The “SEP clock”: A discussion of first proton arrival times in wide-spread solar energetic particle events

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Posner, I. G. Richardson, R. D.-T. Strauss This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4182789/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Solar Physics → Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This work analyzes the appearance of wide-spread deka-MeV solar energetic proton (SEP) events, in particular the arrival of the first protons within ~ 4.5–45 MeV measured at Earth-Sun L1, and their relationship with relative solar source longitude. The definition of “wide-spread SEP event” for this study refers to events that are observed as a 25 MeV proton intensity increase at near-1 AU locations that are separated by at least 130ᵒ in solar longitude. Many of these events are seen at all three of the spacecraft, STEREO A, STEREO B, and SOHO, and may therefore extend far beyond 130ᵒ in longitude around the Sun. A large subset of these events have already been part of a study by Richardson et al. ( 2014 ). The event source region identifications draw from this study; more recent events have also been added. Our focus is on answering two specific questions: (1) What is the maximum longitude over which SEP protons show energy dispersion, i.e., a clear sign of arrival of higher-energy protons before those of lower energy? (2) What implications can be drawn from the ensemble of events observed regarding either direct magnetic connectivity to shocks and/or cross-field transport from the site of the eruption in the onset phase of the event? Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction The onsets of solar proton events potentially contain information about physical processes acting on the protons, such as acceleration, and scattering, focusing, and drift while interacting with magnetic fields between the acceleration site and the observer. Many authors have used the signature of proton energy dispersion to derive the magnetic field line length of the first arriving particles, by using the 1/v method (Dresing et al., 2023 ), with the underlying assumption that energetic particles, following a simultaneous “release” for particles at all energies, are bound to magnetic field lines in the solar wind. This view is seemingly supported by the finding of dropouts in so-called “impulsive” solar particle events (Mazur et al., 2000 ) that were observed in the range of up to ~ 200 keV. However, solar energetic particle {SEP) events have been observed that reach all solar longitudes (Dresing et al., 2023 , Kollhoff et al., 2021 , Richardson et al., 2014 ), and would do so by crossing sector boundaries (Kallenrode, 1993 ). Therefore, if particles strictly follow magnetic field lines, the particle acceleration source would have to be nearly equally wide as the observed SEP event. In this view, wide-spread SEP events would be inconsistent with a spatially limited acceleration source such as a flaring region or jet, but more consistent with a wide source such as a travelling and expanding shock wave. The derived field line lengths often significantly exceed the assumed length of the Parker spiral (e.g., Paassilta et al., 2017 , 2018 ), an observation that implies large-scale excursions of the magnetic field in the solar wind. However, there are problems with the above view. Richardson et al. ( 2014 ) have derived arrival times of 25 MeV protons and relativistic electrons for all three-spacecraft (SOHO, STEREO A and B) events at 1 AU between the launch of STEREO and the end of 2013. The arrival times of the two particle species of vastly different speeds (~ 10% of c vs ~ 99% of c) indicate that the expansion and establishment of magnetic connectivity to the three distributed spacecraft are inconsistent. Kallenrode ( 1993 ) came to similar conclusions analyzing Helios and IMP-8 observations. In fact, there would be a need for two acceleration drivers, one that expands faster to capture the faster-occurring onsets of electrons, and one for the 25 MeV protons that expands much more slowly from the source of the solar magnetic eruption. Kollhoff et al. ( 2021 ) found that from any combination of three spacecraft chosen from Solar Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe, STEREO A, and SOHO, for the event of 29 Nov. 2020, the arrival time of electrons and 25 MeV protons can be inferred for the 4th spacecraft. Here also, if one assumes that particles strictly follow magnetic field lines, two acceleration drivers would be needed, one for relativistic electrons and the other for ~ 25 MeV protons. However, an alternative view is that there is a single acceleration driver and (1) cross-field transport in the heliosphere plays a dominant role in shaping onset delays of particle events and (2) that the expansion of particle events in longitude is a function of particle speed (Strauss et al., 2023 ). To test both views, we analyze the arrival time durations of protons at different particle energies, not for single events, but as an ensemble of events with differing source longitudes with respect to the observer. This test could result in a clear distinction of the two views, as the analysis is limited to a single particle species, protons, whereas Kollhoff (2021), Richardson et al. ( 2014 ) and Kallenrode ( 1993 ) compared electrons and protons. The goal of our study is to rule out any confusion related to multiple acceleration drivers responsible for their acceleration. Section 2 introduces the underlying observations. In Section 3 we discuss the observations, including the dependence of proton energy dispersion on solar source longitude. Section 4 summarizes our results. 2. Observations We have mainly analyzed proton observations of the SOHO/COSTEP Electron Proton Helium Instrument (EPHIN, Müller-Mellin et al., 1995 ). The EPHIN instrument provides rates for pre-defined electron, proton and helium channels, defined by penetration depth of particles in the solid-state detector stack that is surrounded by an active and very effective anticoincidence system. A statistical subset of particles measured are fully pulse-height analyzed, i.e., their energy losses in all detectors reached are recorded. We use the combination of dE/dx vs. E pulse-height analysis and count rates to derive proton fluxes for custom channels for protons every two minutes. Kühl et al. ( 2020 ) contrasts the clean proton SEP onset measurements from EPHIN with those of the passive-shielding instruments such as GOES/SEM. Electrons are treated similarly, but due to their scattering behavior our derived fluxes require a response function derived from GEANT simulations. As a result, the instrument provides high-quality energetic electron and proton observations in the range of 160 keV – 9 MeV and ~ 4–53 MeV, respectively. EPHIN was mounted on the s/c to view along the nominal Parker spiral, westward of the Sun at 45ᵒ, with an aperture cone of 64.5ᵒ full width. However, a communications antenna issue occurred, leading to a decision to alternately roll the s/c by 180ᵒ, therefore, starting in July 2003, half the time EPHIN views near-perpendicular to the Parker spiral direction, towards 45ᵒ east of the Earth-Sun line (see https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/data/ancillary/attitude/roll/nominal_roll_attitude.dat ). A more detailed description of the instrument, and the usage and limitations of the data have been discussed in detail in Sections 2 and 3 and the Appendix of Posner (2007). We also base this study on observations that are listed in Richardson et al. ( 2014 ). These involve the identification of electron and proton events with the STEREO A and B HETs (von Rosenvinge et al., 2008 ), and the identification of their source longitudes with a combination of EUV-, coronagraphic and X-ray remote sensing by STEREO/SECCHI, SDO/AIA, and GOES. Moreover, we use Wind/SWE (Ogilvie et al., 1995 ) solar wind speed observations for inferring the magnetic foot point longitude of SOHO and Wind (both in orbit around L1) at the solar source surface, and Wind/WAVES radio observations of type-III radio bursts in the 20 kHz – 15 MHz range for the identification of times in which particles start leaving the solar corona, also taking into account equivalent observations from STEREO/SWAVES (see Appendix ). Data are publicly available from the NASA CDA Web (cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov). In one instance, we augmented the SOHO relativistic electron observations with Wind/3DP data for the identification of relativistic electron arrival at Earth. 3. Solar Particle Event Selection and Analysis A comprehensive ~ 25 MeV solar proton event list has been published in Richardson et al. ( 2014 ) and has since been kept up to date to include more recent events (Richardson, 2024 ). In this list, SEP proton events are identified in the cross-calibrated data sets of SOHO/COSTEP EPHIN and STEREO A and STEREO B HET. The process of identification excludes proton enhancements that are associated with the arrival of disturbances such as shocks at the s/c. Remote-sensing observations are used to identify the source location of the particle event. The process is explained in detail in Richardson et al. ( 2014 ). This study identifies a subset of events from the list. We require that detecting s/c are separated by > 130ᵒ in longitude at 1 AU, and that SOHO is one of the s/c detecting the particle event. Valid periods are for combinations of SOHO and STEREO A: 5 Feb. 2013–12 Aug. 2017; of SOHO and STEREO B: 21 Dec. 2012 – Oct. 2014 (i.e., loss of STEREO B); and of all three s/c: 16 Dec. 2009–8 Apr. 2012. This reduces the event selection to 52 events. Energy dispersion analysis focuses on the proton spectrograms of SOHO/COSTEP EPHIN, using three energy ranges: ~4–5 MeV, ~ 9–11 MeV and ~ 40–53 MeV. Figure 1 shows an example of the determination of the proton onset times for the particle event of 22 Sep. 2014. It is preceded by the onset of a Type-III radio burst identified in Wind/WAVES data at 0615UT, which is marked by a red vertical line in the electron and proton spectrograms. The electron spectrogram is displayed in energy (250 keV – 9 MeV) vs time, whereas the proton spectrogram is displayed in 1/v vs time. The time range of Fig. 1 starts two hours before the radio burst onset and covers 24 hours total. The time-intensity diagrams at bottom display the intensities of the adjacent energy bins of the proton spectrogram (top two, 8th and 9th from top, bottom two). The determination of the onset time and error is performed through onset interval fitting of the log value of the intensities. Any intervals without particle counts are filled with the average pre-event proton intensity value that is determined during the two hours preceding the type-III radio burst onset. The onset time is then determined by locating the intersection of each energy bin with the pre-event background value. The average time determines the onset time, and the spread from onset determines the error. SOHO’s magnetic connection longitude difference from the SEP source longitude is determined by using the solar wind speed measured around the time of the type-III radio burst onset. It is assumed that the inherent uncertainty of this method, which assumes constant speed from the Sun to 1 AU, including non-radial fields in the solar corona, as well as uncertainty in the source longitude (which may be extended and not a point source) to be ~ 15ᵒ, but could be larger. Theoretical minimum delays from field-aligned propagation from the Sun to 1 AU related to these energy intervals are listed in Table 2 , for three common solar wind speed ranges, assuming a Parker spiral and that particles of each energy are injected onto the field line simultaneously. [Place Table 2 here] Of the 52 wide-spread events listed in Table 1 , 30 originate from inside the Solar Radiation Hemisphere (SRH), which is defined in Posner et al. ( 2021 ) as the hemisphere of the Sun that is centered around W60, spanning from E30 to W150. 