Observation of Discarded Larvacean Houses in the Benthic and Pelagic Zones of Spitsbergen Fjords Using Drop-Camera Imagery

Observation of Discarded Larvacean Houses in the Benthic and Pelagic Zones of Spitsbergen Fjords Using Drop-Camera Imagery | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Observation of Discarded Larvacean Houses in the Benthic and Pelagic Zones of Spitsbergen Fjords Using Drop-Camera Imagery Kajetan Deja This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5921295/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study documents a unique observation of abandoned Oikopleura vanhoeffeni (Chordata: Appendicularia: Oikopleuridae) houses found on the seabed of various Spitsbergen fjords. The investigation utilized data from 253 video stations collected during the Arctic summers from 2015 to 2021. Notably, the 2021 observations revealed that Oikopleura houses were present in both on the seabed and in the pelagic zones, with densities reaching up to 973 structures per square meter on the seabed, occasionally covering up to 100% of the inspected seabed surface. According to existing literature, such densities could contribute up to 58 mg of carbon per square meter. In regions of maximal house density, the water was found to contain significant mineral suspensions, which could potentially influencing the rate of house occlusion, production, and sedimentation. This phenomenon highlights another potentially significant connection between Arctic plankton and the intensification of meltwater runoff enriched with mineral suspensions, driven by the accelerating effects of climate warming. Moreover, this observation may contribute significantly to advancing the understanding of the carbon cycle in ecosystems such as the Spitsbergen fjords. Although short-living, this occurrence may play a important role for benthic organisms and and represents a notable example of benthic-pelagic coupling, underscoring its ecological significance. Benthic-pelagic coupling Arctic Larvaceans Appendicularia gelatinous zooplankton Carbon biomass Oikopleura vanhoeffeni Jelly-falls Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Larvaceans are widely distributed throughout all oceans and are one of the most common components of plankton (Hamner and Robison 1992 ; Gorsky and Fenaux 1998 ; Kalarus and Panasiuk 2021 ). They consume approximately 10% of the ocean's primary production (Acuña et al. 2002 ). Larvaceans are known to produce mucous houses, which are filter-feeding structures (Esnal 1999 ; Sato et al. 2001 ). These structures trap small food particles, such as nano-pico phytoplankton, bacteria, and even viruses (Flood et al. 1992 ; Hansen et al. 1996 ; Aravena and Palma 2002 ; Tsujimoto et al. 2006 ; Lawrence et al. 2018 ; Jaspers et al. 2023 ). As the house becomes clogged with prey, fecal pellets, and mineral suspension, the Larvacean discards it (Flood and Deibel 1998 ). This process may repeat several to several dozen times a day (Hansen et al. 1996 ; Sato et al. 2001 ). In the case of some species, such as Fritillaria formica digitata , up to 40 times a day (Sato et al. 2003 ). The abandoned house, containing filtered bacteria, diatoms, cyanobacteria, and dinoflagellates, may periodically constitute a primary component of marine snow under specific conditions (Alldredge and Gotschalk 1988 ; Gorsky and Fenaux 1998 ). Furthermore, it plays a significant role in contributing the global vertical carbon flux (Vargas et al. 2002 ; Alldredge 2005 ). Larvaceans possess a delicate body structure that is easily damaged and fragmented when collected through traditional methods, such as plankton nets, with their filter structures being even more fragile. Luo et al. ( 2020 ) in his study on gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) carbon biomass, excluded appendicularia due to the extreme undersampling in most GZ surveys. The prevailing belief that larvaceans have a low importance for higher trophic levels is likely a result of their rapid digestion and subsequent underestimation in classical studies based on gut contents (Hays et al. 2018 ; Kodama et al. 2022 ; Jaspers et al. 2023 ). (Gorsky and Fenaux 1998 ) demonstrated that appendicularia, the class of organisms that includes larvaceans, are an important food source for many planktonic carnivores, including fish larvae. Appendicularia species Oikopleura dioica and Fritillaria boreali s constitute between 40 and 75% of the preys of Pleuronectiformes larvae (Last 1980 ). Similarly the diet of Paralichthys olivaceus primarily consists of 87.5% Oikopleura spp. and 2.4% Fritillaria spp. (Ikewaki and Tanaka 1993 ). Larvaceans are consumed by more than 80 species of invertebrates and 350 species of vertebrates, mainly fish (Purcell et al. 2005 ). These organisms serve as an important food source for commercially significant fish species (Suca et al. 2018 ). Larvaceans have been found in large quantities in the diets of Gadidae (Johnson et al. 2009 ), Salmonidae (Doubleday and Hopcroft 2015 ), and Liparidae (Walkusz et al. 2016 ). For many fish species, including larval stages, larvaceans represent a preferred prey. Notably, the polar cod ( Boreogadus saida) , one of the most crucial species in the studied region of Spitsbergen (Nakano et al. 2016 ), demonstrates this preference. Abandoned houses can serve as a source of food or alternative habitat for other animals (Esnal 1999 ). During their sedimentation, Larvaceans provide sustenance for organisms such as copepods and krill (Alldredge 1972 ; Ohtsuka et al. 1993 ; Nishibe et al. 2015 ). An intriguing aspects of the biology of larvaceans is the ability of certain species to form large aggregations during specific seasons and in areas where other species are scarce or entirely absent (Björnberg and Forneris 1956b , a ; Fenaux 1963 ; Alldredge 1982 ; Uye and Ichino 1995 ). This phenomenon is explored in the present study, which documents the mass development of larvaceans captured on underwater cameras in the Spitsbergen fjords region, as well as the abandoned larvacean houses that cover the fjord bottom locally up to 100% of the surface. The potential causes and implications of this phenomenon are also examined. Research area The Svalbard archipelago, situated in the high Arctic, consists of several islands, with Spitsbergen being the largest (Fig. 1 ). This region is influenced by two contrasting water masses: the warm and saline Western Spitsbergen Current (WSC), flowing northward along the west coast and transporting Atlantic water (Walczowski et al. 2012 ; Lydersen et al. 2014 ), and the colder, fresher Sørkapp Current (SC), which carries Arctic water from the Barents Sea (Promińska et al. 2017 ). These currents shape the climate, sea ice conditions, and hydrography of the coastal and fjord systems (Cottier et al. 2007 ; Walczowski and Piechura 2011 ; Carmack et al. 2015 ; Skogseth et al. 2020 ). The research stations were primarily located within five fjords along the western coast of Spitsbergen: Krossfjorden, Kongsfjorden, Isfjorden (a large fjord system), Van Mijenfjorden, and Hornsund in the south. Despite their proximity, these fjords exhibit substantial differences in water masses, glacial inputs, geomorphology (including the presence or absence of underwater sills), and biological communities. Hornsund, the southernmost fjord, is the coldest in the region due to the dominant influence of the Sørkapp Current and the strong Polar Front, which limits Atlantic water penetration (Promińska et al. 2017 ). This sill-free fjord reaches depths of up to 230 meters and is characterized as "maturing," with Arctic species predominating, high productivity, and notable carbon sequestration (Węsławski et al. 2017 ; Zaborska et al. 2018 ). Hornsund also exhibits the fastest glacier retreat in the region (70 m per year) and distinct sedimentation rates, with high rates in Brepollen (35 cm y⁻¹) and low rates near the fjord's outer parts (0.1 cm y⁻¹) (Wȩsławski et al. 2012 ; Błaszczyk et al. 2013 ). Van Mijenfjorden, partially enclosed by a sill and the islands Mariaholmen and Akseløya, spans 50 km in length. It is strongly influenced by glacial sediment from the Paulabreen glacier and the Kjelleströmelva river. Despite the sill, summer stratification separates warm, fresh surface water from colder, saline waters introduced by tides (Støylen and Fer 2014 ). The fjord typically freezes during winter. Isfjorden, the largest fjord on Spitsbergen, stretches 170 km in length, 24 km in width, and up to 455 m in depth. Its sill-free main channel allows warm Atlantic water to flow unimpeded from the WSC into the fjord (Nilsen et al. 2008 ; Forwick and Vorren 2009 ). Branches such as Borebukta and Dicksonfjorden feature underwater sills and are influenced by meltwater and glacial rivers. This diversity creates varied physical conditions and supports diverse benthic and pelagic communities. The Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden system lies in northern Spitsbergen, where the entrance is formed by the deep glacial channel Kongsfjordrenna. Kongsfjorden extends approximately 26 km in length and 4–10 km in width, with a depth of 394 m, while Krossfjorden is narrower at 30 km long, up to 6 km wide, and 374 m deep. The system is impacted by the advection of transformed Atlantic Water, affecting seasonal hydrography and biological communities (Hop et al. 2006 ; Cottier et al. 2007 ; Dalpadado et al. 2016 ). Both fjords receive significant freshwater input from glacial melt (Schellenberger et al. 2015 ), with Arctic characteristics prevailing in the inner sections, as reflected in mixed Arctic and boreal communities (Maclachlan et al. 2007 ; Walkusz et al. 2009 ; Hop et al. 2012 ). Material and methods The present study analyzed video footage collected from 253 stations, predominantly located within the fjords of Spitsbergen, as illustrated in Fig. 1 . The research was conducted aboard the RV Oceania during Arctic summer expeditions over seven years, from 2015 to 2021, at depths ranging from 18 to 374 meters. All video data were acquired using an underwater imaging system, hereafter referred to as a drop camera. The system consisted of a metal frame housing two cameras: an analog camera with a resolution of 700 TV lines (TVL) for live monitoring and a digital camera (Panasonic HX-A500) that recorded high-resolution footage (1280 × 720 pixels) onto a memory card. The setup included two independently powered lamps, each operated by separate batteries, and a pair of parallel-mounted lasers for scale calibration. The drop camera was deployed continuously from its release into the water until its retrieval aboard the vessel, descending at an average rate of 0.4 meters per second. During deployment, the camera captured images of the seabed for an average duration of 10 minutes, with footage recorded in 4x slow motion. This operational mode facilitated accurate counting and observation of organisms. When positioned above the seabed, the drop camera was towed at a speed of approximately 0.3 knots (0.15 m/s) and maintained at an altitude of 50 cm above the seafloor. At stations near glacier fronts, the altitude was reduced to 10–30 cm to mitigate visibility issues caused by high concentrations of suspended particulate matter resulting from glacier discharge. The height of the camera above the seafloor was estimated by referencing objects of known size visible in the footage, such as sponges and sea anemones, and by analyzing the spacing of laser points. This method for determining the camera’s position relative to the seabed aligns with established approaches reported in prior studies (e.g., Gutt and Siegel 1994 ; Hirche et al. 2016 ). A comprehensive count of organisms in the water column was conducted exclusively during the 2021 season, as no Appendicularia houses were observed on the seabed in previous years. However, individual houses of Appendicularia were sporadically observed in the water column. The houses of the Appendicularia and other representatives of the GZ were counted from the surface to the bottom. Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether the observed filtering structures contained living organisms or were empty, thus all houses within the water column were counted. Nine freeze frames were selected at equal time intervals from the bottom part of the recording, and the Appendicularia houses were counted, with the result converted to an area of ​​1 m 2 for greater clarity. In the water columns, Appendicularia houses were counted continuously. However, counts from the water column were not recalculated due to large differences in visibility, water transparency, and field of view between the stations. Additionally, a CTD measurement with a fluorescence sensor was performed at each station. Based on literature data (Deibel 1986 ; Riehl 1993 ), estimated conversions of the remaining abandoned houses into the amount of carbon were made. Due to significant variability in water transparency and occasionally unfavorable sea conditions during video recording, including the swaying of the research vessel’s hull, the entire dataset was manually analyzed. The analysis of each recording was conducted using VLC Media Player, an open-source software provided under the GPL license. Plots were created in Python 3.7 (Van Rossum and Drake 2009 ) using Matplotlib 3.1.1 (Hunter 2007 ; Caswell et al. 2019 ) and Pandas 1.0.5 (McKinney 2010 ) and in QGIS software where additional spatial analysis were performed. Camera footage figures are created in Corel Draw software. Satellite data from Sentinel-2 natural color composites of the investigated regions were used, downloaded from https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/ . The satellite data was acquired on 14.08.2021, which corresponds to the closest date to the in-situ data collection, providing environmental context regarding the suspended sediment runoff in the region. Results The analysis of material from 253 video stations (see Fig. 1 ) revealed the presence of Larvaceans houses on the fjords bottom and large aggregations of houses in the water column only during the 2021 season. In addition, additional counts of Larvaceans and GZ representatives were conducted in the water column for that year. The detailed counting results from the water column and bottom area are presented in Table 1 for greater clarity. The number of houses in the water column and at the bottom is as ranges and visualized on the map, Fig. 2 . Out of the 51 stations collected in 2021, larvaceans were recorded at 31 stations in the water column, with 21 stations having more than 100 filtering structures. The maximum number of Larvaceans in water column was recorded at SGD17 (Isfjorden) and SGD25 (Krossfjorden) stations, with 1020 and 910 filtering structures, respectively. Figure 3 displays freeze frames from four selected stations showing houses settling in the water column. Among the other representatives of the GZ, the largest group was Martensia ovum , which was found at 26 stations, with a maximum of 40 individuals at the YOL2-2021 station (Isfjorden). The presence of Beroe cucumis was observed at 14 stations, with a maximum count of 14 individuals at station BAB-SGD8 (Isfjorden). Additionally, three other species were recorded: Halitholus cirratus, Halopsis ocellata , and Cyanea capillata (see table 1 ). At 24 stations, the remains of Larvaceans houses, either whole or decaying, were found at the bottom. The maximum density was observed at station SGD11 (Isfjorden), with a concentration of 973 houses per square meter practically covers the entirety of the seabed (see Fig. 4 and Supplementary Video Material). Notable differences are observed between stations located in relatively close proximity, such as SGD12/IA1 and SGD11. At both locations, the houses are well-preserved in terms of shape and remain intact. However, at station SGD12/IA1, the houses are partially covered with suspended material, suggesting that a greater quantity of particles has been trapped within their structure. This observation is illustrated in Fig. 4 -B and the Supplementary Video Material. Differences between the two stations are also evident in the water column. Only four houses were identified at station SGD12/IA1, compared to 490 at the nearby station SGD11. The estimated quantity of bottom carbon on this station, contingent upon the conversion factor utilized, varied between 8.15 and 57.7 mgC m − 2 . Comparable densities were documented at stations JMW12, SGD26, and SGD12/IA1 (all in Isfjorden), exhibiting 294, 207, and 104 filtering structures per square meter, respectively (see Fig. 4 and Supplementary Video Material). Consequently, the estimated quantities of bottom carbon at these stations were up to 17.4, 12.3, and 6.5 mgC m − 2 , respectively. At 9 of the positive stations, the number of houses exceeded 20 individuals per m2. At three stations, only remnants were found in the form of degraded houses attached to protruding structures and organisms at the bottom, such as polychaete houses, sea urchins, and pectens. Table.1 The table presents basic information characterizing the surveyed stations in 2021, along with the number of Oikopleura and other representatives of Jelly Plankton in the water column (without conversion to volume units) and the number of abandoned Oikopleura houses at the bottom, calculated per area unit. Station Location Date Depth [m] Bottom type Larvaceans in water column Mertensia ovum Beroe cucumis Halitholus cirratus Halopsis ocellata Cyanea capillata Larvaceans houses at the bottom [indv./ m 2 ] Bottom carbon min [mg C/ m 2 ] Bottom carbon max [mg C/m 2 ] SGD1 Hornsund 25.07.2021 114 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD2 Hornsund 25.07.2021 75 soft 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD4 Hornsund 25.07.2021 167 soft 8 1 1 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD5 Hornsund 25.07.2021 45 soft 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 HB1 Hornsund 25.07.2021 50 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 HM1 Hornsund 27.07.2021 66 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 HM2 Hornsund 27.07.2021 53 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 HS1 Hornsund 27.07.2021 76 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 CHL- K1 Kongsfjord 01.08.2021 68 hard 700 1 1 0 0 0 1 0,01 0,1 SGD31/KB3 Kongsfjord 01.08.2021 343 soft 218 0 0 0 1 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD22 Kongsfjord 01.08.2021 20 mixed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD23 Kongsfjord 01.08.2021 151 soft 215 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD32/KB1 Kongsfjord 02.08.2021 374 soft 740 4 0 0 1 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD80/KB5 Kongsfjord 03.08.2021 86 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 KR1 Kongsfjord 03.08.2021 59 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SD3 Kongsfjord 05.08.2021 52 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 KF1 Krossfjord 06.08.2021 60 soft 47 0 1 0 0 0 58 0,49 3,5 KL1 Krossfjord 07.08.2021 256 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 KL2 Krossfjord 07.08.2021 174 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD24 Krossfjord 07.08.2021 245 soft 510 5 6 0 0 0 2 0,02 0,1 SGD25 Krossfjord 07.08.2021 141 soft 910 4 2 0 0 0 2 0,02 0,1 SGD30 Krossfjord 07.08.2021 282 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD12/IA1 Isfjord 10.08.2021 48 soft 4 13 0 0 0 0 104 0,87 6,2 SGD11 Isfjord 10.08.2021 65 soft 490 29 2 0 0 0 973 8,15 57,7 N1 Isfjord 11.08.2021 38 hard 178 8 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 JMW23 Isfjord 11.08.2021 44 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD21 Isfjord 11.08.2021 103 soft 520 11 0 0 0 0 43 0,36 2,6 SGD20 Isfjord 11.08.2021 100 hard 480 18 1 1 0 1 1 0,01 0,1 JMW12 Isfjord 12.08.2021 48 soft 240 17 2 2 0 0 294 2,46 17,4 SGD26 Isfjord 12.08.2021 55 soft 320 10 6 2 0 0 207 1,73 12,3 SGD17 Isfjord 12.08.2021 132 mixed 1020 11 11 0 0 0 5 0,04 0,3 JMW25 Isfjord 13.08.2021 42 soft 37 2 0 0 0 0 39 0,33 2,3 SGD27 Isfjord 14.08.2021 35 mixed 730 9 0 0 0 0 75 0,62 4,4 JMW15 Isfjord 14.08.2021 72 soft 2 12 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 IT3 Isfjord 14.08.2021 39 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 IT2 Isfjord 14.08.2021 40 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 IT1 Isfjord 14.08.2021 27 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 YOL2-2021 Isfjord 15.08.2021 71 soft 392 40 0 0 0 1 23 0,19 1,4 SGD29 Isfjord 15.08.2021 37 mixed 38 1 0 0 0 1 2 0,02 0,1 SGD14 Isfjord 15.08.2021 22 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 JMW4deep Isfjord 15.08.2021 72 soft 5 21 1 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 ID2 Isfjord 15.08.2021 87 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 BO2 Isfjord 15.08.2021 51 hard 88 0 0 0 0 3 1 0,01 0,0 SGD10/ISF3 Isfjord 16.08.2021 99 soft 140 17 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD9 Isfjord 16.08.2021 146 soft 100 18 2 0 0 0 3 0,03 0,2 BAB_SGD8 Isfjord 16.08.2021 190 soft 2 6 14 0 0 0 9 0,07 0,5 IB1 Isfjord 17.08.2021 96 soft 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD15 Isfjord 18.08.2021 18 hard 110 2 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 SGD13 Isfjord 18.08.2021 31 soft 235 7 0 0 0 0 0 0,00 0,0 IA3 Isfjord 18.08.2021 98 soft 150 14 0 0 0 0 2 0,01 0,1 IA2 Isfjord 19.08.2021 74 soft 150 20 1 0 0 0 4 0,04 0,3 The estimated bottom carbon is directly proportional to the number of houses remaining and is presented in the form of a range from the minimum to the maximum value in the table 1 . Hydrological data and fluorescence measurements are presented in Fig. 5 , visualized for the Isfjorden and Kongsfjorden/Krossfjorden areas, corresponding to regions where positive occurrences of organisms or their houses were recorded in the water column or on the seafloor. Water temperature was relatively consistent across study locations. The mean salinity measured in the surface water layer (upper 10m) was significantly reduced due to glacial meltwater and river discharge. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was highest in the upper 40m layer of Isfjorden, with peak values reaching up to 0.8, while in Kongsfjorden/Krossfjorden, the highest values were found in the upper 20m layer, with a relatively higher value of up to 2. The condition of the houses recorded at the seafloor varies considerably, ranging from well-preserved to severely decayed. At the SGD12 station, some houses were even found to be intact, while at the SGD26 station, only detached fragments were recorded Fig. 4 . Among the examined fjords, Hornsund stands out as no Appendicularia were recorded either in the water column or on the bottom. At locations where Appendicularian jelly falls (JF) were observed, a diverse array of epifauna and fish from the Pleuronectidae family was also recorded, as shown in Fig. 4 . Noteworthy interactions between organisms were observed at station SGD11, where krill were actively pecking at the larvacean houses covering the seafloor. Additionally, Fig. 4 includes freeze frames from four stations, illustrating representatives of benthic megafauna among the abandoned larvacean filtering structures. Discussion Gelatinous zooplankton, which includes organisms such as Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Pelagic tunicates, are characterized by high dynamics of population growth and decline (Purcell 2012 ; Lucas et al. 2014 ; Luo et al. 2020 ). These organisms primarily consist of water and a small amount of carbon, allowing them to thrive in low-nutrient environments. However, when nutrients are abundant, they are able to utilize them effectively (Acuña et al. 2011 ; Pitt and Lucas 2014 ). Gelatinous zooplankton events often end in mass mortality, known as Jelly falls (JF), when food supplies run out (Lebrato et al. 2011 ). This phenomenon has been observed using various methods, including video methods such as ROV, Yo-Yo camera, towed cameras, or photography during diving (Cacchione et al. 1978 ; Duggins 1981 ; Miyake et al. 2002 ; Sweetman and Chapman 2011 ), as well as bottom trawl, visual observations, sediment trap, or stomach analysis (Cowper 1960 ; Sartor et al. 2003 ; Sexton et al. 2010 ; Takahashi et al. 2013 ). The occurrence of Jelly falls has been documented in detail by Lebrato et al. ( 2012 ). Field observations of Jelly Fall have shown that the bodies of these organisms are often in good condition and little decomposed (Billett et al. 2006 ; Sweetman and Chapman 2011 ). However, there is currently no information in the literature regarding the involvement of larvaceans houses in Jelly falls. Due to their delicate structure, Larvaceans and especially their houses are often destroyed when collected using traditional methods such as plankton nets (Hamner et al. 1975 ). Appendicularian houses in the water column and on the seafloor – past observations: References to abandoned filter structures on the seafloor mainly concern large larvaceans of the genus Bathochordaeus sp. found in Monterey Canyon (Hamner and Robison 1992 ), have been documented at a density of one structure per square meter. In Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, during blooms of Oikopleura vanhoeffeni and Oikopleura labradoriensis , abandoned houses were observed to accumulate in the form of "SLUB" - slime on fishing nets, reducing their effectiveness and making them visible to fish (Mahoney and Buggeln 1983 ; Taggart and Frank 1987 ). Both fishermen's observations and subsequent scientific research link the mass occurrence of this species with the appearance of a cold water mass in the region (Mahoney and Buggeln 1983 ; Choe and Deibel 2008 ). A similar phenomenon was observed and documented using an underwater video camera in the summer of 2019, when blooms of larvaceans clogged the nets Inuit in the western Canadian Arctic, preventing fishing for a period of 40 days (Pettitt-Wade et al. 2020 ). Although the phenomenon of houses sinking to the seafloor in Svalbard has been previously mentioned (Gulliksen and Svensen 2004 ), no photographic or video evidence documenting this phenomenon is available, nor any information on the density of the houses. Similar larvacean blooms were also reported earlier in the Spitsbergen region—in the 1990s in Smerenburgfjorden and in January 2016 in the marginal ice zone of Fram Strait (Sławomir Kwaśniewski, IOPAN personal communication). The occurrence in the vicinity of the marginal sea ice zone is also confirmed by studies (Arashkevich et al. 2002 ; Deibel et al. 2017 ; Pantiukhin et al. 2024 ). Abandoned houses of O. vanhoeffeni were also observed during core sampling conducted aboard the research vessel Oceania in 2001 in Recherchefjord. This observation was documented in a photograph showing larvacean houses resting on sediment collected using the Niemistö core sampler from a depth of 70 m (Fig. 1 , Fig. 6 ). Identification of the species responsible for the phenomenon: The size of the recorded houses in Fig. 4 , 6 as well as the existing knowledge regarding Larvacean species in the study area, suggest that Oikopleura vanhoeffeni is primarily responsible for the observed JF. This species is notable for its large size (Deibel 1986 ) and stenothermy, meaning that it develops within a relatively narrow temperature range compared to other members of the Oikopleuriade family (Broms and Tiselius 2003 ). Additionally, it