Functional disability and associated factors among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia

Functional disability and associated factors among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Functional disability and associated factors among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia Aynalem Adu Ayisa, Telake Azale Bisetegn, Bisrat Misganaw Geremew, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7598143/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly contributing to functional disability, especially in low-resource settings like Ethiopia. Despite its impact, evidence on the burden and determinants of disability among T2DM patients remains limited. Objective To assess the prevalence of functional disability and its associated factors among individuals with T2DM at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 979 systematically selected T2DM patients. Functional disability was measured using the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Ordinal logistic regression identified associated factors, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results Of 951 respondents (97.1% response rate), 40.2% (95% CI: 37.1–43.3%) had functional disability—37.9% mild and 2.3% moderate. Significant predictors included female sex (AOR = 1.48), illiteracy (AOR = 1.94), large family size (AOR = 1.89), family history of diabetes (AOR = 2.22), hospitalization (AOR = 2.08), alcohol use (AOR = 1.73), poor diabetes knowledge (AOR = 1.92), non-adherence to treatment (AOR = 5.33), anxiety (AOR = 5.24), and poor foot care (AOR = 1.82). Conclusion Functional disability is common among T2DM patients. Targeted interventions focusing on education, adherence, and psychosocial support are essential to reduce disability and improve patient outcomes. Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Endocrinology Health sciences/Health care Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Risk factors Functional limitation Functional disability prevalence type two Diabetes Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and systemic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, which progressively affects multiple organ systems( 1 , 2 ). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern, affecting millions of people and contributing to significant morbidity and mortality ( 3 – 6 ). The chronic nature of T2DM, along with its associated complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders, often leads to functional disability among affected individuals( 6 – 8 ). Research has shown that individuals with diabetes are at a higher risk of functional decline due to multiple interrelated factors, including poor glycemic control, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes-related complications, and psychological conditions such as depression and cognitive impairment ( 9 – 11 ). Moreover, aging and prolonged disease duration further contribute to the deterioration of functional ability among patients with diabetes ( 12 ). In Ethiopia, the burden of type 2 DM is increasing alongside urbanization and lifestyle changes, yet little is known about the broader functional impact of the disease ( 1 , 13 ). Functional disability, a reduction in the capacity to perform daily activities, tends to worsen with longer disease duration, poor glycemic control, and the presence of comorbidities( 8 , 13 ). Without early detection and proper management, individuals may face increased risk of functional disability, job loss, social isolation, and psychological stress ( 14 , 15 ). In low- and middle-income countries like Ethiopia, the burden of diabetes-related disability is increasing due to limited access to healthcare services, inadequate diabetes education, and a lack of structured rehabilitation programs. The International Diabetes Federation reports that approximately 80% of individuals with diabetes reside in LMICs where health systems are strained ( 16 , 17 ). Despite the increasing burden, limited attention has been given to the prevention and management of diabetes-related disability in Ethiopia, particularly in Gondar( 13 ). Understanding the extent of functional disability and the factors influencing it in this context is essential for developing targeted interventions that can enhance diabetes management and improve patient quality of life. This study aims to assess the prevalence of functional disability among individuals with T2DM in Gondar and identify the associated factors contributing to functional limitations. The findings will provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and researchers in designing effective strategies to mitigate functional impairment and promote independent living among individual with diabetes. Methods Study area and period The study was conducted at University of Gondar comprehensive specialized Hospital (UOGCSH), in Northwest Ethiopia. This hospital is located in Gondar town, which is approximately 748 km far from the north of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The UOGCSH is among the oldest hospitals serving for over a country, and providing a wide range of specialized services, including chronic follow up clinics. This multidisciplinary teaching referral hospital has become an important health service provider for a population of more than 7 million people living in the northwestern part of the country and has over 960 beds. Among the chronic follow clinics in UOGCSH diabetic follow up clinic operates five days a week from Monday to Friday and provide care for over 4870 T2DM and more than 1200 type I Diabetic patients. Study design Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted from June 02/2024 to October 24/2024. Study populations : All type 2 diabetic patients who had follow-up in UoG-CS hospital, diabetic care clinic during the study period. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria All adults with type 2 diabetes who had a year’s follow up and attended diabetic clinics were included in the study. Exclusion criteria Those adults with type 2diabetes who are critically and mentally ill, pregnant women’s and newly diagnosed adults with diabetes were excluded. Sample size determination and sampling procedures The sample size (n = 979) was calculated using a single population proportion formula, assuming a 29.6% disability rate( 18 ), 3% margin of error, and 10% non-response rate. Systematic random sampling was applied from a total of 4,870 T2DM patients with scheduled follow-ups. Duplicate entries were removed using unique patient IDs. The sampling interval (K ≈ 5) was calculated, and the first participant was selected by lottery, followed by every 5th patient until the sample size was reached. . Data collection tools and technique Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using pre-tested Amharic questionnaires by six trained nurses. Functional disability was assessed using the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 tool, scored on a 0–4 Likert scale (total score range: 0–48), with higher scores indicating greater disability. Socio-demographic data and predictors such as diabetes knowledge (DKQ-R), self-care (SDSCA), anxiety and depression (HADS) were also collected. Confidentiality was maintained throughout. Data analysis Data were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using statistical software. Frequency distributions were computed, and ordinal logistic regression was used to assess associations. Variables with p < 0.25 in bi-variable analysis were included in the multivariable model; significance was set at p < 0.05. Results were presented using tables, figures, and text. Operational definitions Functional disability was assessed using the Amharic-translated WHODAS 2.0 (12-item version)( 19 , 20 ), which evaluates difficulties across six domains: cognition, mobility, self-care, interpersonal interaction, life activities, and social participation. Each item is rated from 0 (“none”) to 4 (“extreme/cannot do”), producing a total score ranging from 0 to 48. Based on the total score, participants were categorized as having no disability (0), mild ( 1 – 12 ), moderate ( 13 – 24 ), severe ( 25 – 36 ), or extreme disability (> 36) ( 20 ). Depression and anxiety were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)( 21 ), a validated 14-item screening tool suitable for both hospital and community settings in Ethiopia. It includes two subscales—HADS-Anxiety and HADS-Depression—each comprising seven items scored on a 4-point Likert scale (0–3), yielding subscale scores from 0 to 21. In this study, scores of 8 or above on either subscale were considered indicative of clinically significant symptoms, based on prior research among Ethiopian patients with chronic illnesses. ( 22 ) Body mass index (BMI ): underweight (< 18 kg/m2), normal (18–24.99 kg/m2), overweight (≥ 25.00–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (30.0 kg/m2 and above) ( 23 ). Alcohol consumption was classified into three groups: current drinkers (consumed alcohol in the past 12 months), former drinkers (previously consumed alcohol but not in the past year), and lifetime abstainers (never consumed alcohol). ( 24 ). Hospitalization it was defined as having a history of hospitalization within the past 12 months ( 18 ). Diabetes-related knowledge was evaluated using the 22-item Revised Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-R), which covers key aspects of diabetes management including blood glucose control, diet, medication, complications, and lifestyle. Participants scoring at or above the mean were considered knowledgeable( 25 ). Result A total of 951 individuals with Type II diabetes were included in the study, resulting in a response rate of 97.14 % . Among the respondents, 566 (59.5%) were female. The mean age of participants was 55.54 ± 11.3 years. More than one-third of the study participants (37.0%) were classified as overweight, and 58 participants (6.1%) had a body mass index (BMI) in the obese range. A majority of participants, 855 (89.9%), were urban dwellers. Most of the respondents, 746 (77.8%), were married. Regarding educational status, 436 (45.8%) could read and write, while 282 (29.7%) were illiterate. Only 31 (3.3%) participants lacked a support person or caregiver. (Table 1 ) Table 1 ፡ Socio-demographic characteristics variables of the study participant among T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar Ethiopia, 2024 (n = 951). Variable Option N(%) Age Below 40 61(6.4) 40–49 209(22.0) 50–59 283(29.8 60–69 276(29.0) 70 and above 122(12.8) BMI 30 58(6.1) Sex Male 385(40.5) Female 566(59.5) Residence Urban 855(89.9) Rural 96(10.1) Marital status Single 56(5.9) Married 746(77.8) Divorced 31(3.3) Separated 38(4.0) Widowed 86(9.0) Educational level Can’t Read and write 282(29.7) Can Read And Write 436(45.8) Primary 124(13.1) Secondary 80(8.4) Diploma 25(2.6) Degree and above 4(0.4) Occupation Unemployed 357(37.5) Farmer 61(6.4) Merchant 137(14.4) Self employed 226(23.8) Government employee 92(9.7) NGO employee 11(1.2) House wife 67(7.0) Religion Orthodox 852(89.6) Muslim 87(9.1) Protestant 12(1.3) Family size ≤ 5 members 63867.1) > 5 members 313(32.9) Do you have a care giver? /Support person? Yes 920(96.7) No 31(3.3) Support person relationship Husband/wife 578(62.8) Daughter/son 308(33.5) Relatives 34(3.7) Patient Health status The mean duration of diabetes since diagnosis was 7.21 ± 4.5 years. Based on three consecutive fasting blood sugar (FBS) tests, the mean (± SD) FBS level was 146.5 ± 41.6 mg/dL. A total of 614 participants (64.6%) had a mean FBS level above 126 mg/dL. About one-fifth of the participants (195; 20.5%) were using both oral agents and injectable medications. Additionally, 24.7% of the respondents had a family history of diabetes, and 337 (35.4%) had at least one diabetes-related complication. Regarding self-monitoring of blood glucose, the majority of respondents (835; 87.8%) did not own a personal glucometer. Among those who did, 88 individuals (75.9%) measured their blood glucose once a week or less. (Table 2 ) Table 2 Health related factors of functional disability among T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar Ethiopia, 2024 (n = 951). Variable Option Frequency % Duration of the diabetes, since diagnosis, in year. 1–5 years 338 35.5 5–10 years 452 47.5 > 10 years 161 17 FBS > 100 64 6.7 100–125 273 28.7 + 126 614 64.6 Do you have family history of diabetes? Yes 235 24.7 No 716 75.3 Type of treatment Oral agent 756 79.5 Oral agent + Injectable 195 20.5 Do you have Diabetic related complication? No 337 35.4 Yes 614 64.6 If yes, which one of the following complication you have? Neuropathy 14 3.5 Nephropathy 16 4.1 Retinopathy 41 10.4 Heart problem 46 11.6 HTN 250 63.3 Foot Ulcer 7 1.8 Others 21 5.3 Currently, do you have your own gluco-meter at home? A. Yes 116 12.2 B. No 835 87.8 If yes, how many times measure your glucose level per day? Once per week 88 75.9 Two times per week 19 16.4 Three times per week 9 7.8 Have you ever been hospitalized due to Diabetic related problem? A. Yes 82 8.6 B. No 869 91.4 If yes, how many times per year? 1 time 49 59.8 2 times 27 32.9 3 & above 6 7.3 What was the cause of hospitalization? Hypoglycemia 30 30.9 Hyperglycemia 54 55.7 Other Comorbidity 13 13.4 Behavioral related factors Among the total respondents, 252 (26.5%) had currently consumed alcohol, 117(12.3%) were the former drinker and the rest 582(61.2%) has never consumed alcohol. Out of a total of 951 study participants, 356 individuals (37.4%) had at least one form of psychological distress. Specifically, 78 participants (8.2%) had anxiety alone, 89 (9.4%) had depression alone, and 189 (19.9%) experienced both anxiety and depression concurrently. The majority, 595 participants (62.6%), did not present with either condition. Diabetes knowledge Levels by Disability Status We assessed the diabetes-related knowledge of respondents using the Revised Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-R) with reliability coefficient of α = 0.64 . Out of the total 951 respondents, 543 (57.1%) were classified as knowledgeable, while 408 (42.9%) were not. When stratified by disability status, notable differences in knowledge levels emerged. Among individuals without disability, 359 (63.1%) were knowledgeable compared to 210 (36.9%) who were not. In the group with mild disability, 51 (56.7%) demonstrated knowledge, while 39 (43.3%) did not. Conversely, among those with moderate disability, only 133 (45.6%) were knowledgeable, whereas 159 (54.4%) lacked knowledge. This pattern suggests a negative association between increasing levels of disability and knowledge, with higher disability severity linked to lower knowledge levels. (Supplementary file) Diabetes Self-Care Practices among adults with type 2 diabetes The mean score (± SD) for self-care practices was 3.29 (± 1.2) days per week, with responses ranging from zero to seven days. Among the 951 respondents, 480 (50.5%) exhibited good overall diabetes self-care practice. Specific domain analyses revealed that 502 (52.8%) of the respondents adhered to dietary recommendations, 559 (58.8%) met physical activity guidelines, and 232 (24.4%) regularly conducted self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Additionally, 516 (54.3%) practiced recommended foot care, while a considerable majority 819 (86.1%) maintained adherence to prescribed anti-diabetic medications (Table 3 ). Using the Moriskys Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8), medication adherence was further assessed. Results indicated that 420 participants (44.2%) exhibited high adherence, whereas 531 (55.8%) fell below the desired threshold for strict medication compliance. (Table 4 ) Table 3 Diabetic self-care practice among T2DM Patient at comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 2024. (n = 951) S.No Questions Response in number of days Diet 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 501 How many of the last SEVEN DAYS have you prepared a healthful eating plan? N 190 63 104 77 206 93 53 165 % 20 6.6 10.9 8.1 21.7 9.8 5.6 17.4 502 On average over the past month, how many DAYS PER WEEK have you followed your eating plan? N 186 117 135 200 61 59 25 168 % 19.6 12.3 14.2 21 6.4 6.2 2.6 17.7 503 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables? N 212 206 245 140 70 33 33 12 % 22.3 21.7 25.8 14.7 7.4 3.5 3.5 13 504 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat high fat foods Such as red meat or full fat dairy products? N 400 105 199 109 56 36 22 24 % 42.1 11 20.9 11.5 5.9 3.8 2.3 2.5 505 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you space carbohydrates evenly through the day? N 308 133 215 106 76 46 40 27 % 32.4 14 22.6 11.1 8 4.8 4.2 2.8 Physical Activity 506 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you participate in at least 30 minutes of physical activity?