22 events originate from outside the SRH. One of the events, No. 36, carries a caveat, as it is listed with a source at E58, but there is near-simultaneous sympathetic solar activity in the well-connected western hemisphere of the Sun that may have caused the small SEP event observed at SOHO. Given the ambiguity, we omit this event from further consideration, reducing the total number of events analyzed to 51 and those from outside the SRH to 21. Figure 2 shows histograms of proton intensities at SOHO distinguished by their origin within (top) or outside (bottom) the solar radiation hemisphere. There is a clear ordering of high local intensity from SEP events that originate from inside the SRH. These events have small magnetic connection distances from the source of the solar activity, in particular when compared to SEPs originating outside the SRH. Table 1 lists data products of all 52 events in chronological order. Events in which the EPHIN instrument is pointed perpendicular to the nominal magnetic field are indicated by an asterisk. The table contains the source locations, durations of energy dispersion, including the event discussed above (No. 48 in the table), and times of identified type-III and electron event onsets. Missing onset times are indicated by N/A. The presence or absence of type-II radio bursts is also provided. [Place Table 1 here] Ev. No. Date/Time Type-III Onset [UT]/p int. max. Source Long./ Conn. Dist. [ o ] e- Onset [UT]/ Type-II? p+ 45MeV Onset [UT] P + 10MeV Onset [UT] p+ 4.5 MeV Onset [UT] Dur. 45 MeV – 4.5 MeV Dur. 45 MeV – 10 MeV Dur. 10 MeV – 4.5 MeV 1* 2009 Dec.22 04:55 0.0005 W40 30.8 05:38 N N/A (a) N/A (a) N/A (a) N/A (a) N/A (a) N/A (a) 2 2010 Aug. 14 10:03 0.2 W54 3.1 10:18 N 10:35 ± 0.5 11:03 ± 15 11:53 ± 1 78 ± 1.5 28 ± 15.5 50 ± 16 3 2010 Aug. 18 05:39 0.03 W100 -32.7 06:02 Y N/A (b) 07:35 ± 1 08:23 ± 6 N/A (b) N/A (b) 48 ± 7 4 2010 Aug. 31 20:52 0.005 W145 -71.0 21:16 Y N/A (b) 23:53 ± 4 01:28 ± 4 N/A (b) N/A (b) 95 ± 8 5 2010 Sep. 08 23:29 0.003 W92 -21.8 23:42 Y N/A (b) 01:04 ± 0.5 02:08 ± 1 N/A (b) N/A (b) 64 ± 1.5 6 2011 Mar. 21 02:20 0.11 W138 -68.8 03:00 Y 03:29 ± 2 04:24 ± 17 04:52 ± 2 83 ± 4 55 ± 19 28 ± 19 7* 2011 Jun. 04 22:04 0.04 W165 -116.8 22:24 Y N/A (c) N/A (c) N/A (c) N/A (c) N/A (c) N/A (c) 8 2011 Aug. 04 03:51 1.1 W36 35.2 04:24 Y 05:09 ± 5 05:45 ± 6 06:35 ± 10 86 ± 15 36 ± 11 50 ± 16 9 2011 Sep. 06 22:22 0.1 W18 42.6 22:58 Y 23:52 ± 0.5 01:21 ± 5 01:58 ± 17 126 ± 17.5 89 ± 5.5 37 ± 22 10* 2011 Nov. 03 22:24 0.04 E152 -134.7 23:00 Y 23:30 ± 3 00:25 ± 7 01:26 ± 18 116 ± 21 55 ± 10 61 ± 25 11* 2011 Nov. 26 07:11 0.3 W48 12.6 07:24 Y N/A (c) N/A (c) N/A (c) N/A (c) N/A (c) N/A (c) 12 2012 Jan. 23 03:40 20. W21 33.3 04:00 Y 04:33 ± 0.5 05:38 ± 3 06:16 ± 0.5 103 ± 1 65 ± 3.5 48 ± 3.5 13* 2012 May 17 01:33 0.6 W76 -7.8 01:56 Y 03:07 ± 6 04:52 ± 8 06:24 ± 30 197 ± 36 105 ± 14 92 ± 38 14* 2012 May 26 20:48 0.03 W116 -47.8 21:06 Y 21:52 ± 4 22:43 ± 4 23:45 ± 3 113 ± 7 51 ± 8 62 ± 7 15 2012 Jul. 23 02:12 0.2 W140 -84.2 05:20 Y 06:05 ± 3 N/A (c,d) N/A (c,d) N/A (c,d) N/A (c,d) N/A (c,d) 16 2012 Aug. 31 19:50 0.04 E42 121.2 20:40 Y N/A (b) 22:42 ± 7 00:10 ± 43 N/A (b) N/A (b) 88 ± 50 17 2012 Sep. 20 14:57 0.003 E158 -152.9 22:00 Y N/A (a) N/A (a) N/A (a) N/A (a) N/A (a) N/A (a) 18 2013 Feb. 26 10:08 0.01 W131 -54.2 11:20 Y N/A (b) 12:20 ± 14 N/A (d) N/A (b,d) N/A (b) N/A (d) 19 2013 Mar. 05 03:43 0.006 E141 -150.8 07:30 Y N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) 20* 2013 Apr. 11 06:56 2. E12 71.9 07:42 Y 08:10 ± 7 08:58 ± 14 10:50 ± 4 160 ± 11 48 ± 21 112 ± 18 21* 2013 Apr. 21 07:30 0.02 W124 -36.3 08:10 N N/A (b) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (b,d) N/A (b,d) N/A (d) 22* 2013 Apr. 24 21:38 0.01 W175 -115.8 22:12 N 22:43 ± 19 23:38 ± 61 N/A (d) 55 ± 80 N/A (d) N/A (d) 23* 2013 May 13 15:56 0.01 E95 162.3 17:36 Y 17:59 ± 72 21:57 ± 15 02:39 ± 2 520 ± 74 238 ± 87 282 ± 23 24* 2013 May 22 13:10 20. W70 -15.2 13:42 Y 14:03 ± 19 14:40 ± 7 15:11 ± 3 68 ± 22 37 ± 26 31 ± 10 25* 2013 Jun. 21 02:55 0.06 E73 124.2 06:00 Y N/A (b) 12:07 ± 5 15:31 ± 5 N/A (b) N/A (b) 324 ± 10 26 2013 Jul. 22 06:32 0.001 W172 -105.6 08:06 N 08:48 ± 18 10:36 ± 2 11:36 ± 84 168 ± 102 108 ± 20 60 ± 86 27 2013 Aug. 19 23:13 0.01 W174 115.5 01:00 (+ 1d) Y N/A (b) N/A (b,d) N/A (d) N/A (b,d) N/A (b,d) N/A (b,d) 28 2013 Sep. 29 21:55 0.5 W25 66.6 22:22 Y 22:36 ± 15 23:36 ± 3 00:18 ± 17 102 ± 32 60 ± 18 42 ± 20 29* 2013 Oct. 11 07:14 0.002 E96 159.0 14:00 Y N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) N/A (a,d) 30* 2013 Nov. 02 04:32 0.02 W127 -52.6 06:00 N 0702 ± 10 N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) 31* 2013 Nov. 19 10:24 0.04 W69 -4.4 10:40 Y 11:27 ± 5 12:18 ± 1 12:47 ± 0.5 80 ± 1 51 ± 1.5 29 ± 1.5 32* 2013 Dec. 14 06:25 0.002 E144 -154.6 09:00 N N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) 33* 2013 Dec. 26 02:54 0.03 E161 -109.6 04:30 N N/A (b) 05:57 ± 1 06:56 ± 3 N/A (b) N/A (b) 59 ± 4 34* 2014 Jan. 06 07:48 0.6 W110 -45.6 08:25 (e) Y N/A (e) 09:31 ± 9 10:47 ± 3 N/A (e) N/A (e) 76 ± 12 35 2014 Jan. 07 18:07 2.2 W11 56.3 19:00 Y 19:32 ± 4 20:30 ± 9 21:23 ± 34 111 ± 38 58 ± 13 53 ±43 36 2014 Jan. 30 16:03 0.002 E58 (e) 125.3 16:50 N N/A (b) 17:54 ± 9 18:42 ± 1 N/A (b) N/A (b) 48 ± 10 37 2014 Feb. 14 0822 0.003 W147 -75.8 09:40 N N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) 38 2014 Feb. 18 01:20 0.004 E45 115.1 03:50 Y N/A (b) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (b,d) N/A (b,d) N/A (d) 39 2014 Feb. 21 15:44 0.001 E120 172.3 20:00 N N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) 40 2014 Feb. 25 00:47 0.3 E82 139.1 02:02 Y 03:26 ± 10 07:45 ± 7 13:12 ± 6 586 ± 16 259 ± 17 327 ± 13 41* 2014 Mar. 28 23:22 0.001 W23 34.3 00:02 (+ 1d) Y N/A (b) 02:23 ± 9 02:39 ± 0.5 N/A (b) N/A (b) 16 ± 9.5 42* 2014 Mar. 29 17:46 0.03 W32 26.2 18:06 Y 18:42 ± 2.5 19:24 ± 5 19:42 ± 31 60 ± 33.5 42 ± 7.5 18 ± 36 43* 2014 Apr. 02 13:28 0.001 E53 116.0 19:00 Y N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) 44* 2014 May 09 02:22 0.003 W110 -43.6 03:50 Y N/A (b) 04:39 ± 1 05:50 ± 5 N/A (b) N/A (b) 71 ± 6 45 2014 Jul. 08 16:12 0.0005 E56 131.6 16:58 N 17:12 ± 1 18:41 ± 4 19:24 ± 9 132 ± 10 89 ± 5 43 ± 13 46 2014 Sep. 01 11:03 0.02 E108 168.6 14:40 Y 21:23 ± 53 01:34 ± 22 06:18 ± 40 535 ± 93 251 ± 75 284 ± 62 47 2014 Sep. 10 17:30 0.4 E02 68.4 18:45 Y N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) 48 2014 Sep. 22 06:15 0.03 W149 -91.1 06:48 Y 07:22 ± 2 08:18 ± 1 09:02 ± 4 100 ± 6 56 ± 3 44 ± 5 49* 2014 Sep. 24 20:50 0.003 W179 -123.2 23:00 Y N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) 50* 2015 Oct. 29 02:19 0.2 W95 -13.1 02:36 N 03:02 ± 12 03:49 ± 12 04:28 ± 13 86 ± 25 47 ± 24 39 ± 25 51* 2015 Nov. 09 12:06 0.04 E39 84.9 14:50 Y 15:50 ± 17 19:21 ± 5 20:50 ± 5 300 ± 22 211 ± 22 89 ± 10 52 2017 Jul. 23 05:01 0.01 W148 -105.3 07:40 Y N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) N/A (d) Table 2 The table lists the expected delay durations between arrivals of protons of the energy ranges listed on the left, for various typical solar wind speeds. The distance to the Sun along the Parker spiral is also provided. The minimum delays are included in Figs. 4 and 6 as horizontal lines. Proton Energy Interval Delay Duration 300km/s Vsw Delay Duration 400 km/s Vsw Delay Duration 500 km/s Vsw 45 MeV – 4.5 MeV 72.9 min 67.5 min 65.3 min 45 MeV – 10 MeV 37.8 min 35.0 min 33.8 min 10 MeV – 4.5 MeV 35.1 min 32.5 min 31.5 min Ideal Parker Spiral Length 1.26 AU 1.16 AU 1.12 AU 80% of the SRH SEP events are accompanied by type-II radio burst activity observed by the STEREO and/or Wind spacecraft (e.g., https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list/radio/waves_type2.html ). The existence of a type-II is indicative of a CME-driven shock accelerating electrons. CMEs of our sample with type-IIs are on average faster (1,300km/s) and wider (335ᵒ) than non-type-II producing CMEs (894km/s, 305ᵒ). Non-SRH SEP events are accompanied by solar type-II radio bursts only at a rate of 71%. While the statistical sample is small, it is surprising that we observe any SEPs without accompanying type-II from the non-SRH in view of the literature (e.g., Rouillard et al., 2012 ) requiring broad CME shocks to reach observers that are not well connected to the source location. 80% of SRH SEP events show clear signatures of proton energy dispersion in the 4.5–45 MeV range at SOHO. (Note that this and the type-II-distribution originating in the SRH are overlapping but non-identical.) A much lower percentage of non-SRH SEP events has clearly recognizable proton energy dispersion: 52%. This is not surprising given the much lower relative maximum intensities, which are reflected in correspondingly lower intensity ramps near the onset. If an elevated pre-event particle intensity is present locally, the onset energy dispersion of weaker-appearing events would have a lower signal-to-noise level and would be more difficult to recognize. This affects non-SRH events disproportionately. There are clear examples, events Nos. 46 and 23, that reveal onset dispersion despite the inferred magnetic connection distance exceeding 160ᵒ in longitude. Recognition of energy dispersion requires a combination of clean observations and quiet pre-event conditions. Under favorable circumstance, it appears likely that SEP events from anywhere on the Sun can create energy dispersion patterns of protons anywhere at 1 AU. The durations between the arrivals of 4.5 MeV and 45 MeV protons range from about one hour to almost 10 hours. In the literature, onset dispersion signatures are being used to infer particle release time, and the length of the magnetic field line connecting the observer with the Sun (see, e.g., Klein & Posner, 2005 ; Dresing et al., 2024). It is important to recognize that these two inferences require proton cross-field diffusion to be extremely low. Our statistical analysis of a large ensemble of wide-spread SEP events tests whether this assumption is generally valid. There are two (extreme) possibilities: a) No cross-field transport of protons. In this scenario, protons can only reach the observer if a direct magnetic field line connection to the accelerating source is established. As the extended source, notably a CME-driven shock, expands into the heliosphere, it can intercept the magnetic field line that connects Earth/SOHO with the Sun. This may occur at a significant distance from the Sun, therefore shortening the magnetic field line length between the acceleration source and the 1 AU observer. From a statistical analysis one would expect shorter durations of proton energy dispersion with increasing magnetic connection distance from the SEP source. This is equivalent to a racetrack in which the arrival time is clocked between a faster and a slower car. If the racetrack is shortened, the time delay between the two arrivals is shortened proportionately. If one assumes a wide CME spanning up to 180ᵒ in longitude, the intercept of a shock with the Parker spiral would rise to a significant distance from the Sun rather quickly. b) Particles reach regions far away from any magnetic connection to an acceleration region at the Sun via cross-field transport. This may encompass pitch angle scattering or transport across the average field by processes such as field-line random walk while within the same magnetic sector. Limiting ourselves to particle scattering, one would expect the diffusive transport away from the best-connected field line to proceed quickly. With increasing connection distance, however, the particle intensity gradient would decrease, and the process slows down, as protons become increasingly likely to be scattered back towards their longitude of origin. The diffusion process would increase the effective path length of particles, but not necessarily along existing field lines. Assuming comparable cross-field diffusion coefficients across the energy range of EPHIN for protons, the effective path length increase would be equivalent to the lengthening of the “racetrack”, increasing the duration between fast- and slow-moving particles arriving at SOHO, and resulting in longer durations of proton energy dispersion. The recent example of 12 July 2012, discussed under assumption (a), is presented in Fig. 3 by Wijsen et al. ( 2022 ), using a EUHFORIA simulation (Pomoell & Poedts, 2018 ). The SEP event is not included in Table 1 as it was detected by SOHO and STEREO B when the s/c were less than 130ᵒ apart. The authors discuss the onset of the SEP event and find that “[i]n the simulation, this observer (hereafter Earth) connects with the shock front about ~ 30 h after the CME insertion (i.e., on 13 July, around 22:00 UT). However, the observed onset of the SEP event suggests that Earth had likely a direct magnetic field connection to the shock wave shortly after the CME eruption (i.e., on 12 July around 17:00 UT).” The following discussion in the paper considers an even wider shock, and the possibility that the magnetic field was more radial, but not the possibility that the acceleration may have occurred near the SEP origin and that the particles reached the observer predominantly through cross-field diffusion. A related question is whether or how SEP onsets with energy dispersion can be detected from events originating in excess of.