Quality of Bioplastic Made From Tofu Waste Starch With Variations of Glycerol Using the Melt Intercalation Method

Quality of Bioplastic Made From Tofu Waste Starch With Variations of Glycerol Using the Melt Intercalation Method | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Quality of Bioplastic Made From Tofu Waste Starch With Variations of Glycerol Using the Melt Intercalation Method Muhammad Rijal, Surati Surati, Nur Alim Natsir, Irmawanty Irmawanty, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4558481/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Bioplastics are plastics made from natural (organic) materials and are renewable and easily degraded by nature. This type of research is quantitative research with a laboratory experimental approach with variations in glycerol volume (ml) as the independent variable and bioplastic quality as the dependent variable. The results showed that there were color gradations in each treatment and variations in glycerol volume had an effect on thickness, tensile strength, elongation, elastic modulus, water absorption and bioplastic degradation. Bioplastics made from starch waste starch for each treatment meets JIS-2-1707, ASTM-D-6002 and SNI 7818:2014 standards on parameters of thickness, tensile strength and degradability Plasticizer Glass Plate Solid Color Gradation Quality Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Plastic waste is an environmental problem that is very worrying in various countries in the world, including Indonesia (Adina et al. , 2020). As the population increases every year, the use of plastic increases and causes the amount of plastic waste produced to also increase. In fact, Indonesia is the second country recorded as the largest contributor of plastic waste in the world (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2014). This is based on data obtained from the Indonesia Solid Waste Association (InSWA) in 2014, every year Indonesia produces 5.4 million tons of plastic waste with a percentage of 14% of the total waste produced and is in second place in the country producing plastic waste. largest in the world (Azwar & Simbolon, 2020 ). Synthetic plastic is very much in demand because of its superior properties, which are not easily brittle, elastic, strong, and have a relatively cheap price. However, this synthetic plastic also has environmentally unfriendly properties, making it very difficult for nature to decompose (Anita et al., 2013 ; Bayer et al., 2014 ). Synthetic plastic is a polymer that is inert (does not react easily) and has a fairly large molecular size, the molecular weight of conventional plastic can reach hundreds of thousands to millions, this causes synthetic plastic to take a very long time to completely disintegrate (Anita et al., 2013 ; Budimana et al. , 2018). Synthetic plastic will decompose completely in the soil in a period of between 100–500 years (Cansebit et al., 2022 ). This will of course have a negative impact on the surrounding environment, if plastic waste is not handled properly. Apart from that, burning waste is not an appropriate alternative solution to overcome the existing plastic waste problem, it actually adds to new problems because plastic waste does not burn completely at temperatures of less than 800 0 C and will produce toxic gases, namely dioxins (Havstad & Pilipovic, 2017 ; Iswendi et al. , 2021). One effort that can be made to overcome the problem of synthetic plastic waste is to use environmentally friendly raw materials. Environmentally friendly plastic is plastic whose decomposition process is faster than synthetic plastic (Kalsum et al., 2020 ). One ingredient that can be used is starch from tofu waste or often known as tofu dregs. Tofu dregs are white solid waste produced by the tofu industry and have a pH of 4–5 with a water content of 70% (Kamsiati et al., 2017 ; Rijal, 2023 ). Tofu dregs flour still has a very good nutritional composition with a water content of 10.43%, protein 23.25%, fat 5.87%, carbohydrates 26.92%, ash 17.03% and crude fiber 16.53% (Maneking et al., 2020 ). Generally, solid tofu waste (tofu dregs) is used as animal feed (Maryuni et al., 2018 ). However, the texture of solid tofu waste is too rough to be used as animal feed (Ningsih et al., 2020 ). In this regard, there is a need for other research related to the use of tofu waste (tofu dregs), one of which is making bioplastics. This research uses starch from tofu waste as a basic material with a variety of glycerol treatments using the melt intercalation method with the aim of seeing the quality of the bioplastic produced. MATERIALS AND METHODS The type of research used is quantitative with a laboratory experimental approach, where research subjects are given treatment and then observed and studied changes that occur in the research subjects (Nisa, 2018 ). The independent variable in this study is the variation of glycerol with indicators R1 (1 ml glycerol), R2 (2 ml glycerol), R3 (3 ml glycerol), and R4 (4 ml glycerol). Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the quality of bioplastic with indicators (thickness, tensile strength, elongation, modulus, water absorption capacity and degradation percentage) The raw material is tofu waste (tofu dregs) obtained from the tofu manufacturing factory located on Jalan Mutiara Number. 48, Rijali Village, Sirimau District, Ambon City, Maluku, Indonesia, cleaned and then dried at a temperature of 35 0 C for 3 days. Then grind it using a blender and sift it with a 120 mesh size until powder is produced. The fine waste is then soaked and left for 1×24 hours. The precipitate is taken from the parent liquid which has been separated, namely by removing the liquid at the top. The precipitate was then placed in an oven at 40 0 C for 30 minutes. After drying, then grind again using a blender (starch preparation). The starch that has been obtained is then processed into bioplastic using the melt intercalation method or phase inversion technique with solvent evaporation after the printing process using a glass plate. The process of making bioplastics with varying volumes of glycerol is carried out by mixing 2.5 g of chitosan with varying volumes of glycerol (1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml) and 50 ml of distilled water, as well as 1.5 ml of 3% acetic acid into the mixture to dissolve the chitosan. Add 5 g of starch and heat at 60 0 C with stirring for 30 minutes. After that, cool the mixture for 3 minutes, then pour the mixture into a glass mold, then dry at 30 0 C for 9 hours and after cooling, the bioplastic is carefully removed from the mold. Bioplastics that have dried are then ready to be characterized both physically and biologically. The data collected in this research are thickness, tensile strength, elongation, elastic modulus, absorption capacity and bioplastic biodegradation. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22 for Windows software application. The comparative standards used are presented in the following table: Table 1 Bioplastic characteristics based on JIS 2-1707 (Nor et al., 2020 ), SNI 7818:2014 (Nurhajati et al., 2019 ) and ASTM-D-6002 (Nuriyah et al., 2018 ) Standard Karakteristik Tensile strength (Mpa) Thick (mm) Water Resistance (%) Elongation (%) Elasticity (MPa) Biodegradation (Days) JIS-2-1707 ≥ 3.92 ≤ 0.25 - > 50% 0.35 - ASTM-D-6002 - - - - - 60 SNI 7818:2014 > 13.7 - ≥ 99 21–220 40-1120 - RESULTS Bioplastic synthesis Bioplastic is a type of plastic whose decomposition process is faster than synthetic (conventional) plastic. This is because the raw materials used in making bioplastics are made from natural (organic) ingredients. The raw material used in the research was starch from solid tofu waste treated with varying volumes of glycerol (1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml). The resulting bioplastic can be seen in Fig. 1 below: Based on the physical appearance of the bioplastic above, it shows that there are color gradations that are not too different from each treatment. The color of bioplastic with the addition of 1 ml of glycerol is brownish yellow which is more intense than other treatments. Bioplastic with a brighter brownish yellow color than the other treatments was found in the treatment with the addition of 4 ml of glycerol. Bioplastic thickness This test was carried out by measuring four sides of the bioplastic plate using a screw micrometer at an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The measurement results are presented in the following table: Table 2 Bioplastic thickness (mm) with varying glycerol volume (ml) Treatment Repetition (mm) Amount (mm) Average (mm) Standard JIS 2-1707 (mm) 1 2 3 R1 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.19 0.063 a ≤ 0,25 R2 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.21 0.070 a R3 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.22 0.073 a R4 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.26 0.087 ab Sig = 0.008 The highest average thickness was obtained in treatment R4, namely 0.087 mm and the lowest was obtained in treatment R1, namely 0.063 mm. The average thickness of bioplastic from each treatment is smaller than the standard value for plastic according to JIS 2-1707, so that the bioplastic produced from each treatment meets the standard. The results of the analysis of variance show a sig value of 0.008 which is smaller than 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the thickness of bioplastic made from starch from tofu waste. Tensile strength of bioplastics This test aims to determine the strength of bioplastic materials against tensile forces. The tool used to measure the tensile strength of bioplastics is a universal testing machine with the measurement results presented in the following table: Table 3 Tensile strength of bioplastics (Mpa) with varying glycerol volume (ml) Treatment Repetition (MPa) Amount (MPa) Average (MPa) Standard JIS 2-1707 (Mpa) Standard SNI7818-2014 (Mpa) 1 2 3 R1 4.276 3.689 3.616 11.572 3.857 a ≥ 3.92 > 13.7 R2 4.317 4,210 5.074 13.601 4.534 ab R3 5.102 5.179 6.156 16.437 5.479 bc R4 7.096 6.196 7.300 20.592 6.864 d Sig = 0.000 The highest average tensile strength of bioplastics was obtained in the R4 treatment, namely 6,864 MPa and the lowest was obtained in the R1 treatment, namely 3,857 MPa. The average tensile strength of bioplastic R1-R4 does not meet the SNI 7818 − 2014 standard, but R2-R4 meets the JIS 2-1707 standard. The results of the analysis of variance show a sig value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the tensile strength of bioplastic made from starch from tofu waste. Bioplastic elongation The elongation test was carried out to determine the strength of the material on the breaking length of the bioplastic. The lower the elongation at break, the better the characteristics of the bioplastic. The tool used to measure bioplastic elongation is a universal testing machine. The average value obtained after measurements can be seen in Table 4 below: Table 4 Elongation of bioplastics (%) with varying glycerol volume (ml) Treatment Repetition (%) Amount (%) Average (m%) Standard JIS 2-1707 (%) Standard SNI 7818 − 2014 1 2 3 (%) R1 35.358 32.964 36.734 105.056 35.017 c ≥ 50% 21–220 R2 20.238 23.706 24.134 68.078 22.693 b R3 15.140 19.460 19.686 54.286 18.095 b R4 9.238 9.728 9.666 28.632 9.544 a Sig = 0.000 Based on Table 4 , it shows that the average elongation (%) of each treatment is different with the highest average elongation value in treatment R1, namely 35.017% and the lowest average value in treatment R4, namely 9.544%. The elongation of bioplastics R1 and R2 meets the SNI 7818 − 2014 standard, but does not meet the JIS 2-1707 standard. The results of the analysis of variance test show a sig value of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the elongation of bioplastics made from starch from tofu waste. Bioplastic modulus of elasticity The modulus of elasticity test was carried out to determine the strength of the material on the elasticity of bioplastics. The elastic modulus value is obtained from the comparison of tensile strength (tension) and elongation (strain). The average value obtained after measurements can be seen in the following table: Table 5 Modulus of elasticity of bioplastics (N/m²) with varying glycerol volume (ml) Treatment Repetition (MPa) Amount (MPa) Average (MPa) Standard JIS 2-1707 (MPa) Standard SNI 7818 − 2014 (MPa) 1 2 3 R1 0.121 0,112 0.098 0.331 0.110 a 0,35 40-1120 R2 0.213 0.178 0.210 0.601 0.200 ab R3 0.337 0.266 0,313 0.916 0.305 b R4 0.768 0.637 0.755 2,160 0,720 c Sig = 0.000 Table 5 shows that the average value of the elastic modulus for each treatment is different. The highest average value of elastic modulus was obtained in treatment R4, namely 0.720 MPa and the lowest was obtained in treatment R1, namely 0.110 MPa. The elasticity modulus of bioplastics R1-R4 does not meet the SNI 7818 − 2014 standard, but the elastic modulus of R4 meets the JIS 2-1707 standard. The results of the analysis of variance test show a sig value of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the elastic modulus of bioplastics made from starch from tofu waste. Water Absorption Capacity The water absorption test is carried out to determine the strength of the material against water. The average value obtained after carrying out the water absorption test can be seen in the following table: Table 6 Bioplastic water absorption capacity (%) with varying glycerol volume (ml) Treatment Repetition (%) Amount (%) Average (%) Standard SNI 7818:2014 (%) 1 2 3 R1 33.33 42.86 46.15 122,34 40.780 a ≥ 99 R2 50 50 62.5 162.5 54.167 b R3 64.29 63.64 66.67 194.6 64.867 bc R4 75 75 78.57 228.57 76.190 cd Sig = 0.000 Based on Table 6 above, it shows that the average value of water absorption capacity (%) obtained from each treatment is different with the highest being in treatment R4, namely 76.190% and the lowest in R1, namely 40.780%. The water absorption capacity of R1-R4 bioplastics does not meet the SNI 7818 − 2014 standard, however, based on the analysis of variance test, it shows a sig value of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the water absorption capacity of bioplastics made from starch from tofu waste. Biodegradation of Bioplastics Biodegradation tests are carried out to determine the rate of degradation of bioplastics in the soil. The average value obtained after carrying out the biodegradation test can be seen in the following table: Table 7 Biodegradation of bioplastics (%) with varying glycerol volume (ml) Treatment Repetition (%) Amount (%) Average (%) Standard ASTM-D-6002 (%) 1 2 3 R1 100 100 100 300 100 60 days to decompose ≥ 99 R2 100 100 100 300 100 R3 100 100 100 300 100 R4 100 100 100 300 100 Based on Table 7 above, it shows that the average biodegradation value (%) obtained from each treatment is the same, namely 100% for the 7 day observation period. All bioplastics from each treatment were completely degraded within 7 days. DISCUSSION Environmentally friendly plastic or commonly called bioplastic is a type of plastic made from natural (organic) materials that can be renewed so that they are more easily decomposed by microorganisms (Priliantini et al. , 2020: Prima & Hesmita, 2015 ). The bioplastics produced in this research were synthesized from solid tofu waste starch. The bioplastic from each treatment has a color gradation from dark brownish yellow to lighter brownish yellow. The addition of 1 ml of glycerol has a lower ability to dissolve the sample when compared to the addition