Neonatal risk factors for functional gastrointestinal disorders in preterm infants in the first year of life

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Methods: Subjects selected for the retrospective study involved preterm infants being hospitalized in the neonatal department of Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital from September 2018 to September 2021. Data on neonatal risk factors such as gestational age, gender, birth weight, mode of delivery, feeding pattern, antibiotic administration and addition of probiotics, duration of hospitalization, maternal history of smoking, and mental condition, were all collected and analyzed. FGIDs were diagnosed as per Rome IV criteria and a multivariate logistic regression model has been applied for determining factors linked to it. Results: This study included 988 preterm infants, with 725 (73.4%) having at least one FGID, 449 (45.4%) having infant colic, 411 (41.6%) having infant regurgitation, 237 (24.0%) having infant dyschezia, 190 (19.2%) having functional constipation, and 34 (3.4%) having functional diarrhea throughout the first year of life. There was no evidence identified for infant rumination syndrome and recurrent vomiting syndrome. In total, 263 infants (26.6%) without FGID symptoms were included in the control group. Infant colic and infant regurgitation were found as the most prevalent FGIDs. Further, a higher prevalence of FGIDs was observed in preterm infants with infant colic as well as infant regurgitation in particular as being characterized by a low gestational age (<32w), low birth weight (<1.5kg), cesarean section, formula feeding, neonatal antibiotics use, hospitalization longer than 7 days, and maternal history of smoking. It was found from association analyses that infants exclusively breastfed in their first month of life were at lower risk for regurgitation than those in the control group. Moreover, a significantly low occurrence of functional constipation was found in infants being subjected to probiotics treatment than in the control. Conclusion: Therefore, unnecessary antibiotic use in the neonatal period, cesarean delivery, passive smoking, lack of breastfeeding, along with inappropriate probiotics usage are major risk factors for FGIDs, and their systematic control may be effective in reducing the susceptibility to and prevalence of FGIDs in preterm infants in the first year of life. premature infants functional gastrointestinal disorders risk factors Introduction Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a group of diseases of the functional digestive tract which are age-related, chronic, or recurring, and are not addressed either by organic lesions or biochemical abnormalities [ 1 ] . FGIDs were redefined by the Roman IV criteria where FGIDs in infants include infant colic, infant regurgitation, infant dyschezia, functional constipation, functional diarrhea, rumination as well as cycling vomiting syndrome [ 2 ] . According to multiple studies, around 50% of infants experience FGIDs (including regurgitation, infant colic, and constipation) during the first year of their lives following birth [ 3 , 4 ] . There is a higher rate of medical visits by infants and young children with FGIDs, and consequently, the quality of life is poorer for them [ 4 , 5 ] , causing unnecessary hardship for caregivers during early infancy [ 2 ] . In children, FGIDs not only affect their growth and development but also deteriorate their quality of life. Additionally, studies show that children with FGIDs are more prone to gastrointestinal illnesses, abdominal migraines, and personality disorders as they age than children without FGIDs [ 1 ] . This affects the long-term health of children, as well as burdens the family with increasing additional healthcare costs [ 6 ] . Most FGIDs are usually treated with inadequate treatment modalities, which adds enormous costs to healthcare systems in resource-constrained nations [ 7 ] . Possible influencing factors include genetic predispositions, psychological variables, aberrant intestinal motility, visceral hyperalgesia, gut inflammation, intestinal microbiota, early stressful experiences, and trauma, all have been suggested as determinants of FGID susceptibility [ 2 , 8 , 9 ] . FGIDs, however, remain largely unknown in terms of their pathophysiology. In recent years, the prevalence of FGIDs and disease risk factors have attracted the attention of pediatricians at home and abroad. The prevalence of FGIDs is higher in premature infants, and neonatal life events are crucial in programming later FGIDs in life [ 10 ] . Several authors speculate that infants are predisposed to FGIDs depending on the delivery mode, feeding practices, and early administration of antibiotics [ 11 , 12 ] . However, the most recent research subjects of FGIDs were term infants, and few studies have been conducted on premature infants. Therefore, the role of premature birth in FGIDs is less explored. A retrospective analysis concerning preterm infants is conducted in this study to look at the potential link between neonatal factors and the development of FGIDs within the first year of life. Methods Study subjects and design The study was retrospective and non-interventional and written informed consent was obtained from the mother/caregiver. The ethics committee of Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital has approved this research. Preterm newborns at the hospital with gestational ages ranging from 25 to 36 weeks were selected from the tertiary neonatal critical care unit between September 2018 and September 2021. Premature newborns with severe acute infection or neonatal problems inherited metabolic disorders, congenital deformities, and death during hospitalization were excluded. Data collection Data on neonatal risk factors such as gestational age, gender, birth weight, mode of delivery, feeding pattern, antibiotic administration and addition of probiotics, duration of hospitalization, maternal history of smoking, and mental condition, were all collected from hospital records and telephone follow-up records. FGIDs were diagnosed as per the Rome IV criteria [2] . Statistical methods Data were analyzed statistically with the aid of SPSS Statistics (21.0). Continuous variables were presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed using the Student’s t-test. Categorical variables were described as proportions and were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method. The risk factors were identified by performing univariate as well as multivariate logistic regression analyses. For each risk factor, odds ratio (OR) estimates, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values from the Wald chi-square test were all determined, where P <0.05 indicated a statistical significance level. Multiple logistic regression has been applied if the p-value of any of the factors was less than 0.05. Ethical approval The protocol, information letter to the parents/caregivers and written informed consent form were approved by the The ethics committee of Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital(2022ky291), Jiangsu, China. The survey was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines on Good Clinical Practice (GCP). Results A total of 988 preterm infants have been involved in this study, and their data for the first year of their lives were evaluated and analyzed. Among a total of 988 subjects, at least in 725 (73.4%), a single FGID was documented with the first of life. There are 484 (49.0%) cases with a single kind of FGIDs, 210 (21.3%) with two kinds, 31 (3.1%) with three kinds, and no case with four or more FGIDs found. Among the 988 participants, there were 449 (45.4%) and 411 (41.6%) cases of infant colic and regurgitation, respectively, making them frequently occurring disorders. Of the 988 participants, 237 (24.0%) claimed dyschezia, 190 (19.2%) claimed functional constipation, and 34 (3.4%) claimed functional diarrhea. There were no cases of infant rumination syndrome as well as recurrent vomiting syndrome. The demographic characteristics of subjects are shown in Table 1. Of the 988 infants who completed the study, 725 with FGIDs were allotted to the case group and 263 without symptoms associated with FGIDs were allotted to the control group. As expected, all 988 preterm-born infants displayed considerable differences (variations) in gestation time, birth weight, the incidence of cesarean delivery, rate of breastfeeding, antibiotic usage, the addition of probiotics, and maternal history of smoking, anxiety, and hospital stay (Table 1). There were no considerable variations in gender between the case group and the control group. It was observed that the prevalence of FGIDs among preterm newborns varied considerably in terms of gestational age ( χ 2 = 21.83; p <0.001), especially in the case of infant colic ( χ 2 = 28.10; p <0.001) and infant regurgitation ( χ 2 = 33.13; p <0.001) (Table 2). In addition, there were also found differences in infants according to the different weight at birth in at least one FGIDs ( χ 2 = 16.00; p = 0.003), infant colic ( χ 2 = 27.18; p <0.001), and infant regurgitation ( χ 2 = 18.11; p <0.001) (Table 3). There was no significant difference in others. There are several neonatal risk factors associated with FGIDs, as shown in Table 4. (see Additional file 4). Univariate analysis has revealed that FGIDs were significantly associated with gestational age, birth weight, cesarean delivery, breastfeeding, exclusive formula feeding, use of neonatal antibiotics and probiotics, maternal anxiety, maternal smoking, and hospitalization longer than 7 days (Table 4). The risk from infantile colic [(<28 weeks: OR = 5.28, 95%CI = 1.10-12.4, p = 0.003), (28-32 weeks: OR = 4.16, 95%CI = 1.05-11.5, p = 0.008)] and infant regurgitation [ (<28 weeks: OR = 4.12, 95%CI = 0.63-11.3, p = 0.045) (28 - 32 weeks: OR = 3.28, 95%CI = 1.18-12.4, p = 0.049)] was considerably elevated for infants with low gestational age. Moreover, the risk from infantile colic [(<1 kg: OR = 6.84, 95%CI = 2.35-15.6, p = 0.004), (1-1.5kg: OR = 4.21, 95%CI = 1.58-13.2, p = 0.023)] and infant regurgitation [(<1 kg: OR = 2.57, 95%CI = 0.86-5.38, p = 0.012), (1-1.5kg: OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 0.91-6.39, p = 0.035)] was considerably high for infants with lower weight on birth. In addition, if the infant was delivered by cesarean, the risk of functional constipation was higher (OR = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.31-3.18, p = 0 .015). Furthermore, infants exclusively fed with formula following birth have displayed a higher risk for infantile regurgitation (OR = 2.02, 95%CI = 1.32-1.38, p = 0.009). Infant colic was significantly associated with the duration of antibiotic use in the neonatal period [(8-14 days: OR = 2.69, 95%CI = 1.29-4.37, p = 0.006), (> 14 days: OR = 3.24, 95%CI = 1.06-5.45, p <0.001)]. The use of probiotics in the first month of life was considerably associated with infant colic [(age of probiotics initiation ≤14 days, OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.21-2.89, p = 0.062), (Duration of probiotics use >14 days, OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.24-2.92, p = 0.032)] and functional constipation [(age of probiotics initiation ≤14 days, OR = 0.93, adjusted 95%CI = 0.37-1.29, adjusted p =0.002), (duration of probiotics use >14 days, OR = 0.88, adjusted 95%CI = 0.63-1.19, P = 0.009)]. maternal anxiety (OR = 3.23, 95%CI = 2.83-10.5, p = 0.023), maternal smoking (OR = 2.15, 95%CI = 1.38-3.34, p = 0.005), and hospitalization longer than 7 days (OR = 2.17, 95%CI = 1.32-2.48, p <0.001) were also considerably associated with infant colic. Furthermore, there were no other significant associations were found. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis are shown in Table 5 (see Additional file 5). Infant colic was substantially linked to a gestational age of 32 weeks or less and birth weight of 1.5 kg or less [(gestational age < 32weeks: adjusted OR = 4.08, adjusted 95%CI = 2.37-12.1, adjusted p = 0.013), (birth weight < 1.5kg: adjusted OR = 3.26, adjusted 95%CI =2.48-10.5, adjusted p = 0.026)] and infant regurgitation [(gestational age < 32weeks: adjusted OR = 3.25, adjusted 95%CI = 2.19–6.84, adjusted p = 0.027), (birth weight < 1.5kg: adjusted OR = 2.78, adjusted 95%CI =1.48–5.25, adjusted p = 0.015)]. Cesarean delivery (adjusted OR = 2.74, adjusted 95%CI = 1.28-11.3, adjusted p < 0.001) was considerably linked to functional constipation. Antibiotic use over 8 days (adjusted OR = 2.93, adjusted 95%CI = 1.28-5.39, adjusted p <0.001), maternal smoking (adjusted OR = 2.43, adjusted 95%CI = 1.57-4.29, adjusted p = 0.004), and hospitalization longer than 7 days (adjusted OR = 2.27, adjusted 95%CI = 1.36-5.62, adjusted p <0.001) were considerably linked to infantile colic. There was a considerable association between colic in infants and probiotic use lasting more than 14 days (duration of probiotics use ＞14 days, adjusted OR = 0.85, adjusted 95%CI = 0.65-1.23, adjusted p = 0.005) and functional constipation (duration of probiotics use ＞14 days, OR = 0.84, adjusted 95%CI = 0.46-1.47, p = 0.02). Following birth, both exclusive breastfeeding (adjusted OR = 0.87, adjusted 95%CI = 0.36-1.92, adjusted p = 0.003) and formula feeding (adjusted OR = 1.84, adjusted 95%CI =1.21-3.83, adjusted p = 0.011) were considerably linked to infant regurgitation. Discussion Based on the retrospective evaluation of the preterm infant cohort in their first year of life, a high prevalence (73.4%) of FGIDs has been found, which is in line with Salvatore’s study (76%) [1] . However, a higher prevalence (73.4%) of FGIDs was found than those reported in African (50%), American (24%), and European (25%) populations [5, 7, 13] that were also based on the Rome IV criteria. There may be an explanation for this situation as a significant portion of the subjects in this study were preterm infants receiving antibiotic treatment within the first month of their lives. This lower incidence in America might be attributed to the small sampling size (n = 58). The low prevalence in the European population may be attributed to the fact that the subject’s parents were interviewed by a healthcare professional who might interpret the symptoms differently. There are no specific biomarkers or investigations for diagnosing FGIDs. Therefore, clinical criteria are used instead, while organic disease warning signs are excluded. The Rome III criteria and, more recently, the Rome IV criteria give a thorough categorization of distinct FGIDs at various ages. Nevertheless, the likelihood of diagnostic heterogeneity or misclassification among various physicians, as well as an overvaluation of the incidence of FGIDs, cannot be ruled out. Infants with FGIDs suffer from a wide variety of disorders [2] . Over 70% of preterm subjects had at least one FGID, and 24.4% had more than one, with infantile colic and regurgitation being the most prevalent to present concurrently. Gastrointestinal infection along with early life experiences like Gastric suction, cow milk protein allergies, inflammation, trauma, and stress [16-21] have all been linked to a higher risk of visceral hyperalgesia and gastrointestinal problems late in life [2, 11, 22] . It is important to consider these results carefully and to have them replicated in other preterm populations before drawing a general conclusion, as genetic and environmental factors, parental and physician perceptions, feeding patterns, and pharmacological treatments are all thought to be determinants of infant FGID rates. The effects of different neonatal factors such as the gestation age, gender, birth weight, delivery type, feed patterns, antibiotics therapy, and probiotics therapy during the first month of life, maternal anxiety, maternal smoking, and duration of hospitalization in developing FGIDs among infants were simultaneously assessed. Both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted for the purpose of limiting the cumulative effects of various risk factors as well as for identifying the major factors contributing to FGIDs. According to Milidou, infantile colic rates increase with decreasing gestational age. Further, the odds of infantile colic were higher among small-for-gestational-age infants possessing birthweights below the 10th percentile [23] . We also found that infants with a gestational age of fewer than 32 weeks have an enhanced risk of infantile colic and infant regurgitation. As reported in Danish and Italian studies, infants with lower birth weights are at double risk (or even higher) for developing infantile colic [24, 25] . In line with this, our results indicated that low birth weight (<1.5 kg) has been linked to an elevated risk of infantile colic as well as regurgitation. In recent years, preterm birth as well as neonatal antibiotics usage during the first month of life has been linked with an ever-growing occurrence of FGIDs [11, 14] . Premature being subjected to a variety of variables that have been linked to influencing gastrointestinal homeostasis, pain perception, and sensitivity, leads to a higher incidence of preterm infants than term infants [11, 14] . Compared with term neonates, the intestinal microflora of preterm infants is more susceptible to dysbiosis or imbalance in gut microbial communities, which is closely related to functional gastrointestinal disorders [15] . In this study, infants delivered by cesarean were more vulnerable to functional constipation, which was the same as that reported by other studies [26] . Vaginal delivery is considerably linked to a lower incidence of functional constipation; this phenomenon may be related to the intestinal microbiota of infants [26] . Several studies have shown that the mode of delivery influences gut microbiota among infants [27] . It is vertically transmitted maternal microbes to infants that contribute significantly to the establishment of the core gut microbiota. Notably, the microbiota of infants delivered via the vagina mimics their mother's vaginal microbiota, whereas those of cesarean-birthed neonates resemble the mother's skin microbiota [28, 29] . Another study by Hojsak et al. suggested that the early pattern of infant gut microbial colonization was critical for the suitable development of the human gastrointestinal tract [15] . It was further observed that infants being exclusively breastfed following birth have reduced risk from infant regurgitation, whereas it is enhanced for formula-fed infants. As part of its pathophysiology, regurgitation can be attributed to limited esophagus volume combined with the immaturity of the lower esophageal sphincter, overfeeding, and infant posture [2] . Parents tend to overfeed in the case of bottle feeding owing to being less likely to respond to the infant’s satiety cues [30] . This might illustrate why formula-fed neonates have a higher proclivity for regurgitation. There is evidence that breastfed infants have different feeding patterns that are associated with reduced reflux due to self-regulation of milk consumption, resulting in increased frequency and decreased volume of feedings [31] . Furthermore, breastfed babies have quick stomach emptying. As a result, a low esophageal pH value, which is more likely to trigger peristalsis, leads to a shorter period of reflux [32] . Interestingly, it was also found that the prevalence of infant colic has been considerably elevated in the case of antibiotic use over 8 days in the neonatal period. This result was consistent with previous studies [1, 33] . Antibiotics have been comprehensively utilized in premature infants, and current evidence also reflects the negative effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota’s composition and functions thereof. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis is an important factor in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Genetically susceptible newborns are at higher risk of allergy and inflammatory bowel disease after being given antibiotics in the early stages of life [34-36] . Infections as well as antibiotics usage during earliest life can cause immunological dysregulation, abnormal barrier functioning, microbiota change, and altered gut sensory activities, all of which can lead to FGIDs in susceptible individuals [16, 37] . It was also observed that early use of probiotics (less than 14 days after birth) as well as their usage for more than 14 days was associated with the incidence of infant colic and functional constipation. The use of probiotics can improve the bacterial flora imbalance caused by the long-term use of antibiotics, thus relieving infant colic. Probiotic preparations significantly shorten gastrointestinal passage time, increase defecation frequency, and improve fecal traits, promoting defecation [38] . This study also reveals that infantile colic was considerably associated with maternal smoking and hospitalization longer than 7 days. A plausible explanation could be that passive smoking is linked to increased plasma and intestinal motilin levels and higher-than-average levels of motilin are linked to elevated risks of infant colic [39] . The mechanism underlying the length of hospitalization and the incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders is unknown and requires additional investigation. This study is of great clinical significance since it includes the examination of a large cohort of preterm infants and many neonatal variables along with the utilization of Rome IV criteria for classifying FGIDs. It should be noted that this study has some of the following limitations. First, our study did not have a multi-center design. Second, we attained symptom data from parents, which may be inaccurate. Lastly, parents of infants who experience symptoms are more likely to respond. Gastrointestinal symptoms are typically stressful to the newborn and parents, resulting in a cascade of events involving infant discomfort, crying, parental concern, diminished quality of life, recurrent healthcare professional visits, and rising healthcare expenditures [6, 40, 41] . Recognizing the exact incidence pattern of FGIDs is critical for developing a targeted program for parents’ education as well as clinical follow-ups. Furthermore, identifying linked neonatal risk factors for FGIDs is a necessary measure for designing potential early-life therapies to reduce FGIDs later in life. [28, 42] . Herein, it has been postulated that FGIDs may be prevented by reducing the unnecessary use of neonatal antibiotics, probiotics, and cesarean deliveries as well as by promoting breastfeeding for promoting intestinal homeostasis among at-risk neonates. Conclusions In conclusion, the incidence rate of FGIDs among premature infants was higher during the first year. Herein, the data have shown that infantile colic, as well as infant regurgitation, are among prevalent FGIDs, and some infants presented with a variety of FGIDs. It is worth noting that low gestational age (<32w）, low birth weight (<1.5kg), neonatal antibiotics use, cesarean section, hospital stay, formula feeding, and maternal smoking are risk factors for FGIDs in preterm infants. In contrast, postnatal breastfeeding and probiotics supplementation are protective factors against infant FGIDs. Declarations Acknowledgements Dr. Guihu Shu and Dr. Honghua Jiang from Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, China. Dr. Ming Bian from Yangzhou Friendship Hospital, China. Authors ’ contributions Dengqin Bi and Guihua Shu contributed to the conception and design of the research; Dengqin Bi, Kaiting Yang, Ting Guan and Ling Hou participated in data collection and analysis. Dengqin Bi drafted the work. Honghua Jiang and Guihua Shureviewed the analysis and data interpretation, revised the manuscripts and gave the final approval of the version submitted. All authors are in agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work, and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. Funding None declared. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate The protocol, information letter to the parents/caregivers and written informed consent form were approved by the ethics committee of Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital (2022ky291) , Jiangsu, China. Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from the mother/caregiver. The survey was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines on Good Clinical Practice (GCP). Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests All authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author details 1 Department of Pediatrics, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University，Yangzhou 225001, China 2 Department of Pediatrics, Yangzhou Friendship Hospital，Yangzhou 225001, China References Salvatore S, Baldassarre ME, Di Mauro A, et al. Neonatal Antibiotics and Prematurity Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in the First Year of Life [J]. J Pediatr. 2019;212:44–51. Benninga MA, Faure C, Hyman PE, et al. Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Neonate/Toddler [J]. Gastroenterology, 2016. Iacono G, Merolla R, D'amico D, et al. 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The costs of functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic literature review and cost calculation for England [J]. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e015594. Van Tilburg MA, Rouster A, Silver D, et al. Development and Validation of a Rome III Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Questionnaire for Infants and Toddlers [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(3):384–6. Indrio F, Di Mauro A, Riezzo G, et al. Prophylactic use of a probiotic in the prevention of colic, regurgitation, and functional constipation: a randomized clinical trial [J]. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(3):228–33. Tables Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of the enrolled population Variables Case group （n=725） Control group （n=263） Test P value Gestational age, w, meanSD 31.71.3 34.80.6 -50.9 <0.001 Male, n (%) 418（57.7） 139（52.9） 1.81 0.178 Birth weight,kg, meanSD 1.60.1 2.10.2 -38.80 <0.001 Cesarean delivery, n (%) 487（67.1） 106（40.3） 58.06 <0.001 Exclusive breast-feeding, n (%) 218（30.1） 127（48.3） 28.19 <0.001 Exclusive formula feeding , n (%) 396（54.6） 85（32.3） 38.42 <0.001 Antibiotic use, n (%) 479（66.1） 95（36.1） 71.10 <0.001 Probiotics use, n (%) 256（35.3） 145（55.1） 31.45 <0.001 Maternal anxiety, n (%) 351（48.4） 63（24.0） 47.43 <0.001 Maternal smoking, n (%) 327（45.1） 59（22.4） 41.67 7d，n (%) 29.421.3 173（23.9） 552（76.1） 6.23.5 153（58.2） 110（41.8） 28.29 102.78 <0.001 Table 2 Proportion (%) of infants born preterm with FIGDs, according to the different gestational age at birth Gestational Age (weeks) Infant colic n (%) Infant Regurgitation n (%) Infant dyschezia n (%) Functional Constipation n (%) Functional diarrhea n (%) At least 1 FGID n (%) <28（n=14） 9 (64.3) 8 (57.1) 5 (35.7) 4 (28.6) 1 (7.1) 12 (85.7) 28 – 32（n=244） 113 (46.3) 127 (52.0) 79 (32.4) 58 (23.8) 6 (2.5) 206 (84.4) 32 – 34（n=300） 98 (32.7) 140 (46.7) 74 (24.7) 59(19.7) 13(4.3) 238(71.0) 34 – 36（n=430） 122 (28.4) 136(31.6) 79(18.4) 69(16.0) 14(3.3) 269(68.8) χ 2 value 28.10 33.13 5.85 6.87 2.05 21.83 P value <0.001 <0.001 0.119 0.076 0.562 <0.001 Table 3 Proportion of infants reporting FGIDs, according to the different types of disorder and birth weight groups Birth Weight (kg) Infant colic n (%) Infant Regurgitation n (%) Infant dyschezia n (%) Functional constipation n (%) Functional diarrhea n (%) At least 1 FIGD n (%) <1 （n=12） 8(66.7) 7(58.3) 3(25.0) 3(25.0) 1(8.3) 10(83.3) 1 – 1.5 （n=148） 89(60.1) 85(57.4) 35(23.6) 30(20.3) 9(5.4) 119(80.4) 1.5 – 2.5 （n=631） 282(44.7) 280(44.4) 151(23.9) 130(20.6) 21(3.3) 472(74.8) 2.5 – 3 （n=152） 60(39.5) 53(34.9) 36(23.7) 21(13.8) 3(2.0) 96(63.2) ＞3 （n=45） 10(22.2) 16(35.6) 12(26.7) 6(13.3) 1(2.2) 28(62.2) χ 2 value 27.18 18.11 0.20 5.00 5.00 16.00 P value <0.001 0.001 0.995 0.287 0.287 0.003 Table 4 . Neonatal risk factors against FGIDs Risk factors Infant Colic Infant Regurgitation Infant Dyschezia Functional Constipation Functional Diarrhoea OR (95% CI) p value OR (95% CI) p value OR (95% CI) p value OR (95% CI) p value OR (95% CI) p value Gestational Age (weeks) <28 5.28 (1.10-12.4) 0.003 ** 4.12 (0.63-11.3) 0.045 * 5.42 (3.12-12.8) 0.468 1.21 (0.32-2.58) 0.362 1.62 (1.51-3.21) 0.796 28– 32 4.16 (1.05-11.5) 0.008 ** 3.28 (1.18-12.4) 0.049 * 4.26 (0.53-12.3) 0.890 1.19 (0.58-4.97) 0.098 1.43 (1.38-5.46) 0.591 32– 34 3.56 (0.03-8.23) 0.358 2.89 (2.54-10.7) 0.935 2.03 (0.14-13.6) 0.591 0.99 (0.48-3.74) 0.486 1.83 (1.91-4.62) 0.454 34– 36 1.24 (0.14-7.84) 0.681 1.02 (0.93-11.8) 0.391 2.08 (1.32-3.51) 0.723 1.15 (0.56-6.23) 0.537 1.16 (1.23-3.28) 0.327 Birth Weight (kg) <1 6.84 (2.35-15.6) 0.004 *** 2.57 (0.86-5.38) 0.012 * 2.83 (1.35-5.83) 0.325 0.99 (0.01-3.57) 0.456 1.58 (0.45-6.72) 0.097 1 – 1.5 4.21 (1.58-13.2) 0.023 * 1.26 (0.91-6.39) 0.035 * 2.35 (1.08-4.76) 0.285 1.03 (0.22-3.87) 0.518 1.07 (0.67-6.85) 0.085 1.5– 2.5 3.26 (0.96-10.8) 0.784 1.13 (0.78-5.67) 0.563 1.78 (0.96-5.98) 0.387 1.19 (0.75-4.93) 0.257 2.23 (1.32-5.75) 0.196 2.5– 3.0 1.42 (0.89-3.25) 0.256 0.92 (0.46-1.28) 0.359 1.85 (1.21-6.76) 0.149 0.97 (0.35-3.98) 0.768 1.45 (1.01-8.92) 0.799 >3.0 1.37 (0.85-9.96) 0.478 1.01 (0.35-3.67) 0.192 1.21 (0.45-3.28) 0.293 1.98 (1.02-6.83) 0.358 0.92 (0.03-6.78) 0.596 Mode of Delivery Vaginal 0.89 (0.15-3.65) 0.476 0.96 (0.25-4.28) 0.532 1.03 (0.68-3.86) 0.321 0.32 (0.11-1.71) 0.065 0.08 (0.01-1.28) 0.093 C-section 2.58 (1.43-10.5) 0.214 1.87 (1.71-3.23) 0.958 1.34 (1.01-2.27) 0.119 1.99 (1.31-3.18) 0.015 * 1.56 (1.28-2.95) 0.315 Exclusive breast-feeding 1.65 (0.59-4.01) 0.168 0.67 (0.35-1.28) 0.002 ** 0.98 (0.03-2.6) 0.437 5.35 (3.78-6.39) 0.309 5.83 (3.25-8.74) 0.538 Exclusive formula feeding 0.98 (0.42-1.78) 0.279 2.02 (1.32-3.38) 0.009 ** 1.83 (0.67-3.65) 0.735 0.03 (0.01-1.78) 0.537 0.28 (0.15-1.19) 0.546 Duration of antibiotic use(days) ≤7 1.18 (0.54-2.45) 0.345 1.67 (1.27-3.46) 0.231 1.87 (0.54-2.45) 0.549 2.38 (0.84-4.78) 0.768 1.56 (0.26-3.75) 0.467 8-14 2.69 (1.29-4.37) 0.006 ** 2.32 (1.14-4.85) 0.675 1.62 (0.43-2.78) 0.337 1.95 (1.25-3.27) 0.573 1.56 (0.26-3.75) 0.498 >14 3.24 (1.06-5.45) <.0001*** 2.35 (1.01-2.65) 0.062 1.20 (0.94-1.52) 0.144 1.12 (0.85-1.46) 0.426 2.14 (0.51-2.56) 0.749 Age of probiotics initiation(days) ≤14 0.98 (0.06-1.78) 0.001 ** 1.26 (0.67-2.75) 0.345 0.87 (0.04-1.13) 0.258 0.93 (0.37-1.29) 0.002 ** 1.01 (0.08-1.69) 0.679 >14 0.84 (0.01-1.23) 0.067 0.79 (0.12-1.65) 0.289 0.87 (0.25-1.67) 0.323 1.35 (0.65-2.37) 0.856 0.65 (0.02-1.58) 0.007 Duration of probiotics use（days） ≤14 1.36 (1.21-2.89) 0.062 1.84 (1.08-2.63) 0.328 2.36 (0.67-4.56) 0.129 2.36 (1.03-5.47) 0.685 2.36 (1.19-3.68) 0.474 >14 1.37 (1.24-2.92) 0.032 * 2.98 (1.13-3.96) 0.078 1.85 (0.83-2.92) 0.126 0.88 (0.63-1.19) 0.009 ** 0.92 (0.08-1.67) 0.287 Maternal anxiety 3.23 (2.83-10.5) 0.023 * 3.36 2.52-10.7) 0.058 4.43 (2.54-6.57) 0.374 2.08 (1.62-2.59) 0.708 1.42 (0.65-5.71) 0.657 Maternal smoking 2.15 (1.38-3.34) 0.005 ** 1.81 (1.27-2.64) 0.176 1.54 (1.03-3.29) 0.096 0.99 (0.27-2.64) 0.384 1.62 (1.17-2.83) 0.753 Hospital stay (days) ≤7 1.29 (0.87-2.58) 0.346 1.15 (0.57-1.94) 0.287 1.49 (1.01-2.03) 0.985 1.15 (0.59-3.86) 0.06 1.15 (0.86-2.74) 0.212 >7 2.17 (1.32-2.48) <.0001*** 2.13 (1.56-3.49) 0.563 1.85 (0.65-2.56) 0.574 0.97 (0.56-1.49) 0.308 1.36 (0.67-1.99) 0.657 *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 Table 5 . Multivariate analysis for risk factors associated with FGIDs Risk factors Infant Colic Infant Regurgitation Infant Dyschezia Functional Constipation Functional Diarrhoea aOR (95% CI) p value aOR (95% CI) p value aOR (95% CI) p value aOR (95% CI) p value aOR (95% CI) p value Gestational Age <32 weeks 4.08 (2.37-12.1) 0.013 * 3.25 (2.19-6.84) 0.027 * 4.21 (3.27-11.5) 0.532 2.74 (1.87-4.82) 0.286 2.62 (1.93-5.27) 0.663 Birth Weight <1.5 kg 3.26 (2.48-10.5) 0.026 * 2.78 (1.48-5.25) 0.015 * 2.56 (2.27-5.92) 0.227 3.25 (2.51-7.62) 0.354 1.88 (1.51-5.63) 0.089 Cesarean delivery 3.58 (2.39-9.05) 0.147 2.08 (1.85-3.99) 0.263 2.38 (2.01-4.72) 0.206 2.74 (1.28-11.3) <.0001 *** 4.56 (1.98-8.53) 0.764 Exclusive breast-feeding 0.95 (0.72-5.71) 0.211 0.87 (0.36-1.92) 0.003 ** 1.56 (1.33-3.26) 0.387 2.35 (1.78-6.29) 0.563 2.74 (1.47-7.35) 0.495 Exclusive formula feeding 1.65 (1.23 -2.86) 0.386 1.84 (1.21-3.83) 0.011 * 1.96 (1.67-3.45) 0.564 3.21 (1.86-5.83) 0.485 2.75 (1.32-4.34) 0.381 Duration of antibiotic use ≥ 8 days 2.93 (1.28-5.39) 14 days 0.85 (0.65-1.23) 0.005 ** 1.25 (1.04-2.28) 0.108 0.73 (0.23-1.28) 0.227 0.84 (0.46-1.47) 0.021 * 0.68 (0.21-0.92) 0.183 Maternal smoking 2.43 (1.57-4.29) 0.004 ** 2.35 (1.37-3.58) 0.701 2.32 (1.56-5.25) 0.129 1.56 (1.32-4.56) 0.371 2.32 (1.54-3.75) 0.698 Hospital stay > 7 days 2.27 (1.36-5.62) <.0001*** 3.26 (1.73-5.47) 0.335 2.47 (1.53-4.28) 0.229 1.75 (1.47-3.82) 0.834 2.52 (1.43-4.94) 0.469 aOR: OR was adjusted ; *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2321792","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":160374119,"identity":"b35f08b4-e600-4e73-9746-7f0e01fb6293","order_by":0,"name":"Dengqin Bi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University，","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dengqin","middleName":"","lastName":"Bi","suffix":""},{"id":160374120,"identity":"c09b678d-f3db-47df-8a79-5d87fa169e07","order_by":1,"name":"Honghua Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University，","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Honghua","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""},{"id":160374122,"identity":"bc1a663d-7662-46c7-90b2-0b4cda5d3f8a","order_by":2,"name":"Kaiting Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University，","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaiting","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":160374125,"identity":"eefcd86b-71c9-4a4e-a0c4-7a6070180b5f","order_by":3,"name":"Ting Guan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University，","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ting","middleName":"","lastName":"Guan","suffix":""},{"id":160374129,"identity":"1112d1ff-7dda-4b88-8131-ccb7802a1c85","order_by":4,"name":"Ling Hou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University，","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ling","middleName":"","lastName":"Hou","suffix":""},{"id":160374132,"identity":"e97e78c6-2be6-44fd-ab74-48826fd2d89e","order_by":5,"name":"Guihua Shu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAu0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNiA+IMfG3nyANC3GfDzHEkjTkjhPIkeBOPUG548/e/jj1530NoYcBoYfFduI0HLgjLkxb9+z3DaGswcYe87cJkLLwR42acaew7ltjH0JzIxtxGg5zP5M8mfP4XQ2Zh4DIrUcYzCT4PlxOIGNjVgtkmd4gH5pOGzYxsOWcJAov/CBQ+zPYXn5+Y8PPvhRQYQWhQNAgrENwjlAWD0QyDeAyD9EqR0Fo2AUjIKRCgAsikEDDiqgDwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University，","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Guihua","middleName":"","lastName":"Shu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-11-28 15:59:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2321792/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2321792/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2022.1089","type":"published","date":"2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":49314126,"identity":"1cd780b2-ed15-4743-91b5-7e99f6382876","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-01-08 14:38:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":363722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2321792/v1/58941249-b8dc-489d-99cc-7565a39ecb48.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Neonatal risk factors for functional gastrointestinal disorders in preterm infants in the first year of life","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFunctional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are a group of diseases of the functional digestive tract which are age-related, chronic, or recurring, and are not addressed either by organic lesions or biochemical abnormalities\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. FGIDs were redefined by the Roman IV criteria where FGIDs in infants include infant colic, infant regurgitation, infant dyschezia, functional constipation, functional diarrhea, rumination as well as cycling vomiting syndrome\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to multiple studies, around 50% of infants experience FGIDs (including regurgitation, infant colic, and constipation) during the first year of their lives following birth\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. There is a higher rate of medical visits by infants and young children with FGIDs, and consequently, the quality of life is poorer for them \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, causing unnecessary hardship for caregivers during early infancy\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. In children, FGIDs not only affect their growth and development but also deteriorate their quality of life. Additionally, studies show that children with FGIDs are more prone to gastrointestinal illnesses, abdominal migraines, and personality disorders as they age than children without FGIDs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This affects the long-term health of children, as well as burdens the family with increasing additional healthcare costs\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Most FGIDs are usually treated with inadequate treatment modalities, which adds enormous costs to healthcare systems in resource-constrained nations\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Possible influencing factors include genetic predispositions, psychological variables, aberrant intestinal motility, visceral hyperalgesia, gut inflammation, intestinal microbiota, early stressful experiences, and trauma, all have been suggested as determinants of FGID susceptibility\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. FGIDs, however, remain largely unknown in terms of their pathophysiology. In recent years, the prevalence of FGIDs and disease risk factors have attracted the attention of pediatricians at home and abroad. The prevalence of FGIDs is higher in premature infants, and neonatal life events are crucial in programming later FGIDs in life\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Several authors speculate that infants are predisposed to FGIDs depending on the delivery mode, feeding practices, and early administration of antibiotics\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the most recent research subjects of FGIDs were term infants, and few studies have been conducted on premature infants. Therefore, the role of premature birth in FGIDs is less explored. A retrospective analysis concerning preterm infants is conducted in this study to look at the potential link between neonatal factors and the development of FGIDs within the first year of life.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy subjects and design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was retrospective and non-interventional and written informed consent was obtained from the mother/caregiver. The ethics committee of Northern Jiangsu People\u0026apos;s Hospital has approved this research. Preterm newborns at the hospital with gestational ages ranging from 25 to 36 weeks were selected from the tertiary neonatal critical care unit between September 2018 and September 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePremature newborns with severe acute infection or neonatal problems inherited metabolic disorders, congenital deformities, and death during hospitalization were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData on neonatal risk factors such as gestational age, gender, birth weight, mode of delivery, feeding pattern, antibiotic administration and addition of probiotics, duration of hospitalization, maternal history of smoking, and mental condition, were all collected from hospital records and telephone follow-up records. FGIDs were diagnosed as per the Rome IV criteria\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed statistically with the aid of SPSS Statistics (21.0). Continuous variables were presented as the mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation (SD) and analyzed using the Student\u0026rsquo;s t-test. Categorical variables were described as proportions and were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method. The risk factors were identified by performing univariate as well as multivariate logistic regression analyses. For each risk factor, odds ratio (OR) estimates, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values from the Wald chi-square test were all determined, where P \u0026lt;0.05 indicated a statistical significance level. Multiple logistic regression has been applied if the p-value of any of the factors was less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe protocol, information letter to the parents/caregivers and written informed consent form were approved by the The ethics committee of Northern Jiangsu People\u0026apos;s Hospital(2022ky291), Jiangsu, China. The survey was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines on Good Clinical Practice (GCP).