~90ᵒ from the observer. A magnetic connection to a CME shock outside 1 AU (e.g., Reames, Barbier and Ng, 1996 ) is not a possibility, as the onset times consistently stay within one day of the solar event, and CMEs that reach 1 AU within this time have not been observed. Reports of CMEs extending beyond 180ᵒ exist. But even in this case, the average field line length connecting the observer to the overly wide CME shock would not increase, no matter what the magnetic connection distance from the SEP source is. Thus, the onset dispersion durations of well-connected events would set the upper limit for all events assuming possibility (a). Linear fits to three energy ranges in Fig. 4 have a positive slope, meaning that the average duration of the energy dispersion increases with increasing magnetic connection distance. As discussed above, the sample of events with recognizable energy dispersion at large magnetic connection distances is rather limited. However, the observed events are clear cases. Figure 5 shows representative examples of proton energy dispersion in a “Solar Energetic Particle Clock” organization, which displays electron and ion spectrograms over each of the 12 clock sectors of their source longitude with respect to Earth at the 6 o’clock position. Events in the Solar Radiation Hemisphere cover sectors 3–6 and split sectors 2 and 7 with events outside the Solar Radiation Hemisphere. Long-duration energy dispersion events are present in sectors 7, 9, and 10, which refer to the events No. 51, No. 40, and No. 46 in Table 1 . Richardson et al. ( 2014 ) have shown that onset time delays for electrons and for protons each at a different single energy show a positive correlation with magnetic connection distance. This tendency was also previously discussed by Kallenrode ( 1993 ). Figures 15 and 16 of Richardson et al. ( 2014 ) show that the delay can be matched by assuming a fixed duration for streaming along the field to 1 AU for each species if combined with the expansion of an inciter at the solar surface. To match, the inciter must have a higher speed for relativistic electrons than for the 25 MeV protons they analyzed. While this set of observations already hints towards an interpretation that particle speed dependent cross-field particle diffusion away from the source location is the likely cause for the onset delays, as recently also shown in the simulations of Strauss et al. ( 2023 ), the option of having different acceleration regions for protons and electrons driven by an expanding CME shock cannot be ruled out. Based on the observations above, we can add that the onset delays for a single species at different energies bolsters the case for the role of speed-dependent particle cross-field diffusion. In addition, an explanation of our observations by scatter-free travel from the accelerating source would require a slow exciter speed for low-energy protons and a high exciter speed for higher-energy protons, and it would require the exciter to remain at solar surface height. This seems unlikely. We also note that longer-duration proton energy dispersion coincides with longer average delays between type-III and electron onsets for the same events. This is discernible from the color coding of the events shown in Fig. 4 . Figure 6 contains the same information as Fig. 4 but switches the way magnetic connection distance and electron onset delay are displayed. The correlation of proton energy dispersion with electron delay is visible here. It is, moreover, important to highlight that all long-duration proton energy dispersion events also have long delays of electron onsets over type-III radio bursts. These two independent observations can be separated in time by > 12 hours (event No. 40. This poses a challenge to view (a) in that a direct magnetic connection to far-away accelerator inside-1-AU needs to be maintained for a long time. We also note that there are a few events for which a comparatively small delay between type-III onset and electron onset suggests a shorter magnetic connection distance than listed. A possibility is that the source longitude for the protons detected at Earth is ambiguous and different from that listed. One such event is listed as No. 10. This has been widely discussed because of the unusually rapid particle arrival at both STEREOs and at Earth following an eruption behind the east limb associated with a CME which was directly observed by STEREO B (Richardson et al., 2014 ; Gomez-Herrero et al., 2015 ; Zhao & Zhang, 2018 ). While these authors have concluded that this single eruption gave rise to the widespread SEP event, we note that Park et al. ( 2013 ), and Prise et al. ( 2014 have proposed that a separate source gave rise to the SEP event at Earth. However, Gomez-Herrero et al. ( 2015 ) argue on several grounds that this view is not correct. Since the poorly connected source region is likely to be correct for this event, this suggests that other factors may influence particle propagation beyond the two scenarios considered here. 4. Discussion and Conclusions We have used a list of multi-spacecraft solar energetic particle events (~ 25 MeV protons) based on observations at both STEREO spacecraft and near-Earth spacecraft to identify all listed wide-spread events that exceed 130ᵒ in solar longitude and that have been detected at SOHO near Earth. We have analyzed the duration of proton energy dispersion at the onset of these events (i.e., the time difference between the onset at different energies). Commonly, proton energy dispersion in individual SEP events is used in the community to infer (1) the particle release time at the Sun and (2) the length of the magnetic field line between the observer and the Sun under the assumption that protons strictly follow the magnetic field. Our analysis challenges this technique by looking at a statistical sample of events and contrasting the assumption of negligible cross-field diffusion with one in which cross-field diffusion dominates the appearance of SEP events. The dependency of the onset time duration of protons on longitude is critical for this distinction. The zero-cross-field diffusion case (case a) would require a broad acceleration region that “touches” the field line the observer is on, as discussed by Wijsen et al. ( 2022 ). This would have to occur at an increasing height above the corona as the magnetic connection distance of the observer from the source of the eruption increases. The increasing height would, in turn, shorten the magnetic field line length between the Connection to the Observer (COB) point and the observer and would reduce the duration of the proton energy dispersion. In contrast, our analysis supports the idea that a direct magnetic connection to the accelerating source is not needed. Rather, the onset duration is determined by the average diffusion time of protons at a given energy to reach the observer, as supported by our finding of a positive correlation between magnetic connection distance and proton onset dispersion. In summary, we conclude that energy dispersion analysis to infer solar release times and magnetic connection field line lengths cannot be applied without caveats and is likely invalid unless used near the Sun and near the ideal magnetic connection with the accelerating source. We also have found that SEP events can reveal proton onset dispersion even if they originate from a source region that is essentially on the opposite side of the Sun from the magnetic connection of the observer. It is extremely difficult to explain SEP events of such a width without significant particle cross-field diffusion, and even more difficult to explain why these events can have energy onset dispersion. The observed energy dispersion durations between ~ 45 MeV protons at ~ 30% light speed and ~ 4.5 MeV protons at ~ 10% light speed extend over more than 9 hours. The magnetic field line length would need to be above 13 AU to produce this dispersion. An analytical estimate that includes both particle streaming along and diffusion perpendicular to the mean magnetic field (Eq. 5 of Strauss et al, 2023 ) suggests that the dispersion durations have a dependence proportional to magnetic connection distance to a higher power (~ 2). Such a dependence could match the observations better that the linear fits we used in Fig. 4 . However, given the limited number of events, in particular at larger connection distances, we have not considered here whether this or another dependence may provide a better fit to the observations. We conclude that cross-field diffusion is a non-negligible effect in the discussed proton energy range from ~ 4.5–45 MeV. This is not necessarily a contradiction to reports of “dropouts” in so-called impulsive particle events that are observed in the keV range. Since gyrocenters of these lower-energy particles move at only a few times the speed of the solar wind they are less likely to encounter scattering centers in the turbulent solar wind magnetic field than protons at much higher speeds, and their lower speeds don’t allow them to move far away from their field line of origin before they reach 1 AU. The need for large, expanded sources that accelerate protons to high energies is, in part, a conclusion from the observations of broad energetic particle events. We note however, that a rapid reduction in magnetic field line length between the COB point and the observer from an expanding shock front is not supported by our result that shows that the duration of energy dispersion increases away from the source longitude. Neither is a scenario supported in which the expanding source simply expands in the lower solar corona (e.g., an EUV wave), i.e., without lifting the COB point into the heliosphere, as in this scenario the magnetic field line length to the observer will stay the same , independent of magnetic connection distance. A feasible explanation of increasing energy dispersion duration with magnetic connection distance is a rather large role of cross-field diffusion between the accelerating source and the observer at 1 AU. Declarations Author Contribution AP wrote the main manuscript and analyzed SOHO data. IGR derived SEP source locations. RDTS supported the interpretation with modeling and theory. All three authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement IGR acknowledges support from NASA’s Living With a Star Program grant NNH19ZDA001N-LWS and support from the STEREO mission. IGR and AP acknowledge support from the NASA Heliophysics Space Weather Research Program’s CLEAR SWx Center of Excellence (PI Lulu Zhao) award 80NSSC23M0191. AP thanks E. Shume for discussions and helpful suggestions. The authors acknowledge the public provision of SOHO/COSTEP-EPHIN data by the EPHIN team led by PI Bernd Heber. Data Availability SOHO/COSTEP-EPHIN level-1 data that are the basis for our energy dispersion duration analysis are available athttp://ulysses.physik.uni-kiel.de/costep/level1/All other data used are available from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/ References Dresing, N., Rodríguez-García, L., Jebaraj, I. C., Warmuth, A., Wallace, S., Balmaceda, L., Podladchikova, T., Strauss, R. D.-T., Kouloumvakos, A., Palmroos, C., Krupar, V., Gieseler, J., Xu, Z., , Mitchell, J. G., Cohen, C. M. S., de Nolfo, G. A., Palmerio, E., Carcaboso, F., Kilpua, E. K. J., Trotta, D., Auster, U., Asvestari, E., da Silva, D., Dröge, W., Getachew, T., Gómez-Herrero, R., Grande, M., Heyner, D., Holmström, M., Huovelin, J., Kartavykh, Y., Laurenza, M., Lee,C. O., Mason, G., Maksimovic , M., Mieth, J., Murakami, G., Oleynik, P., Pinto, M., Pulupa, M., Richter, I., Rodríguez-Pacheco, J., Sánchez-Cano, B., Schuller, F., Ueno, H., Vainio, R., Vecchio, A., Veronig, A., M., and Wijsen, N.: 2023, , Astron. & Astrophys. 674, A105, doi:10.1051/0004=6361/202345938. Gomez-Herrero, R., Dresing, N., Klassen, A., Heber, B., Lario, D., Agueda, N., Malandraki, O.E., Blanco, J.J., Rodriguez-Pacheco, J., Banjac, S.: 2015,. Astrophys. J. 799(1), 55 Kallenrode, M.-B.: 1993, J. Geophys. , 98, 5573-5591. Klein, K.-L., and Posner, A.: 2005, , Astron. & Astrophys., 438, 1029, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20042607. Kollhoff, A., Kouloumvakos, A., Lario, D., Dresing, N., Gómez-Herrero, R., Rodríguez-García, L., Malandraki, O. E., Richardson, I. G., Posner, A., Klein, K.-L., Pacheco, D., Klassen, A., Heber, B., Cohen, C. M. S., Laitinen, T., Cernuda, I., Dalla, S., Espinosa Lara, F., Vainio, R., Koeberle, M., Kuehl, R., Xu, Z. G., Berger, L., Eldrum, S., Bruedern, M., Laurenza, M., Kilpua, E. J., Aran, A., Rouillard, A. P., Bucík, R., Wijsen, N., Pomoell, J., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R. F., Martin, C., Böttcher, S. I., Freiherr von Forstner, J. L., Terasa, J.