of 4 ml of glycerol. The difference in volume of each treatment will have an impact on the resulting color gradation, where the greater the glycerol volume, the more dilute the resulting color gradation. Thickness testing is important because it will affect the results of characterization of the mechanical properties of bioplastics (Putra & Saputra(20 20). The thickness value of commercial bioplastics according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) is ≤ 0.25 mm (Rafael et al., 2020 ). Commercial plastic has a thickness of 0.2 mm (Rahadi et al. , 20218). So it can be concluded that the bioplastics in this study have a thickness that does not comply with JIS 2-1707 and commercial plastics. Generally the increase in thickness occurs due to the presence of nanocellulose fibers which form a layer between the carrageenan and glycerol bioplastic matrices which causes the distance between the polymers to become closer and results in the total solids in the plastic composite increasing because the polymers that make up the bioplastic composite are increasingly many (Rahman et al., 2018 ). The thicker it is, the smaller the gas permeability and the ability to inhibit the flow of water (Rindri, 2021 ). Apart from that, according to Rozikhin et al (2020), it is stated that the thickness of the film is influenced by the total amount of solids in the bioplastic solution, namely chitosan (Said, 2018 ). According to Samsul et al (2017), increasing the volume of glycerol increases the thickness due to the glycerol molecules interacting with the plastic film polymer occupying cavities in the matrix which increases the distance between the polymers (Sari et al. , 2020). Tensile strength tests are required to ensure the film will be able to protect the packaged product from mechanical damage. Based on the research results, it shows that the greater the amount of glycerol added to the plastic material, the lower the tensile strength of the plastic, this is because glycerol has a function as a plasticizer, where its function can reduce intermolecular strength, so that adding the amount of glycerol can affect the value tensile strength of bioplastic. Theoretically, according to Widodo et al (2020), the more glycerol added will increase the elongation of bioplastics. Based on the research results, it shows that the greater the amount of glycerol added to the plastic material, the higher the percentage of plastic elongation, this is because glycerol which functions as a plasticizer can increase the plastic's flexibility. Besides that, the addition of glycerol can weaken hydrogen bonds, so that the distance between biopolymer molecules becomes looser. The looseness between these biopolymer molecules can increase the flexibility of bioplastics. The modulus of elasticity is a number used to measure an object or material's resistance to experiencing elastic deformation when force is applied to an object. The research results show that the higher the level of glycerol added to the mixture of bioplastic materials, the resulting bioplastic has a lower water absorption capacity. This is because by increasing the amount of glycerol in bioplastics, the number of hydroxyl groups in glycerol in bioplastics increases so that water absorption by bioplastics increases (Samsul et al. , 2017). Glycerol as a plasticizer will increase the flexibility of the plastic, with the addition of glycerol it will increase the free space (free volume) in the bioplastic, thereby increasing the gaps in the bioplastic for water molecules to occupy. The research results show that the higher the level of glycerol added to the bioplastic material, the bioplastic with a greater degradation process is obtained. This is because the higher the glycerol content in bioplastics, the faster the water absorption by the bioplastics, because glycerol is hydrophilic, so it accelerates the rate of water absorption, which in turn makes it easier for bacteria to decompose the plastic samples CONCLUSION Based on the results of the research and data analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that variations in the volume concentration of glycerol have an effect on the quality of bioplastics which include thickness, tensile strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, absorption capacity and degradation rate of bioplastics. Bioplastics made from organic waste are very environmentally friendly, so they need to be developed into plastic products to replace synthetic plastics which have been used as packaging materials which are not environmentally friendly. Declarations ACKNOWLEDMENTS The author would like to express his thanks to the "lembaga penelitian dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat IAIN Ambon" which has funded research activities through the "litapdimas" program. Author Contribution MR: Collecting research data, drafting the article, final revision of the manuscript; S, RT and SS: Creating research concept, final revision of manuscript; NN, I and CP: Create research concepts, draft articles, revise manuscripts References Adina AW, Kusuma HH 1, Kumila BN (2019) Manufacture and Characterization of Biodegradable Plastic Made from Cassava Dregs and Shrimp Shells. Al-Fiziya: Journal of Materials Science, Geophysics, Instrumentation and Theoretical Physics , Vol.2 No.II, 119–128 Anita Z, Akbar F, Harahap H (2013) Effect of Glycerol Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Plastic Film from Cassava Peel Starch. Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, 2, 2 Azwar E, Simbolon SO (2020) Characterization of Food Packaging Plastic from Cornstarch and Banana Stems. Jurnal Kelitbangan 8:1 National Standardization Agency (2014) Republic of Indonesia Law Number 20 of 2014 concerning Standardization and Conformity Assessment Ratified in Jakarta on September 17 2014, Promulgated through the Republic of Indonesia State Gazette of 2014 Number 216, Supplement to the Republic of Indonesia State Gazette Number 5584 Bayer IS, Guzman-Puyol S, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Ceseracciu L, Pignatelli F, Ruffilli R, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A (2014) Direct Transformation of Edible Vegetable Waste into Bioplastics. Macromolecules 47:5135–5143 Budiman J, Nopianti R, Lestari SD (2018) Bioplastic Characteristics of Lindur Fruit Starch ( Bruguiera gymnorrizha ). FishtecH-Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Perikanan 7(1):49–59 Cansebit KL, Dermil KC, Magbanua EY, Racadio FJ, Saavedra SV, Abusama H, Valdes (2022) Bioplastic from Seaweeds ( Eucheuma Cottonii ) as an Alternative Plastic. ASEAN J Sci Eng 2(2):129–132 Havstad MR, Pilipovic A (2017) Challenges and opportunities of biodegradable plastics: A mini review. Waste Manag Res 35(2):132–140 Iswendi I, Alpira, Putra RF (2021) Utilization of Cassava Processing Liquid Waste as Raw Material for Making Biodegradable Plastics with the Addition of Glycerol Plasticizer. EKSAKTA J 2(2):88–98 Kalsum U, Robiah, Yokasari (2020) Making Bioplastics from Tofu Dregs and Sugarcane Bagasses with the Effect of Adding Glycerol and Cornstarch. Distilasi , Vol. 5 No. 2 Kamsiati E, Herawati H, Purwani EY (2017) The Development Potential of Sago and Cassava Starch-Based Biodegradable Plastic in Indonesia. J Litbang Pert 36:67–76 Maneking E, Sangian HF, Tongkukut SHJ (2020) Preparation and Characterization of Biomass-Based Bioplastics with Glycerol Plasticizer. Jurnal Mipa 9(1):23–27 Maryuni AE, Mangiwa S, Dewi WK (2018) Bioplastic Characterization of Carrageenan from Red Seaweed from Biak Regency Made by Blending Method Using Sorbitol Plasticizer. Avogadro-Jurnal Kimia . Vol. 2, No.1 Ningsih EP, Ariyani D, Sunardi (2020) Effect of the Addition of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on