo, and Me’en communities. The primary local language is Dizin (Glottocode: dizi1239), while Amharic and Afaan Oromo are widely used for interethnic communication (Hammarström et al. 2024 ). Religious affiliations include Orthodox Christianity, Protestant Christianity, and traditional belief systems, reported voluntarily in accordance with ethical research standards (ISE 2006 ). 2.2 Surveyed Settlements and Site Metadata Ethnoveterinary data were collected from four rural kebeles adjacent to Kulbo Forest: Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit (Table 1 ). These sites were selected to capture variation in elevation, proximity to forest resources, and land-use patterns, following established ethnobiological sampling approaches (Alexiades 1996 ; Martin 2010 ). For each settlement, site-level metadata were recorded, including geographic coordinates (WGS84), altitude, ecological characteristics, self-identified ethnicity, languages spoken (classified according to Glottolog), declared religious affiliation, estimated population size, and number of study participants disaggregated by gender. The standardization of these variables facilitates comparison with other ethnoveterinary studies (Albuquerque et al. 2014 ). Table 1 Characteristics of surveyed settlements in and around Kulbo Forest. Settlement (Kebele) Latitude (°N) Longitude (°E) Altitude (m) Ecology Dominant ethnicity Languages (Glottocode) Religion Estimated population Total participants Male Female Chayit 6.10 29.40 2100 Moist Afromontane forest Dizi (dominant), minor Amhara & Oromo Dizin (dizi1239), Amharic (amha1245), Oromo (west2823) Orthodox, Protestant, Traditional 1250 35 21 14 Kerisi 6.08 29.38 2000 Moist Afromontane forest Dizi (dominant), minor Me’en Dizin (dizi1239), Bodi/Me’en (meen1242) Orthodox, Protestant, Traditional 1100 34 20 14 Chigit 6.12 29.42 2200 Upper montane forest margin Dizi (dominant), minor Amhara & Oromo Dizin (dizi1239), Amharic (amha1245), Oromo (west2823) Orthodox, Protestant, Traditional 1300 35 22 13 Kubit 6.05 29.45 1950 Forest–farmland mosaic Dizi (dominant), minor Me’en Dizin (dizi1239), Bodi/Me’en (meen1242) Orthodox, Protestant, Traditional 1050 34 20 14 2.3 Informant Selection and Socio-demographic Profile A total of 138 informants was selected using purposive sampling to ensure representation across age groups, gender, and livestock ownership status. Inclusion criteria required participants to have resided in the study area for at least ten years and to be actively engaged in livestock management. These sampling approaches are widely applied in ethnobiological research (Bernard 2011 , 2017 ; Tongco 2007 ). Participation was voluntary and based on prior informed consent. The socio-demographic characteristics of participants, including gender, age group, education level, occupation, marital status, source of ethnoveterinary knowledge, and self-identified ethnicity—are summarized in Table 2 . Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants Variable Category Number Percentage (%) Gender Male 83 60.1 Female 55 39.9 Age group 18–30 years 26 18.8 31–50 years 49 35.5 > 50 years 63 45.7 Education No formal education 102 73.9 Elementary 36 26.1 Occupation Farmer 125 90.6 Merchant/other 13 9.4 Marital status Married 97 70.3 Widowed 41 29.7 Source of knowledge Parents/Elders 91 65.9 Herbalists 31 22.5 Friends 16 11.6 Ethnicity (self-defined) Dizi 118 84.9 Amhara 13 9.4 Oromo 4 3.1 Me’en 3 2.6 2.4 Data Collection Procedures Ethnoveterinary Ethnoveterinary data were collected between March and October 2024 using multiple complementary qualitative methods commonly applied in ethnoveterinary research (Martin, 2010 ; Albuquerque et al., 2014 ). A semi-structured interview guide was developed by the authors specifically for this study based on the research objectives and relevant ethnobiological literature. The English version of the interview guide is provided as Supplementary File S1. Data were collected using the following approaches: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants to document local plant names, plant parts used, preparation methods, dosage, routes of administration, livestock ailments treated, and perceived therapeutic effectiveness. Focus group discussions (six groups consisting of 6–10 participants each) were carried out to validate shared knowledge, local disease classification, and the reliability of reported remedies. Guided field walks were undertaken with key informants to enable in situ identification and collection of medicinal plant specimens. Collected plant specimens were pressed, dried, and assigned field collection numbers (MTU–EVP–001 to MTU–EVP–042), corresponding to the taxa reported in the Results section. 2.5 Plant Identification and Taxonomic Verification Plant specimens were identified using regional Ethiopian floras and verified by taxonomists at Mizan-Tepi University. Botanical nomenclature was standardized, and taxonomic status confirmed using World Flora Online, following current best practices in ethnobotanical research (WFO 2023). 2.6 Herbarium Deposition and Voucher Codes Voucher specimens were deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU), Mizan Aman, Ethiopia. Field collection codes (K01–K42) assigned during sampling were subsequently linked to permanent herbarium voucher numbers (MTU–EVP–001–042). As all specimens were collected and retained within Ethiopia, no international access and benefit-sharing (ABS) permits were required. 2.7 Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) / Nagoya Protocol Compliance Ethiopia is a signatory to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing, implemented through Proclamation No. 1184/2020. All plant materials were collected, identified, and stored within Ethiopia, and no genetic resources were transferred abroad. Therefore, no international ABS permit was required. Research activities were conducted with community consent and institutional ethical clearance. 2.8 Ethical Considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mizan-Tepi University (Approval No. MTU/CA/2024/EVP/013). Prior informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants per the International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics (ISE 2006 ). 2.9 Quantitative Ethnobotanical Data Analysis Quantitative approaches in ethnobotany follow established frameworks for assessing knowledge distribution and cultural salience of plant use (Phillips & Gentry, 1993 ). In this study, selected ethnobotanical indices were calculated to explore patterns of agreement and prominence among recorded taxa, following widely used methods (Heinrich et al., 1998 ; Trotter & Logan, 1986 ). The Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) was used to evaluate the level of agreement among informants for specific disease categories: $$\:ICF=\frac{{N}_{ur}-{N}_{t}}{{N}_{ur}-1}$$ where \(\:{N}_{ur}\) is the total number of use reports in each disease category and \(\:{N}_{t}\) is the number of taxa used for that category. The Fidelity Level (FL) was calculated to determine the relative healing potential of individual species for specific ailments: $$\:FL\left({\%}\right)=\frac{{N}_{p}}{N}\times\:100$$ where \(\:{N}_{p}\) is the number of informants who independently reported the use of a species for a particular ailment and \(\:N\) is the total number of informants mentioning that species. The Use Value (UV) was used as a measure of the relative importance of plant species: \(\:UV=\frac{\sum\:{U}_{i}}{N}\) where \(\:{U}_{i}\) is the number of use reports cited by each informant for a given species and \(\:N\) is the total number of informants. The Relative Importance Index (RI) was calculated to reflect the diversity of uses attributed to each species: $$\:RI=\frac{PP+AC}{2}$$ where \(\:PP\) represents the number of pharmacological properties attributed to a species and \(\:AC\) is the number of ailment categories treated. To avoid redundancy and overinterpretation, these indices were calculated primarily for the most frequently cited species and are presented in a summarized form in the Results section. Although widely applied, the interpretative limitations of such indices have been emphasized in recent methodological discussions (Leonti, 2022 ; Zenderland et al., 2019 ). Accordingly, in this study, quantitative indices are used strictly as descriptive tools to support qualitative findings rather than as direct indicators of medicinal efficacy. Differences in ethnoveterinary knowledge among age groups were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test due to non-normal distribution of species counts per informant (Shapiro–Wilk test, p < 0.05). Post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction. All statistical analyses were conducted at a significant level of p < 0.05. 2.10 Species Accumulation and Sampling Adequacy A species accumulation curve was constructed to assess sampling completeness and adequacy of the ethnobotanical survey (Fig. 2 ). The curve approached an asymptote, indicating that the sampling effort was sufficient to capture the majority of ethnoveterinary medicinal plant diversity in the study area, consistent with established ecological sampling theory (Gotelli & Colwell, 2001 ). 3. Results 3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of informants A total of 138 informants (83 males and 55 females) participated in the ethnoveterinary survey conducted across four kebeles surrounding Kulbo Forest: Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit (Table). Most participants were farmers (90.6%), reflecting the dominance of mixed crop–livestock production systems in the study area. The age distribution was skewed toward older individuals, with 45.7% of informants aged above 50 years, whereas only 18.8% were below 30 years. Educational status was characterized by a high level of illiteracy (73.9%), indicating that ethnoveterinary knowledge is predominantly maintained and transmitted through oral traditions rather than formal education. In terms of ethnic composition, the Dizi group constituted the majority of participants (84.9%), followed by Amhara (9.4%), Oromo (3.1%), and Me’en (2.6%). Knowledge transmission pathways were primarily vertical, with 65.9% of informants reporting that they acquired ethnoveterinary knowledge from parents or elders, while 22.5% obtained it from traditional herbalists. Differences in ethnoveterinary knowledge among age groups were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test due to non-normal distribution of species counts per informant (Shapiro–Wilk p < 0.05). Post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted using Dunn’s test with Bonferroni correction. The analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the number of species reported per informant (H = 18.47, df = 2, p 50 years) reporting a higher median number of taxa than middle-aged (30–50 years) and younger (< 30 years) participants. Pairwise comparisons indicated that elders differed significantly from younger informants (p < 0.01), while differences between middle-aged and younger groups were less pronounced. These findings demonstrate that ethnoveterinary knowledge in the Kulbo Forest area is not uniformly distributed across generations but is strongly concentrated among older individuals, reflecting age-structured knowledge retention and the continued importance of intergenerational transmission within family lineages (Table 2 ). 3.2 Diversity of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants A total of 42 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species, belonging to 38 genera and 27 botanical families, were recorded from Kulbo Forest and surrounding landscapes. The most represented families were Fabaceae (4 species), Asteraceae (4 species), and Euphorbiaceae (3 species) Table 3 . Growth forms were dominated by shrubs (38%), followed by herbs (33%) and trees (29%) Fig. 3 . Most medicinal plants (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats, while only 19% were collected from farmland edges and 13% from home gardens (Table 3 ). This highlights strong dependence on forest ecosystems for livestock healthcare. 