Brassica crop-based biological fumigation combined with reductive soil dis-infection and bio-fertilizer alleviated the Fusarium wilt of tea chrysanthemum by modulating soil microbiome

Tea chrysanthemum, valued for its medicinal and tea properties, faces severe yield losses due to Fusarium oxysporum -induced wilt under continuous cropping. Conventional control methods are often ineffective, prompting this study to evaluate an integrated approach combining Brassica crop-based biofumigation (B) with reductive soil disinfestation (RSD), bio-fertilizer (BIO), rice hulls (RU), or mushroom residue (MR). Field trials showed that B+RSD-related treatments significantly suppressed F. oxysporum while improving plant growth, flower quality and yield. Among these, B+RSD+BIO was optimal, enhancing apigenin, total flavonoid content and yield. Microbiome analysis revealed that B+RSD+BIO increased bacterial diversity, enriched beneficial microbes ( Pseudomonas , Streptomyces ), and reduced pathogens ( Fusarium , Alternaria ). Network analysis confirmed that this treatment strengthened microbial interactions, boosting network complexity and stability. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that core microbes directly and indirectly influenced yield by modulating the rhizosphere microbiome and pathogen levels. This study optimizes soil health, offering a sustainable solution for tea chrysanthemum production.