Ultimate design principles and fabrication process for high-energy-density solid-state pouch cells based on solid polymer electrolytes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Ultimate design principles and fabrication process for high-energy-density solid-state pouch cells based on solid polymer electrolytes Wonmi Lee, Taegyun Yu, Juho Lee, Sungbin Jang, Juhee Kim, Yujin Han, and 11 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2748501/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Jul, 2024 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Solid-state lithium batteries have become an attractive alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries due to their enhanced safety and energy density potential. However, their current level is still immature from a cell engineering perspective. This work presents ultimate design principles for achieving high energy density in practical solid-state lithium batteries. Our proposed design logic is based on evaluating the microstructural and architectural parameters that significantly impact energy density. We demonstrate the feasibility of this principle through the fabrication of a 10-layer stacked solid-state pouch cell with a solid polymer electrolyte, resulting in an energy density of 280 Wh kg −1 and 600 Wh L −1 . This research provides a promising path forward for the scientific community to pursue practical, high-energy-density solid-state batteries that can meet the growing demand for energy storage solutions. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Energy storage/Batteries Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for energy and catalysis/Batteries solid-state batteries electrode density isostatic press electrode–solid electrolyte composite design energy density Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SSBcelldesignprinciple20230328SupplementaryInformationNatureNanotechnology.pdf Supplementary Information Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Jul, 2024 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2748501","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":190630125,"identity":"8d846278-555d-4bae-b4f0-47ffa62ca988","order_by":0,"name":"Wonmi Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wonmi","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":190630126,"identity":"eb062fba-f8b6-4fd0-b459-fa48ff587c78","order_by":1,"name":"Taegyun Yu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taegyun","middleName":"","lastName":"Yu","suffix":""},{"id":190630127,"identity":"3d33241e-7c60-4816-bfdb-555f36afdbcd","order_by":2,"name":"Juho Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juho","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":190630128,"identity":"d4c8ce76-6189-4610-95dd-44de27c6d418","order_by":3,"name":"Sungbin Jang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sungbin","middleName":"","lastName":"Jang","suffix":""},{"id":190630129,"identity":"fd86d61a-60f8-456d-a203-29465924ea21","order_by":4,"name":"Juhee Kim","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-0425","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juhee","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":190630130,"identity":"0ddb227f-9091-41f7-8c06-e8edcaf60822","order_by":5,"name":"Yujin Han","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yujin","middleName":"","lastName":"Han","suffix":""},{"id":190630131,"identity":"4812b8da-500d-4c94-bc0e-b782b73189dd","order_by":6,"name":"Sunghun Choi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sunghun","middleName":"","lastName":"Choi","suffix":""},{"id":190630132,"identity":"9d61e2db-4a67-41e3-8330-08c010c80d7a","order_by":7,"name":"Sinho Choi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sinho","middleName":"","lastName":"Choi","suffix":""},{"id":190630133,"identity":"2235b908-fb45-4665-ade9-c1664dca3bed","order_by":8,"name":"Taehee Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Taehee","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":190630134,"identity":"075d11f4-2f73-40c3-bb23-bf35dabff502","order_by":9,"name":"Sang-Hoon Park","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sang-Hoon","middleName":"","lastName":"Park","suffix":""},{"id":190630135,"identity":"9d5222a9-5e0c-4d63-805b-f88a50315cb5","order_by":10,"name":"Wooyoung Jin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wooyoung","middleName":"","lastName":"Jin","suffix":""},{"id":190630136,"identity":"8c0ee9c0-e725-4da1-8c5f-12caed191a42","order_by":11,"name":"Gyujin Song","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gyujin","middleName":"","lastName":"Song","suffix":""},{"id":190630137,"identity":"c5c9262c-26ae-427a-ae5c-c59daa628837","order_by":12,"name":"Daeil Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daeil","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":190630138,"identity":"ff928e35-8f3a-4a6e-8172-549d79bf2ec9","order_by":13,"name":"Bo-Yun Jang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bo-Yun","middleName":"","lastName":"Jang","suffix":""},{"id":190630139,"identity":"0c3bc8a8-0dc5-417f-9ef9-b5752d77ca94","order_by":14,"name":"Dong-Hwa Seo","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7200-7186","institution":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dong-Hwa","middleName":"","lastName":"Seo","suffix":""},{"id":190630140,"identity":"2712e3fa-db65-4107-9722-78e121d7ee26","order_by":15,"name":"Sung-Kyun