the Bioplastic Characteristics of Nagara Sweet Potato Starch ( Ipomoea batatas L). Indonesian J Chem Res 7(1):77–85 Nisa K (2018) Making Biodegradable Plastic From Natural Polymers. Elkawnie (Journal Islamic Sci Technolog, 4, Nomor 2 Nor II, Farah SS, Mohamed THS, Ain UMS, Syafiqah NAS, Muhamad HM, Nur RA, Nazir N, Taib G (2020) Bioplastic Characteristics of Durian Seed Starch and Cassava Starch Using MCC (Microcrystalline cellulose) Filler from Cocoa Shell. Gema Agro 25:01 Nurhajati DW, Pidhatika B, Harjanto S (2019) Biodegradable plastics from linier low-density polyethylene and polysaccharide: The influence of polysaccharide and acetic acid. Majalah Kulit Karet dan Plastik 35(1):33–40 Nuriyah L, Saroja G, Ghufron M, Razanata A, Rosid NF (2018) Characteristics of Tensile Strength and Elongation of Bioplastics Made from Cilembu Sweet Potato Starch with Varying Types of Plasticizers. Nat B 4:4 Priliantini A, Krisyanti, Situmeang IV (2020) The Influence of the #PlasticPlastic Campaign on Environmentally Friendly Attitudes (Survey of @GreenpeaceID Instagram Followers). Jurnal Komunika 9:1 Prima AH, Hesmita W (2015) Making Biodegradable Plastic Film From Durian Seed Waste ( Durio Zibethinus Murr ). Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 4(1):21–26 Putra EPD, Saputra H (2020) Characterization of Biodegradable Plastic from Muli Banana Peel Waste Starch with Sorbitol Plasticizer. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian Andalas 24:1 Rafael B, Nestor M, Franco D, Teodomiro B, Sergio TG (2020) Environmentally Friendly Polymers and Polymer Composites. Materials 13:4892 Rahadi B, Setianai P, Antonius (2018) Characteristics of Bioplastic Based on Tofu Liquid Waste (Whey) with Chitosan and Glycerol. Jurnal Sumber daya Alam dan Lingkungan , Vol. 7 No. 2, 81–89 Rahman A, Syamsu K, Isroic (2018) Biodegradability of Bioplastic from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch. J Nat Resour Environ Manage 9(2):259–264 Rijal M (2023) Proximate analysis of animal feed from organic waste and effect on changes in body weight Gallus domesticus . Int J Recycling Org Waste Agric 12(4):655–666 Rindri RS (2021) Utilization of Tofu Dregs Protein as a Basic Material for Making Bioplastics ( Plastic Biodegradable ). Thesis. Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya Rozikhin YZ, Farida HH (2020) Making Biodegradable Plastic From Durian Seed Starch and Jackfruit Seed Starch. Chempublish J 5(2):151–165 Said A (2018) Synthesis of Biodegradable Palstic Made from Composite of Sago Extract and Chitosan Katamba Fish Scales (Lethrinus lentjam) . Quantum: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Sains 9(1):23–30 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4558481","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":317592986,"identity":"9f74514e-b4f5-4894-b0d3-e7f070a9aeaa","order_by":0,"name":"Muhammad Rijal","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ambon","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Rijal","suffix":""},{"id":317592987,"identity":"64d5e0eb-49ba-447b-a93a-66a1a1d7069f","order_by":1,"name":"Surati Surati","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ambon","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Surati","middleName":"","lastName":"Surati","suffix":""},{"id":317592988,"identity":"95cb61c9-6855-4be7-837a-aa6ebf4e1169","order_by":2,"name":"Nur Alim Natsir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ambon","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nur","middleName":"Alim","lastName":"Natsir","suffix":""},{"id":317592989,"identity":"6f7ceadb-d5b8-4395-9b9a-b039e7f292eb","order_by":3,"name":"Irmawanty Irmawanty","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Irmawanty","middleName":"","lastName":"Irmawanty","suffix":""},{"id":317592990,"identity":"7e7cd2f1-95ae-4014-a4b9-ef6c892092d1","order_by":4,"name":"Ratni Tomia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ambon","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ratni","middleName":"","lastName":"Tomia","suffix":""},{"id":317592991,"identity":"71f2c74d-abdb-431c-84d1-ed4ea5075ea8","order_by":5,"name":"Corneli Pary","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ambon","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Corneli","middleName":"","lastName":"Pary","suffix":""},{"id":317592992,"identity":"4d7c1109-9518-44e4-9f0a-0ddd0058f350","order_by":6,"name":"Salma Samputri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State University of Makassar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Salma","middleName":"","lastName":"Samputri","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-10 13:55:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4558481/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4558481/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59092223,"identity":"9fd9d0b3-61bf-48db-9779-c7000d1fd3b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-26 09:14:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":171088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a). Bioplastic with the addition of 1 ml glycerol, (b). Bioplastic with the addition of 2 ml glycerol, (c). Bioplastic with the addition of 3 ml glycerol, (d). Bioplastic with the addition of 4 ml glycerol\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4558481/v1/8e825cf4a085240ef59a9f1b.png"},{"id":59386983,"identity":"36b75616-7759-47eb-8a68-e8d349e69bee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-01 07:01:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":782143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4558481/v1/aec854f2-776d-4fcc-942d-74b8d25c25bd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eQuality of Bioplastic Made From Tofu Waste Starch With Variations of Glycerol Using the Melt Intercalation Method\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003ePlastic waste is an environmental problem that is very worrying in various countries in the world, including Indonesia (Adina \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). As the population increases every year, the use of plastic increases and causes the amount of plastic waste produced to also increase. In fact, Indonesia is the second country recorded as the largest contributor of plastic waste in the world (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2014). This is based on data obtained from the Indonesia Solid Waste Association (InSWA) in 2014, every year Indonesia produces 5.4\u0026nbsp;million tons of plastic waste with a percentage of 14% of the total waste produced and is in second place in the country producing plastic waste. largest in the world (Azwar \u0026amp; Simbolon, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynthetic plastic is very much in demand because of its superior properties, which are not easily brittle, elastic, strong, and have a relatively cheap price. However, this synthetic plastic also has environmentally unfriendly properties, making it very difficult for nature to decompose (Anita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Bayer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Synthetic plastic is a polymer that is inert (does not react easily) and has a fairly large molecular size, the molecular weight of conventional plastic can reach hundreds of thousands to millions, this causes synthetic plastic to take a very long time to completely disintegrate (Anita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Budimana \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018). Synthetic plastic will decompose completely in the soil in a period of between 100\u0026ndash;500 years (Cansebit et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This will of course have a negative impact on the surrounding