-C., Boden, S., Kulkarni, S., Ravanbakhsh, A., Yedla, M., Janitzek, N., Rodríguez-Pacheco, J., Prieto Mateo, M., Sánchez Prieto,S., Parra Espada, P., Rodríguez Polo, O., Martínez Hellín, A., Carcaboso, F., Mason, G. M., Ho, G. C., Allen, R. C., Andrews, G. B., Schlemm, C. E., Seifert, H., Tyagi, K., Lees, W. J., Hayes, J., Bale, S. D., Krupar, V., Horbury, T. S., Angelini, V., Evans, V., O’Brien, H., Maksimovic, M., Khotyaintsev, Yu. V., Vecchio, A., Steinvall, K., and Asvestari, E.: 2021, , Astron. & Astrophys., 656, A20, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140937. Kühl, P., Heber, B., Gomez-Herrero, R., Malandraki, O., Posner, A., and Sierks, H.: 2020, J. Space Weather Space Clim., 10, 53, doi:10.1051/swsc/2020056. Mazur, J., Mason, G. M., Dwyer, J. R., Giacalone, J., Jokipii, J. R., and Stone, E. C.: 2000, Astrophys. , 32:L79–L82. Müller-Mellin, R., Kunow H, Fleißner V, Pehlke E, Rode E, et al.: 1995, COSTEP---Comprehensive suprathermal and energetic particle analyser, Sol. , 162, 483-- 504. Ogilvie, K. W., Chornay, D. J., Fritzenreiter, R. J., Hunsaker, F., Keller, J., Lobell, J., Miller, G., Scudder, J. D., Sittler, E. C., Torbert, R. B., Bodet, D., Needell, G., Lazarus, A. J., Steinberg, J. T., Tappin, J. H., Mavretic, A., and Gergin, E.: 1995, Space Sci. Rev., 71, 55. Paassilta, M., Raukunen, O., Vainio, R., Valtonen, E., Papaioannou, A., Siipola, R., Riihonen, E., Dierckxsens, M., Crosby, N., Malandraki, O., Heber, B., and Klein, K.-L.: 2017, , J. Space Weather Space Clim. 7 A14, doi: 10.1051/swsc/2017013 Paassilta, M., Papaioannou, A., Dresing, N., Vainio, R., Valtonen, E., and Heber, B.: 2018, Sol. Phys., 293:70, doi: 10.1007/s11207-018-1284-7. Park, J., Innes, D.E., Bucik, R., and Moon, Y.-J.: 2013,. Astrophys. J. 779(2), 184. Pomoell, J. & Poedts, S.:2018, J. Space Weather. Space Clim., 8, A35, doi:10.1051/swsc/2018020. Posner, A., Arge, C. N., Staub, J., StCyr, O. C., Folta, D., Solanki, S. K., Strauss, R. D.-T., Effenberger, F., Gandorfer, A., Heber, B., Henney, C. J., Hirzberger, J, Jones, S. I., Kuehl, P., Malandraki, O., and Sterken, V. J.: 2021, Space Weather, 19, doi: 10.1029/2021SW002777. Prise, A.J., Harra, L.K., Matthews, S.A., Long, D.M., Aylward, A.D.: 2014, Solar Phys. 289(5), 1731. Reames, D. V., Barbier, L. M., and Ng, C. K.:1996, Astrophys. J. 466, p.473, doi: 10.1086/177525. Richardson, I. G.: 2024, , doi: 10.7910/DVN/GQPCXZ, Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:wDWbJQnOrrFoBOAs1wiZDw== [fileUNF] Richardson, I. G., von Rosenvinge, T. T., Cane, H. V., Christian, E. R., Cohen, C. M. S., Labrador, A. W., Leske, R. A. Mewaldt, R. A., Wiedenbeck, M. E., and Stone, E. C.: 2014, Solar Phys., 289, 3059-3107, doi: 10.1007/s11207-014-0524-8. Rouillard, A. P., Sheeley, Jr.,N. R., Tylka, A., Vourlidas, A., Ng, C. K., Rakowski, C., Cohen, C. M. S., Mewaldt, R. A., Mason, G. M., Reames, D., Savani, N. P., StCyr, O. C., and Szabo, A.: 2012, Astrophys. J., 752:44, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/44. Strauss, R. D., Dresing, N., and Engelbrecht, N. E.: 2017, Astrophys. , 837‐843, doi:10.3847/1538‐4357/aa5df5. Strauss, R.D., Dresing,N., Richardson, I. G., van den Berg, J. P., and Steyn, P. J.: 2023, Astrophys. J., 951: 2, doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acd3ef. von Rosenvinge, T.T., Reames, D. V., Baker, R., Hawk, J., Nolan, J. T., Ryan, L., , Shuman, S., Wortman, K. A., Mewaldt, R. A., Cummings, A. C., Cook, W. R., Labrador, A. W., Leske, R. A., and Wiedenbeck, M. E.: 2008, Space Sci. Rev., 136, 391, doi: 10.1007/s11214-007-9300-5. Wijsen, N., Aran, A., Scolini, C., Lario, D., Afanasiev, A., Vainio, R., Sanahuja, B., Pomoell, J., and Poedts, S.: 2022, Astron. & Astrophys., 659, A187, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/20214698. Zhao, L., Zhang, M.: 2018,. Astrophys. J. Lett. 859(2), L29. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Appendix1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Sep, 2024 Read the published version in Solar Physics → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 28 Apr, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Apr, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 31 Mar, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 30 Mar, 2024 First submitted to journal 28 Mar, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4182789","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":286547539,"identity":"6ea582bc-5fd2-492c-97da-e0e6b167331a","order_by":0,"name":"A. Posner","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxmY46wHJWpgNiLWGGcZgkyBKPf/sw80GjDts7M3Ze59VF9TUyTPwLz6GV6/EucTmBMYzaYk7e46b3Z5x7LBhg8SzNPzWnWFsPsDYdjjB4EYa220etgOMDRJnjPF6Sh6qxd7g/jO2Yp5/dfYEtRgAtSQAtTBuuMHGxszbxpzYwN9j+ACfFkOgFoNEoF82nEljlubtO5zcJsGWiFeL3Bn2xxIfgSFmcPwY42eeb3W2/fyHDxzApwUMEhuQOGwSCQQ1ABMAshYGfsJ2jIJRMApGwcgCAN83R5V1NsRmAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"NASA/HQ","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"","lastName":"Posner","suffix":""},{"id":286547541,"identity":"83a24519-a281-4ad5-8426-0394ceba916a","order_by":1,"name":"I. G. Richardson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Univ. Maryland","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"I.","middleName":"G.","lastName":"Richardson","suffix":""},{"id":286547546,"identity":"dbbb2282-ca4f-4b73-baf2-2b63b87855c3","order_by":2,"name":"R. D.-T. Strauss","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Northwest Univ","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"R.","middleName":"D.-T.","lastName":"Strauss","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-28 14:02:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4182789/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4182789/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-024-02350-7","type":"published","date":"2024-09-20T15:57:18+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54049086,"identity":"8473c912-7d85-423d-9f3f-9c249d59f997","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 20:33:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":148691,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSolar energetic electron and ion event of September 22, 2014. Top panel: Energetic electron spectrogram (160 keV - 8 MeV). 2nd panel: Energetic proton spectrogram (4 -53 MeV) in 1/v format. 3rd panel: Two low-energy proton time-intensity profiles. The vertical bars mark the periods in which noticeable particle increases linked with the onset occur. The intervals are used for determining the onset time with a linear fit to the log of the intensities. The horizontal lines mark the pre-event proton intensities for the lower (black) and higher (red) energy channels. The intersections of linear fits with the pre-event backgrounds determine the derived onset times, and their spread the uncertainty. 4th and 5th panels: Same as 3rd panel, but for the indicated higher-energy channels.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4182789/v1/83185467fe9e025bb2c9b8bf.jpg"},{"id":54049082,"identity":"9a692071-a0d1-4a21-9bda-ba15630dfa31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 20:33:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":34233,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNumber of events of Table 1 with maximum 25 MeV proton intensity at or below the thresholds in the unit of [cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e s sr MeV]\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e The top panel is for events that originate in solar activity occurring within the Solar Radiation Hemisphere of longitude range E30 to W150, which is centered around W60 of the Sun’s central meridian as viewed from Earth. The bottom panel shows the intensity distribution of events originating from the opposite solar hemisphere. Solar source longitudes and proton intensities were identified by Richardson et al. (2014).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4182789/v1/51360b03fc1d365e001787e4.jpg"},{"id":54049083,"identity":"7aa439c9-aea9-4316-8436-ee49de5f2b90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 20:33:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThis Figure, adapted with permission, is fully described in Wijsen et al. (2021). It shows a simulation of a CME that erupted on 12 July 2012 ~1500UT along with an X1.6 flare from E6. Panel g shows the “Connection with the Observer” (COB) point where the field line connected to Earth first encounters the flank of the expanding shock and illustrates the shortening of the magnetic field line length to approximately 0.6 AU between acceleration source at the COB point and observer. Panels a-c describe the location of the COB point after CME launch (radial distance, latitude and longitude) and panels d-f describe the shock parameters at the COB point.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4182789/v1/cd995340526cb0d2bc034e09.jpg"},{"id":54049088,"identity":"0cbac12d-0f82-401e-acf8-2cf4abef0bd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 20:33:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe graph on top displays 4.5-45 MeV energy dispersion durations over absolute magnetic connection distances for all events of Table 1 in which the duration can be determined. We assume a ±15ᵒ uncertainty in the magnetic connection distance due to non-radial fields in the corona and from using the simple solar wind speed method that assumes constant speed from the Sun to 1 AU. Uncertainties in onset dispersion durations are described in the text. Diamonds (squares) depict events in which the instrument opening was aligned with (perpendicular to) the nominal Parker spiral. Symbols are color coded with the delay between the type-III radio burst onset and the onset of relativistic electrons. The middle and bottom graphs show energy dispersion durations of 10-45 MeV and 4.5-10 MeV, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4182789/v1/cee7423445905a5bccb6c75b.jpg"},{"id":54049085,"identity":"0acb0f1a-372e-431a-bb73-dfbea784f243","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 20:33:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":114191,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSolar energetic particle “clock” representation of 24-hr spectrograms of 160 keV – 8 MeV electrons (top) and 4-53 MeV protons (bottom) for each of the 12 clock sectors. All events were observed from SOHO in the near-Earth solar wind. The SEP events are shown over their inferred source location sector. Red vertical lines, two hours into each of the 24-hr periods shown, indicate the onset of Wind/WAVES type-III radio bursts associated with the SEP events. The electron and proton intensity scales are shown in Figure 1. The associated events in Table 1 are: hr1: No. 48; hr 2: No. 14. hr 3: No. 50; hr 4: No. 2; hr 5: No. 8; hr 6: No. 20; hr 7: No. 51; hr 8: No. 25; hr 9: No. 40; hr 10: No. 46; hr 11: No. 33; hr 12: No. 26.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4182789/v1/caf83f0594d4c21e585ff73a.jpg"},{"id":54049087,"identity":"cc3d7ea7-9196-4765-a34a-b4b24bd2f5d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 20:33:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":100713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe same data as shown in Figure 4. Here the color coding is related to magnetic connection distance. Time delay of relativistic electron onset vs type-III radio burst onset is now on the horizontal axis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4182789/v1/fabbf2efb8d5b89348e3acc1.jpg"},{"id":65437553,"identity":"f6d509ed-f351-4e68-8cef-6edb201bf3fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-27 12:15:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1563476,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4182789/v1/b5f70f6b-1472-4582-827a-dad88898cb20.pdf"},{"id":54049084,"identity":"2780bf1c-f56e-4d34-98bf-6214015f53bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-03 20:33:29","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":341152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4182789/v1/ae0b0006aa6cc4287d53b486.