Jung","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3708-3757","institution":"Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sung-Kyun","middleName":"","lastName":"Jung","suffix":""},{"id":190630141,"identity":"453aec5b-c3c1-4847-b6d1-ec22062d53cf","order_by":16,"name":"Jinsoo Kim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAuUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxh7GBoYPBySg3ANEamGcQZIWBh4GBmYeuEpitDD3HG7dbHPGQs68gffhA4Yz94hwWG9j2+2cGxLGMgfYjQ0YbhQToaWfEajlg0TiDAY2NgmGDwlEarH4IFEP1ML+gzgtIIcx3JBIkADawsBwgxgtPQfbbvackTCcwczGLJFwhggthj3pz278OFYnL8HexvjhwzFitDTAWMxATIQGBgZ5YhSNglEwCkbBCAcAg5g5V1bWth0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8217-5071","institution":"Korea Institute of Energy Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinsoo","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-03-28 18:20:57","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2748501/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2748501/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50075-9","type":"published","date":"2024-07-12T04:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60209473,"identity":"89f5f623-9b82-4c05-992f-33408cd39427","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-13 07:05:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2927660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SSBcelldesignprinciple20230328ManuscriptNatureNanotechnology.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2748501/v1_covered_6df6fa6f-0bea-4822-bc7a-f0f54d359ace.pdf"},{"id":37065560,"identity":"8e1b4cd9-8af2-4186-83d6-5c3f364a0cf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-05-16 05:13:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1461723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Information\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SSBcelldesignprinciple20230328SupplementaryInformationNatureNanotechnology.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2748501/v1/1928b253d90e21e9fabe0816.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Ultimate design principles and fabrication process for high-energy-density solid-state pouch cells based on solid polymer electrolytes","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"solid-state batteries, electrode density, isostatic press, electrode–solid electrolyte composite design, energy density","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2748501/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2748501/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSolid-state lithium batteries have become an attractive alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries due to their enhanced safety and energy density potential. However, their current level is still immature from a cell engineering perspective. This work presents ultimate design principles for achieving high energy density in practical solid-state lithium batteries. Our proposed design logic is based on evaluating the microstructural and architectural parameters that significantly impact energy density. We demonstrate the feasibility of this principle through the fabrication of a 10-layer stacked solid-state pouch cell with a solid polymer electrolyte, resulting in an energy density of 280 Wh kg\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e and 600 Wh L\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e. This research provides a promising path forward for the scientific community to pursue practical, high-energy-density solid-state batteries that can meet the growing demand for energy storage solutions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ultimate design principles and fabrication process for high-energy-density solid-state pouch cells based on solid polymer electrolytes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-05-16 05:13:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2748501/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"
[email protected]","identity":"nature-communications","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"NCOMMS","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Communications](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/","title":"Nature Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Communications","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e9b97178-9ae9-48db-8808-335ae2cc3ac5","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 16th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":20585321,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Energy storage/Batteries"},{"id":20585322,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for energy and catalysis/Batteries"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-13T07:05:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2748501","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50075-9","journal":{"identity":"nature-communications","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Nature Communications"},"publishedOn":"2024-07-12 04:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"July 12th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-05-16 05:13:50","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41467-024-50075-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50075-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2748501","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2748501","identity":"rs-2748501","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below.
Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure
cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can
have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy
(via DOI)
is the canonical version.