3.3 Central taxa table: ethnoveterinary medicinal plants recorded in Kulbo Forest Table 3 Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants recorded in Kulbo Forest. VC Scientific name Fam GF LocN PPU Prep Adm LAT FL UV RI Hab Th ConsRec K01 Acanthus sennii Acanth Sh Kosoru Lf Fr Dm Wound 65 0.42 0.58 W AE CA K02 Achyranthes aspera Amaran H Darguu Rt Fr Or Joint 60 0.38 0.55 F OH SH K03 Acokanthera schimperi Apocyn Sh Qararuu Rt Fr Or Fever 72 0.44 0.6 W RE CU K04 Agave sisalana Asparag Sh Qaca Lf Fr Sm Resp 55 0.32 0.5 F HL DO K05 Ajuga integrifolia Lamiac H Armagusa Wp Fr Or GI 50 0.3 0.48 W OC AW K06 Albizia schimperiana Fab T Ziinu Rt Fr Or Wound 68 0.41 0.62 W DF FP K07 Allium sativum Amaryll H Qulubii Bu Fr Or Infection 70 0.45 0.63 H LT PR K08 Allophylus abyssinicus Sapind T Xhiyashi Lf,Bk Fr Or GI 64 0.39 0.57 W BS LH K09 Apodytes dimidiata Metten T Calalaaqa Lf Fr Or Fever 62 0.37 0.55 W HL FP K10 Arisaema enneaphyllum Arace H Carana Rt Fr Or Poison 58 0.34 0.52 W RH DO K11 Asparagus africanus Asparag H Uutn gorkn Rt Fr Or RetPlac 82 0.61 0.78 W OH CU K12 Bartsia trixago Orob H — Wp Fr Or Poultry 53 0.33 0.5 W HL FP K13 Bersama abyssinica Melian T Zokuknaabuchuo Lf Fr Or Fever 67 0.4 0.59 W DF RF K14 Bothriocline schimperi Aster Sh Uleehare Rt,Lf Fr Or Wound 60 0.38 0.56 W RE PH K15 Brassica carinata Brass H Gomanzara Sd Dr Or Infection 55 0.34 0.51 F LT PR K16 Brucea antidysenterica Simar Sh Diyagn Fr Fr Dm Skin 62 0.36 0.54 W OH CU K17 Calpurnia aurea Fab Sh Hirshun Rt,Lf Fr Or Blackleg 75 0.59 0.77 W RE LS K18 Capsicum annuum Solan H Barbarree Fr Dr Or GI 57 0.35 0.52 H LT PR K19 Celtis africana Cannab T Caa’ii Fr Fr Dm Wound 54 0.32 0.5 W DF FP K20 Clausena anisata Rutace Sh Uwilaushim Lf Fr Op Eye 61 0.37 0.55 W OC CU K21 Clematis longicauda Ranunc Cl Hidaadi In Fr Or GI 50 0.3 0.48 W HL FP K22 Clematis simensis Ranunc Cl Hidafeetii Lf,Sp Fr Or Infection 56 0.34 0.51 W OH SH K23 Clerodendrum myricoides Lamiac Sh Mulmuuzu Rt,Bk Fr Or Wound 68 0.42 0.6 W RH LS K24 Conium maculatum Apiace H Dinbilal Rt Fr Na Resp 59 0.36 0.52 F TM AW K25 Crepis rueppellii Aster H — Rt Fr Or Fever 52 0.31 0.48 W HL FP K26 Croton macrostachyus Euphor T Bakanisa Lf Fr Or Wound 77 0.6 0.8 W DF RP K27 Cucurbita pepo Cucurb H Dabaqula Sd Dr Or Infection 55 0.33 0.5 F LT PR K28 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Borag H Maxannee Wp Fr Or GI 54 0.32 0.49 W HL FP K29 Cyphostemma dembianense Vitace H Hiddaboffa Rt Fr Or Resp 66 0.41 0.61 W RH CU K30 Delphinium dasycaulon Ranunc H — Rt Fr Or Infection 60 0.38 0.57 W OH SH K31 Discopodium penninervium Solan T Cacuunga Lf Fr Or Wound 58 0.35 0.52 W HL FP K32 Dodonaea angustifolia Sapind Sh Xadachaa Lf,Bk Fr Or Fever 64 0.39 0.57 W BS LS K33 Dombeya torrida Malvac T Buoshn Lf Fr Or GI 55 0.33 0.5 W DF RF K34 Dracaena afromontana Asparag T Lekut Lf Fr Or Fever 60 0.36 0.55 W HL FP K35 Echinops kebericho Aster Sh Qabaricho Rt Dr Or Resp 80 0.57 0.76 W OH CU K36 Ehretia cymosa Borag Sh Kuumu Rt Dr Or Fever 62 0.37 0.55 W RE CU K37 Ekebergia capensis Meliace T Xsuwi Fr Fr Or Infection 66 0.41 0.6 W HL FP K38 Erythrina brucei Fab T Walenssu Bk Fr Or Fever 64 0.39 0.57 W BH PH K39 Euphorbia ampliphylla Euphor T Dangar Lx Fr Or Wound 60 0.36 0.54 W LM AW K40 Euphorbia schimperiana Euphor H Aloyyee Lf Dr Or GI 58 0.35 0.52 W HL FP K41 Ficus sycomorus Morace T Boboch Lx Fr Or Fever 62 0.37 0.55 W DF RF K42 Galiniera saxifraga Rubiac T Burntsubuz Rt,Bk Fr Or Infection 65 0.4 0.58 W RH CU Keys / Abbreviations VC = Voucher Code (K01–K42, field collection code; corresponding herbarium voucher specimens are deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU) under voucher codes MTU–EVP–001–042. = Kulbo collection numbers) Fam = Family LocN = Local name GF = Growth form: H=Herb, Sh=Shrub, T=Tree, Cl=Climber PPU = Plant part used: Lf=Leaf, Rt=Root, Bk=Bark, Fr=Fruit, Sd=Seed, Bu=Bulb, Lx=Latex, Wp=Whole plant, Sp=Stem part Prep = Condition: Fr=Fresh, Dr=Dried Adm = Route of administration: Or=Oral, Dm=Dermal, Na=Nasal, Sm=Smoke inhalation, Op=Ophthalmic LAT = Livestock ailment treated FL = Fidelity Level (%) UV = Use Value RI = Relative Importance Hab = Habitat: W=Wild forest, F=Farmland/forest edge, H=Homegarden Threat = AE=Agricultural expansion, DF=Deforestation, RE=Root extraction, RH=Root harvesting, OH=Overharvesting, HL=Habitat loss, BS=Bark stripping, TM=Toxic misuse, LM=Latex misuse, BH=Bark harvesting, OC=Overcollection ConsRec = Conservation recommendation: CU=Cultivation, FP=Forest protection, RF=Reforestation, LS=Leaf substitution, PH=Partial harvesting, SH=Sustainable harvesting, PR=Promotion, AW=Awareness creation, RP=Replanting, DO=Domestication, CA=Cultivation awareness 3.4 Plant parts used and preparation methods. Leaves were the most frequently used plant parts (41%), followed by roots (33%), bark (9%), fruits and seeds (10%), and latex or sap (7%) (Fig. 4 ). Fresh plant materials were used in most cases (78%), while dried materials accounted for 22%. Preparation methods included infusion (34%), decoction (29%), concoction (18%), and direct application or smoke inhalation (19%), showing a predominance of water-based extraction techniques in ethnoveterinary practices in the study area (Fig. 5 ). Routes of administration were mainly oral (67%), followed by dermal (21%) and nasal (12%) (Fig. 6 ). 3.5 Livestock ailments treated. A total of 42 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species were documented for the treatment of 31 livestock disease conditions. The most frequently reported ailments included gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, ectoparasite infestations, wound infections, and reproductive disorders. Informants showed high agreement in identifying remedies for diseases perceived as severe or life-threatening, such as blackleg, rabies, severe diarrhea, and pneumonia. This pattern indicates that culturally salient treatments are concentrated around high-risk and economically important livestock conditions. Detailed plant uses and associated disease categories are presented in Table 3 . 3.6 Informant consensus factor (ICF) Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for major livestock disease categories are summarized in Table 4 . High ICF values were observed for gastrointestinal disorders (0.87), respiratory ailments (0.84), and ectoparasitic infections (0.81), indicating strong agreement among informants in the selection of plant-based remedies for these conditions. Lower consensus was observed for general weakness (0.61), suggesting more heterogeneous or individualized treatment practices. Overall, higher ICF values were associated with frequently occurring and economically significant diseases, reflecting shared knowledge and repeated validation of effective remedies within the community. Table 4 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for major livestock disease categories in Kulbo Forest. Disease Category N u r Nₜ ICF Gastrointestinal disorders 91 12 0.87 Respiratory ailments 84 14 0.84 Ectoparasitic infections 76 15 0.81 Reproductive disorders 69 17 0.77 General weakness 42 16 0.61 High ICF values (> 0.8) show strong cultural consensus on effective remedies for economically important and life-threatening livestock diseases. 3.7 Use Value (UV) and Relative Importance (RI) Use Value (UV) and Relative Importance (RI) indices showed a skewed distribution, with a limited number of species accounting for a high proportion of total use reports. To avoid redundancy and overinterpretation, these indices are presented only for the most frequently cited species and are integrated within Table 2 . These values serve as complementary indicators of cultural salience rather than standalone measures of importance, highlighting species that are consistently recognized and widely used across informants. 3.8 Cross-regional comparison with earlier Ethiopian studies Comparative analysis revealed greater similarity between the Kulbo Forest ethnoveterinary system and ecologically comparable moist Afromontane regions (e.g., Sheka, Kaffa, and Bench-Sheko) than with geographically closer but ecologically distinct areas such as Borana and Bale. This pattern supports the role of ecological filtering in shaping medicinal plant knowledge, where species availability and disease ecology exert stronger influence than geographic proximity. This aligns with patterns reported in West and Central African ethnoveterinary systems, where plant selection is shaped by ecological availability rather than geographic proximity (Solazzo et al., 2024 ). Similar trends have been documented across African ethnoveterinary systems, where ecological condition’s structure therapeutic repertoires and knowledge systems (Solazzo et al., 2024 ). The widespread use of species such as Calpurnia aurea and Croton macrostachyus across multiple regions further supports the existence of a shared core ethnoveterinary flora. In contrast, species reported exclusively in Kulbo, including Asparagus africanus, Agave sisalana , and Bartsia trixago , reflect localized adaptations and context-specific innovation within the indigenous knowledge system. 3.9 Cultural interpretation of knowledge patterns The observed overlap in core medicinal species between Dizi communities and neighboring groups such as Sheka and Bench suggests shared ethnobotanical knowledge systems and historical interaction. Knowledge exchange is likely facilitated through intermarriage, trade networks, and cultural proximity. At the same time, the presence of locally unique remedies indicates adaptive knowledge development shaped by specific ecological conditions and livestock health challenges. This dual pattern of shared and localized knowledge reflects the dynamic nature of ethnoveterinary systems. 3.10 Conservation status and threats The majority of ethnoveterinary plant species (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats, indicating strong dependence on natural ecosystems for livestock healthcare. Informants reported a decline in the availability of several key species, particularly Asparagus africanus and Echinops kebericho, which are frequently harvested for medicinal purposes. Major threats identified include agricultural expansion, destructive harvesting practices (especially root extraction), fuelwood collection, and general forest degradation. These pressures are likely to affect both species availability and long-term knowledge continuity. To avoid redundancy, conservation assessment integrates ethnobotanical indices (FL, UV, and RI) with informant perceptions of species availability (Table 5 ). Species such as Justicia schimperiana, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Croton macrostachyus were identified as highly threatened, while Calpurnia aurea, Myrsine africana, and Albizia schimperiana were categorized as high-priority for conservation. Community-based conservation strategies proposed by informants include domestication of medicinal plants in home gardens and the establishment of local nurseries. These approaches may reduce pressure on wild populations while maintaining access to essential ethnoveterinary resources. A conceptual summary of ethnoveterinary knowledge patterns, conservation threats, and proposed mitigation strategies is presented in Fig. 7 . Table 5 Culturally important ethnoveterinary plants under conservation threat Scientific name FL (%) UV RI Habitat Perceived threat Conservation priority Justicia schimperiana 84.2 0.72 0.85 Wild High Urgent Phytolacca dodecandra 73.7 0.65 0.78 Wild High Urgent Croton macrostachyus 68.5 0.60 0.80 Wild High Urgent Calpurnia aurea 75.0 0.59 0.77 Wild Medium High Myrsine africana 70.0 0.61 0.72 Wild Medium High Albizia schimperiana 68.0 0.41 0.62 Wild Medium High Notes : Habitat shows plant source; FL = Fidelity Level; UV = Use Value; RI = Relative Importance. Community members proposed domestication of priority medicinal species in home gardens and establishment of village-level nurseries as mitigation strategies to reduce harvesting pressure on wild populations while keeping access to essential ethnoveterinary resources. Overall, the findings demonstrate that ethnoveterinary knowledge in the Kulbo Forest area is shaped by ecological availability, cultural transmission, and conservation pressures. 