(total minutes of continuous activity, including walking ) N 250 94 170 88 57 57 36 219 % 26.3 9.9 17.9 9.3 6 3.9 3.8 23 507 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you participate in a specific exercise session (such as swimming, walking, biking) other than what you do around the house or as part of your work? N 401 121 150 90 35 45 43 66 % 42.2 12.7 15.8 9.5 3.7 4.7 4.5 6.9 Blood Sugar Testing 508 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you test your blood sugar? N 224 301 166 66 50 64 43 37 % 23.6 31.7 17.5 6.9 5.3 6.7 4.5 3.9 509 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you test your blood sugar the number of times recommended by your health care provider? N 244 393 198 50 47 33 30 56 % 25.7 30.8 20.8 5.6 4.9 3.5 3.2 5.9 Foot care 510 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you check your feet? N 290 143 135 76 81 51 36 139 % 30.5 15 14.2 8 8.5 5.4 3.8 14.6 511 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you inspect the inside of your shoes? N 298 177 134 49 47 34 30 182 % 31.3 18.6 14.1 5.2 4.9 3.6 3.2 19.1 511A. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you wash your feet? N 69 143 121 86 68 60 62 342 % 7.3 15 12.7 9 7.2 6.3 6.5 36 511B. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you soak your feet? N 353 186 75 32 32 35 29 209 % 37.1 19.6 7.9 3.4 3.4 3.7 3 22 511C. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you dry between your toes after washing? N 133 121 77 59 55 78 75 353 % 14 12.7 8.1 6.2 5.8 8.2 7.9 37.1 Medication 512 On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you take your recommended diabetes medication? N 11 16 12 11 19 21 42 819 % 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.2 2 2.2 4.4 86.1 Table 4 Medication non-adherence among T2DM Patient at comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 2024. (n = 951) S.No Question Option Frequency (%) 901 Do you sometimes forget to take your medicine? 1. Yes 747(78.5) 2. No 204(21.5) 902 People sometimes miss taking their medicines for reasons other than forgetting. Thinking over the past 2 weeks, Were there any days when you did not take your medicine in the past two weeks? 1. Yes 871(91.6) 2. No 80(8.4) 903 Have you ever cut back or stopped taking your medicine without telling your doctor because you felt worse when you took it? 1. Yes 912(95.9) 2. No 39(4.1) 904 When you travel or leave home, do you sometimes forget to bring along your medication? 1. Yes 704(74.0) 2. No 247926.0) 905 Did you take all your diabetic medicines yesterday? 1. Yes 821(86.3) 2. No 130(13.7) 906 When you feel like your glucose level is under control, do you sometimes stop taking your diabetes medicine? 1. Yes 841(88.4) 2. No 110(11.6) 907 Taking medicine every day is a real inconvenience for some people; do you ever feel hassled about sticking to your treatment plan? 1. Yes 835(87.8) 2. No 116(12.2) 908 How often do you have difficulty remembering to take all your medicine? 1. Never/ Rarely 50(5.3) 2. Once in a while 9(0.9) 3. Sometimes 91(9.6) 4. Usually 165(17.4) 5. All the time 636(66.9) Functional Disability among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Functional disability was evaluated using both the Washington Group Short Set and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). This study revealed the 30.7% and 9.5% of study participants had mild and moderate functional disability respectively. Overall prevalence of functional disability were 40.2% (95% CI: 37.1%, 43.3%) of study participants exhibited functional disability (Fig. 1). The most prevalent domains of impairment were related to mobility (24.4%, n = 232) and social participation (22.4%, n = 213). That 7.7% (n = 73) of participants experienced mild difficulty and 5.9% (n = 56) experienced moderate difficulty in maintaining concentration for ten minutes. Additionally, 8.5% (n = 81) reported difficulty in standing for extended periods (e.g., 30 minutes), and 10.5% (n = 104) faced more severe limitations in this domain. (Table 5 ) Table 5 Functional disability among T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, 2024 (n = 951).0 = No difficulty (ND), 1 = Mild difficulty (MD), 2 = Moderate difficulty(MoD), 3 = Severe difficulty(SD), 4 = Extreme difficulty (Can’t do)(ED) Domain ND(%) MD(%) MoD(%) SD(%) ED(%) Understanding & communicating Concentrating on doing something for ten minutes? 822(86.4) 73(7.7) 56(5.9) - - Learning a new task, for example, learning how to get to a new place? 849(89.3) 27(2.8) 75(7.9) - - Mobility Standing for long periods such as 30 minutes? 766(80.5) 81(8.5) 104(10.5) - - Walking a long distance such as a km[or equivalent? 862(90.6) 52(5.5) 37(3.9) - - Self-care Washing your whole body? 841(88.4) 6(7.0) 43(4.5) - - Getting dressed? 885(93.1) 34(3.6) 32(3.4) - - Getting along with people Dealing with people you do not know? 861(90.5) 56(5.9) 34(3.6) - - Maintaining a friendship? 844(88.7) 42(4.4) 65(6.8) - - Life activities Taking care of your day to day activity 861(90.5) 49(5.2) 41(4.3) - - Your day-to-day work/school? 831(87.4) 49(5.2) 71(7.5) - - Participation in a society How much of a problem did you have in joining in community activities (for example, festivities, religious or other activities) in the same way as anyone else can? 815(85.7) 73(7.7) 63(6.6) - - How much have you been emotionally affected by your health problems? 788(82.9) 78(8.2) 85(8.9) - - Factors Associated with Functional Disability among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Bivariate ordinal logistic regression was conducted to explore potential factors associated with functional disability among individuals living with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). factors demonstrated statistically significant associations ( p < .25), including Sex, BMI, marital status, educational status, occupation, family size/household size/e, presence of a support provider/care giver, family history of diabetes, treatment type, diabetes-related complications, Diabetes related hospitalization, history of alcohol consumption, diabetes related knowledge, medication adherence, anxiety, depression, dietary self-care, Activity and exercise self-care and Foot self-care practices. All variables with a p-value < 0.25 in the bivariate ordinal regression analysis were included in the multivariable model to control for potential confounding. In the adjusted analysis, several factors remained significantly associated with functional disability (p < 0.05). These included being female, having low educational attainment, belonging to a larger family size, having a family history of diabetes, a history of diabetes-related hospitalization, alcohol consumption, poor adherence to medication, the presence of anxiety, and poor foot care practice. Sociodemographic factors: Being female was significantly associated with functional disability (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.06–2.09; p = 0.022), indicating that women had a 48% higher likelihood of disability compared to men. Educational status was also important. Participants unable to read and write had nearly twice the odds of disability compared with those who attained secondary education or above (AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.10–3.44; p = 0.023). Interestingly, participants with only elementary education had lower odds of disability compared to the higher-educated group (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21–0.82; p = 0.011). In addition, having a larger family size (> 5 members) was independently associated with functional disability (AOR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.33–2.69; p < 0.001). Clinical factors: Patients with a family history of diabetes were more than twice as likely to report disability compared to those without such history (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.49–3.29; p < 0.001). Similarly, hospitalization due to diabetes was significantly associated with higher odds of disability (AOR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.19–3.57; p = 0.009). However, the presence of diabetic complications did not reach statistical significance in the adjusted model (AOR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.97–1.89; p = 0.073). Behavioral and self-care factors: Alcohol consumption was a significant predictor of disability (AOR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.17–2.29; p = 0.006). Poor diabetes-related knowledge was also strongly associated with disability (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.35–2.71; p < 0.001). Notably, non-adherence to treatment was the strongest behavioral determinant, increasing the odds of disability more than five-fold (AOR = 5.33; 95% CI: 3.61–7.66; p < 0.001). Among self-care practices, poor foot care was significantly associated with disability (AOR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.28–2.56; p = 0.001), whereas poor dietary practice, inadequate exercise, and lack of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were not statistically significant. Psychological factors: Anxiety emerged as a strong predictor of disability (AOR = 5.24; 95% CI: 3.38–8.71; p < 0.001). In contrast, depression was not significantly associated with disability in the adjusted model (AOR = 1.15; 95% CI: 0.74–1.75; p = 0.537). (Table 6 ) Table 6 Bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors of functional disability among T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar Ethiopia, 2024 (n = 951). Question Option Functional disability p-Value Mild Moderate Non disability COR AOR Age Below 40 19 3 39 1 40–49 56 22 131 1.08(0.52–2.25) 50–59 101 28 154 0.92(0.45–1.88) 60–69 77 33 166 0.90(0.43–1.87) 70 and above 39 4 79 1.73(0.75–3.98) Sex Female 183 55 328 1.19(0.921, 1.55)* 1.48(1.06–2.09) 0.022* Male 109 35 241 1 1 BMI classification Normal weight 170 51 320 1 Overweight 122 39 249 1.06(0.82–1.37) Residence Rural 33 9 54 1 Urban 259 81 515 1.15(0.76, 1.74) Marital status Single and others 77 22 112 1.38(1.02–1.86) 1.15(0.77, 1.72) 0.493 Married 215 68 457 1 1 Educational level An able to Read and write 117 28 137 1.23(0.80–1.88) 1.94(1.10, 3.44) 0.023* Read And Write 119 38 279 0.71(0.47–1.07) 0.81(0.46–1.40) 0.444 Elementary 91 24 91 0.46(0.27–0.79)* 0.42(0.21, 0.82) 0.011* Secondary and above 32 15 62 1 1 Occupation Unemployed 112 35 210 1.02(0.72, 1.42) 0.93(0.60, 1.44) 0.755 Merchant 49 16 72 1.25(0.82, 1.91) 1.35(0.79, 2.30) 0.269 Self employed 56 19 151 0.74(0.5, 1.08) 1.51(0.91, 2.50) 0.108 Government and others 75 20 136 1 1 Religion Orthodox 258 85 509 1.08(0.7, 1.65) Muslim and others 34 5 60 1 Family size Five and less 212 70 356 1 1 Above five 80 20 213 1.69(1.27, 2.24) 1.89(1.33, 2.69) < 0.001* Do you have a care giver? /support person? Yes 271 83 556 1 1 No 11 7 13 2.21(1.09–4.48) 1.08(0.46, 2.56) 0.862 Duration of the diabetes, since diagnosis, in year. < 5 year 94 46 198 0.98(0.67–1.42) 5–10 year 144 29 279 0.83(0.57–1.19) < 10 year 54 15 92 1 FBS < 126 104 34 199 1 126 and above 188 56 370 1.05(0.80, 1.38) Do you have family history of diabetes? No 234 76 406 1 1 Yes 58 14 163 1.71(1.25, 2.33) 2.22(1.49, 3.29) < 0.001** Type of treatment Oral agent 243 73 440 1 1 Oral agent + Injectable 49 17 129 1.34(0.97, 1.86) 1.20(0.79, 1.83) 0.396 Diabetic related complication No 169 44 401 1 1 Yes 123 46 168 1.88(1.43, 2.45) 1.35(0.97, 1.89) 0.073 Having Owen glucometer No 259 78 498 1 Yes 33 12 71 0.99(0.67–1.47) DM related Hospitalization Yes 261 75 36 2.12(1.35, 3.32) 2.08(1.19, 3.57) 0.009* No 31 15 533 1 1 Alcohol consumption Yes 96 33 123 1.71(1.28, 2.28) 1.73(1.17, 2.29) 0.006* No 196 57 446 1 1 DM related Knowledge Not knowledgeable 159 39 210 1.79(1.38, 2.32) 1.92(1.35, 2.71) < 0.001** Knowledgeable 133 51 359 1 1 MMAS Adherence Non adherence 227 74 230 5.36(3.98, 7.21) 5.33(3.61, 7.66) < 0.001** Adherence 65 16 339 1 1 Anxiety Anxiety 145 49 73 6.44(4.72–8.74) 5.24(3.38, 8.71) < 0.001** Normal 147 41 496 1 1 Depression Depressed 138 34 106 3.18(2.39, 4.22) 1.15(0.74, 1.75) 0.537 Not Depressed 154 56 463 1 1 SCP Poor 183 56 232 2.32(1.78, 3.02) 1.09(0.67, 1.78) 0.722 Good 109 34 337 1 1 Dietary SCP Poor 181 61 207 2.83(2.17–3.69) 1.11(0.70, 1.75 0.661 Good 111 29 362 1 1 Exercise SCP Poor 159 58 175 2.83(2.17–3.69) 1.14(0.76, 1.71) 0.524 Good 133 32 394 1 1 SBGM SCP Poor 77 18 137 1.01(0.75–1.36) Good 215 72 432 1 Foot care SCP Poor 122 38 275 1.29(0.99–1.67) 1.82(1.28, 2.56) 0.001** Good 170 52 294 1 1 *=associated, **= significantly associated Discussion The observed prevalence of functional disability among individuals with Type 2 diabetes in this study was 40.2%, indicating a substantial burden. This finding aligns with results from Japanese older T2DM patient, 38.3%( 26 ) experienced a general decline in physical function. This relatively lower onset rate of disability might be attributed to longitudinal disease management programs and early complication screening. Lower prevalence rates have been reported in countries such as the Philippines (4.1%)( 27 ), and Panama (4.3%)( 