environment, if plastic waste is not handled properly. Apart from that, burning waste is not an appropriate alternative solution to overcome the existing plastic waste problem, it actually adds to new problems because plastic waste does not burn completely at temperatures of less than 800 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC and will produce toxic gases, namely dioxins (Havstad \u0026amp; Pilipovic, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Iswendi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021). One effort that can be made to overcome the problem of synthetic plastic waste is to use environmentally friendly raw materials. Environmentally friendly plastic is plastic whose decomposition process is faster than synthetic plastic (Kalsum et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). One ingredient that can be used is starch from tofu waste or often known as tofu dregs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTofu dregs are white solid waste produced by the tofu industry and have a pH of 4\u0026ndash;5 with a water content of 70% (Kamsiati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Rijal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Tofu dregs flour still has a very good nutritional composition with a water content of 10.43%, protein 23.25%, fat 5.87%, carbohydrates 26.92%, ash 17.03% and crude fiber 16.53% (Maneking et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Generally, solid tofu waste (tofu dregs) is used as animal feed (Maryuni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). However, the texture of solid tofu waste is too rough to be used as animal feed (Ningsih et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In this regard, there is a need for other research related to the use of tofu waste (tofu dregs), one of which is making bioplastics. This research uses starch from tofu waste as a basic material with a variety of glycerol treatments using the melt intercalation method with the aim of seeing the quality of the bioplastic produced.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe type of research used is quantitative with a laboratory experimental approach, where research subjects are given treatment and then observed and studied changes that occur in the research subjects (Nisa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The independent variable in this study is the variation of glycerol with indicators R1 (1 ml glycerol), R2 (2 ml glycerol), R3 (3 ml glycerol), and R4 (4 ml glycerol). Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the quality of bioplastic with indicators (thickness, tensile strength, elongation, modulus, water absorption capacity and degradation percentage) The raw material is tofu waste (tofu dregs) obtained from the tofu manufacturing factory located on Jalan Mutiara Number. 48, Rijali Village, Sirimau District, Ambon City, Maluku, Indonesia, cleaned and then dried at a temperature of 35 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC for 3 days. Then grind it using a blender and sift it with a 120 mesh size until powder is produced. The fine waste is then soaked and left for 1\u0026times;24 hours. The precipitate is taken from the parent liquid which has been separated, namely by removing the liquid at the top. The precipitate was then placed in an oven at 40 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC for 30 minutes. After drying, then grind again using a blender (starch preparation).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe starch that has been obtained is then processed into bioplastic using the melt intercalation method or phase inversion technique with solvent evaporation after the printing process using a glass plate. The process of making bioplastics with varying volumes of glycerol is carried out by mixing 2.5 g of chitosan with varying volumes of glycerol (1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml) and 50 ml of distilled water, as well as 1.5 ml of 3% acetic acid into the mixture to dissolve the chitosan. Add 5 g of starch and heat at 60 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC with stirring for 30 minutes. After that, cool the mixture for 3 minutes, then pour the mixture into a glass mold, then dry at 30 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC for 9 hours and after cooling, the bioplastic is carefully removed from the mold. Bioplastics that have dried are then ready to be characterized both physically and biologically. The data collected in this research are thickness, tensile strength, elongation, elastic modulus, absorption capacity and bioplastic biodegradation. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22 for Windows software application. The comparative standards used are presented in the following table:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioplastic characteristics based on JIS 2-1707 (Nor et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), SNI 7818:2014 (Nurhajati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and ASTM-D-6002 (Nuriyah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarakteristik\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThick\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Resistance\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElasticity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiodegradation\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Days)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJIS-2-1707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM-D-6002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNI 7818:2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40-1120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBioplastic synthesis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioplastic is a type of plastic whose decomposition process is faster than synthetic (conventional) plastic. This is because the raw materials used in making bioplastics are made from natural (organic) ingredients. The raw material used in the research was starch from solid tofu waste treated with varying volumes of glycerol (1 ml, 2 ml, 3 ml and 4 ml). The resulting bioplastic can be seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the physical appearance of the bioplastic above, it shows that there are color gradations that are not too different from each treatment. The color of bioplastic with the addition of 1 ml of glycerol is brownish yellow which is more intense than other treatments. Bioplastic with a brighter brownish yellow color than the other treatments was found in the treatment with the addition of 4 ml of glycerol.