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 988 preterm infants have been involved in this study, and their data for the first year of their lives were evaluated and analyzed. Among a total of 988 subjects, at least in 725 (73.4%), a single FGID was documented with the first of life. There are 484 (49.0%) cases with a single kind of FGIDs, 210 (21.3%) with two kinds, 31 (3.1%) with three kinds, and no case with four or more FGIDs found. Among the 988 participants, there were 449 (45.4%) and 411 (41.6%) cases of infant colic and regurgitation, respectively, making them frequently occurring disorders. Of the 988 participants, 237 (24.0%) claimed dyschezia, 190 (19.2%) claimed functional constipation, and 34 (3.4%) claimed functional diarrhea. There were no cases of infant rumination syndrome as well as recurrent vomiting syndrome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe demographic characteristics of subjects are shown in Table 1. Of the 988 infants who completed the study, 725 with FGIDs were allotted to the case group and 263 without symptoms associated with FGIDs were allotted to the control group. As expected, all 988 preterm-born infants displayed considerable differences (variations) in gestation time, birth weight, the incidence of cesarean delivery, rate of breastfeeding, antibiotic usage, the addition of probiotics, and maternal history of smoking, anxiety, and hospital stay (Table 1). There were no considerable variations in gender between the case group and the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was observed that the prevalence of FGIDs among preterm newborns varied considerably in terms of gestational age (\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e = 21.83; \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.001), especially in the case of infant colic (\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e= 28.10;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.001) and infant regurgitation (\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e= 33.13; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.001) (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, there were also found differences in infants\u0026nbsp;according to the different\u0026nbsp;weight\u0026nbsp;at birth\u0026nbsp;in at least one FGIDs (\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e= 16.00;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.003), infant colic (\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e= 27.18; \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.001), and infant regurgitation (\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003e= 18.11; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.001) (Table 3). There was no significant difference in others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are several neonatal risk factors associated with FGIDs, as shown in Table 4. (see Additional file 4). Univariate analysis has revealed that FGIDs were significantly associated with gestational age, birth weight, cesarean delivery, breastfeeding, exclusive formula feeding, use of neonatal antibiotics and probiotics, maternal anxiety, maternal smoking, and hospitalization longer than 7 days (Table 4). The risk from infantile colic [(\u0026lt;28 weeks: OR = 5.28, 95%CI = 1.10-12.4, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.003), (28-32 weeks: OR = 4.16, 95%CI = 1.05-11.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.008)] and infant regurgitation [ (\u0026lt;28 weeks: OR = 4.12, 95%CI = 0.63-11.3, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.045) (28 - 32 weeks: OR = 3.28, 95%CI = 1.18-12.4, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.049)] was considerably elevated for infants with low gestational age. Moreover, the risk from infantile colic [(\u0026lt;1 kg: OR = 6.84, 95%CI = 2.35-15.6, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.004), (1-1.5kg: OR = 4.21, 95%CI = 1.58-13.2, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.023)] and infant regurgitation [(\u0026lt;1 kg: OR = 2.57, 95%CI = 0.86-5.38, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.012), (1-1.5kg: OR = 1.26, 95%CI = 0.91-6.39, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.035)] was considerably high for infants with lower weight on birth. In addition, if the infant was delivered by cesarean, the risk of functional constipation was higher (OR = 1.99, 95%CI = 1.31-3.18, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0 .015). Furthermore, infants exclusively\u0026nbsp;fed with\u0026nbsp;formula following\u0026nbsp;birth have displayed a higher risk for infantile regurgitation (OR = 2.02, 95%CI = 1.32-1.38, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.009). Infant colic was significantly associated with the duration of antibiotic use in the neonatal period [(8-14 days: OR = 2.69, 95%CI = 1.29-4.37,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u003c/em\u003e = 0.006), (\u0026gt; 14 days: OR = 3.24, 95%CI = 1.06-5.45, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.001)]. The use of probiotics in the first month of life was considerably associated with infant colic [(age of probiotics initiation\u0026nbsp;\u0026le;14 days, OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.21-2.89, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.062), (Duration of probiotics use \u0026gt;14 days, OR = 1.37, 95%CI = 1.24-2.92, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.032)] and functional constipation [(age of probiotics initiation\u0026nbsp;\u0026le;14 days, OR = 0.93, adjusted 95%CI = 0.37-1.29, adjusted\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u003c/em\u003e =0.002), (duration of probiotics use \u0026gt;14 days, OR = 0.88, adjusted 95%CI = 0.63-1.19, P = 0.009)]. maternal anxiety (OR = 3.23, 95%CI = 2.83-10.5, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.023), maternal smoking (OR = 2.15, 95%CI = 1.38-3.34,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u003c/em\u003e = 0.005), and hospitalization longer than 7 days (OR = 2.17, 95%CI = 1.32-2.48, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.001) were also considerably associated with infant colic. Furthermore, there were no other significant associations were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis are shown in Table 5 (see Additional file 5). Infant colic was substantially linked to a gestational age of 32 weeks or less and birth weight of 1.5 kg or less [(gestational age \u0026lt; 32weeks: adjusted OR = 4.08, adjusted 95%CI = 2.37-12.1, adjusted p = 0.013), (birth weight \u0026lt; 1.5kg:\u0026nbsp;adjusted OR = 3.26, adjusted 95%CI =2.48-10.5, adjusted \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.026)] and infant regurgitation [(gestational age \u0026lt; 32weeks: adjusted OR = 3.25, adjusted 95%CI = 2.19\u0026ndash;6.84, adjusted \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.027), (birth weight \u0026lt; 1.5kg:\u0026nbsp;adjusted OR = 2.78, adjusted 95%CI =1.48\u0026ndash;5.25, adjusted\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.015)]. Cesarean delivery (adjusted OR = 2.74, adjusted 95%CI = 1.28-11.3, adjusted \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001) was considerably linked to functional constipation. Antibiotic use over 8 days\u0026nbsp;(adjusted OR = 2.93, adjusted 95%CI = 1.28-5.39, adjusted \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.001), maternal smoking (adjusted OR = 2.43, adjusted 95%CI = 1.57-4.29, adjusted \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.004), and hospitalization longer than 7 days (adjusted OR = 2.27, adjusted 95%CI = 1.36-5.62, adjusted \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt;0.001) were considerably linked to infantile colic. There was a considerable association between colic in infants and probiotic use lasting more than 14 days (duration of probiotics use\u0026nbsp;＞14 days, adjusted OR = 0.85, adjusted 95%CI = 0.65-1.23, adjusted\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.005) and functional constipation (duration of probiotics use\u0026nbsp;＞14 days, OR = 0.84, adjusted 95%CI = 0.46-1.47, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.02). Following birth, both exclusive breastfeeding\u0026nbsp;(adjusted OR = 0.87, adjusted 95%CI = 0.36-1.92, adjusted \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.003) and formula feeding (adjusted OR = 1.84, adjusted 95%CI =1.21-3.83, adjusted p = 0.011) were considerably linked to infant regurgitation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the retrospective evaluation of the preterm infant cohort in their first year of life, a high prevalence (73.4%) of FGIDs has been found, which is in line with\u0026nbsp;Salvatore\u0026rsquo;s study\u0026nbsp;(76%)\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;However, a higher prevalence (73.4%) of FGIDs was found than those reported in African (50%), American (24%), and European (25%) populations\u003csup\u003e[5, 7, 13]\u003c/sup\u003e that were also based on the Rome IV criteria. There may be an explanation for this situation as a significant portion of the subjects in this study were preterm infants receiving antibiotic treatment within the first month of their lives. This lower incidence in America might be attributed to the small sampling size (n = 58). The low prevalence in the European population may be attributed to the fact that the subject\u0026rsquo;s parents were interviewed by a healthcare professional who might interpret the symptoms differently. There are no specific biomarkers or investigations for diagnosing FGIDs. Therefore, clinical criteria are used instead, while organic disease warning signs are excluded. The Rome III criteria and, more recently, the Rome IV criteria give a thorough categorization of distinct FGIDs at various ages. Nevertheless, the likelihood of diagnostic heterogeneity or misclassification among various physicians, as well as an overvaluation of the incidence of FGIDs, cannot be ruled out.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfants with FGIDs suffer from a wide variety of disorders\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e. Over 70% of preterm subjects had at least one FGID, and 24.4% had more than one, with infantile colic and regurgitation being the most prevalent to present concurrently. Gastrointestinal infection along with early life experiences like Gastric suction, cow milk protein allergies, inflammation, trauma, and stress\u003csup\u003e[16-21]\u003c/sup\u003e have all been linked to a higher risk of visceral hyperalgesia and gastrointestinal problems late in life\u003csup\u003e[2, 11, 22]\u003c/sup\u003e. It is important to consider these results carefully and to have them replicated in other preterm populations before drawing a general conclusion, as genetic and environmental factors, parental and physician perceptions, feeding patterns, and pharmacological treatments are all thought to be determinants of infant FGID rates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe effects of different neonatal factors such as the gestation age, gender, birth weight, delivery type, feed patterns, antibiotics therapy, and probiotics therapy during the first month of life, maternal anxiety, maternal smoking, and duration of hospitalization in developing FGIDs among infants were simultaneously assessed. Both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were conducted for the purpose of limiting the cumulative effects of various risk factors as well as for identifying the major factors contributing to FGIDs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Milidou, infantile colic rates increase with decreasing gestational age.