is a cryophile and the dominant species in Arctic seas (Udvardy 1954 ; Shiga 1993 ; Deibel and Daly 2007 ). Oikopleura vanhoeffeni can produce up to six new houses per day (Deibel 1987 ). The concentration of this species observed in the coastal waters of Newfoundland reached up to 2000 individuals per cubic meter (Deibel 1987 ), a value comparable to that recorded in Spitsbergen. The potential impact of turbid meltwater: During the sinking process, larvacean houses function as mucus traps, capturing larger particles that adhere to their surfaces (Kiørboe et al. 1996 ). This phenomenon is illustrated in Fig. 3 , which shows a clear difference in the appearance of houses in the surface layer compared to the deeper layer at the SGD17 station. Estimates of particle capture by abandoned houses indicate that most particles in the house and on its surface are collected while the larvacean is still inside (Hansen et al. 1996 ). It is likely that most of the houses found in the deeper part of the water column with a large number of filtered particles are devoid of their hosts. The rate at which sea snow particles fall is heavily dependent on their properties such as particle size and shape, apparent density and porosity, as well as the content of lithogenic or calcite material that acts as ballast (Francois et al. 2002 ; Klaas and Archer 2002 ; De La Rocha and Passow 2007 ). All occurrences of abandoned O. vanhoeffeni houses on the bottom were found in the direct influence zone of a glacier or a large glacial river (SGD26; JMW12; SGD27; JMW25; SGD21; SGD11; SGD12/IA1; KF1) Fig. 2 . The presence of a substantial amount of mineral suspension in this area may lead to faster clogging of structures, increase the rate of house replacement, and significantly accelerate the sinking rate of abandoned houses due to ballasting with lithogenic material from melting glaciers. The median particle size of the suspension studied in the fjords of Spitsbergen ranges from 81.06 to 123.38 µm (Dragańska-Deja 2024 ). The average length and width of the incurrent filter in O. vanhoeffeni are 163 ± 65 µm and 81 ± 34 µm, respectively (Deibel 1986 ). These values are relatively comparable, suggesting that glacial-origin suspensions may easily clog the incurrent filter. Oikopleuridae are capable of partially preventing the clogging of a house by directing water currents using specialized ciliated spiracles in the opposite direction (Alldredge 1976 ). However, this mechanism is effective only up to a certain density of filtered cells, beyond which the rate of house replacement increases significantly and the development of individuals or populations may decline (Sato et al. 2001 ). In this study, significant differences in the distribution of larvacean houses were observed between stations SGD12/IA1 and SGD11. This disparity can be attributed to the positioning of station SGD12/IA1, which is 17 meters shallower and situated closer to the mouth of a major river, Adventelva. This river delivers substantial amounts of suspended material, with the highest concentrations recorded at 826 mg L⁻¹ and vertical fluxes exceeding 1000 g m⁻² day⁻¹ (Zajaczkowski and Włodarska-Kowalczuk 2007 ). These conditions likely contribute to the accumulation of suspended particles within the houses at SGD11, which may explain the differences observed in the abundance of houses between the two stations. Depth factor: Moreover, appropriate depth may be a significant factor, as appendicularian houses on the seafloor have been recorded at depths ranging from 40 to 70 m (Table 1, Fig. 6 ). This minimizes the impact of waves and allows for the direct deposition of sinking houses near the source of the water mass where the bloom occurred. This enables the formation of the observed gatherings. Deeper places may not be conducive to such accumulations due to a greater probability of structure drift in the water column over a wider area of the bottom and a stronger impact of the deflation-compression process (Lombard and Kiørboe 2010 ). At stations SGD17, SGD20, CHLK1 and SGD32, located further from the source of suspension and at greater depth, no or very few (less than 5/m2) houses were recorded at the bottom, despite the large number of larvaceans were present in the water column, (Fig. 2 ; Table 1 ). Glacial runoff can have a positive impact on the availability of nutrients and labile carbon which are transported to upwelling zones near tidewater glacier (Urbanski et al. 2017 ), which can lead to increased biological productivity (Hood et al. 2009 ; Hawkings et al. 2015 ; Wadham et al. 2016 ). Therefore, these areas may be favorable for the mass development of zooplankton, including Appendicularia. The formation of large densities of O. vanhoffeni with the phenomenon of upwelling is also linked by (Taggart and Frank 1987 ). Strong tidal currents and underwater sill may also intensify the mixing and delivery of nutrients to the surface (Etherington et al. 2007 ). It is likely that the occurrence of a jelly fall composed of Appendicularia requires the simultaneous existence of several of the aforementioned factors. Interaction with other organisms: The state of preservation of the houses is influenced by various physical and biological factors, such as sea currents, the amount of mineral suspension, depth, and the actions of marine organisms like crabs, echinoderms, and fish. In waters with a temperature of 2°C, the bacterial decomposition of Oikopleura vanhoeffeni houses would take approximately two to three weeks (Deibel 1987 ). In the Spitsbergen region, however, due to the rapid sinking of the houses, a more significant factor may be their burial by suspended particulate matter or mechanical degradation by megabenthic organisms. Abandoned sinking houses serve as habitats and food sources for numerous marine organisms, including harpacticoids, poecilostomatoid copepods, and invertebrate larvae. At all stations where numerous O. vanhoeffeni houses were recorded, significant numbers of Mertensia ovum were also observed. Oikopleura is prey for many other jelly organisms, including representatives of the ctenophore (Pettitt-Wade et al. 2020 ). At the SGD11 station, active interactions between krill and houses lying on the seafloor were observed. The behavior of krill resembles the phenomenon described by (Deja et al. 2019 ) in the Arctic and (Kane et al. 2021 ) on the Antarctic Peninsula, with the notable difference that the individuals clearly prefer houses over sediments. During sinking, the filtering structure leaves behind a trace consisting of released particles and dissolved substances, which may be guided by zooplankton. Assuming a sinking rate of 30 to 40 m day − 1, the resetting zooplankton is able to reduce the carbon content in the house by 20–30% (Koski et al. 2007 ). Gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) are thought to plays a significant role in the biological pump, however, their overall contribution to global carbon flux remains unknown (Luo et al. 2020 ). Jelly falls are an understudied source of particulate organic matter (POM) (Lebrato et al. 2012 ). The large size and sinking capacity of GZ streams suggest that jelly falls and feces play a critical and underestimated role in the biological pump and sea-air carbon balance (Lebrato and Jones 2009 ; Sweetman and Chapman 2015 ; Steinberg and Landry 2017 ; Lebrato et al. 2019 ; Luo et al. 2020 ). GZ is highly efficient at assimilating nano and picoplankton (King et al. 1980 ; Deibel 1988 ; Acuña et al. 1996 ), which allows them to quickly remove small cells from the euphotic zone and influence vertical carbon flux more than copepod-dominated communities (Urban et al. 1992 ; Hansen et al. 1996 ; Vargas et al. 2002 ). GZ can filter submicron particles, which enables efficient energy extraction from the microbial system and transfer to larger metazoans (Gorsky and Fenaux 1998 ). This shortens the food chain significantly and may even lead to a greater reduction in colloidal organic matter to higher trophic levels, including fish (Flood et al. 1992 ; Bedo et al. 1993 ). The abandoned houses on the bottom, primarily composed of mucopolysaccharides, still contain digestible and nutritionally valuable producers such as diatoms and dinoflagellates. A study by Beroujon et al. ( 2022 ) has revealed a strong correlation between the high density of appendicularian "Banks" on the Greenland shelf and the abundance of benthic fauna in the region. Appendicularians occur in large numbers in areas of high productivity and through their specific way of feeding, strengthen the bentho pelagic coupling (Beroujon et al. 2022 ). Under favorable conditions, larvaceans can consume up to 50–66% of the standing crop of phytoplankton (Alldredge 1981 ; Deibel 1988 ; Maar et al. 2004 ). The remineralization of jelly fall body releases dissolved organic matter, creating a "jelly carbon shunt" (Condon et al. 2011 ). The GZ carbon reaching the bottom can quickly release DOC, providing a good food source for benthic scavengers and stimulating benthic microbial communities (Titelman et al. 2006 ; Sweetman et al. 2014 ; Luo et al. 2020 ). Research by (Luo et al. 2020 ) indicates that the transfer efficiency of GZ POC is five times higher than that of non-GZ POC. Literature data confirm that Hornsund is much poorer compared to other studied fjords, even by an order of magnitude in terms of the abundance and biomass of Oikopleura spp. (Gluchowska et al. 2016 ; Ormańczyk et al. 2017 ). These studies also found no Appendicularia in this fjord. Episodic Nature and Ecological Implications of Appendicularian Jelly Falls: The described appendicularian JF episode and the associated carbon reaching the bottom (see table 1) provide only a temporary snapshot of the ecosystem’s condition. The frequency of the described phenomenon, the duration of the houses remaining on the bottom surface, and the timing of the bloom and subsequent deposition of structures remain unknown factors. Only two studies in the literature have addressed the carbon content in the house of Oikopleura vanhoeffeni (Deibel 1986 ; Riehl 1993 ), both of which were clean and exhibited signs of long-term filtration. Oikopleura vanhoeffeni defecates approximately every 16 minutes (Bochdansky and Deibel 1999 ). Such a defecation frequency suggests that the studied area, in addition to empty houses, should also be rich in fecal matter. Patchiness is common in the marine environment, affecting both benthic and planktonic organisms, and is particularly evident in the case of gelatinous zooplankton (Graham et al. 2001 ). Traditional plankton nets may miss or bypass such aggregations, leading to potentially misleading conclusions (Majaneva et al. 2013 ). The use of modern video methods in combination with traditional data can help to better understand the scale and mechanism of formation of such aggregations. The phenomenon of covering the bottom with abandoned houses, co-occurring with the massive development of Appendicularia in the water column, described in the paper ( Table.1 Fig. 3 , 4 ), is highly irregular and episodic. Only one of the seven seasons observed a mass occurrence of Appendicularia. It is possible that such a development occurred prior to or shortly after the study was conducted. The study by (D’Angelo et al. 2024 ) also highlights the generally high episodic occurrence of Oikopleura vanhoeffeni in the studied region. Data collected from a time series (2010–2018) using a sediment trap deployed on a mooring in the inner part of Kongsfjorden revealed a single prominent peak between October 2010 and January 2011, with maximum values reaching 138 ind m⁻² d⁻¹ in December 2010 (D’Angelo et al. 2024 ). This paper represents the first documentation of the deposition of abandoned larvacean houses at the bottom in the Svalbard region. Declarations Conflict of Interest The corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. Ethics approval This study was conducted in full compliance with ethical standards. Data/Code Availability All data included in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding This research was supported by funds from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (GA No 776617) under the BiodivScen call (research project no. 2018/28/Z/NZ8/00079, acronym: ACCESS and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014–2021 (85%) National Science Centre (15%) within GRIEG Programme (ARCTIC SGD 2019/34/H/ST10/00645). Authors' Contribution KD – conceived the study, collected the video material, analyzed and interpreted the data, wrote the main version of the manuscript Acknowledgements I would like to thank Jan Marcin Węsławski for insighfull suggestions and Katarzyna Dragańska-Deja for assistance in figures and idea. References Acuña JL, Deibel D, Morris CC (1996) Particle capture mechanism of the pelagic tunicate Oikopleura vanhoeffeni. Limnol Oceanogr 41:1800–1814. 10.4319/lo.1996.41.8.1800 Acuña JL, Deibel D, Saunders PA, Booth B, Hatfield E, Klein B, Mei Z-P, Rivkin R (2002) Phytoplankton ingestion by appendicularians in the North Water. 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Limnol Oceanogr 60:967–976. 10.1002/lno.10061 Ohtsuka S, Kubo N, Okada M, Gushima K (1993) Attachment and feeding of pelagic copepods on larvacean houses. J Oceanogr 49:115–120. 10.1007/BF02234012 Ormańczyk MR, Głuchowska M, Olszewska A, Kwasniewski S (2017) Zooplankton structure in high latitude fjords with contrasting oceanography (Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen). Oceanologia 59:508–524. 10.1016/j.oceano.2017.06.003 Pantiukhin D, Verhaegen G, Havermans C (2024) Pan-Arctic distribution modeling reveals climate-change-driven poleward shifts of major gelatinous zooplankton species. Limnol Oceanogr 69:1316–1334. 