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBioplastic thickness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis test was carried out by measuring four sides of the bioplastic plate using a screw micrometer at an accuracy of 0.01 mm. The measurement results are presented in the following table:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioplastic thickness (mm) with varying glycerol volume (ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepetition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJIS 2-1707\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0,25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.087\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest average thickness was obtained in treatment R4, namely 0.087 mm and the lowest was obtained in treatment R1, namely 0.063 mm. The average thickness of bioplastic from each treatment is smaller than the standard value for plastic according to JIS 2-1707, so that the bioplastic produced from each treatment meets the standard. The results of the analysis of variance show a sig value of 0.008 which is smaller than 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the thickness of bioplastic made from starch from tofu waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTensile strength of bioplastics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis test aims to determine the strength of bioplastic materials against tensile forces. The tool used to measure the tensile strength of bioplastics is a universal testing machine with the measurement results presented in the following table:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile strength of bioplastics (Mpa) with varying glycerol volume (ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepetition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJIS 2-1707\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNI7818-2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Mpa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.857\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.317\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.534\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.479\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.864\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe highest average tensile strength of bioplastics was obtained in the R4 treatment, namely 6,864 MPa and the lowest was obtained in the R1 treatment, namely 3,857 MPa. The average tensile strength of bioplastic R1-R4 does not meet the SNI 7818\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2014 standard, but R2-R4 meets the JIS 2-1707 standard. The results of the analysis of variance show a sig value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the tensile strength of bioplastic made from starch from tofu waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBioplastic elongation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe elongation test was carried out to determine the strength of the material on the breaking length of the bioplastic. The lower the elongation at break, the better the characteristics of the bioplastic. The tool used to measure bioplastic elongation is a universal testing machine. The average value obtained after measurements can be seen in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e below:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElongation of bioplastics (%) with varying glycerol volume (ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepetition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(m%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJIS 2-1707\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNI 7818\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.734\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.017\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u0026ndash;220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.693\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.686\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.095\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.632\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.544\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, it shows that the average elongation (%) of each treatment is different with the highest average elongation value in treatment R1, namely 35.017% and the lowest average value in treatment R4, namely 9.544%. The elongation of bioplastics R1 and R2 meets the SNI 7818\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2014 standard, but does not meet the JIS 2-1707 standard. The results of the analysis of variance test show a sig value of 0.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the elongation of bioplastics made from starch from tofu waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBioplastic modulus of elasticity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe modulus of elasticity test was carried out to determine the strength of the material on the elasticity of bioplastics. The elastic modulus value is obtained from the comparison of tensile strength (tension) and elongation (strain). The average value obtained after measurements can be seen in the following table:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModulus of elasticity of bioplastics (N/m\u0026sup2;) with varying glycerol volume (ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepetition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJIS 2-1707\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard SNI 7818\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40-1120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.305\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,720\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows that the average value of the elastic modulus for each treatment is different. The highest average value of elastic modulus was obtained in treatment R4, namely 0.720 MPa and the lowest was obtained in treatment R1, namely 0.110 MPa. The elasticity modulus of bioplastics R1-R4 does not meet the SNI 7818\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2014 standard, but the elastic modulus of R4 meets the JIS 2-1707 standard. The results of the analysis of variance test show a sig value of 0.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the elastic modulus of bioplastics made from starch from tofu waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eWater Absorption Capacity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe water absorption test is carried out to determine the strength of the material against water. The average value obtained after carrying out the water absorption test can be seen in the following table:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioplastic water absorption capacity (%) with varying glycerol volume (ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepetition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSNI 7818:2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122,34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.780\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e162.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.167\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.867\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.190\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e above, it shows that the average value of water absorption capacity (%) obtained from each treatment is different with the highest being in treatment R4, namely 76.190% and the lowest in R1, namely 40.780%. The water absorption capacity of R1-R4 bioplastics does not meet the SNI 7818\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2014 standard, however, based on the analysis of variance test, it shows a sig value of 0.000\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, meaning that there is an influence of variations in the volume of glycerol on the water absorption capacity of bioplastics made from starch from tofu waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiodegradation of Bioplastics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiodegradation tests are carried out to determine the rate of degradation of bioplastics in the soil. The average value obtained after carrying out the biodegradation test can be seen in the following table:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiodegradation of bioplastics (%) with varying glycerol volume (ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepetition\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eASTM-D-6002\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 days to decompose\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e above, it shows that the average biodegradation value (%) obtained from each treatment is the same, namely 100% for the 7 day observation period. All bioplastics from each