\u0026nbsp;Further, the odds of infantile colic were higher among small-for-gestational-age infants possessing birthweights below the 10th percentile\u003csup\u003e[23]\u003c/sup\u003e. We also found that infants with a gestational age of fewer than 32 weeks have an enhanced risk of infantile colic\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;infant regurgitation. As reported in Danish and Italian studies, infants with lower birth weights are at double risk (or even higher) for developing infantile colic\u003csup\u003e[24, 25]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;In line with this, our results indicated that low birth weight (\u0026lt;1.5 kg) has been linked to an elevated risk of infantile colic as well as regurgitation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, preterm birth as well as neonatal antibiotics usage during the first month of life has been linked with an ever-growing occurrence of FGIDs\u003csup\u003e[11, 14]\u003c/sup\u003e. Premature being subjected to a variety of variables that have been linked to influencing gastrointestinal homeostasis, pain perception, and sensitivity,\u0026nbsp;leads to a higher incidence of preterm infants than term infants\u003csup\u003e[11, 14]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;Compared with term neonates, the intestinal microflora of preterm infants is more susceptible to dysbiosis or imbalance in gut microbial communities, which is closely related to functional gastrointestinal disorders\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;In this study, infants delivered by cesarean were more vulnerable to functional constipation,\u0026nbsp;which was the same as that reported by other studies\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e. Vaginal delivery is considerably linked to a lower incidence of functional constipation; this phenomenon may be related to the intestinal microbiota of infants\u003csup\u003e[26]\u003c/sup\u003e. Several studies have shown that the mode of delivery influences gut microbiota among infants\u003csup\u003e[27]\u003c/sup\u003e. It is vertically transmitted maternal microbes to infants that contribute significantly to the establishment of the core gut microbiota. Notably, the microbiota of infants delivered via the vagina mimics their mother\u0026apos;s vaginal microbiota, whereas those of cesarean-birthed neonates resemble the mother\u0026apos;s skin microbiota\u003csup\u003e[28, 29]\u003c/sup\u003e. Another study by Hojsak et al.\u0026nbsp;suggested that the early pattern of infant gut microbial colonization was critical for the suitable development of the human gastrointestinal tract\u003csup\u003e[15]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was further observed that infants being exclusively breastfed following birth have reduced risk from infant regurgitation, whereas it is enhanced for formula-fed infants. As part of its pathophysiology, regurgitation can be attributed to\u0026nbsp;limited esophagus volume combined with the immaturity of the lower esophageal sphincter, overfeeding, and infant posture\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e. Parents tend to overfeed in the case of bottle feeding owing to being less likely to respond to the infant\u0026rsquo;s\u0026nbsp;satiety cues\u003csup\u003e[30]\u003c/sup\u003e. This might illustrate why formula-fed neonates have a higher proclivity for regurgitation. There is evidence that breastfed infants have different feeding patterns that are associated with reduced reflux due to self-regulation of milk consumption, resulting in increased frequency and decreased volume of feedings\u003csup\u003e[31]\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, breastfed babies have quick stomach emptying. As a result, a low esophageal pH value, which is more likely to trigger peristalsis, leads to a shorter period of reflux\u003csup\u003e[32]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, it was also found that the prevalence of infant colic has been considerably elevated in the case of antibiotic use over 8 days\u0026nbsp;in the neonatal period. This result was consistent with previous studies\u003csup\u003e[1, 33]\u003c/sup\u003e. Antibiotics have been comprehensively utilized in premature infants, and current evidence also reflects the negative effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota\u0026rsquo;s composition and functions thereof. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis is an important factor in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Genetically susceptible newborns are at higher risk of allergy and inflammatory bowel disease after being given antibiotics in the early stages of life\u003csup\u003e[34-36]\u003c/sup\u003e. Infections as well as antibiotics usage during earliest life can cause immunological dysregulation, abnormal barrier functioning, microbiota change, and altered gut sensory activities, all of which can lead to FGIDs in susceptible individuals\u003csup\u003e[16, 37]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was also observed that early use of probiotics (less than 14 days after birth) as well as their usage for more than 14 days was associated with the incidence of infant colic and functional constipation. The use of probiotics can improve the bacterial flora imbalance caused by the long-term use of antibiotics, thus relieving infant colic. Probiotic preparations significantly shorten gastrointestinal passage time, increase defecation frequency, and improve fecal traits, promoting defecation\u003csup\u003e[38]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study also reveals that infantile colic was considerably associated with maternal smoking and hospitalization longer than 7 days. A plausible explanation could be that passive smoking is linked to increased plasma and intestinal motilin levels and higher-than-average levels of motilin are linked to elevated risks of infant colic\u003csup\u003e[39]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u0026nbsp;The mechanism underlying the length of hospitalization and the incidence of functional gastrointestinal disorders is unknown and requires additional investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is of great clinical significance since it includes the examination of a large cohort of preterm infants and many neonatal variables along with the utilization of Rome IV criteria for classifying FGIDs. It should be noted that this study has some of the following limitations. First, our study did not have a multi-center design. Second, we attained symptom data from parents, which may be inaccurate. Lastly, parents of infants who experience symptoms are more likely to respond.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal symptoms are typically stressful to the newborn and parents, resulting in a cascade of events involving infant discomfort, crying, parental concern, diminished quality of life, recurrent healthcare professional visits, and rising healthcare expenditures\u003csup\u003e[6, 40, 41]\u003c/sup\u003e. Recognizing the exact incidence pattern of FGIDs is critical for developing a targeted program for parents\u0026rsquo; education as well as clinical follow-ups. Furthermore, identifying linked neonatal risk factors for FGIDs is a necessary measure for designing potential early-life therapies to reduce FGIDs later in life.\u003csup\u003e[28, 42]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHerein, it has been postulated that FGIDs may be prevented by reducing the unnecessary use of neonatal antibiotics, probiotics, and cesarean deliveries as well as by promoting breastfeeding for promoting intestinal homeostasis among at-risk neonates.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the incidence rate of FGIDs among premature infants was higher during the first year. Herein, the data have shown that infantile colic, as well as infant regurgitation, are among prevalent FGIDs, and some infants presented with a variety of FGIDs. It is worth noting that low gestational age (\u0026lt;32w）, low birth weight (\u0026lt;1.5kg), neonatal antibiotics use, cesarean section, hospital stay, formula feeding, and maternal smoking are risk factors for FGIDs in preterm infants. In contrast, postnatal breastfeeding and probiotics supplementation are protective factors against infant FGIDs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Guihu Shu and Dr. Honghua Jiang from Northern Jiangsu People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Ming Bian from Yangzhou Friendship Hospital, China.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003econtributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDengqin Bi and Guihua Shu contributed to the conception and design of the research; Dengqin Bi, Kaiting Yang, Ting Guan and Ling Hou participated in data collection and analysis. Dengqin Bi drafted the work. Honghua Jiang and Guihua Shureviewed the analysis and data interpretation, revised the manuscripts and gave the final approval of the version submitted. All authors are in agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work, and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone declared.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe protocol, information letter to the parents/caregivers and written informed consent form were approved by the ethics committee of Northern Jiangsu People\u0026apos;s Hospital (2022ky291) , Jiangsu, China. Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from the mother/caregiver. \u0026nbsp;The survey was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines on Good Clinical Practice (GCP).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Pediatrics, Northern Jiangsu People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University，Yangzhou 225001, China\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Pediatrics, Yangzhou Friendship Hospital，Yangzhou 225001, China\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalvatore S, Baldassarre ME, Di Mauro A, et al. Neonatal Antibiotics and Prematurity Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in the First Year of Life [J]. J Pediatr. 2019;212:44\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBenninga MA, Faure C, Hyman PE, et al. Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Neonate/Toddler [J]. Gastroenterology, 2016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIacono G, Merolla R, D'amico D, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy: a population-based prospective study [J]. Dig Liver Dis. 2005;37(6):432\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVandenplas Y, Abkari A, Bellaiche M, et al. Prevalence and Health Outcomes of Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Infants From Birth to 12 Months of Age [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2015;61(5):531\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRobin SG, Keller C, Zwiener R, et al. Prevalence of Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Utilizing the Rome IV Criteria [J]. J Pediatr. 2018;195:134\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSalvatore S, Abkari A, Cai W, et al. Review shows that parental reassurance and nutritional advice help to optimise the management of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants [J]. Acta Paediatr, 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBellaiche M, Ategbo S, Krumholz F, et al. A large-scale study to describe the prevalence, characteristics and management of functional gastrointestinal disorders in African infants [J]. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(11):2366\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKoppen IJ, Nurko S, Saps M, et al. The pediatric Rome IV criteria: what's new? [J]. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;11(3):193\u0026ndash;201.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStiemsma LT, Michels KB. The Role of the Microbiome in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease [J]. Pediatrics, 2018, 141(4).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVelasco-Benitez CA, Axelrod CH, Gutierrez S, et al. The Relationship Between Prematurity, Method of Delivery, and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(2):e37\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTurco R, Miele E, Russo M, et al. Early-life factors associated with pediatric functional constipation [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;58(3):307\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCampeotto F, Barbaza MO, Hospital V. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Outpatients Aged up to 12 Months: A French Non-Interventional Study [J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020, 17(11).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSteutel NF, Zeevenhooven J, Scarpato E, et al. Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in European Infants and Toddlers [J]. J Pediatr. 2020;221:107\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShamir R, St James-Roberts I, Di Lorenzo C, et al. Infant crying, colic, and gastrointestinal discomfort in early childhood: a review of the evidence and most plausible mechanisms [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;57(Suppl 1):1\u0026ndash;45.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHojsak I. Probiotics in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders [J]. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1125:121\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRhoads JM, Collins J, Fatheree NY, et al. Infant Colic Represents Gut Inflammation and Dysbiosis [J]. J Pediatr, 2018, 203: 55\u0026ndash;61 e3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaps M, Bonilla S. Early life events: infants with pyloric stenosis have a higher risk of developing chronic abdominal pain in childhood [J]. J Pediatr, 2011, 159(4): 551\u0026ndash;4 e1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaps M, Lu P, Bonilla S. Cow's-milk allergy is a risk factor for the development of FGIDs in children [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;52(2):166\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaps M, Pensabene L, Turco R, et al. Rotavirus gastroenteritis: precursor of functional gastrointestinal disorders? [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;49(5):580\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Tilburg MA, Runyan DK, Zolotor AJ, et al. Unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms after abuse in a prospective study of children at risk for abuse and neglect [J]. Ann Fam Med. 2010;8(2):134\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVelasco-Benitez CA, Ortiz-Rivera CJ. Post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in children after a non-severe dengue episode without warning signs [J]. Biomedica. 2019;39(Supl):2): 93\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIndrio F, Di Mauro A, Riezzo G, et al. Infantile colic, regurgitation, and constipation: an early traumatic insult in the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children? [J]. Eur J Pediatr. 2015;174(6):841\u0026ndash;2.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMilidou I, Sondergaard C, Jensen MS, et al. Gestational age, small for gestational age, and infantile colic [J]. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014;28(2):138\u0026ndash;45.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaldassarre ME, Di Mauro A, Salvatore S, et al. Birth Weight and the Development of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants [J]. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2020;23(4):366\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKanis SL, Modderman S, Escher JC, et al. Health outcomes of 1000 children born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease in their first 5 years of life [J]. Gut. 2021;70(7):1266\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNakamura M, Matsumura K, Ohnuma Y, et al. Association of cesarean birth with prevalence of functional constipation in toddlers at 3 years of age: results from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) [J]. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):419.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBager P, Simonsen J, Nielsen NM, et al. Cesarean section and offspring's risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a national cohort study [J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(5):857\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKristensen K, Henriksen L. Cesarean section and disease associated with immune function [J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(2):587\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, et al. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months [J]. CMAJ. 2013;185(5):385\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVentura AK, Mennella JA. An Experimental Approach to Study Individual Differences in Infants' Intake and Satiation Behaviors during Bottle-Feeding [J]. Child Obes. 2017;13(1):44\u0026ndash;52.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYourkavitch J, Zadrozny S, Flax VL. Reflux Incidence among Exclusively Breast Milk Fed Infants: Differences of Feeding at Breast versus Pumped Milk [J]. Children (Basel), 2016, 3(4).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHeacock HJ, Jeffery HE, Baker JL, et al. Influence of breast versus formula milk on physiological gastroesophageal reflux in healthy, newborn infants [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1992;14(1):41\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOosterloo BC, Van Elburg RM, Rutten NB, et al. Wheezing and infantile colic are associated with neonatal antibiotic treatment [J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2018;29(2):151\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYamamoto-Hanada K, Yang L, Narita M, et al. Influence of antibiotic use in early childhood on asthma and allergic diseases at age 5 [J]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017;119(1):54\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmadizar F, Vijverberg SJH, Arets HGM, et al. Early life antibiotic use and the risk of asthma and asthma exacerbations in children [J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2017;28(5):430\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArvola T, Ruuska T, Keranen J, et al. Rectal bleeding in infancy: clinical, allergological, and microbiological examination [J]. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):e760-8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShaw SY, Blanchard JF, Bernstein CN. Association between the use of antibiotics in the first year of life and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease [J]. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(12):2687\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDimidi E, Christodoulides S, Scott SM, et al. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota on Gut Motility and Constipation [J]. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(3):484\u0026ndash;94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShenassa ED, Brown MJ. Maternal smoking and infantile gastrointestinal dysregulation: the case of colic [J]. Pediatrics. 2004;114(4):e497\u0026ndash;505.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMahon J, Lifschitz C, Ludwig T, et al. The costs of functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic literature review and cost calculation for England [J]. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e015594.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVan Tilburg MA, Rouster A, Silver D, et al. Development and Validation of a Rome III Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Questionnaire for Infants and Toddlers [J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(3):384\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIndrio F, Di Mauro A, Riezzo G, et al. Prophylactic use of a probiotic in the prevention of colic, regurgitation, and functional constipation: a randomized clinical trial [J]. JAMA Pediatr. 2014;168(3):228\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of the enrolled population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCase group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=725）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=263）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age, w, meanSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.71.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.80.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e418（57.7）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139（52.9）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth weight,kg, meanSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-38.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCesarean delivery, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e487（67.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106（40.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusive breast-feeding, \u0026nbsp;n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218（30.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127（48.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusive formula feeding , n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396（54.6）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85（32.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic use, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479（66.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95（36.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProbiotics use,\u0026nbsp;n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256（35.3）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145（55.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal anxiety,\u0026nbsp;n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351（48.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63（24.0）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal smoking, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327（45.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59（22.4）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"36.18181818181818%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital stay, d, meanSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital stay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026le;7d, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;7d，n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.421.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173（23.9）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e552（76.1）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"19.09090909090909%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;6.23.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153（58.2）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110（41.8）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.727272727272727%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.181818181818182%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion (%) of infants born preterm with FIGDs, according to the different gestational age at birth\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"648\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.219474497681608%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational Age (weeks)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.528593508500773%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant colic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.001545595054097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegurgitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.210200927357032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant dyschezia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.45595054095827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstipation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ediarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt least 1 FGID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.219474497681608%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;28（n=14）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.528593508500773%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u0026nbsp;(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.001545595054097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u0026nbsp;(57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.210200927357032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026nbsp;(35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.45595054095827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026nbsp;(28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026nbsp;(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u0026nbsp;(85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.219474497681608%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;32（n=244）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.528593508500773%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u0026nbsp;(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.001545595054097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u0026nbsp;(52.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.210200927357032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u0026nbsp;(32.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.45595054095827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u0026nbsp;(23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u0026nbsp;(2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206\u0026nbsp;(84.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.219474497681608%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;34（n=300）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.528593508500773%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u0026nbsp;(32.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.001545595054097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u0026nbsp;(46.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.210200927357032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u0026nbsp;(24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.45595054095827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59(19.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238(71.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.219474497681608%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;36（n=430）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.528593508500773%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u0026nbsp;(28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.001545595054097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136(31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.210200927357032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79(18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.45595054095827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269(68.