Attenuating strategies of the Insecticidal Effect and Life history Traits of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch, 1854) (Insecta: Aphididae): Case of the Aqueous Extracts of Asteraceae Dittrichia viscosa and a Synthetic product of the neonicotinoids / pyrethroids Family

Attenuating strategies of the Insecticidal Effect and Life history Traits of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch, 1854) (Insecta: Aphididae): Case of the Aqueous Extracts of Asteraceae Dittrichia viscosa and a Synthetic product of the neonicotinoids / pyrethroids Family | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Attenuating strategies of the Insecticidal Effect and Life history Traits of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch, 1854) (Insecta: Aphididae): Case of the Aqueous Extracts of Asteraceae Dittrichia viscosa and a Synthetic product of the neonicotinoids / pyrethroids Family Fatma zohra Tchaker, Zahr-Eddine Djazouli This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1726236/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Methods used to control natural enemies; insects in particular, have been mainly chemical. Given the irritations associated with the use of pesticides, a search for alternatives is required, particularly through the use of plant extracts. The present study focused on comparing the insecticidal power of aqueous extracts of Dittrichia viscosa in combination with a bio-adjuvant Silene fuscata and a synthetic pesticide Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin on the abundance, biochemical life traits and demographic parameters of the winter phenotype of Chaitophorus leucomelas . The results show a strong effect of the aqueous extracts of Dittrichia viscosa on the abundance of Chaitophorus leucomelas , with a well pronounced insecticidal activity under the effect of the aqueous extract ratio Dittrichia viscosa / Silena fuscata . Lipid and carbohydrate energy biomarkers of Chaitophorus leucomelas sexuparae undergo strong changes depending on the products used, with a very significant disturbing action of the synthetic product compared to aqueous extracts. The fecundity of C. leucomelas shows a remarkable disturbance under the action of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin compared to aqueous extracts. The results also confirm that the products applied cause a disturbance in the growth rate (r m ) and reproduction (R 0 ) of C. leucomelas females, with the chemical treatment having the strongest effect. The full dose of the active ingredient causes remarkable disturbances on the multiplication rate (λ) and the mean generation time (T) of the sexuparae compared to the other applied molecules. Some stability is reported for the doubling time (DT) of treated females compared to the control ones. aqueous extracts Chaitophorus leucomelas demographic parameters energetic biomarker Populus nigra. Figures Figure 1 Introduction The green aphid, Chaitophorus leucomelas (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Chaitophorinae), is one of the most important pests of black poplar Populus nigra (Chararas 1972 ; Nef and Janssens 1982 ; Barrios-San et al. 2014). It causes direct damage to the host plant by extracting their sap, which leads to a growth restriction of up to 15%, and indirect damage by transmitting viruses and excreting honeydew which is a favorable environment for fungal development (Sauvion 1995 ; Ramîrez et al. 2004 ; Ramîrez and Verdugo 2008 ; Dedryver et al. 2010 ; Rubio-Melendez et al. 2011 ). Like most aphids, C. leucomelas is mainly controlled by synthetic pesticides. However, their massive use leads to multiple dysfunctions in agro-ecosystems including the emergence of resistance (Powles 2008 ; Van Den Bosch and Gilligan 2008 ; Hazarika et al. 2009 ; Dângelo et al. 2021), resurgence or appearance of new pests (Hardman et al. 1991 ; Hazarika et al. 2009 ) and the destruction of beneficial organisms (Desneux et al. 2007 ; Marins et al. 2021 ). To restore this situation, operators in the field of plant protection have turned to biological control (Hågvar and Hofsvang 1991 ). In this context, the potential of botanical insecticides nowadays represents an effective and non-polluting means of control. Substances of plant origin have always been a major source to develop new substances with biocidal properties (Gomez et al. 1997 ). Several authors suggest that essential oils or plant extracts are promising for the control of insect pests (Ngamo and Hance 2007). Dittrichia viscosa is an invasive plant belonging to the Asteraceae family (Omezzine et al. 2011 ), it has been frequently used in traditional pharmacopoeia for various therapeutic purposes. Many compounds have been identified and isolated from this plant such as flavonoids (Hernández et al. 2007 ), monoterpenes (Pérez-Alonso et al. 1996 ), condensed tannins (Rhimi W et al. 2017), triterpenoids, lactones and sesquiterpene acids including ilicic acid (Fontana et al. 2007 ) and polyphenols (Danino et al. 2009 ). Extracts of D. viscosa have shown a phytotoxic (Levizou et al. 2002 ), antifungal (Cohen et al. 2006), nematocidal (Oka et al. 2001 ), acaricidal (Mansour et al. 2004 ) and insecticidal effect (Alexenizer and Dorn 2007 ). Perdikis et al. ( 2007 ), report that D. viscosa has a major biocidal activity on aphids. In addition to reducing the availability, the intrinsic toxicity of active ingredients can affect the energy balance and demographic parameters of pests. This toxicity can produce biochemical, histological or morphological disturbances, resulting in specific alterations of an organ, a system or a function, otherwise of a biochemical or biological process (Moussavou Moudouma 2010 ; Louat 2013 ). Some authors argue that the observed variations in the major life characteristics of organisms can be explained by life history theory. This theory is based more specifically on the characters having a direct link with reproduction or survival, such as size at birth, size and age at sexual maturity, the number of offspring produced, their ability to survive, etc. (Stearns 1992 ; Roff 2002 in Giron 2006 ). Facing the different stressful conditions, the organism must make an arrangement between the different life history traits involved based on the available energy level (Levins 1968 ). Molven and Goksoyr ( 1993 ) report that organisms use different means likely to restore homeostasis and that all responses seem to technically cost the organism metabolic resources, especially sugar and lipids. Besides, Lagadic et al. ( 1997 ), confirm that the assessment of disturbances at the organism level requires the study of biomarkers. This latter makes it possible to describe, explain and even predict disturbance effects of different stressful states. The general context of the present study aims to find ways to improve the efficacy and estimate the biocidal activity of phytopreparations through formulations that extend persistence in the field or incorporate synergistic products which, being themselves non-toxic at the used doses, enhance the performance of the active ingredients particularly by allowing reducing the dose used, thus limiting their impact on the fauna and flora and ultimately lessening loss problems during the use of bioproducts. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of D. viscosa in comparison with an active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambda-Cyhalothrin, on the abundance, conditioning, energy balance and on certain demographic parameters such as fecundity, net reproduction rate (R 0 ), intrinsic rate of increase (r m ), finite rate of increase (λ), mean life time (T) and doubling time (DT) of Chaitophorus leucomelas . Materials And Methods Geographical location of the study region The present study was carried out in 2012 in the middle of Mitidja plain in Soumâa region (Algeria) at the piedmont of the Atlas mountains of Blida province, at an altitude of 80 to 100 m, a longitude of 2°45'E and a latitude of 36°35'N (Loucif and Bonafonte 1977 ). Precipitation largely fluctuates, varying between 380 mm and 787.88 mm and occurs during winter and spring. The coldest months are January and February with average temperatures of 4.49°C and 4.48°C, respectively. The hottest months are July and August with respective average temperatures of 37.2°C and 37, 00°C for the period from 1997 to 2012. For the study year 2012, the cold temperature was recorded in December with an average value of 11°C, while the hottest temperature is that of July with 33.2°C. Emberger’s Bioclimatic Quotient Q2 (Sauvage 1963 ), classifies the Soumâa zone in the humid bioclimatic stage with mild winters. In this region, two artificial poplar groves with 8-year-old black poplar Populus nigra alignment species were chosen for the study. Preparation of the aqueous extracts The plant material selected for the aqueous extract preparation was only of two common spontaneous plants in the Mediterranean region Silene fuscata (Caryophyllaceae) and Dittrichia viscosa (Asteraceae). The first species Dittrichia viscosa was used as an active ingredient; it was collected in the flowering stage of the sub-littoral region of Soumâa during the summer period. The second species, used as a bio-adjuvant for the first time, was collected at the flowering stage during the autumnal period in the mountainous region of Chrea located at an altitude of 980 m, a longitude 2°52'36"E and a latitude of 36°25'N. The precipitation, mainly in winter and spring, is characterized by a great interannual and intermonth irregularity varying between 1225.38 and 360.83 mm. Regarding temperature, the coldest month recorded is January with an average minimum temperature of 1.01°C, while the hottest month is July with an average maximum temperature of 31.37°C. Emberger's Bioclimatic quotient Q2 (Q2 = 83.44), classifies Chrea region in the sub-humid bioclimatic stage with mild winters (Sauvage 1963 ). The collected plants were cleaned and dried in the open air, away from light and moisture. The plant material after drying in the shade is crushed into powder by a propeller mixer (MOULINEX). An aqueous maceration was carried out with 20 g of vegetable powder added to 250 ml of distilled water. The bottles are horizontally agitated for 72 hours at room temperature. The homogenates were first filtered with compresses, then through whatman paper (N° 1). The aqueous extracts obtained were preserved aseptically in 25 cm 3 Roux bottles, surrounded by aluminum foil in order to avoid any degradation of the molecules by light and then stored in a refrigerator at + 4°C for later use (De Souza et al. 1995 ). The synthetic Material The pesticide used to compare efficacy is a product based on two active ingredients (Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin), belonging to two different chemical families neonicotinoids/pyrethroids, and with the crude chemical formulas C 8 H 10 ClN 5 O 3 / C 23 H 19 ClF 3 NO 3 . The molecule has three modes of action (contact, ingestion and systemic) by blocking membrane permeability and the opening of sodium channels (Couteux and Lejeune 2012 ). Sampling and Treatment Treatments were focused on the different stages of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Aphididae, Homoptera) growing on Populus nigra leaves during the autumn-winter period. Two poplar groves were set aside for the efficacy tests. Two supply modes of aqueous extracts were applied, namely: aqueous extracts of the whole plant Dittrichia viscosa and aqueous extract ratio of Dittrichia viscosa and Silene fuscata (1:1). For the chemical product (Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin), we used the prescribed dose (4ml/l) and the half dose (2ml/l). As for the control, a spray of running water was applied. A linear device with observation plots proposed by Frontier ( 1983 ) was used. From the 21 trees obtained through the observation plots, we took five leaves from each cardinal direction at a rate of one sample per day from the eight trees randomly taken from the different blocks. The samples were taken during a period of 11 days, from November 30th 2012 to December 9th 2012. All samples were taken at man height (170 cm). Samples taken from the field will undergo an abundance assessment in the laboratory. Living females are weighed and placed in 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes, then stored at -20°C for a quantification of the energy balance. Estimation of the abundance The counting technique of individual aphids obtained through plant transects consists of taking leaves from each cardinal point during the period of investigation which lasted over one month. The different life stages (larvae and adults) were then identified and counted under a magnifying binocular microscope (G × 40). Estimation of the conditioning From the residual populations, we were interested in estimating the weight of females. Each ten females were put in a 1.5 ml eppendorf (previously tared), then weighed. The weight measurements of the females were done using an accuracy balance (Princeton Instruments, Model YP402N). Estimation of the energy balance The preserved females were subjected to a quantification of lipid and carbohydrate energy biomarkers following the protocols established by Van Brummelen and Suijfzand ( 1993 ) and Win Decoen ( 2000 in Mostefaoui et al. 2014 ), respectively. The extraction of lipid reserves is carried out after crushing of Chaitophorus leucomelas (10 individuals per tube) with a monophasic mixture 1: 2: 0.8 (chloroform: methanol: double distilled water). The tubes are centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14 000 revolutions/min at 4°C. Adding chloroform to the tubes separates the mixture into two phases. The chloroform solutions containing the lipids are recovered and pooled, then dried over sodium sulfate. The lipids are recovered after rinsing the sodium sulfate with chloroform. The tubes are evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. Sulfuric acid is added to the dry residue, then heated for 10 minutes at 100°C. After cooling, the vanillin reagent is added to each sample. The solution then takes on a pink color, and the optical density is read at 540 nm after 10 minutes. The white color is obtained from a series of concentrations of cholesterol mixed with sulfuric acid and reagent vanillin. Regarding the extraction and quantification of carbohydrate reserves, Chaitophorus leucomelas individuals are homogenized in double-distilled water with a grinder, then trichloroacetic acid (TCA 15%) is added in order to precipitate the proteins. Precipitation is facilitated by a centrifugation for 10 minutes at 3000 revolutions/min at 4°C. The sugar-containing supernatant is recovered and