Experimental Investigation of 3D-Printed Structures from Wood-Based Polymer Composites

Experimental Investigation of 3D-Printed Structures from Wood-Based Polymer Composites | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Investigation of 3D-Printed Structures from Wood-Based Polymer Composites Artem Chystiakov, O. A. Q Ziada, S. A. Ahmed, J. Kovacikova This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7997275/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Applied Composite Materials → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated the mechanical and physical properties of a wood-based polymer composite DuraSense® 3D S51 Flex K to enhance its potential in large-scale additive manufacturing. While wood-based polymer composites are already used in applications such as furniture, a deeper understanding of their behaviour, particularly regarding printing orientation and structural performance, could expand their use in new industries, enhancing sustainable material and manufacturing techniques. To assess performance, hollow cubes were 3D-printed from the mentioned composite and cut into samples oriented at 0°, 30°, 45°, and 90° to the printing direction. Tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, water absorption, thermal properties and microstructure were defined for the samples. The 0° specimens exhibited the highest tensile (15.39 MPa) and flexural strength (26.05 MPa), while the 90° orientation specimens showed reductions in strength of 72% and 69%, respectively. The modulus of elasticity also decreased by 71% at 90°, confirming anisotropy. Additional tests revealed a Brinell hardness of 179.9 N/mm², a water absorption of 19.75%, with minimal dimensional change, and a thermal conductivity of 0.1553 W/m·K. Microscopic analysis showed porosity and uneven fibre distribution, indicating the need for composite optimisation. These findings confirm the importance of orientation-aware design in large-scale additive manufacturing and provide the background for future work focusing on the development of printing strategies and computational modelling to enhance print quality, interlayer adhesion, and performance in applications. Additive manufacturing 3D printing wood-based polymer composites wood fibers polymers Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Applied Composite Materials → Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 07 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 31 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7997275","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":546391358,"identity":"96db7eea-f84f-4f6b-8606-b54f220fd27d","order_by":0,"name":"Artem Chystiakov","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFUlEQVRIie2RMUsDMRTHX3lwLie3ppxc/QiRgItH76s0BDodUnDp4NDJSdrVo19CEJwTAjcFswacqquDIoigiLkTHcQgbg75BUIS3o/3fwQgEvnHTLpN+gWZP2B3I8Fi/FTwQxku8A9K1weo/EXJ1lbdOBgfUmuVfDYlv7C2zWfHUA0XPyvkSiCrQRxRJ0Cduim/dCLJz1rg61Aug0leg+Tnzs+S3mu27/xLmsCkCBgjg1svvWI1qFevsJX2yhtUIYX6LtgrUoBOnS4o+GDbJzAIBdszyPKaCt44QfWOmRbECXbQLAlvAuMXZrB5rOdjvrTq9uGuLdNspTbXs6eyIjI0fx8PYPdbQfgjvxgFYkQikUgE3gHSO1yIPeGmHwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Linnaeus University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Artem","middleName":"","lastName":"Chystiakov","suffix":""},{"id":546391359,"identity":"51b8b1ac-14fd-4fd6-98a4-e11fcfed9e6c","order_by":1,"name":"O. 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Composites","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"applied-composite-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"acma","sideBox":"Learn more about [Applied Composite Materials](http://link.springer.com/journal/10443)","snPcode":"10443","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10443/3","title":"Applied Composite Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Additive manufacturing, 3D printing, wood-based polymer composites, wood fibers, polymers","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7997275/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7997275/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the mechanical and physical properties of a wood-based polymer composite DuraSense\u0026reg; 3D S51 Flex K to enhance its potential in large-scale additive manufacturing. While wood-based polymer composites are already used in applications such as furniture, a deeper understanding of their behaviour, particularly regarding printing orientation and structural performance, could expand their use in new industries, enhancing sustainable material and manufacturing techniques. To assess performance, hollow cubes were 3D-printed from the mentioned composite and cut into samples oriented at 0\u0026deg;, 30\u0026deg;, 45\u0026deg;, and 90\u0026deg; to the printing direction. Tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, water absorption, thermal properties and microstructure were defined for the samples. The 0\u0026deg; specimens exhibited the highest tensile (15.39 MPa) and flexural strength (26.05 MPa), while the 90\u0026deg; orientation specimens showed reductions in strength of 72% and 69%, respectively. The modulus of elasticity also decreased by 71% at 90\u0026deg;, confirming anisotropy. Additional tests revealed a Brinell hardness of 179.9 N/mm\u0026sup2;, a water absorption of 19.75%, with minimal dimensional change, and a thermal conductivity of 0.1553 W/m\u0026middot;K. Microscopic analysis showed porosity and uneven fibre distribution, indicating the need for composite optimisation. These findings confirm the importance of orientation-aware design in large-scale additive manufacturing and provide the background for future work focusing on the development of printing strategies and computational modelling to enhance print quality, interlayer adhesion, and performance in applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Investigation of 3D-Printed Structures from Wood-Based Polymer Composites","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-18 02:21:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7997275/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-07T14:45:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T11:55:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T11:55:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Applied Composite Materials","date":"2025-10-31T10:04:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"applied-composite-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"acma","sideBox":"Learn more about [Applied Composite Materials](http://link.springer.com/journal/10443)","snPcode":"10443","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10443/3","title":"Applied Composite Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"db86ffa4-1d92-4efd-9271-9d96255455c9","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:21:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7997275","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-026-10457-2","journal":{"identity":"applied-composite-materials","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Applied Composite Materials"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-28 16:11:08","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 28th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-18 02:21:35","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10443-026-10457-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-026-10457-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7997275","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7997275","identity":"rs-7997275","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}