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.219474497681608%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.528593508500773%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.001545595054097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.210200927357032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.45595054095827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.219474497681608%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"14.528593508500773%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"17.001545595054097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.210200927357032%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.45595054095827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.292117465224111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProportion of infants reporting FGIDs, according to the different types of disorder and birth weight groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.068642745709827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth Weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant colic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.380655226209047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant Regurgitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.480499219968799%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant dyschezia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.444617784711388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003econstipation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ediarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.104524180967239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt least 1 FIGD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.068642745709827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=12）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.380655226209047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(58.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.480499219968799%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.444617784711388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(8.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.104524180967239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.068642745709827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=148）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89(60.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.380655226209047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85(57.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.480499219968799%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.444617784711388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(20.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.104524180967239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119(80.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.068642745709827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=631）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282(44.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.380655226209047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.480499219968799%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151(23.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.444617784711388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130(20.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.104524180967239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e472(74.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.068642745709827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=152）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60(39.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.380655226209047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53(34.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.480499219968799%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.444617784711388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(13.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.104524180967239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96(63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.068642745709827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＞3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e（n=45）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.380655226209047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(35.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.480499219968799%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.444617784711388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.104524180967239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(62.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.068642745709827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.380655226209047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.480499219968799%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.444617784711388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.104524180967239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.068642745709827%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"16.380655226209047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"12.480499219968799%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"15.444617784711388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.260530421216849%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"13.104524180967239%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 . Neonatal risk factors against FGIDs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"867\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" width=\"18.202764976958527%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.16589861751152%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant Colic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"15.668202764976959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant Regurgitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"15.55299539170507%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant Dyschezia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.3963133640553%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional Constipation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"16.013824884792626%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional Diarrhoea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.535211267605634%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.450704225352112%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.549295774647888%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.605633802816901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.830985915492958%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.183098591549296%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.380281690140846%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.887323943661972%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.267605633802816%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.309859154929578%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational Age (weeks)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.294930875576037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.10-12.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.63-11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.12-12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.32-2.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.51-3.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.05-11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.18-12.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.53-12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.58-4.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.38-5.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.03-8.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.54-10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.14-13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.48-3.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.486\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.91-4.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.14-7.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.93-11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.32-3.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.56-6.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.23-3.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth Weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.294930875576037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.35-15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.86-5.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.35-5.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.01-3.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.45-6.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.58-13.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.91-6.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.08-4.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.22-3.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.67-6.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.96-10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.78-5.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.96-5.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.75-4.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.32-5.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026ndash;\u0026nbsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.89-3.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.46-1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.21-6.76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.35-3.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.01-8.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.85-9.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.35-3.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.45-3.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.02-6.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.03-6.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMode of Delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.294930875576037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVaginal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.15-3.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.25-4.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.68-3.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.11-1.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.01-1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC-section\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.43-10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.71-3.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.01-2.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.31-3.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.28-2.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"18.202764976958527%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusive breast-feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.59-4.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.35-1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.03-2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.78-6.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.25-8.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"18.202764976958527%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusive formula feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.42-1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.32-3.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.67-3.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.01-1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.15-1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of antibiotic use(days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.294930875576037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.54-2.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.27-3.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.54-2.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.84-4.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.26-3.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.29-4.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.14-4.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.43-2.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.25-3.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.26-3.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.06-5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.01-2.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.94-1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.85-1.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.51-2.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.749\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of probiotics initiation(days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.294930875576037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.06-1.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.67-2.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.04-1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.37-1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.08-1.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.679\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.01-1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.12-1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.25-1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.65-2.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.02-1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of probiotics use（days）\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.294930875576037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.21-2.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.08-2.