the pellet is redissolved in a solution of T.C.A. 5%. A solution of 250 µl containing the supernatants is poured into a test tube; to which 250 µl of 5% phenol and 1 ml of H 2 SO 4 are quickly added. The mixture is placed in a well of a microplate in the light and at room temperature. Sample adsorption is measured after 30 minutes at 490 nm. The white color is obtained from a stock solution of glucose at 0.5 mg/ml (5 mg of glucose in 10 ml of distilled water). Estimation of the fecundity Fecundity is measured by the ratio of the number of larvae to the number of female adults, according to the formula (Carey 1982 ): FER = NL / NF Where: NL: number of larvae; NF: number of females. Estimation of the reproduction parameters The sexuparae of C. leucomelas are only represented by females in this phase of their development cycle. Before applying the active molecules, 20 leaves were randomly taken from which we kept one nymph and one adult per leaf (Tahriri Adabi et al. 2010 ). After 24 hours of treatment, the nymph and the adult on each leaf were checked daily and their survival was recorded at each of the different experimental units. The presence of exuviae was adopted to determine the moulting period. When nymphs developed into adults, daily monitoring was carried out to estimate survival and reproduction. We took the measures to remove all the neonate larvae from the leaves after being counted. These observations were maintained until the 10th day after applying the treatments. Demographic parameters of C. leucomelas such as Net Reproductive Rate (R 0 ), Intrinsic Rate of Increase (r m ), Finite Rate of Increase (λ), Mean Life Time (T) and Doubling Time (DT) were calculated according to the formulas proposed by Carey ( 1982 ) and Gul et al ( 2021 ). Data analysis The statistical analysis involved the evaluation of the insecticidal activity of phytopreparations based on aqueous extracts Dittrichia/Silene on the different biological forms of Chaitophorus leucomelas . Variance analyses are made on homogeneous means adopted on the basis of a coefficient of variance (C.V. <15%). The comparisons of the mean abundances and energy biomarkers of the trapped aphids are followed by different variance tests (WILCOXON; MONTE CARLO). The cross-correlation test was used to explore the order of inflowl under the different stressful conditions. Under the effect of different applications, the statistical description of the temporal variation trends of fecundity and demographic parameters was established by the ANOVA test. The significant contributions retained are at the threshold of a probability of 5% and the calculations were carried out by the PAST software vers. 1.37 (Hammer et al. 2001 ). Results Toxicity of the aqueous extracts on the abundance of Chaitophorus leucomelas sexuparae under the effect of different applied molecules Table 1 shows the abundance of Chaitophorus leucomelas under the effect of the different treatments applied (aqueous extracts ratio Dittrichia viscosa / Silena fuscata , the aqueous extract of the whole plant D. viscosa and the synthetic product Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin). With reference to the abundances, the results indicate that the aqueous extracts have a validated toxicity on C. leucomelas individuals compared to the control group (p < 5%). The low median values recorded in the treated samples confirm the pronounced insecticidal activity of the aqueous extracts in the phytopreparation ratio (p < 5%). The cross-correlation test is done in advance in order to verify the effect of phytopreparations on the overall dynamics of C. leucomelas . Barycenter values (Maximum Abundance) of treated and control populations show a non-significant time lag that does not exceed two days. The same test shows that the reestablishment of maximum abundances indicates a significant time lag following effect of phytopreparations (p < 1%). The insecticidal activity of the dose and half-dose of Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin treatment is very distinctive in terms of abundance reduction of C. leucomelas sexuparae compared to the control group (p 5%). The medians show the lowest values under the synthetic product effect (p < 5%). The cross-correlation test indicates a significant temporal shift (3 day Lag) between the treated and the control groups (p < 5%). Table 1 Phytopreparation effect of Dittrichia viscosa , Silene fuscata and Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin on the abundance of Chaitophorus leucomelas sexuparae Abundance Treatments N Mean ± S.E. Median Wilcoxon test Monte Carlo test Cross-correlation test Barycentre Lag p-value Control 11 219,72 ± 46,07 a 138 0,007** 0,004** 4,73 1,38 0,337 Ns Aqueous extract of plant 55 ± 9,27 b 26 3,35 Control 11 219,72 ± 46,07 a 138 0,005** 0,003* 4,73 1,79 0,337 Ns Aqueous extract of ratio 47,54 ± 10,61 b 14 2,94 Aqueous extract of plant 11 55 ± 9,27 a 26 0,029* 0,026* 3,35 0,41 0,001** Aqueous extract of ratio 47,54 ± 10,61 b 14 2,94 Control 11 469,45 ± 71,88 a 465 0,007** 0,004** 4,62 2,92 0,010* Half-dose 144,81 ± 14,47 b 15 1,64 Control 11 469,45 ± 71,88 a 465 0,007** 0,004** 4,62 2,95 0,025* Dose 126,36 ± 06,70 b 19 1,67 Half-dose 11 144,81 ± 14,47 15 0,202 Ns 0,234 Ns 1,64 0,3 0,081 Ns Dose 126,36 ± 06,70 19 1,67 NS: Non-Significant • *: Significant at 5% • **: Significant at 1‰ • ***: Significant at 1‰. Different letters indicate differences among groups Control, Aqueous extract of plant, aqueous extract of ratio, Half-dose of active ingredient, Dose of active ingredient. Estimates of the effect of aqueous extracts and pesticide on demographic parameters The graphic representation of the temporal fluctuation of C. leucomelas ’ fecundity under the effect of two treatment types shows a remarkable drop in the biotic potential of the exposed females compared to the control group (Fig. 1). Following exposure to Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin, fecundity undergoes a gradual reduction until the fifth day, with a striking disturbing action of the prescribed dose compared to the half-dose. Beyond this period, a gradual recovery of biotic potential is notified, and it continues until the end of the experiment (Fig. 1a). On the other hand, the biotic potential better tolerates the effect of phytopreparations, whose aqueous extracts ratio engages a very pronounced disturbance of fecundity compared to aqueous extracts of the whole plant (Fig. 1b). The evolution of the demographic parameters of Chaitophorus leucomelas under the effect of the different applications are presented in Table 2 . The results of the ANOVA-type variance analysis, supported by the post-hoc test, demonstrate that the Net reproductive rate (R 0 ) of the females exposed to phytopreparations and to Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin shows significantly low values compared to the control group. Insignificant values are indicated by the comparison of the reproduction rate under the effect of aqueous extracts of the whole plant D. viscosa and the ratio D. viscosa / S. fuscata and the dose and half-dose of Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin. In regard to the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of C. leucomelas populations, analyzes indicate a significant increase between the treated and the controls. This increase is very pointed under the effect of Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin compared to the effect of aqueous extracts of phytopreparations. Moreover, the Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin applied, the homologous dose and the aqueous extract of the D. viscosa / S. fuscata ratio clearly reduced the multiplication rate (λ). The same results show that the homologous dose of Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin continues as a treatment, significantly affecting the mean generation time (T) of Chaitophorus leucomelas populations. Finally, the different types of treatment barely affect the doubling time (DT) of populations (Table 2 ). The effects of molecules on biochemical and weight traits of Chaitophorus leucomelas Table 3 shows the lipid-carbohydrate energy balance and the weight variation of C. leucomelas after applying phytopreparations and Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin. The results plainly demonstrate the disruption of the lipid reserves of C. leucomelas females exposed to the phytopreparation ratio and to doses of the synthetic product Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin compared to the control group (p < 1%). However, carbohydrate stores are severely affected by the whole plant phytopreparation of D. viscosa and the homologous dose of the synthetic product (p < 5%). At the same time, weight measurements show a significant difference following the two types of treatment (p < 5%). Tests concluded that Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin made significant disturbances on the lipid-carbohydrate energy balance of the exposed populations compared to those exposed to phytopreparations. Table 2 Demographic parameters of Chaitophorus leucomelas under the effect of biological and chemical treatments Parameters Treatments Net reproductive rate ( R0 ) Intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) Finite rate of increase (λ) Mean life time (T) Doubling time (DT) Mean ± SE p-value Mean ± SE p-value Mean ± SE p-value Mean ± SE p-value Mean ± SE p-value Biological Control 5,481 ± 0,271 a 0,000*** 0,021 ± 0,012 0,293 Ns 0,691 ± 0,012 0,212 Ns 2,632 ± 0,071 0,996 Ns 2,171 ± 0,131 0,654 Ns Aqueous extract of D. viscosa plant 2,862 ± 0,252 b 0,011 ± 0,011 0,634 ± 0,011 2,601 ± 0,072 2,443 ± 0,072 Control 5,481 ± 0,271 a 0,000*** 0,021 ± 0,012 a 0,051* 0,691 ± 0,012 a 0,025* 2,632 ± 0,071 0,276 Ns 2,171 ± 0,131 0,864 Ns Aqueous extract of D. viscosa/ S. fuscata ratio 2,085 ± 0,463 b 0,039 ± 0,011 b 0,611 ± 0,010 b 2,121 ± 0,353 2,012 ± 0,341 Aqueous extract of D. viscosa plant 2,862 ± 0,252 0,260 Ns 0,011 ± 0,011 a 0,054* 0,634 ± 0,011 0,185 Ns 2,601 ± 0,072 0,232 Ns 2,443 ± 0,072 0,355 Ns Aqueous extract of D. viscosa/S. fuscata ratio 2,085 ± 0,463 0,039 ± 0,011 b 0,611 ± 0,010 2,121 ± 0,353 2,012 ± 0,341 Chimical control 5,081 ± 0,561 a 0,010* 0,091 ± 0,022 a 0,021* 0,701 ± 0,011 0,14 Ns 2,603 ± 0,071 0,818 Ns 2,154 ± 0,152 0,998 Ns Half-dose 2,702 ± 0,471 b 0,132 ± 0,013 b 0,692 ± 0,012 2,341 ± 0,272 2,171 ± 0,251 Control 5,081 ± 0,561 a 0,000*** 0,091 ± 0,022 a 0,025* 0,701 ± 0,011 a 0,009** 2,603 ± 0,071 0,072 Ns 2,154 ± 0,152 0,352 Ns Dose 1,603 ± 0,541 b 0,118 ± 0,011 b 0,601 ± 0,011 b 1,629 ± 0,441 1,553 ± 0,421 Half-dose 2,702 ± 0,471 0,321 0,132 ± 0,013 0,115 Ns 0,692 ± 0,012 0,07 Ns 2,341 ± 0,272 0,223 Ns 2,171 ± 0,251 0,322 Ns Dose 1,603 ± 0,541 0,118 ± 0,011 0,601 ± 0,011 1,629 ± 0,441 1,553 ± 0,421 NS: Non-Significant • *: Significant at 5% • **: Significant at 1‰ • ***: Significant at 1‰. Different letters indicate differences among groups Control, Aqueous extract of plant, aqueous extract of ratio, Half-dose of active ingredient, Dose of active ingredient. Table 3 Estimation of the toxicity of chemical and biological molecules on lipido-carbohydrate energy reserves and weight measurements of Chaitophorus leucomelas Treatments Energy reserves weighabl measure Lipid Carbohydrate N Mean ± E.S. Wilcoxon test Monte Carlo test N Mean ± E. S. Wilcoxon test Monte Carlo test N Mean ± S.E Wilcoxon test Monte Carlo test Biological Control 11 9,041 ± 0,740 0,722 Ns 0,748 Ns 11 0,202 ± 0,014 a 0,005* 0,003** 11 3,69 ± 0,259 a 0,007* 0,004* Aqueous extract of plant 11 9,153 ± 1,693 11 0,166 ± 0, 025 b 11 3,245 ± 0,149 b Control 11 9,041 ± 0,740 a 0,003** 0,001*** 11 0,202 ± 0,014 0,878 Ns 0,911 Ns 11 3,69 ± 0,259 a 0,007 * 0,004* Aqueous extract of ratio 11 12,611 ± 2,896 b 11 0,197 ± 0,035 11 3,133 ± 0,400 b Aqueous extract of plant 11 9,153 ± 1,693 a 0,003** 0,001*** 11 0,166 ± 0,025 0,052* 0,063 Ns 11 3,245 ± 0,149 a 0,005* 0,002** Aqueous extract of ratio 11 12,611 ± 2,896 b 11 0,197 ± 0,035 11 3,133 ± 0,400 b Chemical Control 11 29,783 ± 12,103 a 0,041* 0,051 * 11 0,214 ± 0,029 0,325 Ns 0,343 Ns 11 3,367 ± 0,641 0,413 Ns 0,373 Ns Half-dose 11 38,391 ± 2,876 b 11 0,223 ± 0,022 11 3,289 ± 0,798 Control 11 29,783 ± 12,103 a 0,010* 0,020 * 11 0,214 ± 0,029 a 0,046* 0,049* 11 3,367 ± 0,641 a 0,040* 0,041* Dose 11 39,688 ± 4,089 b 11 0,240 ± 0,022 b 11 3,779 ± 0,678 b Half-dose 11 38,391 ± 2,876 0,070 Ns 0,050* 11 0,223 ± 0,022 0,063 Ns 0,058* 11 3,289 ± 0,798 a 0,040* 0,042* Dose 11 39,688 ± 4,089 11 0,240 ± 0,022 11 3,779 ± 0,678 b NS: Non-Significant • *: Significant at 5% • **: Significant at 1‰ • ***: Significant at 1‰. Different letters indicate differences among groups Control, Aqueous extract of plant, aqueous extract of ratio, Half-dose of active ingredient, Dose of active ingredient. Discussion Natural products are and always will be an inexhaustible source of complex and diverse structures (Laurençon 2013 ). Several authors have shown that plants are capable of producing a wide variety of active substances involved in the defense against pests (Deravel et al. 2013). These substances usually come as cocktails of metabolic compounds with different activities (Alexenizer and Dorn 2007 ). In this context, this preliminary study aims to look for methods to improve the effectiveness of new bioactive molecules with biocidal activity by incorporating synergistic products. Assessment of the insecticidal potential of phytopreparations and of the active ingredient on the abundance of Chaitophorus leucomelas The results of biological treatments by applying aqueous extracts of the whole plant Dittrichia viscosa , aqueous extract ratio Dittrichia viscosa / Silene fuscata and the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin showed an explicit knock-down effect on the abundance of Chaitophorus leucomelas sexuparae compared to the control group. This reported shock effect on abundances shows an upward rating of toxicity starting from the aqueous extract of the whole plant Dittrichia viscosa , then the aqueous extracts to the Dittrichia / Silene ratio and finally the active ingredient. Considering the results obtained by the cross-correlation test, we find that the aphid populations settle first in the block treated with the aqueous extracts and then in the block treated with the active ingredient. In accordance with these results, it can be assumed as a hypothesis that the synthetic product generates a moderately persistent repressive shock effect on the population of Chaitophorus leucomelas , which is ephemeral under the effect of phytopreparations. Studies have shown that chemicals have the ability to disrupt the normal functioning of exposed organisms (Jean and Benmarhnia 2011 ). In other words, the impact