Comparative study of distance metrics for indoor radio propagation modeling in complex environments

Comparative study of distance metrics for indoor radio propagation modeling in complex environments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative study of distance metrics for indoor radio propagation modeling in complex environments Jonathanh Ta, José‐María Molina‐García‐Pardo, Juan Pascual‐García, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9039504/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper investigates experimentally and theoretically the impact of distance metric selection on path‑loss modeling in indoor corridor environments under non‑line‑of‑sight (NLoS) conditions. Measurements were conducted at five central frequencies between 2 and 7.4 GHz and complemented with deterministic ray‑tracing simulations in a geometry‑accurate environment. Five propagation models (FI, CI, CIF, ABG, Molisch) were evaluated using both Euclidean and Manhattan distance definitions, and their performance was assessed through the standard deviation error σ. Results show that the Manhattan metric consistently improves the accuracy of geometry‑sensitive models, particularly the Molisch formulation, by better approximating the effective propagation path in structured indoor layouts. The findings highlight the importance of incorporating environmental topology into distance definitions for reliable NLoS path-loss prediction in sub-7 GHz and lower mid-band frequencies. Indoor NLoS propagation Path‑loss modeling Distance metrics Manhattan and Euclidean distance Corridor environments Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9039504","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":614999963,"identity":"82289c38-6cdd-44d5-84f4-fc322a82f84f","order_by":0,"name":"Jonathanh Ta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CPE Lyon","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jonathanh","middleName":"","lastName":"Ta","suffix":""},{"id":614999964,"identity":"88875028-db53-44f7-a789-e6c45e3b01cf","order_by":1,"name":"José‐María Molina‐García‐Pardo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYIzQMmHxgwMPCTpiUBqEUSJHKAaDsTgNjgAAEtzO3tDx/dqLknw9/AnfggoeCOvPGN3IOfPzDY2ON0WM8ZY+OcY8U8Egd4NxskGDwz3HYjL1niAENaYgMuLTNy2KRz2BJ4GA7wbpNIMDjMuO1GjhnQYYcTcNoyI/3575x/CTzyUC32m2eAtfzH7bAZCWbMuW0JPAZQLYkbJMBaDsDCEqtfpHP7EngMD4P9cjh5xpl3yRJnDJJx+sUQGGKfc74l2Msd79344MOfw7b97bkHP1RU2OF0mCHcLGa4GChaDXBpYGCQxyLGg1v5KBgFo2AUjEgAAAmrWdOdAElmAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cartagena","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"José‐María","middleName":"","lastName":"Molina‐García‐Pardo","suffix":""},{"id":614999966,"identity":"fffeee93-69f0-409d-a846-38003e0b0f94","order_by":2,"name":"Juan Pascual‐García","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cartagena","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juan","middleName":"","lastName":"Pascual‐García","suffix":""},{"id":614999969,"identity":"f3974bfd-fd0b-4864-bb16-6973114f8577","order_by":3,"name":"Fabián Correa‐Quinchía","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Cartagena","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fabián","middleName":"","lastName":"Correa‐Quinchía","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-05 11:26:02","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9039504/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9039504/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107605159,"identity":"70822245-4de3-4c78-a058-a41c200393ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-23 07:27:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":375532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Comparativestudyofdistancemetricsforindoorradiopropagationmodelingincomplexenvironments.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9039504/v1_covered_ab8dfe86-6f03-474c-877f-05a942166ef8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparative study of distance metrics for indoor radio propagation modeling in complex environments","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Indoor NLoS propagation, Path‑loss modeling, Distance metrics, Manhattan and Euclidean distance, Corridor environments","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9039504/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9039504/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper investigates experimentally and theoretically the impact of distance metric selection on path‑loss modeling in indoor corridor environments under non‑line‑of‑sight (NLoS) conditions. 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