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.67-4.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.03-5.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.19-3.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.24-2.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.13-3.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.83-2.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.63-1.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.08-1.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"18.202764976958527%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal anxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.83-10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52-10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.54-6.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.62-2.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.65-5.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"18.202764976958527%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal smoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.38-3.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.27-2.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.03-3.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.27-2.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.17-2.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital stay (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.294930875576037%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.87-2.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.912442396313364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.44700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.57-1.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.221198156682028%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.01-2.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.875576036866359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.944700460829493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.59-3.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.216589861751151%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.86-2.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.797235023041475%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.207161125319693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.381074168797953%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.32-2.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.672634271099744%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.485933503836318%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.56-3.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.90537084398977%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.741687979539641%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.65-2.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.521739130434782%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.148337595907929%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.56-1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.161125319693094%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.230179028132993%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.67-1.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544757033248082%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*: p\u0026lt;0.05, **: p\u0026lt;0.01, ***: p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5 . Multivariate analysis for risk factors associated with FGIDs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"858\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk factors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.69499417927823%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant Colic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"15.715948777648428%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant Regurgitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"15.948777648428406%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfant Dyschezia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"17.81140861466822%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional Constipation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"16.647264260768335%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFunctional Diarrhoea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.777777777777779%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.805555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.805555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.805555555555555%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.361111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.833333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.416666666666666%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.972222222222221%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.88888888888889%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational Age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;32 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.37-12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.19-6.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.27-11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.87-4.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.93-5.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth Weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1.5 kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.48-10.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.48-5.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.27-5.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.51-7.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.51-5.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCesarean delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.39-9.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.85-3.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.01-4.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.28-11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.98-8.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.764\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusive breast-feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.72-5.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.36-1.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.33-3.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.78-6.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.47-7.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExclusive formula feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.23 -2.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.21-3.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.67-3.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.86-5.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.485\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.32-4.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of antibiotic use\u0026nbsp;\u0026ge;\u0026nbsp;8 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.28-5.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.28-5.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.37-3.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.35-3.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.89-4.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of probiotics use \u0026gt;14 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.65-1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.04-2.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.23-1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.46-1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0.21-0.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal smoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.57-4.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.37-3.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.56-5.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.32-4.56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.54-3.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.181606519208383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHospital stay \u0026gt; 7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.71012805587893%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.36-5.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.984866123399302%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;.0001***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.73-5.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.70430733410943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.89522700814901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.53-4.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.169965075669383%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.080325960419092%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.47-3.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.731082654249127%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.19674039580908%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.43-4.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.450523864959255%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eaOR: OR was adjusted ; \u0026nbsp;*: p\u0026lt;0.05, **: p\u0026lt;0.01, ***: p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"premature, infants, functional gastrointestinal disorders, risk factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2321792/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2321792/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective: \u003c/strong\u003eAn assessment of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in premature infants in their first year of life and neonatal factors influencing the progression of FGIDs is conducted in this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eSubjects selected for the retrospective study involved preterm infants being hospitalized in the neonatal department of Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital from September 2018 to September 2021. Data on neonatal risk factors such as gestational age, gender, birth weight, mode of delivery, feeding pattern, antibiotic administration and addition of probiotics, duration of hospitalization, maternal history of smoking, and mental condition, were all collected and analyzed. FGIDs were diagnosed as per Rome IV criteria and a multivariate logistic regression model has been applied for determining factors linked to it.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eThis study included 988 preterm infants, with 725 (73.4%) having at least one FGID, 449 (45.4%) having infant colic, 411 (41.6%) having infant regurgitation, 237 (24.0%) having infant dyschezia, 190 (19.2%) having functional constipation, and 34 (3.4%) having functional diarrhea throughout the first year of life. There was no evidence identified for infant rumination syndrome and recurrent vomiting syndrome. In total, 263 infants (26.6%) without FGID symptoms were included in the control group. Infant colic and infant regurgitation were found as the most prevalent FGIDs. Further, a higher prevalence of FGIDs was observed in preterm infants with infant colic as well as infant regurgitation in particular as being characterized by a low gestational age (\u0026lt;32w), low birth weight (\u0026lt;1.5kg), cesarean section, formula feeding, neonatal antibiotics use, hospitalization longer than 7 days, and maternal history of smoking. It was found from association analyses that infants exclusively breastfed in their first month of life were at lower risk for regurgitation than those in the control group. Moreover, a significantly low occurrence of functional constipation was found in infants being subjected to probiotics treatment than in the control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003eTherefore, unnecessary antibiotic use in the neonatal period, cesarean delivery, passive smoking, lack of breastfeeding, along with inappropriate probiotics usage are major risk factors for FGIDs, and their systematic control may be effective in reducing the susceptibility to and prevalence of FGIDs in preterm infants in the first year of life.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Neonatal risk factors for functional gastrointestinal disorders in preterm infants in the first year of life","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-12-19 10:25:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2321792/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8ee3dee5-9b44-40b8-82c0-d172d4f384fd","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 19th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-01-09T13:50:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2321792","link":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2022.1089","journal":{"identity":"the-turkish-journal-of-pediatrics","isVorOnly":true,"title":"The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics"},"publishedOn":"2023-11-01 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 1st, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-12-19 10:25:23","video":"","vorDoi":"10.24953/turkjped.2022.1089","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2022.1089","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2321792","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2321792","identity":"rs-2321792","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}