of pesticides on harmful organisms targets the integrity of the individual, therefore a dysfunction of all of his biological parameters where each parameter plays a role in his survival. Very satisfactory results have been found following the use of the aqueous extract of the entire plant Dittrichia viscosa on the population structure of Chaitophorus leucomelas . These results allow us to suggest that the obtained aqueous extracts contain a wide variety of bioactive components that have been released during the extraction process and that act in synergy. This hypothesis is supported by a fairly rich literature which states that Dittrichia viscosa contains natural defensive substances that have been used as a very diverse therapy and have been known for a long time (Cafarchia et al. 2002 ; Kattouf et al. 2009 ). D. viscosa is known for its antihypertensive (Kattouf et al. 2009 ), anti-inflammatory and antioxidant (Lounis et al. 2009), antidiabetic, antipyretic, wound healing, antiseptic and antiphlogistic activities (Lauro and Rolih 1990 ; Omezzine et al. 2011 ) and its antiulcerogenic action is attributed to its flavonic composition. Moreover, extracts of D. viscosa were tested for thier antiviral (Abad et al. 2000 ), antifungal (Mamoci et al. 2011 ), antimicrobial (Maoz and Neeman, 1998 ), antibacterial (Squalli et al. 2007 ), herbicidal (Muehlchen et al. 1990 ) nematicidal (Oka et al. 2006 ), acaricidal (Mansour et al. 2004 ) and insecticidal activities (Alexenizer and Dorn 2007 ). The aqueous extract ratio Dittrichia viscosa / Silene fuscata expressed a remarkable toxic action compared to unformulated aqueous extracts. The use of ratios increased the insecticidal efficacy of Dittrichia viscosa and reduced the incidence of side effects on population recovery. Presuming that the bio-adjuvant Silene fuscata accelerated the penetration of the bioactive molecule, this assumes that the distribution of the biomolecules to the sensitive sites of the pest is done in a relatively short period of time. These results are consistent with the results of other researchers such as Hayes et al. ( 2006 ), who also showed that the adjuvant is used primarily to increase the quantity and penetration speed of the product into organisms, therefore to increase its speed of action, to expand its functions and to offer it a better adhesion. According to Hernandez Ochoa ( 2005 ), adjuvants improve the performance of active ingredients by notably allowing a reduction in the usable doses, thus limiting their impact on the flora and fauna and helping protect the environment. Evaluation of the insecticidal potential of Dittrichia viscosa aqueous extract-based phytopreparations on the demographic parameters The results relating to the application of the different treatments on C. leucomelas allowed us to clearly see that fecundity is remarkably disturbed following the action of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin compared to aqueous extracts. These results are comparable to those discussed by Jean and Benmarhnia ( 2011 ) expressing that xenobiotic substances have the capacity to act on a broad spectrum of animal or plant species and interrupt their normal functioning. Bernard ( 1992 ), had shown that most pesticides act on the fecundity of contaminated organisms through partial or total sterilization and by reducing the number of eggs laid. Dallaire ( 2003 ), shows that tebufenozide affects the development as well as some aspects of chemical communication and of the reproductive success of insects such as Lepidoptera. This product causes a deceleration in ovarian maturation and consequently a decrease in the fecundity of females. In addition, the effects of tebufenozide on fecundity and fertility were found to vary widely depending on the development stage at the time of treatment. In the same aspect, bioproducts have insecticidal and anti-appetizing effects, thus affecting the growth, moulting, development and fecundity of insects (Konstantopoulou et al. 1992 ; Keane and Ryan 1999 ). The net reproductive rate (R 0 ) of C. leucomelas females exposed to phytopreparations and to Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin underwent a notable decline compared to the control, this decline is very clear under the homologous dose of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin compared to the aqueous extracts applied. Our results are confirmed by those found by Tron et al. (2015), that showed an important link between exposure to pesticides and some reproductive and developmental disorders. According to Forbes and Forbes (1997), reproduction is often closely related to environmental variables that delay the reproductive period, which can impair reproductive success. The same author indicates that the impact of pollutants at the individual level is more often related to growth and reproduction than to population abundance. Studies have shown that insecticides can have subtle effects, particularly in impairing recognition of the breeding partner and identification of the spawning site. Therefore, the products cause an alteration in the expression of genes important for reproduction. This work has demonstrated a considerable susceptibility of the effects of insecticides on the ability of insects to reproduce (Amichot 1999 ). Devault ( 2007 ), shows that the behavior, reproduction and survival of adults as well as the number and properties of their offspring can be affected by exposure to pesticides. Furthermore, the results obtained allowed us to perceive that the aqueous extract exerts a moderately important pressure effect on the reproduction rate of C. leucomelas . This result reminds us of the statements of Delimi et al. ( 2013 ), who found that the biopesticide can disturb adult reproduction by extending the preoviposition period and reducing the egg deposition period given that fertilized females cannot live longer than one or two days, which reduces the number of eggs laid. Regarding the growth rate (rm) of C. leucomelas cohorts, the results demonstrate a significant increase between the treated and the controls. This increase is much pronounced following the action of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin compared to that of the aqueous extracts. The results show that the prescribed dose of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin and the aqueous extract of D. viscosa / S. fuscata ratio cause a significant decrease in the multiplication rate (λ) of the populations studied. A strong decrease in the mean life time (T) is reported in the population of C. leucomelas following the use of the homologous dose of the active ingredient compared to other treatments that remain close to the control. At the end, the various treatment systems hardly affect the doubling time (DT) of the populations. Toxic effects of pesticides on the demographic parameters are scarce in the scientific literature. Evaluation of the insecticidal potential of phytopreparations and of the active ingredient on the biochemical life traits of Chaitophorus leucomelas Studies show that chemicals can reach all the intracellular organelles and change their number, structure and location in the cell and that they can also act on intracellular energy reserves (lipids and glycogen) (Gernhöfer et al. 2001 ; Triebskorn et al. 2002 ). Calow ( 1991 ) proves that energy reserves are mobilized following stress. The aim of this investigation is to show the role of energy biomarkers in understanding the behavioral or physiological strategies that allow C. leucomelas females to partially or totally circumvent bioactive or active materials. This study describes the metabolic reactions and weight measurements of C. leucomelas under the effect of phytopreparations and the synthetic product Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin. The results reveal a significant quantitative change between lipid and carbohydrate reserves stored in the tissues of biological model females, where lipid reserves are clearly distinguished from carbohydrate reserves. Moreover, it is very important to coordinate the strong positive correlations existing between the reorganization of lipid reserves and the chemical treatment under the different applied doses (homologous dose or half-dose). The dominance of energetic lipid biomarkers can probably be explained by a change in the biochemical life traits of females exposed to the different applications, especially the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin. This hypothesis can be explained by the fact that the synthetic product has a stimulating effect on the physiology or the behavior of an organism after exposure. The weight measurements show a slight disturbance under the effect of the two treatment types compared to the control. Several authors point out that exposure to chemical stress can disrupt the energy balance of living organisms as a direct consequence of the tolerance means adopted (e.g. defense mechanisms, damage repair) and this at the expense of the energy allocated to reproduction and to growth (Amiard and Amiard-Triquet 2008 ; Palais et al. 2011 ). This energy balance can also be negative under certain environmental conditions, generating consumption of energy reserves to activate and/or set up tolerance and defense mechanisms. Our results are consistent with the results of other studies showing that organisms exposed to chemical contamination will use energy to limit the physiological alteration caused by substances present in the environment. Thus, the amount of energy available to ensure the body's vital functions will be lower than that in unexposed organisms. The dosage of energy reserves (proteins, glycogen and lipids) allocated to the various functions of the body will then provide information on the overall physiological state of living organisms (Poisson et al. 2011 ). The results demonstrate a strong accumulation of lipid reserves in the cohort exposed to the synthetic product. This lipid accumulation indicates that the treated females are in fact subjected to a stressful action which could stimulate a high production and a greater accumulation of lipids. The explanation most often described in the literature is that lipids generally accumulate in organisms exposed to organic contaminants (Köhler 1989 ; Pelosse 2008 ). Hence, an increase in lipid metabolites promotes the storage of the toxic substance. According to Abdoulaye ( 2007 ), lipids are necessary for maintaining good health, they contribute to the formation of cell membranes, to the synthesis of hormones; without disregarding that they represent a concentrated source of energy that is twice as much as carbohydrates or proteins. The lipid content is closely related to survival, which means that the decrease in lipid stores could be responsible for the death of individuals. However, it should be noted that the measured lipid level corresponds to the amount of lipids contained in the entire body of the insect. Lipids are involved in various functions in insects, which may play a role in the survival, dispersal or even constitute a crucial source of energy for egg production (Pelosse 2008 ). The results show a relatively significant disturbance of the carbohydrate energy balance of C. leucomelas females after applying the dose of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin. Carbohydrate biomarkers are very low but stable, which suggests that the low amount of sugar is related to the detoxification action (Amiard and Amiard-Triquet 2008 ). Finally, many stresses (physical and/or chemical) can lead to the mobilization of energy reserves. In addition to variations related to exposure to toxicants, the variability of the energy reserve concentrations in organisms depends on several biotic and/or abiotic factors. These energy reserves can be mobilized to supply defense mechanisms (Storage, elimination, detoxification of contaminants). In this toxic situation, energy reserves can provide vital information on the maintenance, growth and reproduction capacities of individuals (Amiard and Amiard-Triquet 2008 ). Conclusion This study was carried out as part of the evaluation of the efficacy of aqueous extracts of Dittrichia viscosa / Silena fuscata on the green poplar aphid Chaitophorus leucomelas . The results seem to be very promising and confirm the biocidal activity of different extracts on the studied target. The use of the aqueous extract ratio D. viscosa / S. fuscata allowed to amplify the toxic capacity of bioactive molecules, the expression of which is manifested by a significant mortality and an acceptable duration of phytosanitary coverage compared to unformulated aqueous extracts. This shock action reported on the abundance of C. leucomelas shows an upward rating of toxicity ranging from aqueous extracts of unformulated D. viscosa , to aqueous extracts of D. viscosa / S. fuscata ratios and finally to the synthetic product. The results show that Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin has a significant disruptive action on the lipid-carbohydrate reserves of exposed populations compared to phytopreparations. The temporal assessment of fecundity is shown to be remarkably disturbed after applying the active ingredient compared to the bioactive material. A slight disturbance was recorded in the growth rate of the populations exposed to the two treatments compared to the control group. Futhermore, the female’s reproduction rate is influenced by both treatments, with a stimulating disturbance of the active ingredient compared to the phytopreparations. Likewise, the prescribed dose of the active ingredient generates a considerable average disturbance on the multiplication rate and the average generation time of the studied populations compared to the other products used. The results also show that the different treatments applied do not affect the doubling time of Chaitophorus leucomelas populations. Dittrichia viscosa / Silena fuscata extracts may be of a highly promising potential source of bioactive molecules against insects. Authors’ Contributions The two authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Fatma Zohra TCHAKER. Writing, review & editing supervised by Fatma Zohra TCHAKER and Zahr-Eddine DJAZOULI. The two authors read and approved submission of the final manuscript. Declarations Authors’ Contributions The two authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Fatma Zohra TCHAKER. Writing, review & editing supervised by Fatma Zohra TCHAKER and Zahr-Eddine DJAZOULI. The two authors read and approved submission of the final manuscript. Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. References Abad MJ, Geurra JA, Bermejo P, Iruruzum A, Carrasco L (2000) Search for antiviral activity in higher plant extracts. Phytotherapy Research 14(8): 604–607. http://doi:10.1002/1099- 1573(200012)14:83.0.co;2-1. Abdoulaye D (2007) Stress, axe corticotrope et caracteristiques nutritionnelles et métaboliques. Life Sciences. 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Powles SB (2008) Evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt. Pest Management Science 64(4), 360–365. http://doi:10.1002/ps.1525. Ramîrez CC, Verdugo JA (2008) Water availability affects tolerance and resistance to aphids but not the trade- off between the two. Ecological Research 24(4): 881–888. http://doi:10.1007/s11284-008-0565-2. Ramîrez CC, Zamudio F, Verdugo JV, Nunez ME (2004) Differential susceptibility of poplar hybrids to the aphid Chaitophorus leucomelas (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 97(6): 1965–1971. http://doi:10.1603/0022-0493-97.6.1965. Rhimi W , Ben Salem I , Immediato D , Saidi M , Boulila A , Cafarchia C ., 2017. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Crude Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter Leaf Extracts. Molecules 22(7), 942-954. http:// doi:10.3390/molecules22070942. Rubio-Melendez ME, Zamudio F, Ramîrez CC (2011) Susceptibility of Populus spp. hybrids to aphids and rusts at three localities of Chile. Bosque 32 (2): 127-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717- 92002011000200003. Sauvage C (1963) Etages bioclimatiques. Atlas du Maroc, notices explicatives, section II : physique du globe et météorologie, Planche n°6, 44 p. Sauvion N (1995) Effets et modes d'action de deux lectines à mannose sur le puceron du pois, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Potentiel d'utilisation des lectines végétales dans une stratégie de création de plantes transgéniques résistantes aux pucerons. INSA de Lyon, France, HAL Id: tel-00007006, 195 p. Squalli H, El Ouarti A, Ennabili A, Ibnsouda S, Farah A, Haggoud A, Houari A, Iraqui M (2007) Évaluation de l’effet antimycobactérien de plantes du centre-nord du Maroc. Bulletin de la Société de pharmacie de Bordeaux 146: 271-288. Stearns SC (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Tahriri Adabi S, Asghar Talebi A, Fathipour Y, Zamani AA (2010) Life history and demographic parameters of Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on four sugar beet cultivars. Acta entomologica serbica 15(1): 61-73. https://aes.bio.bg.ac.rs/index.php/aes/article/view/114. Triebskorn R, Adam S, Casper H, Honnen W, Pawert M, Schramm M, Schwaiger J, Kohler HR (2002) Biomarkers as diagnostic tools for evaluating effects of unknown past water quality conditions on stream organisms. Ecotoxicology 11(6): 451-65. http://doi:10.1023/a:1021009418421. Tron I, Piquet O, Cohuet S (2001) Effets chroniques des pesticides sur la santé : état actuel des connaissances. Rennes-ORS Bretagne. 90 p. Van Brummelen TC, Suijfzand SC (1993) Effects of benzofalpyrene on survival, groxth and energy reserves in the terrestrial isopods Oniscus asellus and Porcellio scaber. Science of The Total Environment, 134, 921–930. http://doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(05)80099-3. Van Den Bosch F, Gilligan CA (2008) Models of fungicide resistance dynamics. Annual Review of Phytopathology 46(1):123-147. http://doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.011108. Win Decoen T (2000) Influence of Metals on Reproduction, Mortality and Population Growth in Onychiurus armatus (Collembola). The Journal of Applied Ecology 22(3): 967-978. http://doi:10.2307/2403244. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1726236","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":111394132,"identity":"cf77cc09-48d0-4d98-9385-edf7a06b00de","order_by":0,"name":"Fatma zohra Tchaker","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+ElEQVRIie3NMWrDMBiG4V8IOrl4/TvlBJ0CJgEnZ5EwuFOyZC8yBnlxDxAC6RWaJXR0MGRy8OqpJPQCLlncLZLWYrljBr2DEBIPH4DLdZdRoU8Gnjp/zJ0kBYQ2QoQGhpC1ANQvBcT/JPTREAArGWVJ0pJuvvTz8nidfYavz1mpVthX/0Z+SBFYtMKTjDaLKsag4pqseglFLhQpuKi9MV3IEgN1L0jHeskD8rTT5L32r3SqSX3RK/3EQy7Nyscpp5Ro0nA7Qe8gJyyO+K46jsmbjJ/2jVphFjLK0rJpwznfVtE3/MrQD+qXy7m1ENPf7wHgcrlcroFuRAFcToLDQc8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University Yahia Fares of Medea","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatma","middleName":"zohra","lastName":"Tchaker","suffix":""},{"id":111394134,"identity":"876668f7-8b8f-41af-af19-c4a090dde0ce","order_by":1,"name":"Zahr-Eddine Djazouli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Blida","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zahr-Eddine","middleName":"","lastName":"Djazouli","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-06-04 21:14:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1726236/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1726236/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":22420118,"identity":"237a2371-0da6-4e69-adb9-d612d5ebd8ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-08 16:07:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTemporal variation of the fecundity of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e under the effect of chemical and biological treatments\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(a) Active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin; (b) Phytopreparation of \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSilene fuscata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1726236/v1/bea96d00e338b434b057275e.jpg"},{"id":22420147,"identity":"4387c83b-460b-414e-9652-0d0f82da0d94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-08 16:08:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1421029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1726236/v1/71ee9e8f-8551-4318-8be0-f5c30bf3ed4a.pdf"},{"id":22420146,"identity":"ea7d274e-2307-442b-be2a-4b6b744976d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-08 16:08:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1421029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1726236/v1/8524857f-7df8-410e-8c99-f316f5e3346e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Attenuating strategies of the Insecticidal Effect and Life history Traits of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch, 1854) (Insecta: Aphididae): Case of the Aqueous Extracts of Asteraceae Dittrichia viscosa and a Synthetic product of the neonicotinoids / pyrethroids Family","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe green aphid, \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e (Hemiptera: Aphididae, Chaitophorinae), is one of the most important pests of black poplar \u003cem\u003ePopulus nigra\u003c/em\u003e (Chararas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e; Nef and Janssens \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Barrios-San et al. 2014). It causes direct damage to the host plant by extracting their sap, which leads to a growth restriction of up to 15%, and indirect damage by transmitting viruses and excreting honeydew which is a favorable environment for fungal development (Sauvion \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Ram\u0026icirc;rez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Ram\u0026icirc;rez and Verdugo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Dedryver et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Rubio-Melendez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Like most aphids, \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e is mainly controlled by synthetic pesticides. However, their massive use leads to multiple dysfunctions in agro-ecosystems including the emergence of resistance (Powles \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Van Den Bosch and Gilligan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Hazarika et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; D\u0026acirc;ngelo et al. 2021), resurgence or appearance of new pests (Hardman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e; Hazarika et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) and the destruction of beneficial organisms (Desneux et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Marins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). To restore this situation, operators in the field of plant protection have turned to biological control (H\u0026aring;gvar and Hofsvang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, the potential of botanical insecticides nowadays represents an effective and non-polluting means of control. Substances of plant origin have always been a major source to develop new substances with biocidal properties (Gomez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Several authors suggest that essential oils or plant extracts are promising for the control of insect pests (Ngamo and Hance 2007). \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e is an invasive plant belonging to the Asteraceae family (Omezzine et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), it has been frequently used in traditional pharmacopoeia for various therapeutic purposes. Many compounds have been identified and isolated from this plant such as flavonoids (Hern\u0026aacute;ndez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), monoterpenes (P\u0026eacute;rez-Alonso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e), condensed tannins (Rhimi W et al. 2017), triterpenoids, lactones and sesquiterpene acids including ilicic acid (Fontana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) and polyphenols (Danino et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Extracts of \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e have shown a phytotoxic (Levizou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), antifungal (Cohen et al. 2006), nematocidal (Oka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), acaricidal (Mansour et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and insecticidal effect (Alexenizer and Dorn \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Perdikis et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), report that \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e has a major biocidal activity on aphids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to reducing the availability, the intrinsic toxicity of active ingredients can affect the energy balance and demographic parameters of pests. This toxicity can produce biochemical, histological or morphological disturbances, resulting in specific alterations of an organ, a system or a function, otherwise of a biochemical or biological process (Moussavou Moudouma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Louat \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Some authors argue that the observed variations in the major life characteristics of organisms can be explained by life history theory. This theory is based more specifically on the characters having a direct link with reproduction or survival, such as size at birth, size and age at sexual maturity, the number of offspring produced, their ability to survive, etc. (Stearns \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Roff 2002 in Giron \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacing the different stressful conditions, the organism must make an arrangement between the different life history traits involved based on the available energy level (Levins \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e). Molven and Goksoyr (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) report that organisms use different means likely to restore homeostasis and that all responses seem to technically cost the organism metabolic resources, especially sugar and lipids. Besides, Lagadic et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), confirm that the assessment of disturbances at the organism level requires the study of biomarkers. This latter makes it possible to describe, explain and even predict disturbance effects of different stressful states.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe general context of the present study aims to find ways to improve the efficacy and estimate the biocidal activity of phytopreparations through formulations that extend persistence in the field or incorporate synergistic products which, being themselves non-toxic at the used doses, enhance the performance of the active ingredients particularly by allowing reducing the dose used, thus limiting their impact on the fauna and flora and ultimately lessening loss problems during the use of bioproducts. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e in comparison with an active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambda-Cyhalothrin, on the abundance, conditioning, energy balance and on certain demographic parameters such as fecundity, net reproduction rate (R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), intrinsic rate of increase (r\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e), finite rate of increase (λ), mean life time (T) and doubling time (DT) of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGeographical location of the study region\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study was carried out in 2012 in the middle of Mitidja plain in Soum\u0026acirc;a region (Algeria) at the piedmont of the Atlas mountains of Blida province, at an altitude of 80 to 100 m, a longitude of 2\u0026deg;45'E and a latitude of 36\u0026deg;35'N (Loucif and Bonafonte \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e). Precipitation largely fluctuates, varying between 380 mm and 787.88 mm and occurs during winter and spring. The coldest months are January and February with average temperatures of 4.49\u0026deg;C and 4.48\u0026deg;C, respectively. The hottest months are July and August with respective average temperatures of 37.2\u0026deg;C and 37, 00\u0026deg;C for the period from 1997 to 2012. For the study year 2012, the cold temperature was recorded in December with an average value of 11\u0026deg;C, while the hottest temperature is that of July with 33.2\u0026deg;C. Emberger\u0026rsquo;s Bioclimatic Quotient Q2 (Sauvage \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e), classifies the Soum\u0026acirc;a zone in the humid bioclimatic stage with mild winters. In this region, two artificial poplar groves with 8-year-old black poplar \u003cem\u003ePopulus nigra\u003c/em\u003e alignment species were chosen for the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of the aqueous extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant material selected for the aqueous extract preparation was only of two common spontaneous plants in the Mediterranean region \u003cem\u003eSilene fuscata\u003c/em\u003e (Caryophyllaceae) and \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e (Asteraceae). The