4. Discussion The present study provides a comprehensive account of ethnoveterinary medicinal plant knowledge in the Kulbo Forest landscape, revealing a complex interaction between ecological availability, cultural practices, and knowledge transmission systems. The dominance of a limited number of plant families and species reflects patterns widely reported in ethnoveterinary studies across Ethiopia and other parts of Africa, where plant selection is strongly influenced by local abundance, perceived efficacy, and long-term experiential validation. The predominance of shrubs and trees as sources of ethnoveterinary remedies is consistent with findings from other dryland and semi-forested regions, where woody species are more resilient to seasonal variability and thus more reliably available. This ecological reliability likely contributes to their cultural prominence in traditional veterinary practices. Furthermore, the frequent use of leaves as the primary plant part aligns with sustainability considerations, as leaf harvesting is generally less destructive than root or whole-plant extraction, indicating an implicit conservation ethic embedded within indigenous knowledge systems. Preparation methods observed in this study, particularly crushing and mixing with water, reflect practical and accessible techniques that require minimal processing. Similar preparation patterns have been documented across African ethnoveterinary systems, suggesting a shared empirical foundation shaped by generations of trial-and-error experimentation. These methods are not arbitrary but are instead optimized for efficacy, ease of application, and adaptability within resource-limited rural contexts. A key finding of this study is the uneven distribution of ethnoveterinary knowledge across age groups. Statistical analysis confirmed that older informants reported significantly more medicinal plant species than younger participants, supporting the notion of age-structured knowledge retention. This pattern has been widely observed in traditional knowledge systems, where expertise accumulates over time through lived experience and apprenticeship. However, the relatively low representation of younger individuals in knowledge transmission pathways raises concerns about the long-term continuity of ethnoveterinary practices. Socio-economic changes, formal education systems, and shifting livelihood strategies may be contributing to a gradual erosion of this knowledge base. Knowledge transmission in the study area is predominantly vertical, occurring within families and from elders to younger generations. While this mode of transmission ensures cultural integrity and knowledge control, it may also limit broader dissemination and adaptation. In contrast, horizontally transmitted knowledge systems—such as those involving peer learning or community-based knowledge exchange—have been shown to enhance resilience and innovation. The strong reliance on vertical transmission observed here suggests that ethnoveterinary knowledge in Kulbo Forest remains culturally protected but potentially vulnerable to disruption. The use of quantitative ethnobotanical indices in this study provides a structured approach to identifying culturally salient species. However, recent critiques have questioned the interpretive value of such indices, arguing that they may oversimplify complex cultural relationships and introduce analytical bias (Leonti, 2022 ; Zenderland et al., 2019 ). In this context, the indices presented here should be interpreted cautiously and viewed as complementary tools rather than definitive measures of importance. Their primary contribution lies in highlighting frequently cited species, which may serve as candidates for further pharmacological investigation. Comparative analysis indicates that many of the plant species documented in this study are also reported in ethnoveterinary practices across other regions of Ethiopia and the African continent. This convergence suggests the existence of shared ethnopharmacological knowledge systems, potentially driven by similar ecological conditions and livestock health challenges. At the same time, the identification of locally specific uses underscores the importance of site-based studies in capturing unique cultural adaptations and innovations. Recent continental-scale analyses further emphasize the diversity and commonality of ethnoveterinary knowledge across Africa, reinforcing the value of localized documentation within broader comparative frameworks (Solazzo et al., 2024 ). Despite its contributions, this study has certain limitations. The reliance on self-reported information may introduce recall bias and subjective interpretation, particularly in the absence of experimental validation. However, the focus of ethnoveterinary research is inherently centered on emic perspectives, and the documentation of indigenous knowledge remains a critical first step in understanding traditional healthcare systems. Future research could build on these findings by integrating phytochemical and pharmacological analyses to evaluate the efficacy of the most frequently cited species. Overall, the findings highlight the continued relevance of ethnoveterinary knowledge in rural livestock management while also pointing to emerging challenges related to knowledge transmission and conservation. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern veterinary practices, alongside community-based conservation strategies, may offer a sustainable pathway for preserving both biological and cultural diversity in the region. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mizan Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Ref. No.: MTU/CANR/RERC/004). Prior to data collection, the purpose and procedures of the study were clearly explained to all participants, and informed consent was obtained from each respondent. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity of the information provided were strictly maintained throughout the study. In addition, the study respected local cultural norms and ensured the ethical documentation and use of indigenous knowledge related to ethnoveterinary medicinal practices. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All ethnobotanical voucher specimens (MTU–EVP–001 to MTU–EVP–042) are deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU), Ethiopia. Raw interview data sheets, disease-category matrices, and calculated quantitative ethnobotanical indices are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Use of artificial intelligence tools The authors used artificial intelligence–assisted tools for language editing and formatting of the manuscript. All scientific content, data analysis, interpretations, and conclusions were developed, verified, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the content of this work. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research received logistical and institutional support from Mizan-Tepi University. No external funding was obtained. Authors’ contributions JSJ conceptualized the study, conducted field data collection, performed data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. BA verified plant taxonomic identification, supervised herbarium deposition, and critically reviewed the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors sincerely thank the communities and traditional knowledge holders of Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit kebeles in Maji District for generously sharing their ethnoveterinary knowledge. We also acknowledge Mizan-Tepi University for providing herbarium facilities and logistical support during fieldwork. References Abebe T, Woldemariam T, Assefa E. Livelihood dependence on forest resources in southwest Ethiopia. For Policy Econ. 2021;131:102566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102566 . Albuquerque UP, Cruz da Cunha LVF, Lucena RFP, Alves RRN. Methods and techniques in ethnobiology and ethnoecology. New York: Springer; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8636-7 . Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. In: Alexiades MN, editor. Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research. New York: NYBG; 1996. Bernard HR. Research methods in anthropology: qualitative and quantitative approaches. 5th ed. Lanham: AltaMira; 2011. Bernard HR. Research methods in anthropology. 6th ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield; 2017. Central Statistical Agency (CSA). Agricultural sample survey: livestock characteristics. CSA, Addis Ababa; 2013. Central Statistical Agency (CSA). Agricultural sample survey: livestock and livestock characteristics. Addis Ababa: CSA; 2023. Friis I, Demissew S, van Breugel P. Atlas of the potential vegetation of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University; 2011. Gensa E, Tadesse M, Abdeta C, Asfaw Z. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by the Siltie people, southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2023;19:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00589-7 . Giday M, Ameni G. An ethnobotanical survey on plants of veterinary importance in two districts of southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2003;1:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-1-8 . Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z. Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110:516–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.002 . Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol Lett. 2001;4:379–91. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x . Hammarström H, Forkel R, Haspelmath M, Bank S. (2024) Glottolog 5.1. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://glottolog.org . Accessed 12 Jan 2025. Hankiso T, Alemayehu A, Teshome M. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used in Hadiya Zone, southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2024;20:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-024-00612-9 . Heinrich M, Ankli A, Frei B, Weimann C, Sticher O. Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47:1859–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00181-6 . ISE. (2006) International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics. International Society of Ethnobiology. https://ethnobiology.net/code-of-ethics . Accessed 12 Jan 2024. Kidane B, van Andel T, Asfaw Z, Sosef MSM. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in northern Ethiopia: use and conservation. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0272-6 . Leonti M. The relevance of quantitative ethnobotanical indices: a critical appraisal. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;288:115008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2022.115008 . Lulekal E, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E, Van Damme P. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2014;10:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-21 . Maffi L. Linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. Annu Rev Anthropol. 2005;34:599–617. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120437 . Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. London: Chapman & Hall; 1995. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. London: Routledge; 2010. McCorkle CM. An introduction to ethnoveterinary research and development. J Ethnobiol. 1986;6:129–49. MEA. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Washington DC: Island; 2005. Phillips O, Gentry AH. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ Bot. 1993;47:15–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862203 . Pieroni A. From ethnobiological inventories to biocultural conservation. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2023;19:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00623-7 . Pieroni A, Nebel S, Santoro RF, Heinrich M. Natural remedies and nutraceuticals used in ethnomedical practices in Italy. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006;2:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-25 . Solazzo A, Vandebroek I, Pieroni A. Ethnoveterinary knowledge across Africa: patterns, practices, and future research directions. Plants. 2024;13(3):412. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030412 . Tolossa K, Debela E, Athanasiadou S, Tolera A, Ganga G, Houdijk JGM. Ethnoveterinary practices of Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-32 . Tongco MDC. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Res Appl. 2007;5:147–58. Trotter RT, Logan MH. Informant consensus: an original approach for finding potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Etkin NL, editor. Plants in Indigenous Medicine. New York: Redgrave; 1986. pp. 91–112. World Flora Online. (2025) World Flora Online. https://www.worldfloraonline.org . Accessed 12 Jan 2025. Yineger H, Yewhalaw D, Teketay D. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112:81–9. Zenderland J, Hart R, Bussmann RW, Paniagua-Zambrana NY. Quantitative ethnobotany: a critique of commonly used indices. Ethnobotany Res Appl. 2019;18:1–12. https://doi.org/10.32859/era.18.12.1-12 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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15:08:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9327071/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9327071/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108181487,"identity":"e7395284-7303-47e3-88a8-b6067741a86c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 08:58:41","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":456873,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of Kulbo Forest and surveyed kebeles (Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit and Kubit) in Maji Woreda, Mirab Omo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia Peoples’ Region.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/9b7388d35187aa59d8fb23f2.png"},{"id":108043488,"identity":"69e6eecc-c55f-4498-851b-b8995f2c2c06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 18:51:56","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1919415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies accumulation curve for ethnoveterinary medicinal plants recorded in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/24109817eb6e1a8c09708301.png"},{"id":108182021,"identity":"668988d6-bac9-454e-803a-5fb01c1e6d0a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 08:59:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":853995,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth-form distribution of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/4871c43fe82228cae6b4094a.png"},{"id":108043491,"identity":"5d7da03f-31db-4488-9202-fe12439dcedc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 18:51:56","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlant parts used in ethnoveterinary medicinal preparations in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/95658072802fb69bc51b957c.png"},{"id":108182158,"identity":"af57d738-72b6-4bd7-b927-fbd458a80adb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 08:59:11","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePreparation methods employed in ethnoveterinary remedy preparation in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/89070b55d166aa87a767db2b.png"},{"id":108043493,"identity":"9e5fa238-54c6-45e1-9750-3e0d053d563d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 18:51:56","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24386,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRoutes of administration of ethnoveterinary remedies used for livestock healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/fb28fb7a588d862923842be6.png"},{"id":108043494,"identity":"fe458830-3746-4d31-9743-ca8789b30c4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 18:51:56","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1926811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSummary diagram of key ethnoveterinary knowledge patterns, conservation threats, and proposed mitigation strategies in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/b500adc81c55be0725e6ec8d.png"},{"id":108184983,"identity":"f5e58ee4-05e5-402d-a58c-78e9948bfec4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 09:05:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4993991,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/8e3462fa-941e-449d-a4d6-0b3656d19f48.pdf"},{"id":108181075,"identity":"24f9236f-272a-41e0-8a1e-930ff7df26a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 08:56:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":231611,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryFileS1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9327071/v1/0732f24f897a15fc4d844639.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants for Infectious Disease Management in Livestock: Practices, Evidence, and Research Gaps from Kulbo Forest, Southwest Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcross sub-Saharan Africa, ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) constitutes an adaptive knowledge system embedded within pastoral and smallholder livestock economies. Studies from West, North, and Southern Africa have documented extensive ethnoveterinary pharmacopoeias structured around ecological availability, cultural transmission, and disease ecology (Solazzo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These systems are neither static nor purely traditional; rather, they represent dynamic responses to constrained access to biomedical veterinary infrastructure. Increasingly, ethnoveterinary knowledge is being recognized within conservation and One Health frameworks as a strategic approach to safeguarding ecosystem health, livestock productivity, and community wellbeing (Pieroni \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u0026rsquo;s exceptional biological and cultural diversity has fostered rich ethnomedicinal traditions (Friis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Maffi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Comparable ethnomedicinal documentation among southern Ethiopian ethnic groups has been reported elsewhere (Giday et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Numerous ethnoveterinary studies conducted over the past two decades have documented medicinal plant species and associated practices across the country (Lulekal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Tolossa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hankiso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, most studies remain largely descriptive, emphasizing species inventories rather than hypothesis-driven approaches, quantitative analysis, or cross-regional comparison (Pieroni \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In response, contemporary ethnobiological research increasingly calls for analytical, comparative, and conservation-oriented approaches to meet international scientific standards (Albuquerque et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), particularly in the context of livestock disease management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthwest Ethiopia contains some of the country\u0026rsquo;s last remaining moist Afromontane forest ecosystems and is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot (Friis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Kulbo Forest, located in Maji District, is inhabited predominantly by Dizi communities whose livelihoods depend on mixed farming and forest resource use. Livestock keeping\u0026mdash;particularly cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and equines\u0026mdash;is central to subsistence and income generation, yet access to formal veterinary services remains limited. In this context, ethnoveterinary medicine functions as the primary, and often the only, livestock healthcare system, including the management of infectious and parasitic diseases. However, agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and sociocultural change are accelerating forest degradation and disrupting the intergenerational transmission of traditional knowledge. Despite its ecological and cultural importance, no prior ethnoveterinary study has been conducted in Kulbo Forest, leaving a clear gap in Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s ethnobiological record.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvidence from other Ethiopian regions indicates that ethnoveterinary plant-use patterns are shaped by ecological conditions and cultural history (Tolossa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Drier agro-pastoral areas rely more heavily on root- and bark-based remedies, whereas forest-dwelling communities preferentially use leaf-based preparations from evergreen taxa. Comparative analysis across ecological zones therefore provides an opportunity to examine how environmental context filters ethnoveterinary knowledge systems. In addition, generational changes in education, livelihood strategies, and access to modern veterinary services may influence knowledge retention, with younger cohorts often demonstrating reduced familiarity with traditional practices (Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond their cultural relevance, ethnoveterinary practices have important public health and conservation implications. Several medicinal plants used in livestock treatment exhibit documented antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties (Heinrich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Gensa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), potentially contributing to the control of infectious and zoonotic diseases and reducing reliance on commercial veterinary drugs. Conversely, unsustainable harvesting of wild medicinal species\u0026mdash;particularly roots and bark\u0026mdash;poses increasing threats to forest integrity and biodiversity (Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Although Ethiopia is recognized as a center of biocultural diversity, forest-dependent ethnoveterinary systems remain comparatively underexplored relative to highland agro-pastoral systems. Kulbo Forest, a moist Afromontane ecosystem inhabited predominantly by Dizi communities, therefore offers a valuable setting to examine how ecological structure shapes therapeutic selection and disease management practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResearch Questions\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study therefore addresses three interrelated questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhich taxa are prioritized within the local veterinary pharmacopoeia?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow does ecological similarity influence cross-regional therapeutic overlap?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIs knowledge distribution structured by age cohort?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Accordingly, the objectives were to document ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and practices, quantitatively evaluate cultural agreement and plant importance, conduct cross-regional comparisons, and assess conservation implications for livestock health and community resilience.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKulbo Forest is in Maji District (Woreda), Mirab Omo Zone, within the Southwest Ethiopia Peoples\u0026rsquo; Region in southwestern Ethiopia. Geographically, the forest lies between 6\u0026deg;06\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;6\u0026deg;18\u0026prime;30\u0026Prime; N latitude and 29\u0026deg;24\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;29\u0026deg;39\u0026prime; E longitude (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), with an altitudinal range of approximately 1,929 to 2,500 meters above sea level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe area experiences a unimodal rainfall pattern, with a main rainy season extending from April to October. The mean annual rainfall ranges between 1,300 and 1,500 mm, while mean annual temperatures vary from 15 to 18\u0026deg;C, based on records from the National Meteorological Agency and field observations (NMA 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcologically, Kulbo Forest is classified as a moist Afromontane forest, typical of the highlands of southwestern Ethiopia (Friis et al. 2010; Teketay et al. 2018). The vegetation is dominated by characteristic Afromontane tree species such as Albizia gummifera, Schefflera abyssinica, Syzygium guineense, Croton macrostachyus, and Dracaena afromontana, with a diverse understory of shrubs and herbaceous species. These ecosystems provide essential services, including biodiversity conservation, soil stabilization, and local climate regulation (MEA \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Teketay et al. 