10.1002/lno.12568 Pettitt-Wade H, Pearce T, Kuptana D, Gallagher CP, Scharffenberg K, Lea EV, Hussey NE, Loseto LL (2020) Inuit observations of a tunicata bloom unusual for the amundsen gulf, western Canadian arctic. Arct Sci 6:340–351. 10.1139/as-2020-0018 Pitt KA, Lucas CH (2014) Jellyfish blooms. Jellyfish Bloom 9789400770:1–304. 10.1007/978-94-007-7015-7 Promińska A, Cisek M, Walczowski W (2017) Kongsfjorden and Hornsund hydrography – comparative study based on a multiyear survey in fjords of west Spitsbergen. Oceanologia 59:397–412. 10.1016/j.oceano.2017.07.003 Purcell JE (2012) Jellyfish and ctenophore blooms coincide with human proliferations and environmental perturbations. Ann Rev Mar Sci 4:209–235. 10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142751 Purcell JE, Sturdevant MV, Galt CP (2005) A review of appendicularians as prey of invertebrate and fish predators. Response Mar Ecosyst Glob Chang Ecol impact Append 359–435 Riehl MW (1993) Elemental analyses of Oikopleurids and factors affecting house production rate of Oikopleura vanhoffeni (tunicata, appendicularia) in coastal newfoundland waters Sartor P, Sbrana M, Reale B, Belcari P (2003) Impact of the deep sea trawl fishery on demersal communities of the northern Tyrrhenian Sea (western Mediterranean). J Northwest Atl Fish Sci 31:275–284. 10.2960/J.v31.a21 Sato R, Tanaka Y, Ishimaru T (2001) House production by Oikopleura dioica (Tunicata, Appendicularia) under laboratory conditions. J Plankton Res 23:415–423. 10.1093/plankt/23.4.415 Sato R, Tanaka Y, Ishimaru T (2003) Species-specific house productivity of appendicularians. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 259:163–172. 10.3354/meps259163 Schellenberger T, Dunse T, Kääb A, Kohler J, Reijmer CH (2015) Surface speed and frontal ablation of Kronebreen and Kongsbreen, NW Svalbard, from SAR offset tracking. Cryosphere 9:2339–2355. 10.5194/tc-9-2339-2015 Sexton MA, Hood RR, Sarkodee-adoo J, Liss AM (2010) Response of Chrysaora quinquecirrha medusae to low temperature. Hydrobiologia 645:125–133. 10.1007/s10750-010-0222-y Shiga N (1993) Regional and Vertical Distribution of Oikopleura vanhoeffeni on the Northern Bering Sea Shelf in Summer. Bull Plankt Soc Japan 39:117–126 Skogseth R, Olivier LLA, Nilsen F, Falck E, Fraser N, Tverberg V, Ledang AB, Vader A, Jonassen MO, Søreide J, Cottier F, Berge J, Ivanov BV, Falk-Petersen S (2020) Variability and decadal trends in the Isfjorden (Svalbard) ocean climate and circulation – An indicator for climate change in the European Arctic. Prog Oceanogr 187:102394. 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102394 Steinberg DK, Landry MR (2017) Zooplankton and the Ocean Carbon Cycle. Ann Rev Mar Sci 9:413–444. 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015924 Støylen E, Fer I (2014) Tidally induced internal motion in an Arctic fjord. Nonlinear Process Geophys 21:87–100. 10.5194/npg-21-87-2014 Suca JJ, Pringle JW, Knorek ZR, Hamilton SL, Richardson DE, Llopiz JK (2018) Feeding dynamics of Northwest Atlantic small pelagic fishes. Prog Oceanogr 165:52–62. 10.1016/J.POCEAN.2018.04.014 Sweetman AK, Chapman A (2011) First observations of jelly-falls at the seafloor in a deep-sea fjord. Deep Res Part I Oceanogr Res Pap 58:1206–1211. 10.1016/j.dsr.2011.08.006 Sweetman AK, Chapman A (2015) First assessment of flux rates of jellyfish carcasses (jelly-falls) to the benthos reveals the importance of gelatinous material for biological C-cycling in jellyfish-dominated ecosystems. 2:1–7. 10.3389/fmars.2015.00047 Sweetman AK, Smith CR, Dale T, Jones DOB (2014) Rapid scavenging of jellyfish carcasses reveals the importance of gelatinous material to deep-sea food webs. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 281:1–8. 10.1098/rspb.2014.2210 Taggart CT, Frank KT (1987) Coastal upwelling and Oikopleura occurrence (slub’): a model and potential application to inshore fisheries. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 44:1729–1736. 10.1139/f87-211 Takahashi K, Ichikawa T, Saito H, Kakehi S, Sugimoto Y, Hidaka K, Hamasaki K (2013) Sapphirinid copepods as predators of doliolids: Their role in doliolid mortality and sinking flux. Limnol Oceanogr 58:1972–1984. 10.4319/lo.2013.58.6.1972 Titelman J, Riemann L, Sørnes TA, Nilsen T, Griekspoor P, Båmstedt U (2006) Turnover of dead jellyfish: Stimulation and retardation of microbial activity. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 325:43–58. 10.3354/meps325043 Tsujimoto M, Takahashi KT, Hirawake T, Fukuchi M (2006) Unusual abundance of appendicularians in the seasonal ice zone (140°E) of the Southern Ocean. Polar Biosci 133–141 Udvardy MDF (1954) Distribution of Appendicularians in Relation to the Strait of Belle Isle. J Fish Res Board Can 11:431–453. 10.1139/f54-029 Urban JL, McKenzie CH, Deibel D (1992) Seasonal differences in the content of Oikopleura vanhoeffeni and Calanus finmarchicus faecal pellets: illustrations of zooplankton food web shifts in coastal Newfoundland waters. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 84:255–264. 10.3354/meps084255 Urbanski JA, Stempniewicz L, Wȩsławski JM, Dragańska-Deja K, Wochna A, Goc M, Iliszko L (2017) Subglacial discharges create fluctuating foraging hotspots for sea birds in tidewater glacier bays. Sci Rep 7:1–12. 10.1038/srep43999 ichi Uye S, Ichino S (1995) Seasonal variations in abundance, size composition, biomass and production rate of Oikopleura dioica (Fol) (Tunicata: Appendicularia) in a temperate eutrophic inlet. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 189:1–11. 10.1016/0022-0981(95)00004-B Van Rossum G, Drake FL (2009) Python 3 Reference Manual. CreateSpace, Scotts Valley, CA Vargas CA, Tönnesson K, Sell A, Maar M, Møller EF, Zervoudaki T, Giannakourou A, Christou E, Satapoomin S, Petersen JK, Nielsen TG, Tiselius P (2002) Importance of copepods versus appendicularians in vertical carbon fluxes in a Swedish fjord. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 241:125–138. 10.3354/meps241125 Wadham JL, Hawkings J, Telling J, Chandler D, Alcock J, Donnell EO, Kaur P, Bagshaw E, Tranter M, Tedstone A, Nienow P (2016) Sources, cycling and export of nitrogen on the Greenland Ice Sheet. 6339–6352. 10.5194/bg-13-6339-2016 Walczowski W, Piechura J (2011) Influence of the West Spitsbergen Current on the local climate. Int J Climatol 31:1088–1093. 10.1002/joc.2338 Walczowski W, Piechura J, Goszczko I, Wieczorek P (2012) in the European Arctic marine climate. 69:864–869 Walkusz W, Kwasniewski S, Falk-petersen S, Hop H, Tverberg V, Wieczorek P, Weslawski JM (2009) Seasonal and spatial changes in the zooplankton community of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Res 28:254–281. 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2009.00107.x Walkusz W, Paulic JE, Wong S, Kwasniewski S, Papst MH, Reist JD (2016) Spatial distribution and diet of larval snailfishes (Liparis fabricii, Liparis gibbus, Liparis tunicatus) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Oceanologia 58:117–123. 10.1016/j.oceano.2015.12.001 Wȩsławski JM, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Kȩdra M, Legezyńska J, Kotwicki L (2012) Eight species that rule today’s European Arctic fjord benthos. Pol Polar Res 33:225–238. 10.2478/v10183-012-0016-1 Węsławski JM, Buchholz F, Głuchowska M, Weydmann A (2017) Ecosystem maturation follows the warming of the Arctic fjords. Oceanologia 59:592–602. 10.1016/j.oceano.2017.02.002 Zaborska A, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Legeżyńska J, Jankowska E, Winogradow A, Deja K (2018) Sedimentary organic matter sources, benthic consumption and burial in west Spitsbergen fjords – Signs of maturing of Arctic fjordic systems? J Mar Syst 180:112–123. 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.11.005 Zajaczkowski M, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M (2007) Dynamic sedimentary environments of an Arctic glacier-fed river estuary (Adventfjorden, Svalbard). I. Flux, deposition, and sediment dynamics. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 74:285–296. 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.04.015 Supplementary Files larvaceanonthebottom.mp4 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5921295","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":408958329,"identity":"ce8c290a-7be4-43c4-b727-f9b633266be8","order_by":0,"name":"Kajetan Deja","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIie3PP2sCMRzG8ScIdrnWNSK2b+GKcE6lbyXhQJcOhS43dLjJTtb1fBfXsVN/EvCWK10dbogIN9tFnErPGtdkLZjvkITAJ38An+8fxgFxmFkKYlocNxk5CR1JKzQELgJD0OanXSvpvtB6s32u+jOm6kQn1c0Ql2QlvUDEIS3rwTxdRitR1rfv6ZWwkmuIEae2kjlRtJITxXIKQjvp6PGefpT8oGL32JB7J+lxMcJi0tyCMoI8LFykm+mYf76qQUblE2/+EufK8Rf+9SC3yU71Z1nx9r1Pqru8mC60jQCBMPjv6GZoBXYAXJhXdFJD4CQ+n893Zv0CxExhfhn+C0YAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-3883","institution":"Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Oceanology: Instytut Oceanologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kajetan","middleName":"","lastName":"Deja","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-29 00:42:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5921295/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5921295/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75361563,"identity":"933e68c8-d143-40d4-be45-7e9ecbc1fce0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 18:03:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":810113,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of Spitsbergen showing the locations of video stations recorded during Arctic summers from 2015 to 2021. An asterisk indicates the location of the archival station where the Niemistö core was collected in 2001, revealing a visible layer of \u003cem\u003eOikopleura\u003c/em\u003e sp. — likely \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIG.1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5921295/v1/4e4b22bd175773b252d1e641.jpg"},{"id":75361140,"identity":"621b346c-5294-443e-ba6e-7ccfb3e08816","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 17:55:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4601159,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the Isfjorden and Kongsfjorden/Krossfjorden complex showing the density of abandoned houses on the bottom surface per m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, categorized into five intervals, alongside the absolute value of houses registered in the water column from the surface to the bottom, also expressed in numerical intervals. The background features a Sentinel 2 natural color composite form 14/08/2021.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIG.2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5921295/v1/2a17d2227207598fc3c55dc8.jpg"},{"id":75361564,"identity":"9077eb3d-121d-4f26-bd07-65d038c04c8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 18:03:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3427952,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFreeze frames showing the houses of \u003cem\u003eOikopleura\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003evanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003ein the water column. Station SGD17 includes snapshots from both the surface layer and a deeper 100-meter layer to visualize differences in the appearance of the houses (in terms of suspension coverage).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIG.3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5921295/v1/ba501184f354d3aa2b52cb67.jpg"},{"id":75361142,"identity":"ae15266a-e884-434d-9a8a-d3ae0c39954a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 17:55:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10561986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFreeze frames from four stations where the highest numbers of abandoned \u003cem\u003eOikopleura\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003evanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003ehouses were recorded. Representatives of benthic megafauna were also recorded in all locations: \u003cem\u003eUrasterias lincki\u003c/em\u003e-B; \u003cem\u003eCtenodiscus crispatus\u003c/em\u003e-M; \u003cem\u003eOphiocten sericeum\u003c/em\u003e- I; A; \u003cem\u003ePhyllodoce \u003c/em\u003esp.- C; Nemertea-G; \u003cem\u003eHyas\u003c/em\u003e sp.-E; \u003cem\u003ePagurus\u003c/em\u003esp.-K; \u003cem\u003eDendronotus frondosus\u003c/em\u003e- F; Naticidae- L; \u003cem\u003eBuccinum\u003c/em\u003e sp. Eggs-P; Pleuronectidae- O;H; Decapoda – J; Pisces-D.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIG.4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5921295/v1/b26d2c46c3fb84b6035d3cca.jpg"},{"id":75361137,"identity":"206a4a23-7ea6-40b1-b6d2-663d8cb07d08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 17:55:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":727136,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVertical profiles of average value (solid line) of Temperature, Salinity and Fluorescence with min-max ranges (shading) are presented for Isfjorden and Kongsfiorden. These profiles are averaged for the station where \u003cem\u003eOikopleura\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003evanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003ehouses were observed in the water column (blue) and on the bottom surface (orange). Data below 80 meters were excluded, as they do not provide significant information beyond this depth.