28 ), where functional disability among adults was markedly less common when compared with our study. These discrepancies may reflect differences in population age structures, access to diabetes care, early detection practices, and the availability of rehabilitative services. Similar study from West Bengal, India, 24.1%( 29 ) and Fuzhou, China 12.4%( 30 ) prevalence of functional limitations among adults aged 45 years and older with Type 2 diabetes which is lower than study. The possible explanation for this difference, this lower prevalence may reflect better access to diabetes education and early interventions in certain Indian urban regions. A study conducted in Bengal, India measure the functional disability by using six Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and seven Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) tool which has quite difference with WHODAS tool used in this study. In contrast, markedly higher prevalence rates have been observed in some sub-Saharan African countries and US. A hospital-based study in Nigeria found that 60.5% ( 31 )and US found 58%( 32 ) of adults with Type 2 diabetes had functional disability which is higher than this study. This discrepancy might be due to the factors such as delayed diagnosis, inadequate follow-up care, and limited rehabilitation services likely contribute to this elevated burden. The relatively high prevalence observed in the present study reinforces the need for integrated diabetes management strategies that include routine functional assessments and targeted interventions to preserve mobility, independence, and quality of life. The results of this study showed that being female diabetes patient had 48% higher likelihood of experiencing functionally disability when compared with Male T2DM patient, AOR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.06–2.09; p = 0.022). This is in agreement with other studies Conducted by Alexandra KW. 2016( 33 ) and study conducted in Brazil( 34 ). The p ossible explanations might be the fact due to biological factors, such as higher prevalence of diabetic neuropathy or osteoporosis in women may increase disability risk. Sociocultural factors like care-giving roles and limited healthcare access can exacerbate this disparity. This study showed that lower education significantly increased the risk of disability; participants unable to read or write had higher odds (AOR = 1.94), whereas those with elementary education had lower odds (AOR = 0.42). Patients who were unable to read and write were 2 times higher odds of experiencing functional disability compared to those with secondary education or higher AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.10–3.44; p = 0.023). To the reverse individual with only elementary education had 58% lower odds (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21–0.82; p = 0.011). This result supported with different studies conducted in Brazil( 34 ), and U.S( 35 ). Among older diabetics Brazilian lower literacy was linked with significantly higher Disability with similar WHODAS tool and the most domain scores (mobility, self-care, and life activities). Similar trends were noted in U.S. seniors where low education was tied to increased functional decline. This might be due to the fact that Health literacy underpins effective self-management. Patients with low literacy may misunderstand medication regimens, struggle with self-blood glucose monitoring, early detection of diabetes complication and be less proactive in seeking care leading to worse outcomes. This study showed that type 2 diabetic patient with Larger households (Family Size > 5 Members) doubled disability odds (AOR = 1.89). Participants from families with more than five members were twice as likely to be functionally disabled compared to those from smaller ( AOR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.33–2.69; p < 0.001). This result were supported by study conducted in Indonesia( 36 )and china( 37 ). The possible explanation might be, large family size often correlates with resource constraints. In low-income settings, larger households may dilute financial and caregiving resources, increasing stress and reducing adherence. The possible explanation for this result might be o vercrowding may limit space for self-care (e.g., HBA1c monitoring), impact diet consistency, and amplify psychological stressors, all worsening functional outcomes. This study also showed that T2DM patient with Family History of Diabetes are 2 times more likely to have disability. This result was supported by the studies from South Tangerang, Indonesia( 38 ), and China( 37 ). The best possible explanation might be g enetic predisposition to complications (e.g., neuropathy, retinopathy) and shared lifestyle factors (e.g., diet, inactivity) may drive higher functional disability among those with family history. In addition, having a family history of diabetes was found to more than double the odds of disability. Patients with a family history of diabetes had more than twice the odds of disability compared to those without such history (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.49–3.29; p < 0.001). This finding aligns with studies showing that genetic predisposition and shared lifestyle patterns increase the risk of diabetes and its related complications, which in turn contribute to disability( 39 , 40 ). Previous community-based studies in Ethiopia and elsewhere have highlighted the strong influence of family history on the development of diabetes and its disabling outcomes, suggesting the importance of targeted preventive interventions in high-risk families ( 41 , 42 ). This study showed that Diabetes-Related Hospitalization nearly tripled disability odds (AOR = 2.08). Patients with a history of diabetes-related hospitalization had 2 times higher odds of functional disability (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.19–3.57). This is supported a Prospective data from U.S.( 43 ) Patient with diabetes revealed hospitalizations as independent predictors of functional disability trajectories. The reason for this result might be hospitalization indicates disease severity, complications, or acute events, all of which can leave lasting physical/psychological impairment. This study also showed that Alcohol consumption increased disability risk threefold (AOR = 1.73). Those who had ever consumed alcohol were 3 folds more likely to be functionally disabled ( AOR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.17–2.29; p = 0.006). When compared with non-drinkers. This is supported by study conducted in Kenya( 44 ). The possible explanation was Alcohol may interfere with medication, worsen glucose control, and contribute to peripheral neuropathy all reducing functional capacity. This study also revealed that Poor knowledge related to diabetes were increased odds of disability (AOR = 1.92). Patients with poor knowledge related to diabetes were 1.8 times more likely to have functional disabilities compared to those with good knowledge (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.35–2.71; p < 0.001). This finding is supported by evidence showing that inadequate understanding of diabetes is closely linked to poor self-care practices, which in turn elevate the risk of complications and disability ( 45 – 47 ). Limited knowledge can hinder effective self-management, including insulin adjustment, dietary control, and early recognition of complications factors that collectively contribute to functional decline. In fact this is possibly due to Knowledge gaps limit self-care, insulin adjustment, and complication recognition, which cascade into disability risk( 48 ). Poor foot care was significantly associated with higher odds of disability, nearly doubling the risk compared to those with good foot care practices (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.28–2.56). This finding is consistent with evidence that inadequate foot care contributes to complications such as diabetic foot ulcers, infections, and amputations, all of which are major causes of disability among people with diabetes( 49 , 50 ). A recent Ethiopian study also confirmed that poor foot care practice was a significant predictor of functional limitations in diabetic patients( 51 ). This study result also shows medication Non-adherent patients had 5.3 times higher odds of disability (AOR = 5.33; 95% CI: 3.61–7.66; p < 0.001). This is supported by systematic review( 47 ) and National Disability Registry and National Health Insurance Research Database from Taiwan( 52 ). This might be due to Non-adherence leads to poor glycemic control, accelerated complications (neuropathy, retinopathy), and greater functional impairment. The bidirectional relationship where disability undermines adherence may further amplify decline. Lastly, this study revealed that patients with anxiety were 5.2 times more likely to experience functional disability compared to those without anxiety (AOR = 5.24; 95% CI: 3.38–8.71; p < 0.001). This result was supported with some Global Evidence: study in U.S.( 53 ) and Gondar( 13 ) found comorbid diabetes and major depression/anxiety doubled functional impairment compared to either condition alone. This might be Anxiety can reduce motivation for self-care, disrupt sleep and cognition, and amplify somatic symptoms compromising independence and driving higher disability. Implications Intervention Focus: Education, mental health, alcohol management, and adherence support are critical intervention points. Community health workers could bridge literacy gaps and deliver personalized care in similar settings. Policy Suggestions: Integrating mental health, family counseling, and adherence monitoring is vital for holistic diabetes management. The higher-than-average disability emphasizes the pressing need for diabetes-centered rehabilitation services in Ethiopia. Conclusion This study reveals a high prevalence of functional disability among individuals with Type II diabetes. Key contributing factors include socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical elements such as female sex, low literacy, poor adherence, and anxiety. The findings emphasize the need for integrated screening, targeted education, and holistic care. Future efforts should prioritize early intervention and evaluate long-term outcomes of tailored strategies. Abbreviations AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio BMI Body Mass Index CIs Confidence Intervals DKQ-R Diabetes Knowledge Question- Revised DM Diabetes Mellitus FBS Fasting Blood Sugar HADS Hospital Anxiety Depression scale IDF International Diabetes Federation LMICs Low and Middle Income Countries MG/DL Milligram per Deciliter MMAS-8 Moriskys’ Medication Adherence Scale-8 Item SBGM Self Blood Glucose Monitoring T2D/T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus UOGCSH University of Gondar Specialized Hospital WHO World Health Organization WHODAS World Health Organization Disability Assessment schedule. Declarations Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital for their willingness to collect data, also we thankful participants, data collectors, and supervisors for their voluntary participation and provision of their time for this study. Disclosure the authors declare that they have no competing interests in this work Author contributions A.A. made substantial contributions to conception and design, analysis, interpretation of data and preparation of manuscript; T.T., B.M. and S.M. took part in drafting and reviewing the article; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be account for all aspects of the work. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Funding None Data Sharing Statement To keep the participants’ confidentiality, the raw data would not be shared. But, at the mean time all raw are available from the Principal investigator and/or corresponding author on reasonable request at [email protected] and the summary data are available in the main document. Ethics Approval This study was part of a Ph.D. project that received ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar (Reference no. CMHSSH-UoG IRERC/16/14/2024). A permission letter was also obtained. Participants were randomly selected, and the purpose of the study was explained to them. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Privacy and confidentiality were strictly maintained, and personal identifiers were removed. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the University of Gondar IRB and the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Not applicable. Author details 1 Assistant professor of Surgical Nursing at department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia 2 Professor of mental health epidemiology and Public Health, at department of Health promotion and behavioral science, Institute of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia 3 Associate professor of biostatistics, at department of epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia 4 Professor of public health Nutrition, at department of human nutrition, Institute of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia References Banday MZ, Sameer AS, Nissar SJAjom. Pathophysiology of diabetes: An overview. 2020;10(04):174-88. Sarkar BK, Akter R, Das J, Das A, Modak P, Halder S, et al. 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Egede LEJDc. Diabetes, major depression, and functional disability among US adults. 2004;27(2):421-8. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 15 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Dec, 2025 Editor invited by journal 17 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 15 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7598143","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":515242325,"identity":"983b35a2-26c4-4d0e-8967-47de922696f0","order_by":0,"name":"Aynalem Adu Ayisa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIie2PsQrCMBCGA4V2OYhjBNFXiBSqouCrpAhOF2cHkU6Ozj6GU2dFrEvBNZBFEBzEoSCIk9g6OKYdBfMNxz/8H3dHiMXyq5wIAUqcTR5Zo5oiCGnUI1cUClRWBjwCXuRyha7kNhPTGLiX3q9q1gXi7fZrk8LUZMREqqEDMu5jkh8G47EyrlHIWbjQ0Itk7KObKwwCo9JS6D/DlwZ+vF18fFVQuMKAhVGuKHTOclFBaae3oCsSDfXVJXDkkoFb9kvzgL7KZnpI6eh8x8e8Sb1dYn6/Jr7RZZ9prBfQzTc6WWnbYrFY/pI3wFBJ0uZ5sL0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aynalem","middleName":"Adu","lastName":"Ayisa","suffix":""},{"id":515242326,"identity":"331de7b6-8605-4565-8ff3-9e09e832f2f6","order_by":1,"name":"Telake Azale Bisetegn","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Telake","middleName":"Azale","lastName":"Bisetegn","suffix":""},{"id":515242327,"identity":"ef5b86be-5aff-48ff-a96b-b7e527b2cfcd","order_by":2,"name":"Bisrat Misganaw Geremew","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bisrat","middleName":"Misganaw","lastName":"Geremew","suffix":""},{"id":515242328,"identity":"9395e7fb-cf42-4300-85fa-e4eb05b74d55","order_by":3,"name":"Solomon Mekonnen Abebe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gondar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Solomon","middleName":"Mekonnen","lastName":"Abebe","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-12 08:23:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7598143/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7598143/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91515118,"identity":"01ad1b72-ef97-4dbd-af46-db2cb7e07d01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 09:11:57","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eprevalence of Functional disability\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eamong T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, 2024.