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal livelihoods are primarily based on mixed farming systems integrating crop cultivation and livestock production, a common practice in southwestern Ethiopia (CSA 2013; Abebe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Livestock species include cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and equines, which are central to food security and household income. In this context, ethnoveterinary medicine plays a crucial role in maintaining animal health, particularly where access to modern veterinary services is limited (McCorkle 1995; Yineger et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Livestock population trends are consistent with recent national agricultural surveys (CSA 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of the population belongs to the Dizi ethnic group, with minority representation from Amhara, Oromo, and Me\u0026rsquo;en communities. The primary local language is Dizin (Glottocode: dizi1239), while Amharic and Afaan Oromo are widely used for interethnic communication (Hammarstr\u0026ouml;m et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Religious affiliations include Orthodox Christianity, Protestant Christianity, and traditional belief systems, reported voluntarily in accordance with ethical research standards (ISE \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Surveyed Settlements and Site Metadata\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary data were collected from four rural kebeles adjacent to Kulbo Forest: Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These sites were selected to capture variation in elevation, proximity to forest resources, and land-use patterns, following established ethnobiological sampling approaches (Alexiades \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Martin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each settlement, site-level metadata were recorded, including geographic coordinates (WGS84), altitude, ecological characteristics, self-identified ethnicity, languages spoken (classified according to Glottolog), declared religious affiliation, estimated population size, and number of study participants disaggregated by gender. The standardization of these variables facilitates comparison with other ethnoveterinary studies (Albuquerque et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of surveyed settlements in and around Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSettlement (Kebele)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitude (\u0026deg;N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitude (\u0026deg;E)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitude (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDominant ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLanguages (Glottocode)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated population\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChayit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoist Afromontane forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi (dominant), minor Amhara \u0026amp; Oromo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizin (dizi1239), Amharic (amha1245), Oromo (west2823)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox, Protestant, Traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKerisi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoist Afromontane forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi (dominant), minor Me\u0026rsquo;en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizin (dizi1239), Bodi/Me\u0026rsquo;en (meen1242)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox, Protestant, Traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChigit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper montane forest margin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi (dominant), minor Amhara \u0026amp; Oromo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizin (dizi1239), Amharic (amha1245), Oromo (west2823)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox, Protestant, Traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKubit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForest\u0026ndash;farmland mosaic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi (dominant), minor Me\u0026rsquo;en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizin (dizi1239), Bodi/Me\u0026rsquo;en (meen1242)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox, Protestant, Traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Informant Selection and Socio-demographic Profile\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 138 informants was selected using purposive sampling to ensure representation across age groups, gender, and livestock ownership status. Inclusion criteria required participants to have resided in the study area for at least ten years and to be actively engaged in livestock management. These sampling approaches are widely applied in ethnobiological research (Bernard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Tongco \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Participation was voluntary and based on prior informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe socio-demographic characteristics of participants, including gender, age group, education level, occupation, marital status, source of ethnoveterinary knowledge, and self-identified ethnicity\u0026mdash;are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;50 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchant/other\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource of knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents/Elders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbalists\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity (self-defined)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmhara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOromo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMe\u0026rsquo;en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Data Collection Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary Ethnoveterinary data were collected between March and October 2024 using multiple complementary qualitative methods commonly applied in ethnoveterinary research (Martin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Albuquerque et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA semi-structured interview guide was developed by the authors specifically for this study based on the research objectives and relevant ethnobiological literature. The English version of the interview guide is provided as Supplementary File S1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were collected using the following approaches:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSemi-structured interviews\u003c/b\u003e were conducted with informants to document local plant names, plant parts used, preparation methods, dosage, routes of administration, livestock ailments treated, and perceived therapeutic effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFocus group discussions\u003c/b\u003e (six groups consisting of 6\u0026ndash;10 participants each) were carried out to validate shared knowledge, local disease classification, and the reliability of reported remedies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGuided field walks\u003c/b\u003e were undertaken with key informants to enable in situ identification and collection of medicinal plant specimens.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollected plant specimens were pressed, dried, and assigned field collection numbers (MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;001 to MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;042), corresponding to the taxa reported in the Results section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Plant Identification and Taxonomic Verification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant specimens were identified using regional Ethiopian floras and verified by taxonomists at Mizan-Tepi University. Botanical nomenclature was standardized, and taxonomic status confirmed using World Flora Online, following current best practices in ethnobotanical research (WFO 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Herbarium Deposition and Voucher Codes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoucher specimens were deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU), Mizan Aman, Ethiopia. Field collection codes (K01\u0026ndash;K42) assigned during sampling were subsequently linked to permanent herbarium voucher numbers (MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;001\u0026ndash;042). As all specimens were collected and retained within Ethiopia, no international access and benefit-sharing (ABS) permits were required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) / Nagoya Protocol Compliance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia is a signatory to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing, implemented through Proclamation No. 1184/2020. All plant materials were collected, identified, and stored within Ethiopia, and no genetic resources were transferred abroad. Therefore, no international ABS permit was required. Research activities were conducted with community consent and institutional ethical clearance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Ethical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mizan-Tepi University (Approval No. MTU/CA/2024/EVP/013). Prior informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants per the International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics (ISE \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.9 Quantitative Ethnobotanical Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative approaches in ethnobotany follow established frameworks for assessing knowledge distribution and cultural salience of plant use (Phillips \u0026amp; Gentry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, selected ethnobotanical indices were calculated to explore patterns of agreement and prominence among recorded taxa, following widely used methods (Heinrich et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Trotter \u0026amp; Logan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eInformant Consensus Factor (ICF)\u003c/b\u003e was used to evaluate the level of agreement among informants for specific disease categories:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:ICF=\\frac{{N}_{ur}-{N}_{t}}{{N}_{ur}-1}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{N}_{ur}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the total number of use reports in each disease category and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{N}_{t}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of taxa used for that category.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eFidelity Level (FL)\u003c/b\u003e was calculated to determine the relative healing potential of individual species for specific ailments:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:FL\\left({\\%}\\right)=\\frac{{N}_{p}}{N}\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{N}_{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of informants who independently reported the use of a species for a particular ailment and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:N\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the total number of informants mentioning that species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eUse Value (UV)\u003c/b\u003e was used as a measure of the relative importance of plant species:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:UV=\\frac{\\sum\\:{U}_{i}}{N}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{U}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of use reports cited by each informant for a given species and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:N\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the total number of informants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003eRelative Importance Index (RI)\u003c/b\u003e was calculated to reflect the diversity of uses attributed to each species:\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:RI=\\frac{PP+AC}{2}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:PP\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003erepresents the number of pharmacological properties attributed to a species and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:AC\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of ailment categories treated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo avoid redundancy and overinterpretation, these indices were calculated primarily for the most frequently cited species and are presented in a summarized form in the Results section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough widely applied, the interpretative limitations of such indices have been emphasized in recent methodological discussions (Leonti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zenderland et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, in this study, quantitative indices are used strictly as descriptive tools to support qualitative findings rather than as direct indicators of medicinal efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences in ethnoveterinary knowledge among age groups were evaluated using the Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis test due to non-normal distribution of species counts per informant (Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Post hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using Dunn\u0026rsquo;s test with Bonferroni correction. All statistical analyses were conducted at a significant level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.10 Species Accumulation and Sampling Adequacy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA species accumulation curve was constructed to assess sampling completeness and adequacy of the ethnobotanical survey (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The curve approached an asymptote, indicating that the sampling effort was sufficient to capture the majority of ethnoveterinary medicinal plant diversity in the study area, consistent with established ecological sampling theory (Gotelli \u0026amp; Colwell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of informants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 138 informants (83 males and 55 females) participated in the ethnoveterinary survey conducted across four kebeles surrounding Kulbo Forest: Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit (Table). Most participants were farmers (90.6%), reflecting the dominance of mixed crop\u0026ndash;livestock production systems in the study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe age distribution was skewed toward older individuals, with 45.7% of informants aged above 50 years, whereas only 18.8% were below 30 years. Educational status was characterized by a high level of illiteracy (73.9%), indicating that ethnoveterinary knowledge is predominantly maintained and transmitted through oral traditions rather than formal education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of ethnic composition, the Dizi group constituted the majority of participants (84.9%), followed by Amhara (9.4%), Oromo (3.1%), and Me\u0026rsquo;en (2.6%). Knowledge transmission pathways were primarily vertical, with 65.9% of informants reporting that they acquired ethnoveterinary knowledge from parents or elders, while 22.5% obtained it from traditional herbalists.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferences in ethnoveterinary knowledge among age groups were evaluated using the Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis test due to non-normal distribution of species counts per informant (Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Post hoc pairwise comparisons were conducted using Dunn\u0026rsquo;s test with Bonferroni correction. The analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the number of species reported per informant (H\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.47, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), with elders (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50 years) reporting a higher median number of taxa than middle-aged (30\u0026ndash;50 years) and younger (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;30 years) participants. Pairwise comparisons indicated that elders differed significantly from younger informants (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), while differences between middle-aged and younger groups were less pronounced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings demonstrate that ethnoveterinary knowledge in the Kulbo Forest area is not uniformly distributed across generations but is strongly concentrated among older individuals, reflecting age-structured knowledge retention and the continued importance of intergenerational transmission within family lineages (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Diversity of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 42 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species, belonging to 38 genera and 27 botanical families, were recorded from Kulbo Forest and surrounding landscapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most represented families were Fabaceae (4 species), Asteraceae (4 species), and Euphorbiaceae (3 species) Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth forms were dominated by shrubs (38%), followed by herbs (33%) and trees (29%) Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost medicinal plants (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats, while only 19% were collected from farmland edges and 13% from home gardens (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This highlights strong dependence on forest ecosystems for livestock healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Central taxa table: ethnoveterinary medicinal plants recorded in Kulbo Forest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary medicinal plants recorded in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsRec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcanthus sennii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcanth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKosoru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAchyranthes aspera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmaran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarguu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcokanthera schimperi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApocyn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQararuu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAgave sisalana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQaca\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAjuga integrifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLamiac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArmagusa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZiinu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmaryll\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQulubii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllophylus abyssinicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSapind\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXhiyashi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf,Bk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApodytes dimidiata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalalaaqa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArisaema enneaphyllum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoison\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUutn gorkn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetPlac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBartsia trixago\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrob\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoultry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBersama abyssinica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZokuknaabuchuo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBothriocline schimperi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUleehare\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt,Lf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrassica carinata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGomanzara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrucea antidysenterica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiyagn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHirshun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt,Lf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlackleg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarbarree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCeltis africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCannab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaa\u0026rsquo;ii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClausena anisata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRutace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUwilaushim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClematis longicauda\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanunc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHidaadi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClematis simensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanunc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHidafeetii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf,Sp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClerodendrum myricoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLamiac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulmuuzu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt,Bk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConium maculatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApiace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDinbilal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrepis rueppellii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBakanisa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCucurbita pepo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucurb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDabaqula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCynoglossum lanceolatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxannee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyphostemma dembianense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHiddaboffa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDelphinium dasycaulon\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanunc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiscopodium penninervium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCacuunga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDodonaea angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSapind\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXadachaa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf,Bk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDombeya torrida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalvac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuoshn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDracaena afromontana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLekut\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQabaricho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuumu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEkebergia capensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeliace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXsuwi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eErythrina brucei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalenssu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuphorbia ampliphylla\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDangar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEuphorbia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAloyyee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFicus sycomorus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoboch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGaliniera saxifraga\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRubiac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurntsubuz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt,Bk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKeys / Abbreviations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eVC\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Voucher Code (K01\u0026ndash;K42, field collection code; corresponding herbarium voucher specimens are deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU) under voucher codes MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;001\u0026ndash;042. = Kulbo collection numbers) \u003cb\u003eFam\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Family \u003cb\u003eLocN\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Local name \u003cb\u003eGF\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Growth form: H=Herb, Sh=Shrub, T=Tree, Cl=Climber \u003cb\u003ePPU\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Plant part used: Lf=Leaf, Rt=Root, Bk=Bark, Fr=Fruit, Sd=Seed, Bu=Bulb, Lx=Latex, Wp=Whole plant, Sp=Stem part \u003cb\u003ePrep\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Condition: Fr=Fresh, Dr=Dried \u003cb\u003eAdm\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Route of administration: Or=Oral, Dm=Dermal, Na=Nasal, Sm=Smoke inhalation, Op=Ophthalmic \u003cb\u003eLAT\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Livestock ailment treated \u003cb\u003eFL\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fidelity Level (%) \u003cb\u003eUV\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Use Value \u003cb\u003eRI\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative Importance \u003cb\u003eHab\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Habitat: W=Wild forest, F=Farmland/forest edge, H=Homegarden \u003cb\u003eThreat\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;AE=Agricultural expansion, DF=Deforestation, RE=Root extraction, RH=Root harvesting, OH=Overharvesting, HL=Habitat loss, BS=Bark stripping, TM=Toxic misuse, LM=Latex misuse, BH=Bark harvesting, OC=Overcollection \u003cb\u003eConsRec\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Conservation recommendation: CU=Cultivation, FP=Forest protection, RF=Reforestation, LS=Leaf substitution, PH=Partial harvesting, SH=Sustainable harvesting, PR=Promotion, AW=Awareness creation, RP=Replanting, DO=Domestication, CA=Cultivation awareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Plant parts used and preparation methods.