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIG.5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5921295/v1/11ec8b68b248cbcc40d151a3.jpg"},{"id":75361143,"identity":"586d41c1-05a7-4537-be98-b1a98b896d8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 17:55:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8433492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSide and top view of a core sample collected using the Niemistö probe in Recherchefjorden, reveal a distinct layer of abandoned \u003cem\u003eOikopleura\u003c/em\u003espp. houses. The size of the structures indicates that they predominantly belong to \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanchoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"FIG.6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5921295/v1/8385ae0590a49a9fcc9a8ed2.jpg"},{"id":78166396,"identity":"e13892df-93ec-49b4-b923-f24f7737de51","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-10 14:07:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":30000760,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5921295/v1/0d0510e6-41c2-47e7-a9e3-3200a905be27.pdf"},{"id":75361175,"identity":"b17701b4-36a6-4a74-ac53-4a0a9e03cffc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 17:55:20","extension":"mp4","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":329681117,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"larvaceanonthebottom.mp4","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5921295/v1/b96792e4cd750b2dd550c015.mp4"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Observation of Discarded Larvacean Houses in the Benthic and Pelagic Zones of Spitsbergen Fjords Using Drop-Camera Imagery","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eLarvaceans are widely distributed throughout all oceans and are one of the most common components of plankton (Hamner and Robison \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Gorsky and Fenaux \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Kalarus and Panasiuk \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). They consume approximately 10% of the ocean's primary production (Acu\u0026ntilde;a et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Larvaceans are known to produce mucous houses, which are filter-feeding structures (Esnal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Sato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). These structures trap small food particles, such as nano-pico phytoplankton, bacteria, and even viruses (Flood et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Hansen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Aravena and Palma \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Tsujimoto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR115\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Lawrence et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Jaspers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). As the house becomes clogged with prey, fecal pellets, and mineral suspension, the Larvacean discards it (Flood and Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). This process may repeat several to several dozen times a day (Hansen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Sato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). In the case of some species, such as \u003cem\u003eFritillaria formica digitata\u003c/em\u003e, up to 40 times a day (Sato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The abandoned house, containing filtered bacteria, diatoms, cyanobacteria, and dinoflagellates, may periodically constitute a primary component of marine snow under specific conditions (Alldredge and Gotschalk \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Gorsky and Fenaux \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, it plays a significant role in contributing the global vertical carbon flux (Vargas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Alldredge \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarvaceans possess a delicate body structure that is easily damaged and fragmented when collected through traditional methods, such as plankton nets, with their filter structures being even more fragile. Luo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) in his study on gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) carbon biomass, excluded appendicularia due to the extreme undersampling in most GZ surveys. The prevailing belief that larvaceans have a low importance for higher trophic levels is likely a result of their rapid digestion and subsequent underestimation in classical studies based on gut contents (Hays et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kodama et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Jaspers et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). (Gorsky and Fenaux \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that appendicularia, the class of organisms that includes larvaceans, are an important food source for many planktonic carnivores, including fish larvae. Appendicularia species \u003cem\u003eOikopleura dioica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFritillaria boreali\u003c/em\u003es constitute between 40 and 75% of the preys of Pleuronectiformes larvae (Last \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly the diet of \u003cem\u003eParalichthys olivaceus\u003c/em\u003e primarily consists of 87.5% \u003cem\u003eOikopleura\u003c/em\u003e spp. and 2.4% \u003cem\u003eFritillaria\u003c/em\u003e spp. (Ikewaki and Tanaka \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Larvaceans are consumed by more than 80 species of invertebrates and 350 species of vertebrates, mainly fish (Purcell et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). These organisms serve as an important food source for commercially significant fish species (Suca et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Larvaceans have been found in large quantities in the diets of Gadidae (Johnson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), Salmonidae (Doubleday and Hopcroft \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), and Liparidae (Walkusz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR126\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). For many fish species, including larval stages, larvaceans represent a preferred prey. Notably, the polar cod (\u003cem\u003eBoreogadus saida)\u003c/em\u003e, one of the most crucial species in the studied region of Spitsbergen (Nakano et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), demonstrates this preference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbandoned houses can serve as a source of food or alternative habitat for other animals (Esnal \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). During their sedimentation, Larvaceans provide sustenance for organisms such as copepods and krill (Alldredge \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e; Ohtsuka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Nishibe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). An intriguing aspects of the biology of larvaceans is the ability of certain species to form large aggregations during specific seasons and in areas where other species are scarce or entirely absent (Bj\u0026ouml;rnberg and Forneris \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956b\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e; Fenaux \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e; Alldredge \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Uye and Ichino \u003cspan citationid=\"CR119\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis phenomenon is explored in the present study, which documents the mass development of larvaceans captured on underwater cameras in the Spitsbergen fjords region, as well as the abandoned larvacean houses that cover the fjord bottom locally up to 100% of the surface. The potential causes and implications of this phenomenon are also examined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch area\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Svalbard archipelago, situated in the high Arctic, consists of several islands, with Spitsbergen being the largest (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This region is influenced by two contrasting water masses: the warm and saline Western Spitsbergen Current (WSC), flowing northward along the west coast and transporting Atlantic water (Walczowski et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR124\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Lydersen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), and the colder, fresher S\u0026oslash;rkapp Current (SC), which carries Arctic water from the Barents Sea (Promińska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). These currents shape the climate, sea ice conditions, and hydrography of the coastal and fjord systems (Cottier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Walczowski and Piechura \u003cspan citationid=\"CR123\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Carmack et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Skogseth et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research stations were primarily located within five fjords along the western coast of Spitsbergen: Krossfjorden, Kongsfjorden, Isfjorden (a large fjord system), Van Mijenfjorden, and Hornsund in the south. Despite their proximity, these fjords exhibit substantial differences in water masses, glacial inputs, geomorphology (including the presence or absence of underwater sills), and biological communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund, the southernmost fjord, is the coldest in the region due to the dominant influence of the S\u0026oslash;rkapp Current and the strong Polar Front, which limits Atlantic water penetration (Promińska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This sill-free fjord reaches depths of up to 230 meters and is characterized as \"maturing,\" with Arctic species predominating, high productivity, and notable carbon sequestration (Węsławski et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR128\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Zaborska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR129\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Hornsund also exhibits the fastest glacier retreat in the region (70 m per year) and distinct sedimentation rates, with high rates in Brepollen (35 cm y⁻\u0026sup1;) and low rates near the fjord's outer parts (0.1 cm y⁻\u0026sup1;) (Wȩsławski et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR127\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Błaszczyk et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVan Mijenfjorden, partially enclosed by a sill and the islands Mariaholmen and Aksel\u0026oslash;ya, spans 50 km in length. It is strongly influenced by glacial sediment from the Paulabreen glacier and the Kjellestr\u0026ouml;melva river. Despite the sill, summer stratification separates warm, fresh surface water from colder, saline waters introduced by tides (St\u0026oslash;ylen and Fer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The fjord typically freezes during winter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjorden, the largest fjord on Spitsbergen, stretches 170 km in length, 24 km in width, and up to 455 m in depth. Its sill-free main channel allows warm Atlantic water to flow unimpeded from the WSC into the fjord (Nilsen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Forwick and Vorren \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Branches such as Borebukta and Dicksonfjorden feature underwater sills and are influenced by meltwater and glacial rivers. This diversity creates varied physical conditions and supports diverse benthic and pelagic communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden system lies in northern Spitsbergen, where the entrance is formed by the deep glacial channel Kongsfjordrenna. Kongsfjorden extends approximately 26 km in length and 4\u0026ndash;10 km in width, with a depth of 394 m, while Krossfjorden is narrower at 30 km long, up to 6 km wide, and 374 m deep. The system is impacted by the advection of transformed Atlantic Water, affecting seasonal hydrography and biological communities (Hop et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Cottier et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Dalpadado et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Both fjords receive significant freshwater input from glacial melt (Schellenberger et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), with Arctic characteristics prevailing in the inner sections, as reflected in mixed Arctic and boreal communities (Maclachlan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Walkusz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR125\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Hop et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study analyzed video footage collected from 253 stations, predominantly located within the fjords of Spitsbergen, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The research was conducted aboard the RV \u003cem\u003eOceania\u003c/em\u003e during Arctic summer expeditions over seven years, from 2015 to 2021, at depths ranging from 18 to 374 meters. All video data were acquired using an underwater imaging system, hereafter referred to as a drop camera. The system consisted of a metal frame housing two cameras: an analog camera with a resolution of 700 TV lines (TVL) for live monitoring and a digital camera (Panasonic HX-A500) that recorded high-resolution footage (1280 \u0026times; 720 pixels) onto a memory card. The setup included two independently powered lamps, each operated by separate batteries, and a pair of parallel-mounted lasers for scale calibration. The drop camera was deployed continuously from its release into the water until its retrieval aboard the vessel, descending at an average rate of 0.4 meters per second. During deployment, the camera captured images of the seabed for an average duration of 10 minutes, with footage recorded in 4x slow motion. This operational mode facilitated accurate counting and observation of organisms. When positioned above the seabed, the drop camera was towed at a speed of approximately 0.3 knots (0.15 m/s) and maintained at an altitude of 50 cm above the seafloor. At stations near glacier fronts, the altitude was reduced to 10\u0026ndash;30 cm to mitigate visibility issues caused by high concentrations of suspended particulate matter resulting from glacier discharge. The height of the camera above the seafloor was estimated by referencing objects of known size visible in the footage, such as sponges and sea anemones, and by analyzing the spacing of laser points. This method for determining the camera\u0026rsquo;s position relative to the seabed aligns with established approaches reported in prior studies (e.g., Gutt and Siegel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Hirche et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comprehensive count of organisms in the water column was conducted exclusively during the 2021 season, as no Appendicularia houses were observed on the seabed in previous years. However, individual houses of Appendicularia were sporadically observed in the water column. The houses of the Appendicularia and other representatives of the GZ were counted from the surface to the bottom. Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether the observed filtering structures contained living organisms or were empty, thus all houses within the water column were counted. Nine freeze frames were selected at equal time intervals from the bottom part of the recording, and the \u003cem\u003eAppendicularia\u003c/em\u003e houses were counted, with the result converted to an area of ​​1 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for greater clarity. In the water columns, \u003cem\u003eAppendicularia\u003c/em\u003e houses were counted continuously. However, counts from the water column were not recalculated due to large differences in visibility, water transparency, and field of view between the stations. Additionally, a CTD measurement with a fluorescence sensor was performed at each station. Based on literature data (Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Riehl \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e), estimated conversions of the remaining abandoned houses into the amount of carbon were made. Due to significant variability in water transparency and occasionally unfavorable sea conditions during video recording, including the swaying of the research vessel\u0026rsquo;s hull, the entire dataset was manually analyzed. The analysis of each recording was conducted using VLC Media Player, an open-source software provided under the GPL license. Plots were created in Python 3.7 (Van Rossum and Drake \u003cspan citationid=\"CR120\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) using Matplotlib 3.1.1 (Hunter \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Caswell et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and Pandas 1.0.5 (McKinney \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) and in QGIS software where additional spatial analysis were performed. Camera footage figures are created in Corel Draw software. Satellite data from Sentinel-2 natural color composites of the investigated regions were used, downloaded from \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://apps.sentinel-hub.com/eo-browser/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. The satellite data was acquired on 14.08.2021, which corresponds to the closest date to the in-situ data collection, providing environmental context regarding the suspended sediment runoff in the region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of material from 253 video stations (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) revealed the presence of Larvaceans houses on the fjords bottom and large aggregations of houses in the water column only during the 2021 season. In addition, additional counts of Larvaceans and GZ representatives were conducted in the water column for that year. The detailed counting results from the water column and bottom area are presented in \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e for greater clarity. The number of houses in the water column and at the bottom is as ranges and visualized on the map, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of the 51 stations collected in 2021, larvaceans were recorded at 31 stations in the water column, with 21 stations having more than 100 filtering structures. The maximum number of Larvaceans in water column was recorded at SGD17 (Isfjorden) and SGD25 (Krossfjorden) stations, with 1020 and 910 filtering structures, respectively. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e displays freeze frames from four selected stations showing houses settling in the water column.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the other representatives of the GZ, the largest group was \u003cem\u003eMartensia ovum\u003c/em\u003e, which was found at 26 stations, with a maximum of 40 individuals at the YOL2-2021 station (Isfjorden).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of \u003cem\u003eBeroe cucumis\u003c/em\u003e was observed at 14 stations, with a maximum count of 14 individuals at station BAB-SGD8 (Isfjorden). Additionally, three other species were recorded: \u003cem\u003eHalitholus cirratus, Halopsis ocellata\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCyanea capillata\u003c/em\u003e (see \u003cb\u003etable 1\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt 24 stations, the remains of Larvaceans houses, either whole or decaying, were found at the bottom. The maximum density was observed at station SGD11 (Isfjorden), with a concentration of 973 houses per square meter practically covers the entirety of the seabed (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Supplementary Video Material). Notable differences are observed between stations located in relatively close proximity, such as SGD12/IA1 and SGD11. At both locations, the houses are well-preserved in terms of shape and remain intact. However, at station SGD12/IA1, the houses are partially covered with suspended material, suggesting that a greater quantity of particles has been trapped within their structure. This observation is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e-B and the Supplementary Video Material. Differences between the two stations are also evident in the water column. Only four houses were identified at station SGD12/IA1, compared to 490 at the nearby station SGD11.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe estimated quantity of bottom carbon on this station, contingent upon the conversion factor utilized, varied between 8.15 and 57.7 mgC m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e. Comparable densities were documented at stations JMW12, SGD26, and SGD12/IA1 (all in Isfjorden), exhibiting 294, 207, and 104 filtering structures per square meter, respectively (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and Supplementary Video Material). Consequently, the estimated quantities of bottom carbon at these stations were up to 17.4, 12.3, and 6.5 mgC m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. At 9 of the positive stations, the number of houses exceeded 20 individuals per m2. At three stations, only remnants were found in the form of degraded houses attached to protruding structures and organisms at the bottom, such as polychaete houses, sea urchins, and pectens.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable.1\u003c/b\u003e The table presents basic information characterizing the surveyed stations in 2021, along with the number of Oikopleura and other representatives of Jelly Plankton in the water column (without conversion to volume units) and the number of abandoned Oikopleura houses at the bottom, calculated per area unit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepth [m]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBottom type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarvaceans in water column\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMertensia ovum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBeroe cucumis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHalitholus cirratus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHalopsis ocellata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyanea capillata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarvaceans houses at the bottom [indv./ m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBottom carbon min [mg C/ m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBottom carbon max [mg C/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.07.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.07.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.07.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.07.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.07.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHM1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.07.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHM2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.07.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHS1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHornsund\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.07.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHL- K1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKongsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e01.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD31/KB3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKongsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e01.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKongsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e01.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emixed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKongsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e01.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD32/KB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKongsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e02.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e740\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD80/KB5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKongsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e03.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKongsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e03.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKongsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e05.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKF1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrossfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e06.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKL1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrossfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e07.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKL2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrossfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e07.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrossfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e07.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrossfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e07.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e910\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrossfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e07.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD12/IA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJMW23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJMW12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emixed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJMW25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emixed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e730\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJMW15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYOL2-2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emixed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJMW4deep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eID2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBO2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD10/ISF3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBAB_SGD8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGD13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsfjord\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.08.2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003esoft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe estimated bottom carbon is directly proportional to the number of houses remaining and is presented in the form of a range from the minimum to the maximum value in the \u003cb\u003etable 1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrological data and fluorescence measurements are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, visualized for the Isfjorden and Kongsfjorden/Krossfjorden areas, corresponding to regions where positive occurrences of organisms or their houses were recorded in the water column or on the seafloor. Water temperature was relatively consistent across study locations. The mean salinity measured in the surface water layer (upper 10m) was significantly reduced due to glacial meltwater and river discharge. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was highest in the upper 40m layer of Isfjorden, with peak values reaching up to 0.8, while in Kongsfjorden/Krossfjorden, the highest values were found in the upper 20m layer, with a relatively higher value of up to 2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe condition of the houses recorded at the seafloor varies considerably, ranging from well-preserved to severely decayed. At the SGD12 station, some houses were even found to be intact, while at the SGD26 station, only detached fragments were recorded Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Among the examined fjords, Hornsund stands out as no Appendicularia were recorded either in the water column or on the bottom. At locations where Appendicularian jelly falls (JF) were observed, a diverse array of epifauna and fish from the Pleuronectidae family was also recorded, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Noteworthy interactions between organisms were observed at station SGD11, where krill were actively pecking at the larvacean houses covering the seafloor. Additionally, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e includes freeze frames from four stations, illustrating representatives of benthic megafauna among the abandoned larvacean filtering structures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eGelatinous zooplankton, which includes organisms such as Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Pelagic tunicates, are characterized by high dynamics of population growth and decline (Purcell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Lucas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Luo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). These organisms primarily consist of water and a small amount of carbon, allowing them to thrive in low-nutrient environments. However, when nutrients are abundant, they are able to utilize them effectively (Acu\u0026ntilde;a et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Pitt and Lucas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Gelatinous zooplankton events often end in mass mortality, known as Jelly falls (JF), when food supplies run out (Lebrato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This phenomenon has been observed using various methods, including video methods such as ROV, Yo-Yo camera, towed cameras, or photography during diving (Cacchione et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e; Duggins \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Miyake et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Sweetman and Chapman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), as well as bottom trawl, visual observations, sediment trap, or stomach analysis (Cowper \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1960\u003c/span\u003e; Sartor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Sexton et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Takahashi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR113\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The occurrence of Jelly falls has been documented in detail by Lebrato et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Field observations of Jelly Fall have shown that the bodies of these organisms are often in good condition and little decomposed (Billett et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Sweetman and Chapman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR109\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). However, there is currently no information in the literature regarding the involvement of larvaceans houses in Jelly falls. Due to their delicate structure, Larvaceans and especially their houses are often destroyed when collected using traditional methods such as plankton nets (Hamner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAppendicularian houses in the water column and on the seafloor – past observations:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReferences to abandoned filter structures on the seafloor mainly concern large larvaceans of the genus \u003cem\u003eBathochordaeus\u003c/em\u003e sp. found in Monterey Canyon (Hamner and Robison \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e), have been documented at a density of one structure per square meter. In Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, during blooms of \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eOikopleura labradoriensis\u003c/em\u003e, abandoned houses were observed to accumulate in the form of \"SLUB\" - slime on fishing nets, reducing their effectiveness and making them visible to fish (Mahoney and Buggeln \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Taggart and Frank \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). Both fishermen's observations and subsequent scientific research link the mass occurrence of this species with the appearance of a cold water mass in the region (Mahoney and Buggeln \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e; Choe and Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). A similar phenomenon was observed and documented using an underwater video camera in the summer of 2019, when blooms of larvaceans clogged the nets Inuit in the western Canadian Arctic, preventing fishing for a period of 40 days (Pettitt-Wade et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Although the phenomenon of houses sinking to the seafloor in Svalbard has been previously mentioned (Gulliksen and Svensen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), no photographic or video evidence documenting this phenomenon is available, nor any information on the density of the houses. Similar larvacean blooms were also reported earlier in the Spitsbergen region\u0026mdash;in the 1990s in Smerenburgfjorden and in January 2016 in the marginal ice zone of Fram Strait (Sławomir Kwaśniewski, IOPAN personal communication). The occurrence in the vicinity of the marginal sea ice zone is also confirmed by studies (Arashkevich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Deibel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Pantiukhin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Abandoned houses of \u003cem\u003eO. vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e were also observed during core sampling conducted aboard the research vessel Oceania in 2001 in Recherchefjord. This observation was documented in a photograph showing larvacean houses resting on sediment collected using the Niemist\u0026ouml; core sampler from a depth of 70 m (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIdentification of the species responsible for the phenomenon:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe size of the recorded houses in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e as well as the existing knowledge regarding Larvacean species in the study area, suggest that \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e is primarily responsible for the observed JF. This species is notable for its large size (Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e) and stenothermy, meaning that it develops within a relatively narrow temperature range compared to other members of the Oikopleuriade family (Broms and Tiselius \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, it is a cryophile and the dominant species in Arctic seas (Udvardy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR116\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e; Shiga \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e; Deibel and Daly \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e can produce up to six new houses per day (Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). The concentration of this species observed in the coastal waters of Newfoundland reached up to 2000 individuals per cubic meter (Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e), a value comparable to that recorded in Spitsbergen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe potential impact of turbid meltwater:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the sinking process, larvacean houses function as mucus traps, capturing larger particles that adhere to their surfaces (Ki\u0026oslash;rboe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). This phenomenon is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, which shows a clear difference in the appearance of houses in the surface layer compared to the deeper layer at the SGD17 station. Estimates of particle capture by abandoned houses indicate that most particles in the house and on its surface are collected while the larvacean is still inside (Hansen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). It is likely that most of the houses found in the deeper part of the water column with a large number of filtered particles are devoid of their hosts. The rate at which sea snow particles fall is heavily dependent on their properties such as particle size and shape, apparent density and porosity, as well as the content of lithogenic or calcite material that acts as ballast (Francois et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Klaas and Archer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; De La Rocha and Passow \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). All occurrences of abandoned \u003cem\u003eO. vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e houses on the bottom were found in the direct influence zone of a glacier or a large glacial river (SGD26; JMW12; SGD27; JMW25; SGD21; SGD11; SGD12/IA1; KF1) Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The presence of a substantial amount of mineral suspension in this area may lead to faster clogging of structures, increase the rate of house replacement, and significantly accelerate the sinking rate of abandoned houses due to ballasting with lithogenic material from melting glaciers. The median particle size of the suspension studied in the fjords of Spitsbergen ranges from 81.06 to 123.38 \u0026micro;m (Dragańska-Deja \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The average length and width of the incurrent filter in \u003cem\u003eO. vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e are 163\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;65 \u0026micro;m and 81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34 \u0026micro;m, respectively (Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). These values are relatively comparable, suggesting that glacial-origin suspensions may easily clog the incurrent filter. Oikopleuridae are capable of partially preventing the clogging of a house by directing water currents using specialized ciliated spiracles in the opposite direction (Alldredge \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e). However, this mechanism is effective only up to a certain density of filtered cells, beyond which the rate of house replacement increases significantly and the development of individuals or populations may decline (Sato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, significant differences in the distribution of larvacean houses were observed between stations SGD12/IA1 and SGD11. This disparity can be attributed to the positioning of station SGD12/IA1, which is 17 meters shallower and situated closer to the mouth of a major river, Adventelva. This river delivers substantial amounts of suspended material, with the highest concentrations recorded at 826 mg L⁻\u0026sup1; and vertical fluxes exceeding 1000 g m⁻\u0026sup2; day⁻\u0026sup1; (Zajaczkowski and Włodarska-Kowalczuk \u003cspan citationid=\"CR130\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). These conditions likely contribute to the accumulation of suspended particles within the houses at SGD11, which may explain the differences observed in the abundance of houses between the two stations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDepth factor:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, appropriate depth may be a significant factor, as appendicularian houses on the seafloor have been recorded at depths ranging from 40 to 70 m (Table\u0026nbsp;1, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). This minimizes the impact of waves and allows for the direct deposition of sinking houses near the source of the water mass where the bloom occurred. This enables the formation of the observed gatherings. Deeper places may not be conducive to such accumulations due to a greater probability of structure drift in the water column over a wider area of the bottom and a stronger impact of the deflation-compression process (Lombard and Ki\u0026oslash;rboe \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). At stations SGD17, SGD20, CHLK1 and SGD32, located further from the source of suspension and at greater depth, no or very few (less than 5/m2) houses were recorded at the bottom, despite the large number of larvaceans were present in the water column, (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlacial runoff can have a positive impact on the availability of nutrients and labile carbon which are transported to upwelling zones near tidewater glacier (Urbanski et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR118\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), which can lead to increased biological productivity (Hood et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Hawkings et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Wadham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR122\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, these areas may be favorable for the mass development of zooplankton, including Appendicularia. The formation of large densities of \u003cem\u003eO. vanhoffeni\u003c/em\u003e with the phenomenon of upwelling