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7598143/v1/9884ef0cbe6a552da5f7f185.png"},{"id":91515902,"identity":"c91ce9ee-2011-45a2-b191-b4ea40bfac62","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-17 09:19:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2512410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7598143/v1/ee06249a-6bc5-4f4c-9da3-51c6408b8104.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Functional disability and associated factors among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and systemic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, which progressively affects multiple organ systems(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern, affecting millions of people and contributing to significant morbidity and mortality (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The chronic nature of T2DM, along with its associated complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, and musculoskeletal disorders, often leads to functional disability among affected individuals(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch has shown that individuals with diabetes are at a higher risk of functional decline due to multiple interrelated factors, including poor glycemic control, obesity, physical inactivity, diabetes-related complications, and psychological conditions such as depression and cognitive impairment (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, aging and prolonged disease duration further contribute to the deterioration of functional ability among patients with diabetes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, the burden of type 2 DM is increasing alongside urbanization and lifestyle changes, yet little is known about the broader functional impact of the disease (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Functional disability, a reduction in the capacity to perform daily activities, tends to worsen with longer disease duration, poor glycemic control, and the presence of comorbidities(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Without early detection and proper management, individuals may face increased risk of functional disability, job loss, social isolation, and psychological stress (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn low- and middle-income countries like Ethiopia, the burden of diabetes-related disability is increasing due to limited access to healthcare services, inadequate diabetes education, and a lack of structured rehabilitation programs. The International Diabetes Federation reports that approximately 80% of individuals with diabetes reside in LMICs where health systems are strained (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the increasing burden, limited attention has been given to the prevention and management of diabetes-related disability in Ethiopia, particularly in Gondar(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Understanding the extent of functional disability and the factors influencing it in this context is essential for developing targeted interventions that can enhance diabetes management and improve patient quality of life. This study aims to assess the prevalence of functional disability among individuals with T2DM in Gondar and identify the associated factors contributing to functional limitations. The findings will provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and researchers in designing effective strategies to mitigate functional impairment and promote independent living among individual with diabetes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy area and period\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at University of Gondar comprehensive specialized Hospital (UOGCSH), in Northwest Ethiopia. This hospital is located in Gondar town, which is approximately 748 km far from the north of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The UOGCSH is among the oldest hospitals serving for over a country, and providing a wide range of specialized services, including chronic follow up clinics. This multidisciplinary teaching referral hospital has become an important health service provider for a population of more than 7\u0026nbsp;million people living in the northwestern part of the country and has over 960 beds. Among the chronic follow clinics in UOGCSH diabetic follow up clinic operates five days a week from Monday to Friday and provide care for over 4870 T2DM and more than 1200 type I Diabetic patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInstitutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted from June 02/2024 to October 24/2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy populations\u003c/strong\u003e: All type 2 diabetic patients who had follow-up in UoG-CS hospital, diabetic care clinic during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInclusion criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll adults with type 2 diabetes who had a year\u0026rsquo;s follow up and attended diabetic clinics were included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExclusion criteria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThose adults with type 2diabetes who are critically and mentally ill, pregnant women\u0026rsquo;s and newly diagnosed adults with diabetes were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample size determination and sampling procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;979) was calculated using a single population proportion formula, assuming a 29.6% disability rate(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e), 3% margin of error, and 10% non-response rate. Systematic random sampling was applied from a total of 4,870 T2DM patients with scheduled follow-ups. Duplicate entries were removed using unique patient IDs. The sampling interval (K\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;5) was calculated, and the first participant was selected by lottery, followed by every 5th patient until the sample size was reached.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003eData collection tools and technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected via face-to-face interviews using pre-tested Amharic questionnaires by six trained nurses. Functional disability was assessed using the 12-item WHODAS 2.0 tool, scored on a 0\u0026ndash;4 Likert scale (total score range: 0\u0026ndash;48), with higher scores indicating greater disability. Socio-demographic data and predictors such as diabetes knowledge (DKQ-R), self-care (SDSCA), anxiety and depression (HADS) were also collected. Confidentiality was maintained throughout.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData were cleaned, coded, and analyzed using statistical software. Frequency distributions were computed, and ordinal logistic regression was used to assess associations. Variables with p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.25 in bi-variable analysis were included in the multivariable model; significance was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Results were presented using tables, figures, and text.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eOperational definitions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctional disability\u003c/strong\u003e was assessed using the Amharic-translated WHODAS 2.0 (12-item version)(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e), which evaluates difficulties across six domains: cognition, mobility, self-care, interpersonal interaction, life activities, and social participation. Each item is rated from 0 (\u0026ldquo;none\u0026rdquo;) to 4 (\u0026ldquo;extreme/cannot do\u0026rdquo;), producing a total score ranging from 0 to 48. Based on the total score, participants were categorized as having no disability (0), mild (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), moderate (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e), severe (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e), or extreme disability (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;36) (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression and anxiety\u003c/strong\u003e were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e), a validated 14-item screening tool suitable for both hospital and community settings in Ethiopia. It includes two subscales\u0026mdash;HADS-Anxiety and HADS-Depression\u0026mdash;each comprising seven items scored on a 4-point Likert scale (0\u0026ndash;3), yielding subscale scores from 0 to 21. In this study, scores of 8 or above on either subscale were considered indicative of clinically significant symptoms, based on prior research among Ethiopian patients with chronic illnesses. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody mass index (BMI\u003c/strong\u003e): underweight (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18 kg/m2), normal (18\u0026ndash;24.99 kg/m2), overweight (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;25.00\u0026ndash;29.9 kg/m2), and obese (30.0 kg/m2 and above) (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/strong\u003e was classified into three groups: current drinkers (consumed alcohol in the past 12 months), former drinkers (previously consumed alcohol but not in the past year), and lifetime abstainers (never consumed alcohol). (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHospitalization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eit was defined as having a history of hospitalization within the past 12 months (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes-related knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e was evaluated using the 22-item Revised Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-R), which covers key aspects of diabetes management including blood glucose control, diet, medication, complications, and lifestyle. Participants scoring at or above the mean were considered knowledgeable(\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 951 individuals with Type II diabetes were included in the study, resulting in a response rate of 97.14\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e. Among the respondents, 566 (59.5%) were female. The mean age of participants was 55.54 ± 11.3 years. More than one-third of the study participants (37.0%) were classified as overweight, and 58 participants (6.1%) had a body mass index (BMI) in the obese range. A majority of participants, 855 (89.9%), were urban dwellers. Most of the respondents, 746 (77.8%), were married. Regarding educational status, 436 (45.8%) could read and write, while 282 (29.7%) were illiterate. Only 31 (3.3%) participants lacked a support person or caregiver. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e፡ Socio-demographic characteristics variables of the study participant among T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar Ethiopia, 2024 (n = 951).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow 40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61(6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40–49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e209(22.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50–59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e283(29.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60–69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e276(29.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122(12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 18.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51(5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.5–24.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e490(51.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25-29.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e352(37.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e385(40.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e566(59.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e855(89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96(10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e746(77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38(4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86(9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCan’t Read and write\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e282(29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCan Read And Write\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e436(45.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124(13.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiploma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDegree and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e357(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61(6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137(14.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226(23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment employee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92(9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNGO employee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11(1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHouse wife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67(7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e852(89.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuslim\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87(9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtestant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12(1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e≤\u003c/span\u003e 5 members\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63867.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 5 members\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e313(32.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you have a care giver? /Support person?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e920(96.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupport person relationship\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHusband/wife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e578(62.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaughter/son\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e308(33.