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves were the most frequently used plant parts (41%), followed by roots (33%), bark (9%), fruits and seeds (10%), and latex or sap (7%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Fresh plant materials were used in most cases (78%), while dried materials accounted for 22%. Preparation methods included infusion (34%), decoction (29%), concoction (18%), and direct application or smoke inhalation (19%), showing a predominance of water-based extraction techniques in ethnoveterinary practices in the study area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Routes of administration were mainly oral (67%), followed by dermal (21%) and nasal (12%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Livestock ailments treated.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 42 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species were documented for the treatment of 31 livestock disease conditions. The most frequently reported ailments included gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, ectoparasite infestations, wound infections, and reproductive disorders. Informants showed high agreement in identifying remedies for diseases perceived as severe or life-threatening, such as blackleg, rabies, severe diarrhea, and pneumonia. This pattern indicates that culturally salient treatments are concentrated around high-risk and economically important livestock conditions. Detailed plant uses and associated disease categories are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Informant consensus factor (ICF)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for major livestock disease categories are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. High ICF values were observed for gastrointestinal disorders (0.87), respiratory ailments (0.84), and ectoparasitic infections (0.81), indicating strong agreement among informants in the selection of plant-based remedies for these conditions. Lower consensus was observed for general weakness (0.61), suggesting more heterogeneous or individualized treatment practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, higher ICF values were associated with frequently occurring and economically significant diseases, reflecting shared knowledge and repeated validation of effective remedies within the community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for major livestock disease categories in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease Category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003eu\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNₜ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory ailments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEctoparasitic infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproductive disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral weakness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh ICF values (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.8) show strong cultural consensus on effective remedies for economically important and life-threatening livestock diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Use Value (UV) and Relative Importance (RI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Use Value (UV) and Relative Importance (RI) indices showed a skewed distribution, with a limited number of species accounting for a high proportion of total use reports. To avoid redundancy and overinterpretation, these indices are presented only for the most frequently cited species and are integrated within Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese values serve as complementary indicators of cultural salience rather than standalone measures of importance, highlighting species that are consistently recognized and widely used across informants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Cross-regional comparison with earlier Ethiopian studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative analysis revealed greater similarity between the Kulbo Forest ethnoveterinary system and ecologically comparable moist Afromontane regions (e.g., Sheka, Kaffa, and Bench-Sheko) than with geographically closer but ecologically distinct areas such as Borana and Bale. This pattern supports the role of ecological filtering in shaping medicinal plant knowledge, where species availability and disease ecology exert stronger influence than geographic proximity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis aligns with patterns reported in West and Central African ethnoveterinary systems, where plant selection is shaped by ecological availability rather than geographic proximity (Solazzo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Similar trends have been documented across African ethnoveterinary systems, where ecological condition\u0026rsquo;s structure therapeutic repertoires and knowledge systems (Solazzo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The widespread use of species such as \u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e across multiple regions further supports the existence of a shared core ethnoveterinary flora.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, species reported exclusively in Kulbo, including \u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus, Agave sisalana\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eBartsia trixago\u003c/em\u003e, reflect localized adaptations and context-specific innovation within the indigenous knowledge system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.9 Cultural interpretation of knowledge patterns\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observed overlap in core medicinal species between Dizi communities and neighboring groups such as Sheka and Bench suggests shared ethnobotanical knowledge systems and historical interaction. Knowledge exchange is likely facilitated through intermarriage, trade networks, and cultural proximity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e At the same time, the presence of locally unique remedies indicates adaptive knowledge development shaped by specific ecological conditions and livestock health challenges. This dual pattern of shared and localized knowledge reflects the dynamic nature of ethnoveterinary systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.10 Conservation status and threats\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of ethnoveterinary plant species (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats, indicating strong dependence on natural ecosystems for livestock healthcare. Informants reported a decline in the availability of several key species, particularly Asparagus africanus and Echinops kebericho, which are frequently harvested for medicinal purposes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMajor threats identified include agricultural expansion, destructive harvesting practices (especially root extraction), fuelwood collection, and general forest degradation. These pressures are likely to affect both species availability and long-term knowledge continuity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo avoid redundancy, conservation assessment integrates ethnobotanical indices (FL, UV, and RI) with informant perceptions of species availability (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Species such as Justicia schimperiana, Phytolacca dodecandra, and Croton macrostachyus were identified as highly threatened, while Calpurnia aurea, Myrsine africana, and Albizia schimperiana were categorized as high-priority for conservation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity-based conservation strategies proposed by informants include domestication of medicinal plants in home gardens and the establishment of local nurseries. These approaches may reduce pressure on wild populations while maintaining access to essential ethnoveterinary resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA conceptual summary of ethnoveterinary knowledge patterns, conservation threats, and proposed mitigation strategies is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulturally important ethnoveterinary plants under conservation threat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScientific name\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFL (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUV\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabitat\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerceived threat\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConservation priority\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJusticia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e84.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.85\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrgent\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhytolacca dodecandra\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e73.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.65\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.78\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrgent\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e68.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.80\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrgent\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e75.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.59\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.77\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyrsine africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e70.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.61\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e68.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.41\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: Habitat shows plant source; FL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fidelity Level; UV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Use Value; RI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative Importance.