first species \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e was used as an active ingredient; it was collected in the flowering stage of the sub-littoral region of Soum\u0026acirc;a during the summer period. The second species, used as a bio-adjuvant for the first time, was collected at the flowering stage during the autumnal period in the mountainous region of Chrea located at an altitude of 980 m, a longitude 2\u0026deg;52'36\"E and a latitude of 36\u0026deg;25'N. The precipitation, mainly in winter and spring, is characterized by a great interannual and intermonth irregularity varying between 1225.38 and 360.83 mm. Regarding temperature, the coldest month recorded is January with an average minimum temperature of 1.01\u0026deg;C, while the hottest month is July with an average maximum temperature of 31.37\u0026deg;C. Emberger's Bioclimatic quotient Q2 (Q2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;83.44), classifies Chrea region in the sub-humid bioclimatic stage with mild winters (Sauvage \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e). The collected plants were cleaned and dried in the open air, away from light and moisture. The plant material after drying in the shade is crushed into powder by a propeller mixer (MOULINEX). An aqueous maceration was carried out with 20 g of vegetable powder added to 250 ml of distilled water. The bottles are horizontally agitated for 72 hours at room temperature. The homogenates were first filtered with compresses, then through whatman paper (N\u0026deg; 1). The aqueous extracts obtained were preserved aseptically in 25 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Roux bottles, surrounded by aluminum foil in order to avoid any degradation of the molecules by light and then stored in a refrigerator at +\u0026thinsp;4\u0026deg;C for later use (De Souza et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe synthetic Material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pesticide used to compare efficacy is a product based on two active ingredients (Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin), belonging to two different chemical families neonicotinoids/pyrethroids, and with the crude chemical formulas C\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e H\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e ClN\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e / C\u003csub\u003e23\u003c/sub\u003e H\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003e ClF\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. The molecule has three modes of action (contact, ingestion and systemic) by blocking membrane permeability and the opening of sodium channels (Couteux and Lejeune \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSampling and Treatment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments were focused on the different stages of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e (Aphididae, Homoptera) growing on \u003cem\u003ePopulus nigra\u003c/em\u003e leaves during the autumn-winter period. Two poplar groves were set aside for the efficacy tests. Two supply modes of aqueous extracts were applied, namely: aqueous extracts of the whole plant \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e and aqueous extract ratio of \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSilene fuscata\u003c/em\u003e (1:1). For the chemical product (Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin), we used the prescribed dose (4ml/l) and the half dose (2ml/l). As for the control, a spray of running water was applied. A linear device with observation plots proposed by Frontier (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e) was used. From the 21 trees obtained through the observation plots, we took five leaves from each cardinal direction at a rate of one sample per day from the eight trees randomly taken from the different blocks. The samples were taken during a period of 11 days, from November 30th 2012 to December 9th 2012. All samples were taken at man height (170 cm). Samples taken from the field will undergo an abundance assessment in the laboratory. Living females are weighed and placed in 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes, then stored at -20\u0026deg;C for a quantification of the energy balance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of the abundance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe counting technique of individual aphids obtained through plant transects consists of taking leaves from each cardinal point during the period of investigation which lasted over one month. The different life stages (larvae and adults) were then identified and counted under a magnifying binocular microscope (G \u0026times; 40).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of the conditioning\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the residual populations, we were interested in estimating the weight of females. Each ten females were put in a 1.5 ml eppendorf (previously tared), then weighed. The weight measurements of the females were done using an accuracy balance (Princeton Instruments, Model YP402N).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of the energy balance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preserved females were subjected to a quantification of lipid and carbohydrate energy biomarkers following the protocols established by Van Brummelen and Suijfzand (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) and Win Decoen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003ein\u003c/em\u003e Mostefaoui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe extraction of lipid reserves is carried out after crushing of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e (10 individuals per tube) with a monophasic mixture 1: 2: 0.8 (chloroform: methanol: double distilled water). The tubes are centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14 000 revolutions/min at 4\u0026deg;C. Adding chloroform to the tubes separates the mixture into two phases. The chloroform solutions containing the lipids are recovered and pooled, then dried over sodium sulfate. The lipids are recovered after rinsing the sodium sulfate with chloroform. The tubes are evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. Sulfuric acid is added to the dry residue, then heated for 10 minutes at 100\u0026deg;C. After cooling, the vanillin reagent is added to each sample. The solution then takes on a pink color, and the optical density is read at 540 nm after 10 minutes. The white color is obtained from a series of concentrations of cholesterol mixed with sulfuric acid and reagent vanillin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the extraction and quantification of carbohydrate reserves, \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e individuals are homogenized in double-distilled water with a grinder, then trichloroacetic acid (TCA 15%) is added in order to precipitate the proteins. Precipitation is facilitated by a centrifugation for 10 minutes at 3000 revolutions/min at 4\u0026deg;C. The sugar-containing supernatant is recovered and the pellet is redissolved in a solution of T.C.A. 5%. A solution of 250 \u0026micro;l containing the supernatants is poured into a test tube; to which 250 \u0026micro;l of 5% phenol and 1 ml of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e are quickly added. The mixture is placed in a well of a microplate in the light and at room temperature. Sample adsorption is measured after 30 minutes at 490 nm. The white color is obtained from a stock solution of glucose at 0.5 mg/ml (5 mg of glucose in 10 ml of distilled water).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of the fecundity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFecundity is measured by the ratio of the number of larvae to the number of female adults, according to the formula (Carey \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFER\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;NL / NF\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNL: number of larvae;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNF: number of females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimation of the reproduction parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sexuparae of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e are only represented by females in this phase of their development cycle. Before applying the active molecules, 20 leaves were randomly taken from which we kept one nymph and one adult per leaf (Tahriri Adabi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). After 24 hours of treatment, the nymph and the adult on each leaf were checked daily and their survival was recorded at each of the different experimental units. The presence of exuviae was adopted to determine the moulting period. When nymphs developed into adults, daily monitoring was carried out to estimate survival and reproduction. We took the measures to remove all the neonate larvae from the leaves after being counted. These observations were maintained until the 10th day after applying the treatments. Demographic parameters of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e such as Net Reproductive Rate (R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e), Intrinsic Rate of Increase (r\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e), Finite Rate of Increase (λ), Mean Life Time (T) and Doubling Time (DT) were calculated according to the formulas proposed by Carey (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e) and Gul et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statistical analysis involved the evaluation of the insecticidal activity of phytopreparations based on aqueous extracts \u003cem\u003eDittrichia/Silene\u003c/em\u003e on the different biological forms of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e. Variance analyses are made on homogeneous means adopted on the basis of a coefficient of variance (C.V. \u0026lt;15%). The comparisons of the mean abundances and energy biomarkers of the trapped aphids are followed by different variance tests (WILCOXON; MONTE CARLO). The cross-correlation test was used to explore the order of inflowl under the different stressful conditions. Under the effect of different applications, the statistical description of the temporal variation trends of fecundity and demographic parameters was established by the ANOVA test. The significant contributions retained are at the threshold of a probability of 5% and the calculations were carried out by the PAST software vers. 1.37 (Hammer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eToxicity of the aqueous extracts on the abundance of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003esexuparae under the effect of different applied molecules\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the abundance of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e under the effect of the different treatments applied (aqueous extracts ratio \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eSilena fuscata\u003c/em\u003e, the aqueous extract of the whole plant \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e and the synthetic product Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin). With reference to the abundances, the results indicate that the aqueous extracts have a validated toxicity on \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e individuals compared to the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%). The low median values recorded in the treated samples confirm the pronounced insecticidal activity of the aqueous extracts in the phytopreparation ratio (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%). The cross-correlation test is done in advance in order to verify the effect of phytopreparations on the overall dynamics of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e. Barycenter values (Maximum Abundance) of treated and control populations show a non-significant time lag that does not exceed two days. The same test shows that the reestablishment of maximum abundances indicates a significant time lag following effect of phytopreparations (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe insecticidal activity of the dose and half-dose of Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin treatment is very distinctive in terms of abundance reduction of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e sexuparae compared to the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%), whereas the confrontation of the abundances under the dose and the half-dose effect indicated no significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5%). The medians show the lowest values under the synthetic product effect (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%). The cross-correlation test indicates a significant temporal shift (3 day Lag) between the treated and the control groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytopreparation effect of \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSilene fuscata\u003c/em\u003e and Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin on the abundance of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e sexuparae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbundance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;S.E.