Injury-induced Erk1/2 signaling enhances Ca2+ activity and is necessary for regeneration of spinal cord and skeletal muscle

ABSTRACT The transition of stem cells from quiescence to proliferation enables tissues to self-repair. The signaling mechanisms driving these stem-cell-status decisions are still unclear. Ca 2+ and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk1/2) are two signaling pathways that have the potential to coordinate multiple signals to promote a specific cellular response. They both play important roles during development but their roles during regeneration are not fully deciphered. Here we show in Xenopus laevis larvae that both Ca 2+ and Erk1/2 signaling pathways are activated after tail amputation. In response to injury, we find that Erk1/2 signaling is activated in neural and muscle stem cells and is necessary for spinal cord and skeletal muscle regeneration. Finally, we show in vivo that Erk1/2 action is necessary for an injury-induced increase in intracellular store-dependent Ca 2+ dynamics in skeletal muscle-associated tissues but that in spinal cord, injury increases Ca 2+ influx-dependent Ca 2+ activity independent of Erk1/2 signaling. This study suggests that precise temporal and tissue-specific activation of Ca 2+ and Erk1/2 pathways is essential for regulating tissue regeneration.