Advancing Sustainable Farming: Development and Evaluation of a Battery-Operated Leafy Vegetable Harvester

Advancing Sustainable Farming: Development and Evaluation of a Battery-Operated Leafy Vegetable Harvester | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Advancing Sustainable Farming: Development and Evaluation of a Battery-Operated Leafy Vegetable Harvester Praveen kalluri, Atul Kumar Shrivastava This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5303560/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper addresses a self-propelled battery-operated harvester to harvest the green leafy vegetables through the conceptualization, analysis, and testing of the developed machine. This harvester seeks to mitigate this problem by providing an efficient and easy to use system that is cheaper compared to the conventional technique, which greatly reduces labour costs while increasing efficiency. The design incorporates certain agronomical and ergonomic parameters and agrees the harvester to be adjusted to the field condition and comfortable to use by the operators. Laboratory assessments and field estimates were conducted to measure the harvester's performance in terms of power management, cutting efficiency and speed control. Results indicate that the harvester operates optimally at a forward speed of 1.857 km/h with a conveyor speed of 0.86 m/s, utilizing a 558 mm pulley. The harvester's power desires and operational efficiency were analyzed using advanced statistical models, demonstrating significant reductions in energy consumption compared to manual harvesting. By integrating battery technology, the harvester influences to sustainable agricultural practices, supporting with global efforts to minimize carbon emissions. This innovative attempt provides a viable solution for smallholder farmers, developing agricultural productivity and supporting the transition to more sustainable farming methods. Physical sciences/Engineering/Mechanical engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Harvesting Battery Leafy Vegetables Self-Propelled BLDC Motor Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 12 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 09 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 27 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 11 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 21 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5303560","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":383493383,"identity":"c9dd775d-1c58-4fc0-b994-7e7407343696","order_by":0,"name":"Praveen kalluri","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"sr university","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Praveen","middleName":"","lastName":"kalluri","suffix":""},{"id":383493384,"identity":"06fd4706-7fb5-4756-a628-c07ae4f94f2b","order_by":1,"name":"Atul Kumar Shrivastava","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Atul","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Shrivastava","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-21 10:38:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5303560/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5303560/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03594-4","type":"published","date":"2025-09-30T15:57:10+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92883886,"identity":"cb98797f-4cc7-40ec-9389-bcfbcacde7a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-06 16:10:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":837175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"revisedDesignanddevelopmenteofharvester.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5303560/v1_covered_7d36d415-5bd2-48a9-a809-52d56287242e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Advancing Sustainable Farming: Development and Evaluation of a Battery-Operated Leafy Vegetable Harvester","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Harvesting, Battery, Leafy Vegetables, Self-Propelled, BLDC Motor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5303560/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5303560/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper addresses a self-propelled battery-operated harvester to harvest the green leafy vegetables through the conceptualization, analysis, and testing of the developed machine. 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