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonte Carlo test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-correlation test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarycentre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219,72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46,07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,007**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,004**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,337 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of plant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219,72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46,07\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,005**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,003*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,337 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,61\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of plant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9,27\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,029*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,026*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,001**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47,54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10,61\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e469,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71,88\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,007**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,004**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,010*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHalf-dose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144,81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,47\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e469,45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71,88 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,007**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,004**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,025*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;06,70\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHalf-dose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144,81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14,47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,202\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,234\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,081\u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126,36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;06,70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNS: Non-Significant \u0026bull; *: Significant at 5% \u0026bull; **: Significant at 1\u0026permil; \u0026bull; ***: Significant at 1\u0026permil;.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent letters indicate differences among groups Control, Aqueous extract of plant, aqueous extract of ratio, Half-dose of active ingredient, Dose of active ingredient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimates of the effect of aqueous extracts and pesticide on demographic parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graphic representation of the temporal fluctuation of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo; fecundity under the effect of two treatment types shows a remarkable drop in the biotic potential of the exposed females compared to the control group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). Following exposure to Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin, fecundity undergoes a gradual reduction until the fifth day, with a striking disturbing action of the prescribed dose compared to the half-dose. Beyond this period, a gradual recovery of biotic potential is notified, and it continues until the end of the experiment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1a). On the other hand, the biotic potential better tolerates the effect of phytopreparations, whose aqueous extracts ratio engages a very pronounced disturbance of fecundity compared to aqueous extracts of the whole plant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1b).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe evolution of the demographic parameters of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e under the effect of the different applications are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The results of the ANOVA-type variance analysis, supported by the post-hoc test, demonstrate that the Net reproductive rate (R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e) of the females exposed to phytopreparations and to Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin shows significantly low values compared to the control group. Insignificant values are indicated by the comparison of the reproduction rate under the effect of aqueous extracts of the whole plant \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e and the ratio \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa / S. fuscata\u003c/em\u003e and the dose and half-dose of Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin. In regard to the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e populations, analyzes indicate a significant increase between the treated and the controls. This increase is very pointed under the effect of Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin compared to the effect of aqueous extracts of phytopreparations. Moreover, the Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin applied, the homologous dose and the aqueous extract of the \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eS. fuscata\u003c/em\u003e ratio clearly reduced the multiplication rate (λ). The same results show that the homologous dose of Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin continues as a treatment, significantly affecting the mean generation time (T) of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e populations. Finally, the different types of treatment barely affect the doubling time (DT) of populations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe effects of molecules on biochemical and weight traits of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the lipid-carbohydrate energy balance and the weight variation of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e after applying phytopreparations and Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin. The results plainly demonstrate the disruption of the lipid reserves of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e females exposed to the phytopreparation ratio and to doses of the synthetic product Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin compared to the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1%). However, carbohydrate stores are severely affected by the whole plant phytopreparation of \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e and the homologous dose of the synthetic product (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%). At the same time, weight measurements show a significant difference following the two types of treatment (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5%). Tests concluded that Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin made significant disturbances on the lipid-carbohydrate energy balance of the exposed populations compared to those exposed to phytopreparations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic parameters of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e under the effect of biological and chemical treatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNet reproductive rate (\u003cem\u003eR0\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntrinsic rate of increase (r\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinite rate of increase (λ)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean life time (T)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoubling time (DT)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiological\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,481\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,271\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,021\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,293\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,691\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,212\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,632\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,996\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,171\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,654 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eplant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,862\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,252\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,011\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,634\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,601\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,443\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,481\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,271 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,021\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,012 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,051*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,691\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,012\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,025*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,632\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,276\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,171\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,864 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eD. viscosa/ S. fuscata\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,085\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,463 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,039\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,611\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,010\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,121\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eplant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,862\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,260\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,011\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,054*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,634\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,185\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,601\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,232\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,443\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,355 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eD. viscosa/S. fuscata\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,085\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,039\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,611\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,121\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChimical\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003econtrol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,081\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,561 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,010*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,091\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,022 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,021*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,701\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,14\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,603\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,818\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,154\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,998 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHalf-dose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,702\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,471 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,132\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,013 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,692\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,341\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,171\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,081\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,561 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,000***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,091\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,022 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,025*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,701\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,009**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,603\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,072\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,154\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,352 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,603\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,541 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,118\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,601\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,629\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,553\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHalf-dose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,702\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,471\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,321\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,132\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,115\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,692\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,07\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,341\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,272\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,223\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eNs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,171\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,322 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,603\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,118\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,601\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,629\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,553\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS: Non-Significant \u0026bull; *: Significant at 5% \u0026bull; **: Significant at 1\u0026permil; \u0026bull; ***: Significant at 1\u0026permil;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent letters indicate differences among groups Control, Aqueous extract of plant, aqueous extract of ratio, Half-dose of active ingredient, Dose of active ingredient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimation of the toxicity of chemical and biological molecules on lipido-carbohydrate energy reserves and weight measurements of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnergy reserves\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c11\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eweighabl measure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLipid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; E.S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonte Carlo test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;E. S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonte Carlo test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; \u003cb\u003eS.E\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWilcoxon test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonte Carlo test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiological\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,041\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,722 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,748 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,202\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,014 