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The “SEP clock”: A discussion of first proton arrival times in wide-spread solar energetic particle events","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe onsets of solar proton events potentially contain information about physical processes acting on the protons, such as acceleration, and scattering, focusing, and drift while interacting with magnetic fields between the acceleration site and the observer. Many authors have used the signature of proton energy dispersion to derive the magnetic field line length of the first arriving particles, by using the 1/v method (Dresing et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), with the underlying assumption that energetic particles, following a simultaneous \u0026ldquo;release\u0026rdquo; for particles at all energies, are bound to magnetic field lines in the solar wind. This view is seemingly supported by the finding of dropouts in so-called \u0026ldquo;impulsive\u0026rdquo; solar particle events (Mazur et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) that were observed in the range of up to ~\u0026thinsp;200 keV. However, solar energetic particle {SEP) events have been observed that reach all solar longitudes (Dresing et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Kollhoff et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, Richardson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), and would do so by crossing sector boundaries (Kallenrode, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, if particles strictly follow magnetic field lines, the particle acceleration source would have to be nearly equally wide as the observed SEP event. In this view, wide-spread SEP events would be inconsistent with a spatially limited acceleration source such as a flaring region or jet, but more consistent with a wide source such as a travelling and expanding shock wave. The derived field line lengths often significantly exceed the assumed length of the Parker spiral (e.g., Paassilta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), an observation that implies large-scale excursions of the magnetic field in the solar wind.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, there are problems with the above view. Richardson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) have derived arrival times of 25 MeV protons and relativistic electrons for all three-spacecraft (SOHO, STEREO A and B) events at 1 AU between the launch of STEREO and the end of 2013. The arrival times of the two particle species of vastly different speeds (~\u0026thinsp;10% of c vs\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;99% of c) indicate that the expansion and establishment of magnetic connectivity to the three distributed spacecraft are inconsistent. Kallenrode (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) came to similar conclusions analyzing Helios and IMP-8 observations. In fact, there would be a need for two acceleration drivers, one that expands faster to capture the faster-occurring onsets of electrons, and one for the 25 MeV protons that expands much more slowly from the source of the solar magnetic eruption. Kollhoff et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found that from any combination of three spacecraft chosen from Solar Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe, STEREO A, and SOHO, for the event of 29 Nov. 2020, the arrival time of electrons and 25 MeV protons can be inferred for the 4th spacecraft. Here also, if one assumes that particles strictly follow magnetic field lines, two acceleration drivers would be needed, one for relativistic electrons and the other for ~\u0026thinsp;25 MeV protons. However, an alternative view is that there is a single acceleration driver and (1) cross-field transport in the heliosphere plays a dominant role in shaping onset delays of particle events and (2) that the expansion of particle events in longitude is a function of particle speed (Strauss et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). To test both views, we analyze the arrival time durations of protons at different particle energies, not for single events, but as an ensemble of events with differing source longitudes with respect to the observer. This test could result in a clear distinction of the two views, as the analysis is limited to a single particle species, protons, whereas Kollhoff (2021), Richardson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and Kallenrode (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) compared electrons and protons. The goal of our study is to rule out any confusion related to multiple acceleration drivers responsible for their acceleration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSection \u003cspan refid=\"Sec2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e introduces the underlying observations. In Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e we discuss the observations, including the dependence of proton energy dispersion on solar source longitude. Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e summarizes our results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Observations","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe have mainly analyzed proton observations of the SOHO/COSTEP Electron Proton Helium Instrument (EPHIN, M\u0026uuml;ller-Mellin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). The EPHIN instrument provides rates for pre-defined electron, proton and helium channels, defined by penetration depth of particles in the solid-state detector stack that is surrounded by an active and very effective anticoincidence system. A statistical subset of particles measured are fully pulse-height analyzed, i.e., their energy losses in all detectors reached are recorded. We use the combination of dE/dx vs. E pulse-height analysis and count rates to derive proton fluxes for custom channels for protons every two minutes. K\u0026uuml;hl et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) contrasts the clean proton SEP onset measurements from EPHIN with those of the passive-shielding instruments such as GOES/SEM. Electrons are treated similarly, but due to their scattering behavior our derived fluxes require a response function derived from GEANT simulations. As a result, the instrument provides high-quality energetic electron and proton observations in the range of 160 keV \u0026ndash; 9 MeV and ~\u0026thinsp;4\u0026ndash;53 MeV, respectively. EPHIN was mounted on the s/c to view along the nominal Parker spiral, westward of the Sun at 45ᵒ, with an aperture cone of 64.5ᵒ full width. However, a communications antenna issue occurred, leading to a decision to alternately roll the s/c by 180ᵒ, therefore, starting in July 2003, half the time EPHIN views near-perpendicular to the Parker spiral direction, towards 45ᵒ east of the Earth-Sun line (see \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/data/ancillary/attitude/roll/nominal_roll_attitude.dat\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/data/ancillary/attitude/roll/nominal_roll_attitude.dat\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA more detailed description of the instrument, and the usage and limitations of the data have been discussed in detail in Sections \u003cspan refid=\"Sec2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Sec3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and the \u003cspan refid=\"Sec5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eAppendix\u003c/span\u003e of Posner (2007).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe also base this study on observations that are listed in Richardson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). These involve the identification of electron and proton events with the STEREO A and B HETs (von Rosenvinge et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), and the identification of their source longitudes with a combination of EUV-, coronagraphic and X-ray remote sensing by STEREO/SECCHI, SDO/AIA, and GOES.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, we use Wind/SWE (Ogilvie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e) solar wind speed observations for inferring the magnetic foot point longitude of SOHO and Wind (both in orbit around L1) at the solar source surface, and Wind/WAVES radio observations of type-III radio bursts in the 20 kHz \u0026ndash; 15 MHz range for the identification of times in which particles start leaving the solar corona, also taking into account equivalent observations from STEREO/SWAVES (see \u003cspan refid=\"Sec5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eAppendix\u003c/span\u003e). Data are publicly available from the NASA CDA Web (cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov). In one instance, we augmented the SOHO relativistic electron observations with Wind/3DP data for the identification of relativistic electron arrival at Earth.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Solar Particle Event Selection and Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eA comprehensive\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;25 MeV solar proton event list has been published in Richardson et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and has since been kept up to date to include more recent events (Richardson, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In this list, SEP proton events are identified in the cross-calibrated data sets of SOHO/COSTEP EPHIN and STEREO A and STEREO B HET. The process of identification excludes proton enhancements that are associated with the arrival of disturbances such as shocks at the s/c. Remote-sensing observations are used to identify the source location of the particle event. The process is explained in detail in Richardson et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study identifies a subset of events from the list. We require that detecting s/c are separated by \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;130ᵒ in longitude at 1 AU, and that SOHO is one of the s/c detecting the particle event. Valid periods are for combinations of SOHO and STEREO A: 5 Feb. 2013\u0026ndash;12 Aug. 2017; of SOHO and STEREO B: 21 Dec. 2012 \u0026ndash; Oct. 2014 (i.e., loss of STEREO B); and of all three s/c: 16 Dec. 2009\u0026ndash;8 Apr. 2012. This reduces the event selection to 52 events.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEnergy dispersion analysis focuses on the proton spectrograms of SOHO/COSTEP EPHIN, using three energy ranges: ~4\u0026ndash;5 MeV, ~\u0026thinsp;9\u0026ndash;11 MeV and ~\u0026thinsp;40\u0026ndash;53 MeV. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows an example of the determination of the proton onset times for the particle event of 22 Sep. 2014. It is preceded by the onset of a Type-III radio burst identified in Wind/WAVES data at 0615UT, which is marked by a red vertical line in the electron and proton spectrograms. The electron spectrogram is displayed in energy (250 keV \u0026ndash; 9 MeV) vs time, whereas the proton spectrogram is displayed in 1/v vs time. The time range of Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e starts two hours before the radio burst onset and covers 24 hours total. The time-intensity diagrams at bottom display the intensities of the adjacent energy bins of the proton spectrogram (top two, 8th and 9th from top, bottom two). The determination of the onset time and error is performed through onset interval fitting of the log value of the intensities. Any intervals without particle counts are filled with the average pre-event proton intensity value that is determined during the two hours preceding the type-III radio burst onset. The onset time is then determined by locating the intersection of each energy bin with the pre-event background value. The average time determines the onset time, and the spread from onset determines the error.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSOHO\u0026rsquo;s magnetic connection longitude difference from the SEP source longitude is determined by using the solar wind speed measured around the time of the type-III radio burst onset. It is assumed that the inherent uncertainty of this method, which assumes constant speed from the Sun to 1 AU, including non-radial fields in the solar corona, as well as uncertainty in the source longitude (which may be extended and not a point source) to be ~\u0026thinsp;15ᵒ, but could be larger.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTheoretical minimum delays from field-aligned propagation from the Sun to 1 AU related to these energy intervals are listed in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, for three common solar wind speed ranges, assuming a Parker spiral and that particles of each energy are injected onto the field line simultaneously. [Place Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 52 wide-spread events listed in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, 30 originate from inside the Solar Radiation Hemisphere (SRH), which is defined in Posner et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) as the hemisphere of the Sun that is centered around W60, spanning from E30 to W150. 