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelatives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch3\u003ePatient Health status\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean duration of diabetes since diagnosis was 7.21 ± 4.5 years. Based on three consecutive fasting blood sugar (FBS) tests, the mean (± SD) FBS level was 146.5 ± 41.6 mg/dL. A total of 614 participants (64.6%) had a mean FBS level above 126 mg/dL. About one-fifth of the participants (195; 20.5%) were using both oral agents and injectable medications. Additionally, 24.7% of the respondents had a family history of diabetes, and 337 (35.4%) had at least one diabetes-related complication. Regarding self-monitoring of blood glucose, the majority of respondents (835; 87.8%) did not own a personal glucometer. Among those who did, 88 individuals (75.9%) measured their blood glucose once a week or less. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth related factors of functional disability among T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar Ethiopia, 2024 (n = 951).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of the diabetes, since diagnosis, in year.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1–5 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5–10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt; 100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100–125\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e+ 126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e614\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you have family history of diabetes?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e235\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e716\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType of treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOral agent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e756\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOral agent + Injectable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you have Diabetic related complication?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e614\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf yes, which one of the following complication you have?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeuropathy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNephropathy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetinopathy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeart problem\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHTN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFoot Ulcer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently, do you have your own gluco-meter at home?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e835\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf yes, how many times measure your glucose level per day?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnce per week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo times per week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree times per week\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you ever been hospitalized due to Diabetic related problem?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e869\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIf yes, how many times per year?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 time\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 times\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhat was the cause of hospitalization?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHypoglycemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperglycemia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther Comorbidity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch3\u003eBehavioral related factors\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the total respondents, 252 (26.5%) had currently consumed alcohol, 117(12.3%) were the former drinker and the rest 582(61.2%) has never consumed alcohol. Out of a total of 951 study participants, 356 individuals (37.4%) had at least one form of psychological distress. Specifically, 78 participants (8.2%) had anxiety alone, 89 (9.4%) had depression alone, and 189 (19.9%) experienced both anxiety and depression concurrently. The majority, 595 participants (62.6%), did not present with either condition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDiabetes knowledge Levels by Disability Status\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe assessed the diabetes-related knowledge of respondents using the Revised Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire (DKQ-R) with reliability coefficient of \u003cb\u003eα = 0.64\u003c/b\u003e. Out of the total 951 respondents, 543 (57.1%) were classified as knowledgeable, while 408 (42.9%) were not. When stratified by disability status, notable differences in knowledge levels emerged. Among individuals without disability, 359 (63.1%) were knowledgeable compared to 210 (36.9%) who were not. In the group with mild disability, 51 (56.7%) demonstrated knowledge, while 39 (43.3%) did not. Conversely, among those with moderate disability, only 133 (45.6%) were knowledgeable, whereas 159 (54.4%) lacked knowledge. This pattern suggests a negative association between increasing levels of disability and knowledge, with higher disability severity linked to lower knowledge levels. (Supplementary file)\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDiabetes Self-Care Practices among adults with type 2 diabetes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean score (± SD) for self-care practices was 3.29 (± 1.2) days per week, with responses ranging from zero to seven days. Among the 951 respondents, 480 (50.5%) exhibited good overall diabetes self-care practice. Specific domain analyses revealed that 502 (52.8%) of the respondents adhered to dietary recommendations, 559 (58.8%) met physical activity guidelines, and 232 (24.4%) regularly conducted self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). Additionally, 516 (54.3%) practiced recommended foot care, while a considerable majority 819 (86.1%) maintained adherence to prescribed anti-diabetic medications (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Using the Moriskys Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8), medication adherence was further assessed. Results indicated that 420 participants (44.2%) exhibited high adherence, whereas 531 (55.8%) fell below the desired threshold for strict medication compliance. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetic self-care practice among T2DM Patient at comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 2024. (n = 951)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"17\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponse in number of days\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e501\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow many of the last SEVEN DAYS have you prepared a healthful eating plan?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn average over the past month, how many DAYS PER WEEK have you followed your eating plan?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e503\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e504\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat high fat foods Such as red meat or full fat dairy products?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e505\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you space carbohydrates evenly through the day?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical Activity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e506\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you participate in at least 30 minutes of physical activity?(total minutes of continuous activity, including walking )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e507\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you participate in a specific exercise session (such as swimming, walking, biking) other than what you do around the house or as part of your work?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBlood Sugar Testing\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you test your blood sugar?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you test your blood sugar the number of times recommended by your health care provider?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFoot care\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you check your feet?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e511\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you inspect the inside of your shoes?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e511A.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you wash your feet?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e342\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e511B.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you soak your feet?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e511C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you dry between your toes after washing?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedication\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e512\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you take your recommended diabetes medication?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eN\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e819\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedication non-adherence among T2DM Patient at comprehensive specialized hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia 2024. (n = 951)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you sometimes forget to take your medicine?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e747(78.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e204(21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e902\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeople sometimes miss taking their medicines for reasons other than forgetting. Thinking over the past 2 weeks, Were there any days when you did not take your medicine in the past two weeks?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e871(91.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e903\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHave you ever cut back or stopped taking your medicine without telling your doctor because you felt worse when you took it?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e912(95.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen you travel or leave home, do you sometimes forget to bring along your medication?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e704(74.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e247926.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e905\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDid you take all your diabetic medicines yesterday?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e821(86.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e130(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e906\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen you feel like your glucose level is under control, do you sometimes stop taking your diabetes medicine?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e841(88.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110(11.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e907\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaking medicine every day is a real inconvenience for some people; do you ever feel hassled about sticking to your treatment plan?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e835(87.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116(12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow often do you have difficulty remembering to take all your medicine?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Never/ Rarely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50(5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Once in a while\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Sometimes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91(9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Usually\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. All the time\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e636(66.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunctional Disability among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional disability was evaluated using both the Washington Group Short Set and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). This study revealed the 30.7% and 9.5% of study participants had mild and moderate functional disability respectively. Overall prevalence of functional disability were 40.2% (95% CI: 37.1%, 43.3%) of study participants exhibited functional disability (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). The most prevalent domains of impairment were related to mobility (24.4%, n = 232) and social participation (22.4%, n = 213). That 7.7% (n = 73) of participants experienced mild difficulty and 5.9% (n = 56) experienced moderate difficulty in maintaining concentration for ten minutes. Additionally, 8.5% (n = 81) reported difficulty in standing for extended periods (e.g., 30 minutes), and 10.5% (n = 104) faced more severe limitations in this domain. (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional disability among T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia, 2024 (n = 951).0 = No difficulty (ND), 1 = Mild difficulty (MD), 2 = Moderate difficulty(MoD), 3 = Severe difficulty(SD), 4 = Extreme difficulty (Can’t do)(ED)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDomain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMD(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoD(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eED(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding \u0026amp; communicating\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConcentrating on doing something for ten minutes?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e822(86.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLearning a new task, for example, learning how to get to a new place?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e849(89.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75(7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMobility\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStanding for long periods such as 30 minutes?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e766(80.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104(10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWalking a long distance such as a km[or equivalent?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e862(90.