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,005*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,259 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,007*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of plant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,153\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,166\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0, 025 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,245\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,149 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,041\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,740 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,202\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,878\u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,911 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,259 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,007\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,004*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,611\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,896 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,197\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,133\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,400 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of plant\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,153\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1,693\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,003**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,001***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,166\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,052*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,063 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,245\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,149 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,005*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,002**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAqueous extract of ratio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,611\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,896\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,197\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,133\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,400 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChemical\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,783\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12,103 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,041*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,051 *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,214\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,325 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,343 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,367\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,641\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,413 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,373 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHalf-dose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,391\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,876 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,223\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,289\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eControl\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29,783\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12,103 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,010*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,020 *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,214\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,029 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,046*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,049*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,367\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,641 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,040*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,041*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39,688\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,089 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,240\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,022 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,779\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,678 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHalf-dose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,391\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2,876\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,070 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,050*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,223\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,063 \u003csup\u003eNs\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,058*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,289\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,798 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,040*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,042*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDose\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39,688\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4,089\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,240\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,779\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0,678 \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"14\"\u003eNS: Non-Significant \u0026bull; *: Significant at 5% \u0026bull; **: Significant at 1\u0026permil; \u0026bull; ***: Significant at 1\u0026permil;.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent letters indicate differences among groups Control, Aqueous extract of plant, aqueous extract of ratio, Half-dose of active ingredient, Dose of active ingredient.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNatural products are and always will be an inexhaustible source of complex and diverse structures (Lauren\u0026ccedil;on \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Several authors have shown that plants are capable of producing a wide variety of active substances involved in the defense against pests (Deravel et al. 2013). These substances usually come as cocktails of metabolic compounds with different activities (Alexenizer and Dorn \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, this preliminary study aims to look for methods to improve the effectiveness of new bioactive molecules with biocidal activity by incorporating synergistic products.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAssessment of the insecticidal potential of phytopreparations and of the active ingredient on the abundance of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of biological treatments by applying aqueous extracts of the whole plant \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e, aqueous extract ratio \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e / \u003cem\u003eSilene fuscata\u003c/em\u003e and the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin showed an explicit knock-down effect on the abundance of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e sexuparae compared to the control group. This reported shock effect on abundances shows an upward rating of toxicity starting from the aqueous extract of the whole plant \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e, then the aqueous extracts to the \u003cem\u003eDittrichia\u003c/em\u003e / \u003cem\u003eSilene\u003c/em\u003e ratio and finally the active ingredient. Considering the results obtained by the cross-correlation test, we find that the aphid populations settle first in the block treated with the aqueous extracts and then in the block treated with the active ingredient. In accordance with these results, it can be assumed as a hypothesis that the synthetic product generates a moderately persistent repressive shock effect on the population of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e, which is ephemeral under the effect of phytopreparations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that chemicals have the ability to disrupt the normal functioning of exposed organisms (Jean and Benmarhnia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In other words, the impact of pesticides on harmful organisms targets the integrity of the individual, therefore a dysfunction of all of his biological parameters where each parameter plays a role in his survival.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery satisfactory results have been found following the use of the aqueous extract of the entire plant \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e on the population structure of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e. These results allow us to suggest that the obtained aqueous extracts contain a wide variety of bioactive components that have been released during the extraction process and that act in synergy. This hypothesis is supported by a fairly rich literature which states that \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e contains natural defensive substances that have been used as a very diverse therapy and have been known for a long time (Cafarchia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Kattouf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e is known for its antihypertensive (Kattouf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), anti-inflammatory and antioxidant (Lounis et al. 2009), antidiabetic, antipyretic, wound healing, antiseptic and antiphlogistic activities (Lauro and Rolih \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Omezzine et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and its antiulcerogenic action is attributed to its flavonic composition. Moreover, extracts of \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e were tested for thier antiviral (Abad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), antifungal (Mamoci et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), antimicrobial (Maoz and Neeman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), antibacterial (Squalli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), herbicidal (Muehlchen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) nematicidal (Oka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), acaricidal (Mansour et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) and insecticidal activities (Alexenizer and Dorn \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aqueous extract ratio \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e / \u003cem\u003eSilene fuscata\u003c/em\u003e expressed a remarkable toxic action compared to unformulated aqueous extracts. The use of ratios increased the insecticidal efficacy of \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e and reduced the incidence of side effects on population recovery. Presuming that the bio-adjuvant \u003cem\u003eSilene fuscata\u003c/em\u003e accelerated the penetration of the bioactive molecule, this assumes that the distribution of the biomolecules to the sensitive sites of the pest is done in a relatively short period of time. These results are consistent with the results of other researchers such as Hayes et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), who also showed that the adjuvant is used primarily to increase the quantity and penetration speed of the product into organisms, therefore to increase its speed of action, to expand its functions and to offer it a better adhesion. According to Hernandez Ochoa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), adjuvants improve the performance of active ingredients by notably allowing a reduction in the usable doses, thus limiting their impact on the flora and fauna and helping protect the environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEvaluation of the insecticidal potential of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003eaqueous extract-based phytopreparations on the demographic parameters\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results relating to the application of the different treatments on \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e allowed us to clearly see that fecundity is remarkably disturbed following the action of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin compared to aqueous extracts. These results are comparable to those discussed by Jean and Benmarhnia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) expressing that xenobiotic substances have the capacity to act on a broad spectrum of animal or plant species and interrupt their normal functioning. Bernard (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e), had shown that most pesticides act on the fecundity of contaminated organisms through partial or total sterilization and by reducing the number of eggs laid. Dallaire (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), shows that tebufenozide affects the development as well as some aspects of chemical communication and of the reproductive success of insects such as Lepidoptera. This product causes a deceleration in ovarian maturation and consequently a decrease in the fecundity of females. In addition, the effects of tebufenozide on fecundity and fertility were found to vary widely depending on the development stage at the time of treatment. In the same aspect, bioproducts have insecticidal and anti-appetizing effects, thus affecting the growth, moulting, development and fecundity of insects (Konstantopoulou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Keane and Ryan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe net reproductive rate (R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e females exposed to phytopreparations and to Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin underwent a notable decline compared to the control, this decline is very clear under the homologous dose of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin compared to the aqueous extracts applied. Our results are confirmed by those found by Tron et al. (2015), that showed an important link between exposure to pesticides and some reproductive and developmental disorders. According to Forbes and Forbes (1997), reproduction is often closely related to environmental variables that delay the reproductive period, which can impair reproductive success. The same author indicates that the impact of pollutants at the individual level is more often related to growth and reproduction than to population abundance. Studies have shown that insecticides can have subtle effects, particularly in impairing recognition of the breeding partner and identification of the spawning site. Therefore, the products cause an alteration in the expression of genes important for reproduction. This work has demonstrated a considerable susceptibility of the effects of insecticides on the ability of insects to reproduce (Amichot \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Devault (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), shows that the behavior, reproduction and survival of adults as well as the number and properties of their offspring can be affected by exposure to pesticides.