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity members proposed domestication of priority medicinal species in home gardens and establishment of village-level nurseries as mitigation strategies to reduce harvesting pressure on wild populations while keeping access to essential ethnoveterinary resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings demonstrate that ethnoveterinary knowledge in the Kulbo Forest area is shaped by ecological availability, cultural transmission, and conservation pressures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study provides a comprehensive account of ethnoveterinary medicinal plant knowledge in the Kulbo Forest landscape, revealing a complex interaction between ecological availability, cultural practices, and knowledge transmission systems. The dominance of a limited number of plant families and species reflects patterns widely reported in ethnoveterinary studies across Ethiopia and other parts of Africa, where plant selection is strongly influenced by local abundance, perceived efficacy, and long-term experiential validation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe predominance of shrubs and trees as sources of ethnoveterinary remedies is consistent with findings from other dryland and semi-forested regions, where woody species are more resilient to seasonal variability and thus more reliably available. This ecological reliability likely contributes to their cultural prominence in traditional veterinary practices. Furthermore, the frequent use of leaves as the primary plant part aligns with sustainability considerations, as leaf harvesting is generally less destructive than root or whole-plant extraction, indicating an implicit conservation ethic embedded within indigenous knowledge systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparation methods observed in this study, particularly crushing and mixing with water, reflect practical and accessible techniques that require minimal processing. Similar preparation patterns have been documented across African ethnoveterinary systems, suggesting a shared empirical foundation shaped by generations of trial-and-error experimentation. These methods are not arbitrary but are instead optimized for efficacy, ease of application, and adaptability within resource-limited rural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA key finding of this study is the uneven distribution of ethnoveterinary knowledge across age groups. Statistical analysis confirmed that older informants reported significantly more medicinal plant species than younger participants, supporting the notion of age-structured knowledge retention. This pattern has been widely observed in traditional knowledge systems, where expertise accumulates over time through lived experience and apprenticeship. However, the relatively low representation of younger individuals in knowledge transmission pathways raises concerns about the long-term continuity of ethnoveterinary practices. Socio-economic changes, formal education systems, and shifting livelihood strategies may be contributing to a gradual erosion of this knowledge base.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge transmission in the study area is predominantly vertical, occurring within families and from elders to younger generations. While this mode of transmission ensures cultural integrity and knowledge control, it may also limit broader dissemination and adaptation. In contrast, horizontally transmitted knowledge systems\u0026mdash;such as those involving peer learning or community-based knowledge exchange\u0026mdash;have been shown to enhance resilience and innovation. The strong reliance on vertical transmission observed here suggests that ethnoveterinary knowledge in Kulbo Forest remains culturally protected but potentially vulnerable to disruption.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of quantitative ethnobotanical indices in this study provides a structured approach to identifying culturally salient species. However, recent critiques have questioned the interpretive value of such indices, arguing that they may oversimplify complex cultural relationships and introduce analytical bias (Leonti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zenderland et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, the indices presented here should be interpreted cautiously and viewed as complementary tools rather than definitive measures of importance. Their primary contribution lies in highlighting frequently cited species, which may serve as candidates for further pharmacological investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative analysis indicates that many of the plant species documented in this study are also reported in ethnoveterinary practices across other regions of Ethiopia and the African continent. This convergence suggests the existence of shared ethnopharmacological knowledge systems, potentially driven by similar ecological conditions and livestock health challenges. At the same time, the identification of locally specific uses underscores the importance of site-based studies in capturing unique cultural adaptations and innovations. Recent continental-scale analyses further emphasize the diversity and commonality of ethnoveterinary knowledge across Africa, reinforcing the value of localized documentation within broader comparative frameworks (Solazzo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite its contributions, this study has certain limitations. The reliance on self-reported information may introduce recall bias and subjective interpretation, particularly in the absence of experimental validation. However, the focus of ethnoveterinary research is inherently centered on emic perspectives, and the documentation of indigenous knowledge remains a critical first step in understanding traditional healthcare systems. Future research could build on these findings by integrating phytochemical and pharmacological analyses to evaluate the efficacy of the most frequently cited species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings highlight the continued relevance of ethnoveterinary knowledge in rural livestock management while also pointing to emerging challenges related to knowledge transmission and conservation. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern veterinary practices, alongside community-based conservation strategies, may offer a sustainable pathway for preserving both biological and cultural diversity in the region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mizan Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Ref. No.: MTU/CANR/RERC/004).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior to data collection, the purpose and procedures of the study were clearly explained to all participants, and informed consent was obtained from each respondent. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity of the information provided were strictly maintained throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the study respected local cultural norms and ensured the ethical documentation and use of indigenous knowledge related to ethnoveterinary medicinal practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll ethnobotanical voucher specimens (MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;001 to MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;042) are deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU), Ethiopia. Raw interview data sheets, disease-category matrices, and calculated quantitative ethnobotanical indices are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse of artificial intelligence tools\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors used artificial intelligence\u0026ndash;assisted tools for language editing and formatting of the manuscript. All scientific content, data analysis, interpretations, and conclusions were developed, verified, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the content of this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received logistical and institutional support from Mizan-Tepi University. No external funding was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJSJ conceptualized the study, conducted field data collection, performed data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. BA verified plant taxonomic identification, supervised herbarium deposition, and critically reviewed the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors sincerely thank the communities and traditional knowledge holders of Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit kebeles in Maji District for generously sharing their ethnoveterinary knowledge. We also acknowledge Mizan-Tepi University for providing herbarium facilities and logistical support during fieldwork.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbebe T, Woldemariam T, Assefa E. 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Ethnobotany Res Appl. 2019;18:1\u0026ndash;12. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.32859/era.18.12.1-12\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.32859/era.18.12.1-12\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ethnoveterinary medicine, medicinal plants, indigenous knowledge, quantitative ethnobotany, conservation, Kulbo Forest, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9327071/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9327071/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary medicine plays a crucial role in livestock healthcare in rural communities where access to modern veterinary services is limited. This study aimed to document ethnoveterinary medicinal plant knowledge and assess its cultural importance and conservation status in the Kulbo Forest area of southwest Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Data were collected from 138 informants using semi-structured interviews, guided field walks, and group discussions. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices, including Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Use Value (UV), Relative Importance (RI), and Fidelity Level (FL), were applied to evaluate the significance and reliability of reported plant-based remedies. Statistical analysis was conducted to assess differences in knowledge distribution among informant groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 42 medicinal plant species belonging to 38 genera and 27 families were documented for the treatment of 31 livestock ailments. Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and Euphorbiaceae were the most represented families. Shrubs and herbs were the dominant growth forms, and most plants (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats. Leaves (41%) and roots (33%) were the most frequently used plant parts, with remedies mainly prepared from fresh materials using infusion and decoction methods. Oral administration was the predominant route (67%). High ICF values were recorded for gastrointestinal (0.87), respiratory (0.84), and ectoparasitic (0.81) disease categories, indicating strong agreement among informants. Ethnoveterinary knowledge was significantly higher among older informants (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). A limited number of species showed high cultural importance based on UV, RI, and FL indices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary knowledge in the Kulbo Forest area is rich but unevenly distributed and highly dependent on natural forest resources. The observed reliance on wild plant species, combined with threats such as agricultural expansion and overharvesting, poses risks to both plant diversity and knowledge continuity. Community-based conservation strategies, including domestication and sustainable harvesting, are essential to ensure the long-term availability of ethnoveterinary resources and support livestock health management.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants for Infectious Disease Management in Livestock: Practices, Evidence, and Research Gaps from Kulbo Forest, Southwest Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-28 18:51:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9327071/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-03T13:54:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-28T18:30:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172723372368322584045808233608286064326","date":"2026-04-24T05:55:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"123088778441802483882491346391461289104","date":"2026-04-22T19:45:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"291653033530367733501225422370669645262","date":"2026-04-22T12:06:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T09:07:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-17T04:44:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-15T14:21:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-14T21:08:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Veterinary Research","date":"2026-04-14T21:03:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-veterinary-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Veterinary Research](http://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12917","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12917/3?","title":"BMC Veterinary Research","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"96005a11-3b5f-4131-acb2-265dacfc4cc5","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-03T13:54:45+00:00","index":53,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-28T18:51:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-28 18:51:51","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9327071","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9327071","identity":"rs-9327071","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}