22 events originate from outside the SRH. One of the events, No. 36, carries a caveat, as it is listed with a source at E58, but there is near-simultaneous sympathetic solar activity in the well-connected western hemisphere of the Sun that may have caused the small SEP event observed at SOHO. Given the ambiguity, we omit this event from further consideration, reducing the total number of events analyzed to 51 and those from outside the SRH to 21. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows histograms of proton intensities at SOHO distinguished by their origin within (top) or outside (bottom) the solar radiation hemisphere. There is a clear ordering of high local intensity from SEP events that originate from inside the SRH. These events have small magnetic connection distances from the source of the solar activity, in particular when compared to SEPs originating outside the SRH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elists data products of all 52 events in chronological order. Events in which the EPHIN instrument is pointed perpendicular to the nominal magnetic field are indicated by an asterisk. The table contains the source locations, durations of energy dispersion, including the event discussed above (No. 48 in the table), and times of identified type-III and electron event onsets. Missing onset times are indicated by N/A. The presence or absence of type-II radio bursts is also provided. [Place Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEv. No.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDate/Time Type-III Onset [UT]/p int. max.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource Long./ Conn. Dist. [\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ee- Onset [UT]/ Type-II?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45MeV Onset [UT]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10MeV Onset [UT]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5 MeV Onset [UT]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDur. 45 MeV \u0026ndash; 4.5 MeV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDur. 45 MeV \u0026ndash; 10 MeV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDur. 10 MeV \u0026ndash; 4.5 MeV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2009 Dec.22 04:55 0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW40 30.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05:38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010 Aug. 14 10:03 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW54 3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10:18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10:35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11:03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11:53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010 Aug. 18 05:39 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW100 -32.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07:35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08:23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010 Aug. 31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20:52 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW145 -71.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21:16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2010 Sep. 08 23:29 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-21.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02:08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011 Mar. 21 02:20 0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW138 -68.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03:29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011 Jun. 04 22:04 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW165 -116.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011 Aug. 04 03:51 1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW36 35.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05:09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05:45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011 Sep. 06 22:22 0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW18 42.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011 Nov. 03 22:24 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-134.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00:25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2011 Nov. 26 07:11 0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW48 12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07:24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012 Jan. 23 03:40 20.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW21 33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05:38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012 May 17 01:33 0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03:07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012 May 26 20:48 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW116 -47.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21:06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21:52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012 Jul. 23 02:12 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW140 -84.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(c,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012 Aug. 31 19:50 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE42 121.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20:40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00:10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2012 Sep. 20 14:57 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-152.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Feb. 26 10:08 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW131 -54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11:20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12:20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Mar. 05 03:43 0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-150.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07:30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Apr. 11 06:56 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE12 71.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07:42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08:10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08:58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10:50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Apr. 21 07:30 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW124 -36.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08:10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Apr. 24 21:38 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW175 -115.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 May 13 15:56 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE95 162.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17:36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17:59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21:57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02:39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e520\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 May 22 13:10 20.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13:42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14:03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14:40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15:11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Jun. 21 02:55 0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE73 124.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12:07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15:31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e324\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Jul. 22 06:32 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW172 -105.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08:06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08:48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10:36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11:36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Aug. 19 23:13 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW174 115.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:00 (+\u0026thinsp;1d) Y\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Sep. 29 21:55 0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW25 66.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22:36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00:18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e29*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Oct. 11 07:14 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE96 159.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(a,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Nov. 02 04:32 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW127 -52.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0702\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Nov. 19 10:24 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10:40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11:27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12:18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12:47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Dec. 14 06:25 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-154.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e09:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2013 Dec. 26 02:54 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-109.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05:57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Jan. 06 07:48 0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW110 -45.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e08:25\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e(e)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(e)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e09:31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10:47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(e)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(e)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Jan. 07 18:07 2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW11 56.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19:32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20:30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21:23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2014 Jan. 30 16:03 0.002\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE58\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e(e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003e125.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e16:50\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN/A\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e(b)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e17:54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e18:42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN/A\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e(b)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN/A\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e(b)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e48\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Feb. 14 0822 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW147 -75.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e09:40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Feb. 18 01:20 0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE45 115.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03:50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b,d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Feb. 21 15:44 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE120 172.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Feb. 25 00:47 0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE82 139.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02:02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03:26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07:45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13:12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Mar. 28 23:22 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW23 34.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e00:02 (+\u0026thinsp;1d) Y\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02:23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02:39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Mar. 29 17:46 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW32 26.