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the results obtained allowed us to perceive that the aqueous extract exerts a moderately important pressure effect on the reproduction rate of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e. This result reminds us of the statements of Delimi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), who found that the biopesticide can disturb adult reproduction by extending the preoviposition period and reducing the egg deposition period given that fertilized females cannot live longer than one or two days, which reduces the number of eggs laid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the growth rate (rm) of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e cohorts, the results demonstrate a significant increase between the treated and the controls. This increase is much pronounced following the action of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin compared to that of the aqueous extracts. The results show that the prescribed dose of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin and the aqueous extract of \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e / \u003cem\u003eS. fuscata\u003c/em\u003e ratio cause a significant decrease in the multiplication rate (λ) of the populations studied. A strong decrease in the mean life time (T) is reported in the population of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e following the use of the homologous dose of the active ingredient compared to other treatments that remain close to the control. At the end, the various treatment systems hardly affect the doubling time (DT) of the populations. Toxic effects of pesticides on the demographic parameters are scarce in the scientific literature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEvaluation of the insecticidal potential of phytopreparations and of the active ingredient on the biochemical life traits of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies show that chemicals can reach all the intracellular organelles and change their number, structure and location in the cell and that they can also act on intracellular energy reserves (lipids and glycogen) (Gernh\u0026ouml;fer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Triebskorn et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Calow (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e) proves that energy reserves are mobilized following stress. The aim of this investigation is to show the role of energy biomarkers in understanding the behavioral or physiological strategies that allow \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e females to partially or totally circumvent bioactive or active materials. This study describes the metabolic reactions and weight measurements of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e under the effect of phytopreparations and the synthetic product Thiamethoxam/Lambda-cyhalothrin. The results reveal a significant quantitative change between lipid and carbohydrate reserves stored in the tissues of biological model females, where lipid reserves are clearly distinguished from carbohydrate reserves. Moreover, it is very important to coordinate the strong positive correlations existing between the reorganization of lipid reserves and the chemical treatment under the different applied doses (homologous dose or half-dose). The dominance of energetic lipid biomarkers can probably be explained by a change in the biochemical life traits of females exposed to the different applications, especially the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin. This hypothesis can be explained by the fact that the synthetic product has a stimulating effect on the physiology or the behavior of an organism after exposure. The weight measurements show a slight disturbance under the effect of the two treatment types compared to the control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral authors point out that exposure to chemical stress can disrupt the energy balance of living organisms as a direct consequence of the tolerance means adopted (e.g. defense mechanisms, damage repair) and this at the expense of the energy allocated to reproduction and to growth (Amiard and Amiard-Triquet \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Palais et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This energy balance can also be negative under certain environmental conditions, generating consumption of energy reserves to activate and/or set up tolerance and defense mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur results are consistent with the results of other studies showing that organisms exposed to chemical contamination will use energy to limit the physiological alteration caused by substances present in the environment. Thus, the amount of energy available to ensure the body's vital functions will be lower than that in unexposed organisms. The dosage of energy reserves (proteins, glycogen and lipids) allocated to the various functions of the body will then provide information on the overall physiological state of living organisms (Poisson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The results demonstrate a strong accumulation of lipid reserves in the cohort exposed to the synthetic product. This lipid accumulation indicates that the treated females are in fact subjected to a stressful action which could stimulate a high production and a greater accumulation of lipids. The explanation most often described in the literature is that lipids generally accumulate in organisms exposed to organic contaminants (K\u0026ouml;hler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e; Pelosse \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, an increase in lipid metabolites promotes the storage of the toxic substance. According to Abdoulaye (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e), lipids are necessary for maintaining good health, they contribute to the formation of cell membranes, to the synthesis of hormones; without disregarding that they represent a concentrated source of energy that is twice as much as carbohydrates or proteins. The lipid content is closely related to survival, which means that the decrease in lipid stores could be responsible for the death of individuals. However, it should be noted that the measured lipid level corresponds to the amount of lipids contained in the entire body of the insect. Lipids are involved in various functions in insects, which may play a role in the survival, dispersal or even constitute a crucial source of energy for egg production (Pelosse \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results show a relatively significant disturbance of the carbohydrate energy balance of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e females after applying the dose of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin. Carbohydrate biomarkers are very low but stable, which suggests that the low amount of sugar is related to the detoxification action (Amiard and Amiard-Triquet \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinally, many stresses (physical and/or chemical) can lead to the mobilization of energy reserves. In addition to variations related to exposure to toxicants, the variability of the energy reserve concentrations in organisms depends on several biotic and/or abiotic factors. These energy reserves can be mobilized to supply defense mechanisms (Storage, elimination, detoxification of contaminants). In this toxic situation, energy reserves can provide vital information on the maintenance, growth and reproduction capacities of individuals (Amiard and Amiard-Triquet \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out as part of the evaluation of the efficacy of aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eSilena fuscata\u003c/em\u003e on the green poplar aphid \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e. The results seem to be very promising and confirm the biocidal activity of different extracts on the studied target. The use of the aqueous extract ratio \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eS. fuscata\u003c/em\u003e allowed to amplify the toxic capacity of bioactive molecules, the expression of which is manifested by a significant mortality and an acceptable duration of phytosanitary coverage compared to unformulated aqueous extracts. This shock action reported on the abundance of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e shows an upward rating of toxicity ranging from aqueous extracts of unformulated \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e, to aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eD. viscosa\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eS. fuscata\u003c/em\u003e ratios and finally to the synthetic product. The results show that Thiamethoxam/Lambdacyhalothrin has a significant disruptive action on the lipid-carbohydrate reserves of exposed populations compared to phytopreparations. The temporal assessment of fecundity is shown to be remarkably disturbed after applying the active ingredient compared to the bioactive material. A slight disturbance was recorded in the growth rate of the populations exposed to the two treatments compared to the control group. Futhermore, the female\u0026rsquo;s reproduction rate is influenced by both treatments, with a stimulating disturbance of the active ingredient compared to the phytopreparations. Likewise, the prescribed dose of the active ingredient generates a considerable average disturbance on the multiplication rate and the average generation time of the studied populations compared to the other products used. The results also show that the different treatments applied do not affect the doubling time of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e populations. \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eSilena fuscata\u003c/em\u003e extracts may be of a highly promising potential source of bioactive molecules against insects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/b\u003e The two authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Fatma Zohra TCHAKER. Writing, review \u0026amp; editing supervised by Fatma Zohra TCHAKER and Zahr-Eddine DJAZOULI. The two authors read and approved submission of the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe two authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Fatma Zohra TCHAKER. Writing, review \u0026amp; editing supervised by Fatma Zohra TCHAKER and Zahr-Eddine DJAZOULI. The two authors read and approved submission of the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompliance with ethical standards\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed consent\u003c/strong\u003e Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePublisher\u0026rsquo;s note\u003c/strong\u003e Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbad MJ, Geurra JA, Bermejo P, Iruruzum A, Carrasco L (2000)\u003c/strong\u003e Search for antiviral activity in higher plant extracts. 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Given the irritations associated with the use of pesticides, a search for alternatives is required, particularly through the use of plant extracts. The present study focused on comparing the insecticidal power of aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e in combination with a bio-adjuvant \u003cem\u003eSilene fuscata\u003c/em\u003e and a synthetic pesticide Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin on the abundance, biochemical life traits and demographic parameters of the winter phenotype of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e. The results show a strong effect of the aqueous extracts of \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e on the abundance of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e, with a well pronounced insecticidal activity under the effect of the aqueous extract ratio \u003cem\u003eDittrichia viscosa\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eSilena fuscata\u003c/em\u003e. Lipid and carbohydrate energy biomarkers of \u003cem\u003eChaitophorus leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e sexuparae undergo strong changes depending on the products used, with a very significant disturbing action of the synthetic product compared to aqueous extracts. The fecundity of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e shows a remarkable disturbance under the action of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin compared to aqueous extracts. The results also confirm that the products applied cause a disturbance in the growth rate (r\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) and reproduction (R\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e) of \u003cem\u003eC. leucomelas\u003c/em\u003e females, with the chemical treatment having the strongest effect. The full dose of the active ingredient causes remarkable disturbances on the multiplication rate (λ) and the mean generation time (T) of the sexuparae compared to the other applied molecules. Some stability is reported for the doubling time (DT) of treated females compared to the control ones.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Attenuating strategies of the Insecticidal Effect and Life history Traits of Chaitophorus leucomelas (Koch, 1854) (Insecta: Aphididae): Case of the Aqueous Extracts of Asteraceae Dittrichia viscosa and a Synthetic product of the neonicotinoids / pyrethroids Family","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-06-08 16:07:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1726236/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6932e087-6323-488e-b45b-470ef8081b81","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 8th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-06-08T16:07:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-06-08 16:07:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1726236","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1726236","identity":"rs-1726236","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"ApUGefWb6u5IBVtyqm6d5","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}