is also linked by (Taggart and Frank \u003cspan citationid=\"CR112\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). Strong tidal currents and underwater sill may also intensify the mixing and delivery of nutrients to the surface (Etherington et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). It is likely that the occurrence of a jelly fall composed of Appendicularia requires the simultaneous existence of several of the aforementioned factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInteraction with other organisms:\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe state of preservation of the houses is influenced by various physical and biological factors, such as sea currents, the amount of mineral suspension, depth, and the actions of marine organisms like crabs, echinoderms, and fish. In waters with a temperature of 2\u0026deg;C, the bacterial decomposition of \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e houses would take approximately two to three weeks (Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). In the Spitsbergen region, however, due to the rapid sinking of the houses, a more significant factor may be their burial by suspended particulate matter or mechanical degradation by megabenthic organisms. Abandoned sinking houses serve as habitats and food sources for numerous marine organisms, including harpacticoids, poecilostomatoid copepods, and invertebrate larvae. At all stations where numerous \u003cem\u003eO. vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e houses were recorded, significant numbers of \u003cem\u003eMertensia ovum\u003c/em\u003e were also observed. \u003cem\u003eOikopleura\u003c/em\u003e is prey for many other jelly organisms, including representatives of the ctenophore (Pettitt-Wade et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). At the SGD11 station, active interactions between krill and houses lying on the seafloor were observed. The behavior of krill resembles the phenomenon described by (Deja et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) in the Arctic and (Kane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) on the Antarctic Peninsula, with the notable difference that the individuals clearly prefer houses over sediments. During sinking, the filtering structure leaves behind a trace consisting of released particles and dissolved substances, which may be guided by zooplankton. Assuming a sinking rate of 30 to 40 m day \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1, the resetting zooplankton is able to reduce the carbon content in the house by 20\u0026ndash;30% (Koski et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGelatinous zooplankton (GZ) are thought to plays a significant role in the biological pump, however, their overall contribution to global carbon flux remains unknown (Luo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Jelly falls are an understudied source of particulate organic matter (POM) (Lebrato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The large size and sinking capacity of GZ streams suggest that jelly falls and feces play a critical and underestimated role in the biological pump and sea-air carbon balance (Lebrato and Jones \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Sweetman and Chapman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR110\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Steinberg and Landry \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Lebrato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Luo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). GZ is highly efficient at assimilating nano and picoplankton (King et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Acu\u0026ntilde;a et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e), which allows them to quickly remove small cells from the euphotic zone and influence vertical carbon flux more than copepod-dominated communities (Urban et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR117\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Hansen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Vargas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). GZ can filter submicron particles, which enables efficient energy extraction from the microbial system and transfer to larger metazoans (Gorsky and Fenaux \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). This shortens the food chain significantly and may even lead to a greater reduction in colloidal organic matter to higher trophic levels, including fish (Flood et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Bedo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). The abandoned houses on the bottom, primarily composed of mucopolysaccharides, still contain digestible and nutritionally valuable producers such as diatoms and dinoflagellates. A study by Beroujon et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) has revealed a strong correlation between the high density of appendicularian \"Banks\" on the Greenland shelf and the abundance of benthic fauna in the region. Appendicularians occur in large numbers in areas of high productivity and through their specific way of feeding, strengthen the bentho pelagic coupling (Beroujon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Under favorable conditions, larvaceans can consume up to 50\u0026ndash;66% of the standing crop of phytoplankton (Alldredge \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Maar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The remineralization of jelly fall body releases dissolved organic matter, creating a \"jelly carbon shunt\" (Condon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The GZ carbon reaching the bottom can quickly release DOC, providing a good food source for benthic scavengers and stimulating benthic microbial communities (Titelman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR114\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Sweetman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR111\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Luo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Research by (Luo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) indicates that the transfer efficiency of GZ POC is five times higher than that of non-GZ POC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature data confirm that Hornsund is much poorer compared to other studied fjords, even by an order of magnitude in terms of the abundance and biomass of \u003cem\u003eOikopleura\u003c/em\u003e spp. (Gluchowska et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ormańczyk et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). These studies also found no \u003cem\u003eAppendicularia\u003c/em\u003e in this fjord.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEpisodic Nature and Ecological Implications of Appendicularian Jelly Falls:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe described appendicularian JF episode and the associated carbon reaching the bottom (see table 1) provide only a temporary snapshot of the ecosystem\u0026rsquo;s condition. The frequency of the described phenomenon, the duration of the houses remaining on the bottom surface, and the timing of the bloom and subsequent deposition of structures remain unknown factors. Only two studies in the literature have addressed the carbon content in the house of \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e (Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Riehl \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e), both of which were clean and exhibited signs of long-term filtration. \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e defecates approximately every 16 minutes (Bochdansky and Deibel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Such a defecation frequency suggests that the studied area, in addition to empty houses, should also be rich in fecal matter. Patchiness is common in the marine environment, affecting both benthic and planktonic organisms, and is particularly evident in the case of gelatinous zooplankton (Graham et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Traditional plankton nets may miss or bypass such aggregations, leading to potentially misleading conclusions (Majaneva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The use of modern video methods in combination with traditional data can help to better understand the scale and mechanism of formation of such aggregations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of covering the bottom with abandoned houses, co-occurring with the massive development of Appendicularia in the water column, described in the paper (\u003cb\u003eTable.1\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), is highly irregular and episodic. Only one of the seven seasons observed a mass occurrence of Appendicularia. It is possible that such a development occurred prior to or shortly after the study was conducted. The study by (D\u0026rsquo;Angelo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) also highlights the generally high episodic occurrence of \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e in the studied region. Data collected from a time series (2010\u0026ndash;2018) using a sediment trap deployed on a mooring in the inner part of Kongsfjorden revealed a single prominent peak between October 2010 and January 2011, with maximum values reaching 138 ind m⁻\u0026sup2; d⁻\u0026sup1; in December 2010 (D\u0026rsquo;Angelo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis paper represents the first documentation of the deposition of abandoned larvacean houses at the bottom in the Svalbard region.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in full compliance with ethical standards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData/Code Availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data included in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by funds from the European Union\u0026rsquo;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (GA No 776617) under the BiodivScen call (research project no. 2018/28/Z/NZ8/00079, acronym: ACCESS and the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014\u0026ndash;2021 (85%) National Science Centre (15%) within GRIEG Programme (ARCTIC SGD 2019/34/H/ST10/00645).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthors' Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKD \u0026ndash; conceived the study, collected the video material, analyzed and interpreted the data, wrote the main version of the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eI would like to thank Jan Marcin Węsławski for insighfull suggestions and Katarzyna Dragańska-Deja for assistance in figures and idea.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAcu\u0026ntilde;a JL, Deibel D, Morris CC (1996) Particle capture mechanism of the pelagic tunicate Oikopleura vanhoeffeni. 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Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 74:285\u0026ndash;296. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.ecss.2007.04.015\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.ecss.2007.04.015\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Benthic-pelagic coupling, Arctic, Larvaceans, Appendicularia, gelatinous zooplankton, Carbon biomass, Oikopleura vanhoeffeni, Jelly-falls","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5921295/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5921295/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study documents a unique observation of abandoned \u003cem\u003eOikopleura vanhoeffeni\u003c/em\u003e (Chordata: Appendicularia: Oikopleuridae) houses found on the seabed of various Spitsbergen fjords. The investigation utilized data from 253 video stations collected during the Arctic summers from 2015 to 2021. Notably, the 2021 observations revealed that Oikopleura houses were present in both on the seabed and in the pelagic zones, with densities reaching up to 973 structures per square meter on the seabed, occasionally covering up to 100% of the inspected seabed surface. According to existing literature, such densities could contribute up to 58 mg of carbon per square meter. In regions of maximal house density, the water was found to contain significant mineral suspensions, which could potentially influencing the rate of house occlusion, production, and sedimentation. This phenomenon highlights another potentially significant connection between Arctic plankton and the intensification of meltwater runoff enriched with mineral suspensions, driven by the accelerating effects of climate warming. Moreover, this observation may contribute significantly to advancing the understanding of the carbon cycle in ecosystems such as the Spitsbergen fjords. Although short-living, this occurrence may play a important role for benthic organisms and and represents a notable example of benthic-pelagic coupling, underscoring its ecological significance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Observation of Discarded Larvacean Houses in the Benthic and Pelagic Zones of Spitsbergen Fjords Using Drop-Camera Imagery","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-03 17:55:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5921295/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4139ee0a-9fcd-4171-a3a1-9e3d4dad9388","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-10T13:59:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-03 17:55:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5921295","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5921295","identity":"rs-5921295","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}