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18:06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18:42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19:24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19:42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Apr. 02 13:28 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE53 116.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e44*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 May 09 02:22 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW110 -43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03:50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e05:50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(b)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Jul. 08 16:12 0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE56 131.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16:58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17:12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18:41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19:24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e46\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Sep. 01 11:03 0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE108 168.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14:40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21:23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e01:34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e535\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Sep. 10 17:30 0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE02 68.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18:45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Sep. 22 06:15 0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW149 -91.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06:48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07:22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e08:18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e09:02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014 Sep. 24 20:50 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW179 -123.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23:00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e50*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015 Oct. 29 02:19 0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e02:36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03:02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e03:49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04:28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015 Nov. 09 12:06 0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE39 84.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14:50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15:50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19:21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20:50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017 Jul. 23 05:01 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW148 -105.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e07:40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003csup\u003e(d)\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe table lists the expected delay durations between arrivals of protons of the energy ranges listed on the left, for various typical solar wind speeds. The distance to the Sun along the Parker spiral is also provided. The minimum delays are included in Figs.\u0026nbsp;4 and 6 as horizontal lines.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProton Energy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInterval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelay Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300km/s Vsw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelay Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 km/s Vsw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelay Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500 km/s Vsw\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 MeV \u0026ndash; 4.5 MeV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.9 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.5 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.3 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 MeV \u0026ndash; 10 MeV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.8 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 MeV \u0026ndash; 4.5 MeV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.1 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.5 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.5 min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdeal Parker Spiral Length\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.26 AU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.16 AU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.12 AU\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80% of the SRH SEP events are accompanied by type-II radio burst activity observed by the STEREO and/or Wind spacecraft (e.g., \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/CME_list/radio/waves_type2.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The existence of a type-II is indicative of a CME-driven shock accelerating electrons. CMEs of our sample with type-IIs are on average faster (1,300km/s) and wider (335ᵒ) than non-type-II producing CMEs (894km/s, 305ᵒ). Non-SRH SEP events are accompanied by solar type-II radio bursts only at a rate of 71%. While the statistical sample is small, it is surprising that we observe any SEPs without accompanying type-II from the non-SRH in view of the literature (e.g., Rouillard et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) requiring broad CME shocks to reach observers that are not well connected to the source location.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80% of SRH SEP events show clear signatures of proton energy dispersion in the 4.5\u0026ndash;45 MeV range at SOHO. (Note that this and the type-II-distribution originating in the SRH are overlapping but non-identical.) A much lower percentage of non-SRH SEP events has clearly recognizable proton energy dispersion: 52%. This is not surprising given the much lower relative maximum intensities, which are reflected in correspondingly lower intensity ramps near the onset. If an elevated pre-event particle intensity is present locally, the onset energy dispersion of weaker-appearing events would have a lower signal-to-noise level and would be more difficult to recognize. This affects non-SRH events disproportionately. There are clear examples, events Nos. 46 and 23, that reveal onset dispersion despite the inferred magnetic connection distance exceeding 160ᵒ in longitude. Recognition of energy dispersion requires a combination of clean observations and quiet pre-event conditions. Under favorable circumstance, it appears likely that SEP events from anywhere on the Sun can create energy dispersion patterns of protons anywhere at 1 AU.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe durations between the arrivals of 4.5 MeV and 45 MeV protons range from about one hour to almost 10 hours. In the literature, onset dispersion signatures are being used to infer particle release time, and the length of the magnetic field line connecting the observer with the Sun (see, e.g., Klein \u0026amp; Posner, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Dresing et al., 2024). It is important to recognize that these two inferences require proton cross-field diffusion to be extremely low. Our statistical analysis of a large ensemble of wide-spread SEP events tests whether this assumption is generally valid. There are two (extreme) possibilities:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) No cross-field transport of protons. In this scenario, protons can only reach the observer if a direct magnetic field line connection to the accelerating source is established. As the extended source, notably a CME-driven shock, expands into the heliosphere, it can intercept the magnetic field line that connects Earth/SOHO with the Sun. This may occur at a significant distance from the Sun, therefore shortening the magnetic field line length between the acceleration source and the 1 AU observer. From a statistical analysis one would expect shorter durations of proton energy dispersion with increasing magnetic connection distance from the SEP source. This is equivalent to a racetrack in which the arrival time is clocked between a faster and a slower car. If the racetrack is shortened, the time delay between the two arrivals is shortened proportionately. If one assumes a wide CME spanning up to 180ᵒ in longitude, the intercept of a shock with the Parker spiral would rise to a significant distance from the Sun rather quickly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) Particles reach regions far away from any magnetic connection to an acceleration region at the Sun via cross-field transport. This may encompass pitch angle scattering or transport across the average field by processes such as field-line random walk while within the same magnetic sector. Limiting ourselves to particle scattering, one would expect the diffusive transport away from the best-connected field line to proceed quickly. With increasing connection distance, however, the particle intensity gradient would decrease, and the process slows down, as protons become increasingly likely to be scattered back towards their longitude of origin. The diffusion process would increase the effective path length of particles, but not necessarily along existing field lines. Assuming comparable cross-field diffusion coefficients across the energy range of EPHIN for protons, the effective path length increase would be equivalent to the lengthening of the \u0026ldquo;racetrack\u0026rdquo;, increasing the duration between fast- and slow-moving particles arriving at SOHO, and resulting in longer durations of proton energy dispersion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe recent example of 12 July 2012, discussed under assumption (a), is presented in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e by Wijsen et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), using a EUHFORIA simulation (Pomoell \u0026amp; Poedts, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The SEP event is not included in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e as it was detected by SOHO and STEREO B when the s/c were less than 130ᵒ apart. The authors discuss the onset of the SEP event and find that \u0026ldquo;[i]n the simulation, this observer (hereafter Earth) connects with the shock front about\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;30 h after the CME insertion (i.e., on 13 July, around 22:00 UT). However, the observed onset of the SEP event suggests that Earth had likely a direct magnetic field connection to the shock wave shortly after the CME eruption (i.e., on 12 July around 17:00 UT).\u0026rdquo; The following discussion in the paper considers an even wider shock, and the possibility that the magnetic field was more radial, but not the possibility that the acceleration may have occurred near the SEP origin and that the particles reached the observer predominantly through cross-field diffusion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA related question is whether or how SEP onsets with energy dispersion can be detected from events originating in excess of.~90ᵒ from the observer. A magnetic connection to a CME shock outside 1 AU (e.g., Reames, Barbier and Ng, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e) is not a possibility, as the onset times consistently stay within one day of the solar event, and CMEs that reach 1 AU within this time have not been observed. Reports of CMEs extending beyond 180ᵒ exist. But even in this case, the average field line length connecting the observer to the overly wide CME shock would not increase, no matter what the magnetic connection distance from the SEP source is. Thus, the onset dispersion durations of well-connected events would set the upper limit for all events assuming possibility (a).