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37(3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSelf-care\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWashing your whole body?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e841(88.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6(7.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43(4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGetting dressed?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e885(93.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32(3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGetting along with people\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDealing with people you do not know?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e861(90.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaintaining a friendship?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e844(88.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65(6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLife activities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaking care of your day to day activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e861(90.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYour day-to-day work/school?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e831(87.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71(7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParticipation in a society\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow much of a problem did you have in joining in community activities (for example, festivities, religious or other activities) in the same way as anyone else can?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e815(85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHow much have you been emotionally affected by your health problems?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e788(82.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85(8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFactors Associated with Functional Disability among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBivariate ordinal logistic regression was conducted to explore potential factors associated with functional disability among individuals living with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). factors demonstrated statistically significant associations (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .25), including Sex, BMI, marital status, educational status, occupation, family size/household size/e, presence of a support provider/care giver, family history of diabetes, treatment type, diabetes-related complications, Diabetes related hospitalization, history of alcohol consumption, diabetes related knowledge, medication adherence, anxiety, depression, dietary self-care, Activity and exercise self-care and Foot self-care practices.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll variables with a p-value \u0026lt; 0.25 in the bivariate ordinal regression analysis were included in the multivariable model to control for potential confounding. In the adjusted analysis, several factors remained significantly associated with functional disability (p \u0026lt; 0.05). These included being female, having low educational attainment, belonging to a larger family size, having a family history of diabetes, a history of diabetes-related hospitalization, alcohol consumption, poor adherence to medication, the presence of anxiety, and poor foot care practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSociodemographic factors: Being female was significantly associated with functional disability (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.06–2.09; p = 0.022), indicating that women had a 48% higher likelihood of disability compared to men. Educational status was also important. Participants unable to read and write had nearly twice the odds of disability compared with those who attained secondary education or above (AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.10–3.44; p = 0.023). Interestingly, participants with only elementary education had lower odds of disability compared to the higher-educated group (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21–0.82; p = 0.011). In addition, having a larger family size (\u0026gt; 5 members) was independently associated with functional disability (AOR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.33–2.69; p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinical factors: Patients with a family history of diabetes were more than twice as likely to report disability compared to those without such history (AOR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.49–3.29; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Similarly, hospitalization due to diabetes was significantly associated with higher odds of disability (AOR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.19–3.57; p = 0.009). However, the presence of diabetic complications did not reach statistical significance in the adjusted model (AOR = 1.35; 95% CI: 0.97–1.89; p = 0.073).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBehavioral and self-care factors: Alcohol consumption was a significant predictor of disability (AOR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.17–2.29; p = 0.006). Poor diabetes-related knowledge was also strongly associated with disability (AOR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.35–2.71; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Notably, non-adherence to treatment was the strongest behavioral determinant, increasing the odds of disability more than five-fold (AOR = 5.33; 95% CI: 3.61–7.66; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Among self-care practices, poor foot care was significantly associated with disability (AOR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.28–2.56; p = 0.001), whereas poor dietary practice, inadequate exercise, and lack of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) were not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological factors: Anxiety emerged as a strong predictor of disability (AOR = 5.24; 95% CI: 3.38–8.71; p \u0026lt; 0.001). In contrast, depression was not significantly associated with disability in the adjusted model (AOR = 1.15; 95% CI: 0.74–1.75; p = 0.537). (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBivariate and multivariate analysis of factors of functional disability among T2DM patient at Comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar Ethiopia, 2024 (n = 951).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuestion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional disability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep-Value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon disability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow 40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40–49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08(0.52–2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50–59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92(0.45–1.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60–69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90(0.43–1.87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.73(0.75–3.98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e328\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19(0.921, 1.55)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48(1.06–2.09)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMI classification\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal weight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverweight\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.06(0.82–1.37)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15(0.76, 1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle and others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38(1.02–1.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15(0.77, 1.72)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e457\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEducational level\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn able to Read and write\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.23(0.80–1.88)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94(1.10, 3.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRead And Write\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71(0.47–1.07)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81(0.46–1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElementary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46(0.27–0.79)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42(0.21, 0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02(0.72, 1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93(0.60, 1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25(0.82, 1.91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35(0.79, 2.30)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf employed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.74(0.5, 1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51(0.91, 2.50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment and others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrthodox\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08(0.7, 1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMuslim and others\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFive and less\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbove five\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69(1.27, 2.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.89(1.33, 2.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you have a care giver? /support person?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e271\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e556\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.21(1.09–4.48)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08(0.46, 2.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.862\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of the diabetes, since diagnosis, in year.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 5 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98(0.67–1.42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5–10 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83(0.57–1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 10 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126 and above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e370\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.05(0.80, 1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you have family history of diabetes?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e406\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71(1.25, 2.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22(1.49, 3.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType of treatment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOral agent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e440\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOral agent + Injectable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34(0.97, 1.86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20(0.79, 1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.396\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetic related complication\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e401\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88(1.43, 2.45)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35(0.97, 1.89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaving Owen glucometer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e259\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e498\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.99(0.67–1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDM related Hospitalization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12(1.35, 3.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08(1.19, 3.57)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e533\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71(1.28, 2.28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.73(1.17, 2.29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e446\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDM related Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot knowledgeable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.79(1.38, 2.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.92(1.35, 2.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKnowledgeable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e359\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMMAS Adherence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon adherence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.36(3.98, 7.21)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.33(3.61, 7.66)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdherence\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnxiety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnxiety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.44(4.72–8.74)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.24(3.38, 8.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDepressed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.18(2.39, 4.22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15(0.74, 1.75)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Depressed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e463\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.32(1.78, 3.02)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09(0.67, 1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDietary SCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.83(2.17–3.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.11(0.70, 1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.661\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e362\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise SCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.83(2.17–3.69)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.14(0.76, 1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.524\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSBGM SCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01(0.75–1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e432\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFoot care SCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29(0.99–1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.82(1.28, 2.56)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e294\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e*=associated, **= significantly associated\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe observed prevalence of functional disability among individuals with Type 2 diabetes in this study was 40.2%, indicating a substantial burden. This finding aligns with results from Japanese older T2DM patient, 38.3%(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e) experienced a general decline in physical function. This relatively lower onset rate of disability might be attributed to longitudinal disease management programs and early complication screening.