Shape Characteristics and Deformation Properties of Granite Crushed Stone During Compaction

Shape Characteristics and Deformation Properties of Granite Crushed Stone During Compaction | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Shape Characteristics and Deformation Properties of Granite Crushed Stone During Compaction Chang Liu, Daolu Quan, Qingbiao Wang, Xiaobo Su This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6210317/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The shape of particles plays a significant role in determining the mechanical properties of granular materials. This study explores how the morphology of crushed stone affects its deformation characteristics during compaction. Granite crushed stones were analyzed using a 3D particle measurement system and image processing techniques to assess their sphericity, flatness, and shape factor across four particle size groups: 5–10 mm, 10–15 mm, 15–20 mm, and 20–25 mm. Compaction tests were conducted using a hydraulic universal testing machine to evaluate the stress-strain relationships. The results indicate that the particle shape parameters, such as sphericity and flatness, vary with particle size, and the stress-strain curves during compaction follow an exponential function. Tetrahedral particles exhibited the highest deformation under identical stress conditions, while hexahedral particles demonstrated the lowest deformation. Field tests conducted in the − 1465 m belt roadway chamber of the Sha-ling Gold Mine validated the theoretical model, emphasizing the heterogeneity of fractured rock masses under excavation-induced stress adjustments. These field tests were essential to confirm the reliability of the theoretical analysis. Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering Physical sciences/Physics/Techniques and instrumentation/Characterization and analytical techniques Granite crushed stones Shape parameters Image analysis Compaction characteristic Field test Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 Jul, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 23 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 19 Mar, 2025 Editor invited by journal 19 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6210317","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":435170753,"identity":"f7053b67-e620-4911-88e4-fb563d06d345","order_by":0,"name":"Chang Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing Jiaotong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chang","middleName":"","lastName":"Liu","suffix":""},{"id":435170756,"identity":"6cfe0784-052d-4e5a-bc62-fa82f13198c1","order_by":1,"name":"Daolu Quan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACHgYGGQb2xsYHH0jRwsPAc7jZcAZpWiTS26Q5iFHNdyP52YM3NTY8BjcfNkgzMNjJ6TYQ0CJ5I83ccM6xNB6D24kNxgUMycZmBwhoMbiRYCbNw3YYrCV5BsOBxG2EtaR/k+b5B9Ry82DDYR7itOSYSfO2AbXcYGxsJkqL5Jk3ZZJz+9J4JM8kNjPOMCDCL3zH07dJvPlmI8d3/PjzHx8q7OQIamFAVWBASDmmllEwCkbBKBgFWAAABwVErsywq6wAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong Jianzhu University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daolu","middleName":"","lastName":"Quan","suffix":""},{"id":435170758,"identity":"5a2d7db1-00a9-4767-8d8f-f4b2f2cb413f","order_by":2,"name":"Qingbiao Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shandong Jianzhu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qingbiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":435170760,"identity":"4093f3a9-48ef-4488-a493-63af7057d22d","order_by":3,"name":"Xiaobo Su","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"China ENFI Engineering Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaobo","middleName":"","lastName":"Su","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-12 08:53:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6210317/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6210317/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22775-9","type":"published","date":"2025-11-05T15:58:14+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95564242,"identity":"9b2accd7-4fdc-407d-a2b3-0f9bb860ba70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 16:09:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1235541,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ShapeCharacteristicsandDeformationProperties.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6210317/v1_covered_2f811b4e-bb4b-4714-b338-a0f653b7e279.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Shape Characteristics and Deformation Properties of Granite Crushed Stone During Compaction","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Granite crushed stones, Shape parameters, Image analysis, Compaction characteristic, Field test","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6210317/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6210317/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe shape of particles plays a significant role in determining the mechanical properties of granular materials. This study explores how the morphology of crushed stone affects its deformation characteristics during compaction. Granite crushed stones were analyzed using a 3D particle measurement system and image processing techniques to assess their sphericity, flatness, and shape factor across four particle size groups: 5\u0026ndash;10 mm, 10\u0026ndash;15 mm, 15\u0026ndash;20 mm, and 20\u0026ndash;25 mm. Compaction tests were conducted using a hydraulic universal testing machine to evaluate the stress-strain relationships. The results indicate that the particle shape parameters, such as sphericity and flatness, vary with particle size, and the stress-strain curves during compaction follow an exponential function. Tetrahedral particles exhibited the highest deformation under identical stress conditions, while hexahedral particles demonstrated the lowest deformation. Field tests conducted in the \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1465 m belt roadway chamber of the Sha-ling Gold Mine validated the theoretical model, emphasizing the heterogeneity of fractured rock masses under excavation-induced stress adjustments. These field tests were essential to confirm the reliability of the theoretical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Shape Characteristics and Deformation Properties of Granite Crushed Stone During Compaction","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-31 07:55:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6210317/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-14T17:44:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-13T08:10:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"222380556831061516953128845364101539308","date":"2025-06-27T05:37:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"266887295513466845840021548189489016242","date":"2025-05-22T16:32:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-27T09:21:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"43473313211035699327034542910333178089","date":"2025-03-24T08:28:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-23T05:57:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T15:19:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T13:51:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-18T15:04:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-03-12T08:40:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e2f7bb6a-7222-4abe-bb20-148b271be4a6","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":46338022,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Civil engineering"},{"id":46338023,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Techniques and instrumentation/Characterization and analytical techniques"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-10T16:06:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6210317","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22775-9","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-05 15:58:14","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 5th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-31 07:55:00","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-22775-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22775-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6210317","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6210317","identity":"rs-6210317","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}