Modular Experimental Framework Integrating Green Chemistry for the Extraction and Characterization of Berberine Hydrochloride in Undergraduate Education

Modular Experimental Framework Integrating Green Chemistry for the Extraction and Characterization of Berberine Hydrochloride in Undergraduate Education | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Modular Experimental Framework Integrating Green Chemistry for the Extraction and Characterization of Berberine Hydrochloride in Undergraduate Education Yaqun Liu, Qionglu Huang, Zhenxia Zhang, Peikui Yang, Yongping Huang, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7893313/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Education Abstract 11 To address the challenges of complex workflows, limited student engagement, 12 and insufficient integration of green and interdisciplinary skills in traditional 13 laboratory teaching, this study introduces a modular experimental teaching framework 14 for the extraction, purification, and identification of berberine hydrochloride (BH) in 15 undergraduate natural product chemistry courses. The framework is divided into three 16 interconnected modules (extraction, separation and purification, and identification), 17 each designed to focus on specific learning objectives. This modular structure reduces 18 the cognitive load and enhances learning outcomes. Green chemistry principles were 19 incorporated into the G-RPWAM (green-reagents, procedures, waste, awareness, 20 methodology) framework to optimize reagent use, minimize waste, and reduce energy 21 consumption while fostering environmental awareness. A comprehensive evaluation 22 system, including technical metrics (extraction yield, purity), student performance 23 (experimental skills, data analysis ability, creative thinking, problem-solving ability), 24 and student feedback (content clarity, modular organization, green principles 25 integration, overall effectiveness), was employed to assess teaching innovation. The 26 results demonstrated that the modular design improved the accessibility and 27 scalability of the experiment, enhanced student satisfaction, and successfully 28 cultivated sustainability awareness and laboratory skills. This study provides a green, 29 modular, and pedagogically effective approach for natural product chemistry 30 education. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Natural product chemistry Berberine hydrochloride Modular teaching Green chemistry Laboratory teaching reform Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Graphicalabstract.tif Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Nov, 2025 Editor invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Education\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Natural product chemistry, Berberine hydrochloride, Modular teaching, Green chemistry, Laboratory teaching reform","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7893313/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7893313/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Education Abstract 11 To address the challenges of complex workflows, limited student engagement, 12 and insufficient integration of green and interdisciplinary skills in traditional 13 laboratory teaching, this study introduces a modular experimental teaching framework 14 for the extraction, purification, and identification of berberine hydrochloride (BH) in 15 undergraduate natural product chemistry courses. The framework is divided into three 16 interconnected modules (extraction, separation and purification, and identification), 17 each designed to focus on specific learning objectives. This modular structure reduces 18 the cognitive load and enhances learning outcomes. Green chemistry principles were 19 incorporated into the G-RPWAM (green-reagents, procedures, waste, awareness, 20 methodology) framework to optimize reagent use, minimize waste, and reduce energy 21 consumption while fostering environmental awareness. A comprehensive evaluation 22 system, including technical metrics (extraction yield, purity), student performance 23 (experimental skills, data analysis ability, creative thinking, problem-solving ability), 24 and student feedback (content clarity, modular organization, green principles 25 integration, overall effectiveness), was employed to assess teaching innovation. The 26 results demonstrated that the modular design improved the accessibility and 27 scalability of the experiment, enhanced student satisfaction, and successfully 28 cultivated sustainability awareness and laboratory skills. This study provides a green, 29 modular, and pedagogically effective approach for natural product chemistry 30 education.","manuscriptTitle":"Modular Experimental Framework Integrating Green Chemistry for the Extraction and Characterization of Berberine Hydrochloride in Undergraduate Education","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-24 09:25:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7893313/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-11T08:18:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T21:55:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T03:10:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-15T09:20:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"212827759807152500850345601731178441123","date":"2025-11-15T06:31:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"67824859567867117752920697004664188808","date":"2025-11-14T14:23:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"146786918264222799174052383894200141085","date":"2025-11-13T20:20:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"127391196742631968605844834366291669598","date":"2025-11-13T05:12:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T10:33:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-12T10:24:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T08:40:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T10:54:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-10-28T10:53:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6a6193af-20ca-4adc-8bac-27caff0f9b77","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":58489510,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":58489511,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-16T16:04:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7893313","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39150-x","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-10 15:59:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 10th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-24 09:25:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-39150-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-39150-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7893313","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7893313","identity":"rs-7893313","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}