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower prevalence rates have been reported in countries such as the Philippines (4.1%)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e), and Panama (4.3%)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e), where functional disability among adults was markedly less common when compared with our study. These discrepancies may reflect differences in population age structures, access to diabetes care, early detection practices, and the availability of rehabilitative services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar study from West Bengal, India, 24.1%(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e) and Fuzhou, China 12.4%(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e) prevalence of functional limitations among adults aged 45 years and older with Type 2 diabetes which is lower than study. The possible explanation for this difference, this lower prevalence may reflect better access to diabetes education and early interventions in certain Indian urban regions. A study conducted in Bengal, India measure the functional disability by using six Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and seven Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) tool which has quite difference with WHODAS tool used in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, markedly higher prevalence rates have been observed in some sub-Saharan African countries and US. A hospital-based study in Nigeria found that 60.5% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e)and US found 58%(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e) of adults with Type 2 diabetes had functional disability which is higher than this study. This discrepancy might be due to the factors such as delayed diagnosis, inadequate follow-up care, and limited rehabilitation services likely contribute to this elevated burden.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relatively high prevalence observed in the present study reinforces the need for integrated diabetes management strategies that include routine functional assessments and targeted interventions to preserve mobility, independence, and quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study showed that being female diabetes patient had 48% higher likelihood of experiencing functionally disability when compared with Male T2DM patient, AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.48; 95% CI: 1.06\u0026ndash;2.09; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022). This is in agreement with other studies Conducted by Alexandra KW. 2016(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e) and study conducted in Brazil(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). The p\u003cb\u003eossible explanations\u003c/b\u003e might be the fact due to biological factors, such as higher prevalence of diabetic neuropathy or osteoporosis in women may increase disability risk. Sociocultural factors like care-giving roles and limited healthcare access can exacerbate this disparity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study showed that lower education significantly increased the risk of disability; participants unable to read or write had higher odds (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.94), whereas those with elementary education had lower odds (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.42). Patients who were unable to read and write were 2 times higher odds of experiencing functional disability compared to those with secondary education or higher AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.94; 95% CI: 1.10\u0026ndash;3.44; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023). To the reverse individual with only elementary education had 58% lower odds (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.42; 95% CI: 0.21\u0026ndash;0.82; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011). This result supported with different studies conducted in Brazil(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e), and U.S(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Among older diabetics Brazilian lower literacy was linked with significantly higher Disability with similar WHODAS tool and the most domain scores (mobility, self-care, and life activities). Similar trends were noted in U.S. seniors where low education was tied to increased functional decline. This might be due to the fact that Health literacy underpins effective self-management. Patients with low literacy may misunderstand medication regimens, struggle with self-blood glucose monitoring, early detection of diabetes complication and be less proactive in seeking care leading to worse outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study showed that type 2 diabetic patient with Larger households (Family Size\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 Members) doubled disability odds (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.89). Participants from families with more than five members were twice as likely to be functionally disabled compared to those from smaller \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.89; 95% CI: 1.33\u0026ndash;2.69; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This result were supported by study conducted in Indonesia(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e)and china(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). The possible explanation might be, large family size often correlates with resource constraints. In low-income settings, larger households may dilute financial and caregiving resources, increasing stress and reducing adherence. \u003cb\u003eThe possible explanation for this result might be o\u003c/b\u003evercrowding may limit space for self-care (e.g., HBA1c monitoring), impact diet consistency, and amplify psychological stressors, all worsening functional outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study also showed that T2DM patient with Family History of Diabetes are 2 times more likely to have disability. This result was supported by the studies from South Tangerang, Indonesia(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e), and China(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eThe best possible explanation might be g\u003c/b\u003eenetic predisposition to complications (e.g., neuropathy, retinopathy) and shared lifestyle factors (e.g., diet, inactivity) may drive higher functional disability among those with family history.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, having a family history of diabetes was found to more than double the odds of disability. Patients with a family history of diabetes had more than twice the odds of disability compared to those without such history (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.22; 95% CI: 1.49\u0026ndash;3.29; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This finding aligns with studies showing that genetic predisposition and shared lifestyle patterns increase the risk of diabetes and its related complications, which in turn contribute to disability(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). Previous community-based studies in Ethiopia and elsewhere have highlighted the strong influence of family history on the development of diabetes and its disabling outcomes, suggesting the importance of targeted preventive interventions in high-risk families (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study showed that Diabetes-Related Hospitalization nearly tripled disability odds (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.08). Patients with a history of diabetes-related hospitalization had 2 times higher odds of functional disability (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.08, 95% CI: 1.19\u0026ndash;3.57). This is supported a Prospective data from U.S.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e) Patient with diabetes revealed hospitalizations as independent predictors of functional disability trajectories. The reason for this result might be hospitalization indicates disease severity, complications, or acute events, all of which can leave lasting physical/psychological impairment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study also showed that Alcohol consumption increased disability risk threefold (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.73). Those who had ever consumed alcohol were 3 folds more likely to be functionally disabled \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eAOR\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;1.73; 95% CI: 1.17\u0026ndash;2.29; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.006). When compared with non-drinkers. This is supported by study conducted in Kenya(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cb\u003eThe possible explanation was\u003c/b\u003e Alcohol may interfere with medication, worsen glucose control, and contribute to peripheral neuropathy all reducing functional capacity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study also revealed that Poor knowledge related to diabetes were increased odds of disability (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.92). Patients with poor knowledge related to diabetes were 1.8 times more likely to have functional disabilities compared to those with good knowledge (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.92; 95% CI: 1.35\u0026ndash;2.71; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This finding is supported by evidence showing that inadequate understanding of diabetes is closely linked to poor self-care practices, which in turn elevate the risk of complications and disability (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR46\" citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e). Limited knowledge can hinder effective self-management, including insulin adjustment, dietary control, and early recognition of complications factors that collectively contribute to functional decline. \u003cb\u003eIn fact this is possibly due to\u003c/b\u003e Knowledge gaps limit self-care, insulin adjustment, and complication recognition, which cascade into disability risk(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor foot care was significantly associated with higher odds of disability, nearly doubling the risk compared to those with good foot care practices (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.82, 95% CI: 1.28\u0026ndash;2.56). This finding is consistent with evidence that inadequate foot care contributes to complications such as diabetic foot ulcers, infections, and amputations, all of which are major causes of disability among people with diabetes(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e). A recent Ethiopian study also confirmed that poor foot care practice was a significant predictor of functional limitations in diabetic patients(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study result also shows medication Non-adherent patients had 5.3 times higher odds of disability (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.33; 95% CI: 3.61\u0026ndash;7.66; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This is supported by systematic review(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e) and National Disability Registry and National Health Insurance Research Database from Taiwan(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e). This might be due to Non-adherence leads to poor glycemic control, accelerated complications (neuropathy, retinopathy), and greater functional impairment. The bidirectional relationship where disability undermines adherence may further amplify decline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLastly, this study revealed that patients with anxiety were 5.2 times more likely to experience functional disability compared to those without anxiety (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.24; 95% CI: 3.38\u0026ndash;8.71; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This result was supported with some Global Evidence: study in U.S.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e) and Gondar(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e) found comorbid diabetes and major depression/anxiety doubled functional impairment compared to either condition alone. This might be Anxiety can reduce motivation for self-care, disrupt sleep and cognition, and amplify somatic symptoms compromising independence and driving higher disability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImplications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntervention Focus: Education, mental health, alcohol management, and adherence support are critical intervention points. Community health workers could bridge literacy gaps and deliver personalized care in similar settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolicy Suggestions: Integrating mental health, family counseling, and adherence monitoring is vital for holistic diabetes management.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe higher-than-average disability emphasizes the pressing need for diabetes-centered rehabilitation services in Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study reveals a high prevalence of functional disability among individuals with Type II diabetes. Key contributing factors include socio-demographic, behavioral, and clinical elements such as female sex, low literacy, poor adherence, and anxiety. The findings emphasize the need for integrated screening, targeted education, and holistic care. Future efforts should prioritize early intervention and evaluate long-term outcomes of tailored strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eAOR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eBMI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody Mass Index\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCIs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConfidence Intervals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDKQ-R\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetes Knowledge Question- Revised\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDM\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiabetes Mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFBS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFasting Blood Sugar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHADS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital Anxiety Depression scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIDF\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInternational Diabetes Federation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLMICs\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow and Middle Income Countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMG/DL\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMilligram per Deciliter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMMAS-8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoriskys\u0026rsquo; Medication Adherence Scale-8 Item\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSBGM\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf Blood Glucose Monitoring\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eT2D/T2DM\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType 2 Diabetes Mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eUOGCSH\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity of Gondar Specialized Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWHO\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eWHODAS\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization Disability Assessment schedule.