treatment were completely degraded within 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnvironmentally friendly plastic or commonly called bioplastic is a type of plastic made from natural (organic) materials that can be renewed so that they are more easily decomposed by microorganisms (Priliantini \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020: Prima \u0026amp; Hesmita, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). The bioplastics produced in this research were synthesized from solid tofu waste starch. The bioplastic from each treatment has a color gradation from dark brownish yellow to lighter brownish yellow. The addition of 1 ml of glycerol has a lower ability to dissolve the sample when compared to the addition of 4 ml of glycerol. The difference in volume of each treatment will have an impact on the resulting color gradation, where the greater the glycerol volume, the more dilute the resulting color gradation. Thickness testing is important because it will affect the results of characterization of the mechanical properties of bioplastics (Putra \u0026amp; Saputra(20 20). The thickness value of commercial bioplastics according to the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) is \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.25 mm (Rafael et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Commercial plastic has a thickness of 0.2 mm (Rahadi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 20218). So it can be concluded that the bioplastics in this study have a thickness that does not comply with JIS 2-1707 and commercial plastics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenerally the increase in thickness occurs due to the presence of nanocellulose fibers which form a layer between the carrageenan and glycerol bioplastic matrices which causes the distance between the polymers to become closer and results in the total solids in the plastic composite increasing because the polymers that make up the bioplastic composite are increasingly many (Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The thicker it is, the smaller the gas permeability and the ability to inhibit the flow of water (Rindri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Apart from that, according to Rozikhin \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e (2020), it is stated that the thickness of the film is influenced by the total amount of solids in the bioplastic solution, namely chitosan (Said, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). According to Samsul \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e (2017), increasing the volume of glycerol increases the thickness due to the glycerol molecules interacting with the plastic film polymer occupying cavities in the matrix which increases the distance between the polymers (Sari \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). Tensile strength tests are required to ensure the film will be able to protect the packaged product from mechanical damage. Based on the research results, it shows that the greater the amount of glycerol added to the plastic material, the lower the tensile strength of the plastic, this is because glycerol has a function as a plasticizer, where its function can reduce intermolecular strength, so that adding the amount of glycerol can affect the value tensile strength of bioplastic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTheoretically, according to Widodo \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e (2020), the more glycerol added will increase the elongation of bioplastics. Based on the research results, it shows that the greater the amount of glycerol added to the plastic material, the higher the percentage of plastic elongation, this is because glycerol which functions as a plasticizer can increase the plastic's flexibility. Besides that, the addition of glycerol can weaken hydrogen bonds, so that the distance between biopolymer molecules becomes looser. The looseness between these biopolymer molecules can increase the flexibility of bioplastics. The modulus of elasticity is a number used to measure an object or material's resistance to experiencing elastic deformation when force is applied to an object.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research results show that the higher the level of glycerol added to the mixture of bioplastic materials, the resulting bioplastic has a lower water absorption capacity. This is because by increasing the amount of glycerol in bioplastics, the number of hydroxyl groups in glycerol in bioplastics increases so that water absorption by bioplastics increases (Samsul \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017). Glycerol as a plasticizer will increase the flexibility of the plastic, with the addition of glycerol it will increase the free space (free volume) in the bioplastic, thereby increasing the gaps in the bioplastic for water molecules to occupy. The research results show that the higher the level of glycerol added to the bioplastic material, the bioplastic with a greater degradation process is obtained. This is because the higher the glycerol content in bioplastics, the faster the water absorption by the bioplastics, because glycerol is hydrophilic, so it accelerates the rate of water absorption, which in turn makes it easier for bacteria to decompose the plastic samples\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the research and data analysis that has been carried out, it can be concluded that variations in the volume concentration of glycerol have an effect on the quality of bioplastics which include thickness, tensile strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity, absorption capacity and degradation rate of bioplastics. Bioplastics made from organic waste are very environmentally friendly, so they need to be developed into plastic products to replace synthetic plastics which have been used as packaging materials which are not environmentally friendly.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eACKNOWLEDMENTS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author would like to express his thanks to the \"lembaga penelitian dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat IAIN Ambon\" which has funded research activities through the \"litapdimas\" program.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR: Collecting research data, drafting the article, final revision of the manuscript; S, RT and SS: Creating research concept, final revision of manuscript; NN, I and CP: Create research concepts, draft articles, revise manuscripts\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdina AW, Kusuma HH 1, Kumila BN (2019) Manufacture and Characterization of Biodegradable Plastic Made from Cassava Dregs and Shrimp Shells. \u003cem\u003eAl-Fiziya: Journal of Materials Science, Geophysics, Instrumentation and Theoretical Physics\u003c/em\u003e, Vol.2 No.II, 119\u0026ndash;128\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnita Z, Akbar F, Harahap H (2013) Effect of Glycerol Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Plastic Film from Cassava Peel Starch. Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, 2, 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzwar E, Simbolon SO (2020) Characterization of Food Packaging Plastic from Cornstarch and Banana Stems. Jurnal Kelitbangan 8:1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNational Standardization Agency (2014) Republic of Indonesia Law Number 20 of 2014 concerning Standardization and Conformity Assessment Ratified in Jakarta on September 17 2014, Promulgated through the Republic of Indonesia State Gazette of 2014 Number 216, Supplement to the Republic of Indonesia State Gazette Number 5584\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBayer IS, Guzman-Puyol S, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Ceseracciu L, Pignatelli F, Ruffilli R, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A (2014) Direct Transformation of Edible Vegetable Waste into Bioplastics. Macromolecules 47:5135\u0026ndash;5143\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBudiman J, Nopianti R, Lestari SD (2018) Bioplastic Characteristics of Lindur Fruit Starch (\u003cem\u003eBruguiera gymnorrizha\u003c/em\u003e). FishtecH-Jurnal Teknologi Hasil Perikanan 7(1):49\u0026ndash;59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCansebit KL, Dermil KC, Magbanua EY, Racadio FJ, Saavedra SV, Abusama H, Valdes (2022) Bioplastic from Seaweeds (\u003cem\u003eEucheuma Cottonii\u003c/em\u003e) as an Alternative Plastic. ASEAN J Sci Eng 2(2):129\u0026ndash;132\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHavstad MR, Pilipovic A (2017) Challenges and opportunities of biodegradable plastics: A mini review. Waste Manag Res 35(2):132\u0026ndash;140\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIswendi I, Alpira, Putra RF (2021) Utilization of Cassava Processing Liquid Waste as Raw Material for Making Biodegradable Plastics with the Addition of Glycerol Plasticizer. EKSAKTA J 2(2):88\u0026ndash;98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKalsum U, Robiah, Yokasari (2020) Making Bioplastics from Tofu Dregs and Sugarcane Bagasses with the Effect of Adding Glycerol and Cornstarch. \u003cem\u003eDistilasi\u003c/em\u003e, Vol. 5 No. 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKamsiati E, Herawati H, Purwani EY (2017) The Development Potential of Sago and Cassava Starch-Based Biodegradable Plastic in Indonesia. J Litbang Pert 36:67\u0026ndash;76\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManeking E, Sangian HF, Tongkukut SHJ (2020) Preparation and Characterization of Biomass-Based Bioplastics with Glycerol Plasticizer. Jurnal Mipa 9(1):23\u0026ndash;27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaryuni AE, Mangiwa S, Dewi WK (2018) Bioplastic Characterization of Carrageenan from Red Seaweed from Biak Regency Made by Blending Method Using Sorbitol Plasticizer. \u003cem\u003eAvogadro-Jurnal Kimia\u003c/em\u003e. Vol. 2, No.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNingsih EP, Ariyani D, Sunardi (2020) Effect of the Addition of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on the Bioplastic Characteristics of Nagara Sweet Potato Starch (\u003cem\u003eIpomoea batatas\u003c/em\u003e L). Indonesian J Chem Res 7(1):77\u0026ndash;85\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNisa K (2018) Making Biodegradable Plastic From Natural Polymers. Elkawnie (Journal Islamic Sci Technolog, 4, Nomor 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNor II, Farah SS, Mohamed THS, Ain UMS, Syafiqah NAS, Muhamad HM, Nur RA, Nazir N, Taib G (2020) Bioplastic Characteristics of Durian Seed Starch and Cassava Starch Using MCC (Microcrystalline cellulose) Filler from Cocoa Shell. Gema Agro 25:01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNurhajati DW, Pidhatika B, Harjanto S (2019) Biodegradable plastics from linier low-density polyethylene and polysaccharide: The influence of polysaccharide and acetic acid. Majalah Kulit Karet dan Plastik 35(1):33\u0026ndash;40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNuriyah L, Saroja G, Ghufron M, Razanata A, Rosid NF (2018) Characteristics of Tensile Strength and Elongation of Bioplastics Made from Cilembu Sweet Potato Starch with Varying Types of Plasticizers. Nat B 4:4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePriliantini A, Krisyanti, Situmeang IV (2020) The Influence of the #PlasticPlastic Campaign on Environmentally Friendly Attitudes (Survey of @GreenpeaceID Instagram Followers). Jurnal Komunika 9:1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrima AH, Hesmita W (2015) Making Biodegradable Plastic Film From Durian Seed Waste (\u003cem\u003eDurio Zibethinus Murr\u003c/em\u003e). Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 4(1):21\u0026ndash;26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePutra EPD, Saputra H (2020) Characterization of Biodegradable Plastic from Muli Banana Peel Waste Starch with Sorbitol Plasticizer. Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian Andalas 24:1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRafael B, Nestor M, Franco D, Teodomiro B, Sergio TG (2020) Environmentally Friendly Polymers and Polymer Composites. Materials 13:4892\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahadi B, Setianai P, Antonius (2018) Characteristics of Bioplastic Based on Tofu Liquid Waste (Whey) with Chitosan and Glycerol. \u003cem\u003eJurnal Sumber daya Alam dan Lingkungan\u003c/em\u003e, Vol. 7 No. 2, 81\u0026ndash;89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahman A, Syamsu K, Isroic (2018) Biodegradability of Bioplastic from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch. J Nat Resour Environ Manage 9(2):259\u0026ndash;264\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRijal M (2023) Proximate analysis of animal feed from organic waste and effect on changes in body weight \u003cem\u003eGallus domesticus\u003c/em\u003e. Int J Recycling Org Waste Agric 12(4):655\u0026ndash;666\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRindri RS (2021) Utilization of Tofu Dregs Protein as a Basic Material for Making Bioplastics (\u003cem\u003ePlastic Biodegradable\u003c/em\u003e). \u003cem\u003eThesis.\u003c/em\u003e Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRozikhin YZ, Farida HH (2020) Making Biodegradable Plastic From Durian Seed Starch and Jackfruit Seed Starch. Chempublish J 5(2):151\u0026ndash;165\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaid A (2018) Synthesis of Biodegradable Palstic Made from Composite of Sago Extract and Chitosan Katamba Fish Scales \u003cem\u003e(Lethrinus lentjam)\u003c/em\u003e. Quantum: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Sains 9(1):23\u0026ndash;30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Plasticizer, Glass Plate, Solid, Color Gradation, Quality","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4558481/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4558481/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBioplastics are plastics made from natural (organic) materials and are renewable and easily degraded by nature. This type of research is quantitative research with a laboratory experimental approach with variations in glycerol volume (ml) as the independent variable and bioplastic quality as the dependent variable. The results showed that there were color gradations in each treatment and variations in glycerol volume had an effect on thickness, tensile strength, elongation, elastic modulus, water absorption and bioplastic degradation. Bioplastics made from starch waste starch for each treatment meets JIS-2-1707, ASTM-D-6002 and SNI 7818:2014 standards on parameters of thickness, tensile strength and degradability\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Quality of Bioplastic Made From Tofu Waste Starch With Variations of Glycerol Using the Melt Intercalation Method","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-26 09:14:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4558481/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b60b0b53-2978-4334-96ab-20cfefaf3325","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-01T06:53:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-26 09:14:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4558481","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4558481","identity":"rs-4558481","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}