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to acknowledge the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital for their willingness to collect data, also we thankful participants, data collectors, and supervisors for their voluntary participation and provision of their time for this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003ethe authors declare that they have no competing interests in this work\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA.A. made substantial contributions to conception and design, analysis, interpretation of data and preparation of manuscript; T.T., B.M. and S.M. took part in drafting and reviewing the article; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be account for all aspects of the work. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Sharing Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo keep the participants’ confidentiality, the raw data would not be shared. But, at the mean time all raw are available from the Principal investigator and/or corresponding author on reasonable request\u0026nbsp;at \u003cstrong\[email protected]\u003c/strong\u003e and the summary data are available in the main document.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was part of a Ph.D. project that received ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar (Reference no. CMHSSH-UoG IRERC/16/14/2024). A permission letter was also obtained. Participants were randomly selected, and the purpose of the study was explained to them. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Privacy and confidentiality were strictly maintained, and personal identifiers were removed. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the University of Gondar IRB and the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eAssistant professor of Surgical Nursing at department of Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eProfessor of mental health epidemiology and Public Health, at department of Health promotion and behavioral science, Institute of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eAssociate professor of biostatistics, at department of epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eProfessor of public health Nutrition, at department of human nutrition, Institute of public health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBanday MZ, Sameer AS, Nissar SJAjom. 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Diabetes mellitus and its many complications. Diabetes mellitus: Elsevier; 2020. p. 1-18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmad E, Sargeant JA, Yates T, Webb DR, Davies MJJD. Type 2 diabetes and impaired physical function: a growing problem. 2022;3(1):30-45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShang Y, Fratiglioni L, Vetrano DL, Dove A, Welmer A-K, Xu WJDC. Not only diabetes but also prediabetes leads to functional decline and disability in older adults. 2021;44(3):690-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYu X, He H, Wen J, Xu X, Ruan Z, Hu R, et al. Diabetes-related cognitive impairment: Mechanisms, symptoms, and treatments. 2025;20(1):20241091.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRandv\u0026auml;li M, Toomsoo T, \u0026Scaron;teinmiller JJD. The main risk factors in type 2 diabetes for cognitive dysfunction, depression, and psychosocial problems: A systematic review. 2024;5(1):40-59.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsai Y-H, Chuang L-L, Lee Y-J, Chiu C-JJDR, Practice C. 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Magnitude of high body mass index and its associated factors among adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending follow-up clinics at hospitals in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2021. 2023;19:100579.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOrganization. WH. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. . World Health Organization; . 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLema GD, Gebeyaw EDJPo. Diabetes knowledge and glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients at public hospitals in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. 2025;20(1):e0317288.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSakurai T, Iimuro S, Sakamaki K, Umegaki H, Araki A, Ohashi Y, et al. Risk factors for a 6‐year decline in physical disability and functional limitations among elderly people with type 2 diabetes in the Japanese elderly diabetes intervention trial. 2012;12:117-26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInitiative.. DD. *Prevalence of functional difficulties in the Philippines: Analysis of the Population and Housing Census* . Retrieved from [Disability Data Initiative \u0026ndash; Philippines](https://www.disabilitydatainitiative.org/country-briefs/ph/). (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInitiative. DD. *Prevalence of functional difficulties in Panama: Analysis of the Population and Housing Census*. Retrieved from [Disability Data Initiative \u0026ndash; Panama](https://www.disabilitydatainitiative.org/country-briefs/pa/). (2010).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDas U, Kar N, Riba T, Rout NRJD, Research MSC, Reviews. Prevalence of Diabetes and Disability among Older Adults in West Bengal and India: A Comparative Analysis. 2025:103236.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJie J-H, Li D, Jia L-N, Chen Y, Yang Y, Zheng B, et al. Activities of daily living and its influencing factors for older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in urban communities of Fuzhou, China. 2022;10:948533.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOyewole OO OO, Ale AO. 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The association of diabetes literacy with self-management among older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. 2019;18:1-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiong XF WL, Xiao Y, Han YC, Yang J, Zhao H, Yang M, Sun L. Family history of diabetes is associated with diabetic foot complications in type 2 diabetes. Scientific reports October, 2020;10(1):17056.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTahapary DL WS, Tricaesario C, Widjaja FF, Tandradynata J, Kurniawan R, Djauhari W, Maruf AH, Yamin M, Soegondo S. Chronic complications risk among type 2 diabetes patients with a family history of diabetes. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine. December, 2023 9(04):336-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChatterjee S, Khunti K, Davies MJJTl. Type 2 diabetes. 2017;389(10085):2239-51.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZJDr, practice c. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. 2010;87(1):4-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYitbarek GY, Ayehu GW, Asnakew S, Chanie ES, Bayih WA, Feleke DG, et al. Undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and associated factors among adults in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2021;11(1):24231.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYigazu DM, Desse TAJBrn. Glycemic control and associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients at Shanan Gibe Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. 2017;10(1):597.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMacNeil Vroomen JL, Han L, Monin JK, Lipska KJ, Allore HGJJotAGS. Diabetes, heart disease, and dementia: national estimates of functional disability trajectories. 2018;66(4):766-72.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkyere J, Ayebeng C, Dickson KSJBo. Burden of non-communicable diseases among women of reproductive age in Kenya: a cross-sectional study. 2024;14(7):e078666.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWong E, Backholer K, Gearon E, Harding J, Freak-Poli R, Stevenson C, et al. Diabetes and risk of physical disability in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2013;1(2):106-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarciano L, Camerini A-L, Schulz PJJJogim. The role of health literacy in diabetes knowledge, self-care, and glycemic control: a meta-analysis. 2019;34:1007-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbate TW, Dessie G, Workineh Y, Gedamu H, Birhanu M, Ayalew E, et al. Non-adherence to self-care and associated factors among diabetes adult population in Ethiopian: A systemic review with meta-analysis. 2021;16(2):e0245862.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eISHMAEL AA. DIABETES KNOWLEDGE, SELF CARE PRACTICES AND GLYCEMIC CONTROL AMONG DIABETES PATIENTS IN KITUI COUNTY REFFERAL HOSPITAL: Pwani University; 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Rubeaan K, Al Derwish M, Ouizi S, Youssef AM, Subhani SN, Ibrahim HM, et al. Diabetic foot complications and their risk factors from a large retrospective cohort study. 2015;10(5):e0124446.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChamberlain RC, Fleetwood K, Wild SH, Colhoun HM, Lindsay RS, Petrie JR, et al. Foot ulcer and risk of lower limb amputation or death in people with diabetes: a national population-based retrospective cohort study. 2022;45(1):83-91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNegash W, Assefa T, Sahiledengle B, Tahir A, Regassa Z, Feleke Z, et al. Prevalences of diabetic foot ulcer and foot self-care practice, and associated factors in adult patients with diabetes in south-east Ethiopia. 2022;50(10):03000605221129028.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen S-H, Lee M-C, Pu CJBm. Medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes after disability onset: a difference-in-differences analysis using nationwide data. 2024;22(1):102.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEgede LEJDc. Diabetes, major depression, and functional disability among US adults. 2004;27(2):421-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Functional limitation, Functional disability, prevalence, type two Diabetes, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7598143/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7598143/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBackground\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly contributing to functional disability, especially in low-resource settings like Ethiopia. Despite its impact, evidence on the burden and determinants of disability among T2DM patients remains limited.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eObjective\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo assess the prevalence of functional disability and its associated factors among individuals with T2DM at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMethods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study was conducted among 979 systematically selected T2DM patients. Functional disability was measured using the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Ordinal logistic regression identified associated factors, with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf 951 respondents (97.1% response rate), 40.2% (95% CI: 37.1\u0026ndash;43.3%) had functional disability\u0026mdash;37.9% mild and 2.3% moderate. Significant predictors included female sex (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.48), illiteracy (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.94), large family size (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.89), family history of diabetes (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.22), hospitalization (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.08), alcohol use (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.73), poor diabetes knowledge (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.92), non-adherence to treatment (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.33), anxiety (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.24), and poor foot care (AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.82).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional disability is common among T2DM patients. Targeted interventions focusing on education, adherence, and psychosocial support are essential to reduce disability and improve patient outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Functional disability and associated factors among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at comprehensive specialized Hospital, University of Gondar, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-17 09:11:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7598143/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-08T06:45:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-15T17:38:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"34144166600856031096562028104325558946","date":"2025-12-26T08:32:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-24T11:50:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-24T06:22:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-17T10:04:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T10:25:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-09-15T10:06:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c0e53cca-98a1-4a32-862e-248334bf51a3","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-08T06:45:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":54728530,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":54728531,"name":"Health sciences/Endocrinology"},{"id":54728532,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":54728533,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":54728534,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-22T08:23:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-17 09:11:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7598143","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7598143","identity":"rs-7598143","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}