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLinear fits to three energy ranges in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e have a positive slope, meaning that the average duration of the energy dispersion increases with increasing magnetic connection distance. As discussed above, the sample of events with recognizable energy dispersion at large magnetic connection distances is rather limited. However, the observed events are clear cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows representative examples of proton energy dispersion in a \u0026ldquo;Solar Energetic Particle Clock\u0026rdquo; organization, which displays electron and ion spectrograms over each of the 12 clock sectors of their source longitude with respect to Earth at the 6 o\u0026rsquo;clock position. Events in the Solar Radiation Hemisphere cover sectors 3\u0026ndash;6 and split sectors 2 and 7 with events outside the Solar Radiation Hemisphere. Long-duration energy dispersion events are present in sectors 7, 9, and 10, which refer to the events No. 51, No. 40, and No. 46 in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRichardson et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) have shown that onset time delays for electrons and for protons each at a different single energy show a positive correlation with magnetic connection distance. This tendency was also previously discussed by Kallenrode (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Figures\u0026nbsp;15 and 16 of Richardson et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) show that the delay can be matched by assuming a fixed duration for streaming along the field to 1 AU for each species if combined with the expansion of an inciter at the solar surface. To match, the inciter must have a higher speed for relativistic electrons than for the 25 MeV protons they analyzed. While this set of observations already hints towards an interpretation that particle speed dependent cross-field particle diffusion away from the source location is the likely cause for the onset delays, as recently also shown in the simulations of Strauss et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), the option of having different acceleration regions for protons and electrons driven by an expanding CME shock cannot be ruled out. Based on the observations above, we can add that the onset delays for a single species at different energies bolsters the case for the role of speed-dependent particle cross-field diffusion. In addition, an explanation of our observations by scatter-free travel from the accelerating source would require a slow exciter speed for low-energy protons and a high exciter speed for higher-energy protons, and it would require the exciter to remain at solar surface height. This seems unlikely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also note that longer-duration proton energy dispersion coincides with longer average delays between type-III and electron onsets for the same events. This is discernible from the color coding of the events shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e contains the same information as Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e but switches the way magnetic connection distance and electron onset delay are displayed. The correlation of proton energy dispersion with electron delay is visible here. It is, moreover, important to highlight that all long-duration proton energy dispersion events also have long delays of electron onsets over type-III radio bursts. These two independent observations can be separated in time by \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;12 hours (event No. 40. This poses a challenge to view (a) in that a direct magnetic connection to far-away accelerator inside-1-AU needs to be maintained for a long time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also note that there are a few events for which a comparatively small delay between type-III onset and electron onset suggests a shorter magnetic connection distance than listed. A possibility is that the source longitude for the protons detected at Earth is ambiguous and different from that listed. One such event is listed as No. 10. This has been widely discussed because of the unusually rapid particle arrival at both STEREOs and at Earth following an eruption behind the east limb associated with a CME which was directly observed by STEREO B (Richardson et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Gomez-Herrero et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Zhao \u0026amp; Zhang, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). While these authors have concluded that this single eruption gave rise to the widespread SEP event, we note that Park et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), and Prise et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e have proposed that a separate source gave rise to the SEP event at Earth. However, Gomez-Herrero et al. (\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) argue on several grounds that this view is not correct. Since the poorly connected source region is likely to be correct for this event, this suggests that other factors may influence particle propagation beyond the two scenarios considered here.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion and Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe have used a list of multi-spacecraft solar energetic particle events (~\u0026thinsp;25 MeV protons) based on observations at both STEREO spacecraft and near-Earth spacecraft to identify all listed wide-spread events that exceed 130ᵒ in solar longitude and that have been detected at SOHO near Earth. We have analyzed the duration of proton energy dispersion at the onset of these events (i.e., the time difference between the onset at different energies).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommonly, proton energy dispersion in individual SEP events is used in the community to infer (1) the particle release time at the Sun and (2) the length of the magnetic field line between the observer and the Sun under the assumption that protons strictly follow the magnetic field. Our analysis challenges this technique by looking at a statistical sample of events and contrasting the assumption of negligible cross-field diffusion with one in which cross-field diffusion dominates the appearance of SEP events. The dependency of the onset time duration of protons on longitude is critical for this distinction. The zero-cross-field diffusion case (case a) would require a broad acceleration region that \u0026ldquo;touches\u0026rdquo; the field line the observer is on, as discussed by Wijsen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This would have to occur at an increasing height above the corona as the magnetic connection distance of the observer from the source of the eruption increases. The increasing height would, in turn, shorten the magnetic field line length between the Connection to the Observer (COB) point and the observer and would reduce the duration of the proton energy dispersion. In contrast, our analysis supports the idea that a direct magnetic connection to the accelerating source is not needed. Rather, the onset duration is determined by the average diffusion time of protons at a given energy to reach the observer, as supported by our finding of a positive correlation between magnetic connection distance and proton onset dispersion. In summary, we conclude that energy dispersion analysis to infer solar release times and magnetic connection field line lengths cannot be applied without caveats and is likely invalid unless used near the Sun and near the ideal magnetic connection with the accelerating source.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe also have found that SEP events can reveal proton onset dispersion even if they originate from a source region that is essentially on the opposite side of the Sun from the magnetic connection of the observer. It is extremely difficult to explain SEP events of such a width without significant particle cross-field diffusion, and even more difficult to explain why these events can have energy onset dispersion. The observed energy dispersion durations between ~\u0026thinsp;45 MeV protons at ~\u0026thinsp;30% light speed and ~\u0026thinsp;4.5 MeV protons at ~\u0026thinsp;10% light speed extend over more than 9 hours. The magnetic field line length would need to be above 13 AU to produce this dispersion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn analytical estimate that includes both particle streaming along and diffusion perpendicular to the mean magnetic field (Eq.\u0026nbsp;5 of Strauss et al, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) suggests that the dispersion durations have a dependence proportional to magnetic connection distance to a higher power (~\u0026thinsp;2). Such a dependence could match the observations better that the linear fits we used in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. However, given the limited number of events, in particular at larger connection distances, we have not considered here whether this or another dependence may provide a better fit to the observations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conclude that cross-field diffusion is a non-negligible effect in the discussed proton energy range from ~\u0026thinsp;4.5\u0026ndash;45 MeV. This is not necessarily a contradiction to reports of \u0026ldquo;dropouts\u0026rdquo; in so-called impulsive particle events that are observed in the keV range. Since gyrocenters of these lower-energy particles move at only a few times the speed of the solar wind they are less likely to encounter scattering centers in the turbulent solar wind magnetic field than protons at much higher speeds, and their lower speeds don\u0026rsquo;t allow them to move far away from their field line of origin before they reach 1 AU.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe need for large, expanded sources that accelerate protons to high energies is, in part, a conclusion from the observations of broad energetic particle events. We note however, that a \u003cem\u003erapid reduction\u003c/em\u003e in magnetic field line length between the COB point and the observer from an expanding shock front is not supported by our result that shows that the duration of energy dispersion \u003cem\u003eincreases\u003c/em\u003e away from the source longitude. Neither is a scenario supported in which the expanding source simply expands in the lower solar corona (e.g., an EUV wave), i.e., without lifting the COB point into the heliosphere, as in this scenario the magnetic field line length to the observer will \u003cem\u003estay the same\u003c/em\u003e, independent of magnetic connection distance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA feasible explanation of increasing energy dispersion duration with magnetic connection distance is a rather large role of cross-field diffusion between the accelerating source and the observer at 1 AU.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAP wrote the main manuscript and analyzed SOHO data. IGR derived SEP source locations. RDTS supported the interpretation with modeling and theory. All three authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIGR acknowledges support from NASA\u0026rsquo;s Living With a Star Program grant NNH19ZDA001N-LWS and support from the STEREO mission. IGR and AP acknowledge support from the NASA Heliophysics Space Weather Research Program\u0026rsquo;s CLEAR SWx Center of Excellence (PI Lulu Zhao) award 80NSSC23M0191. AP thanks E. Shume for discussions and helpful suggestions. The authors acknowledge the public provision of SOHO/COSTEP-EPHIN data by the EPHIN team led by PI Bernd Heber.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSOHO/COSTEP-EPHIN level-1 data that are the basis for our energy dispersion duration analysis are available athttp://ulysses.physik.uni-kiel.de/costep/level1/All other data used are available from https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDresing, N., Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Garc\u0026iacute;a, L., Jebaraj, I. C., Warmuth, A., Wallace, S., Balmaceda, L., Podladchikova, T., Strauss, R. D.-T., Kouloumvakos, A., Palmroos, C., Krupar, V., Gieseler, J., Xu, Z., , Mitchell, J. G., Cohen, C. M. S., de Nolfo, G. A., Palmerio, E., Carcaboso, F., Kilpua, E. K. 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Lett. 859(2), L29.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"solar-physics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"sola","sideBox":"Learn more about [Solar Physics](http://link.springer.com/journal/11207)","snPcode":"11207","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11207/3","title":"Solar Physics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4182789/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4182789/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis work analyzes the appearance of wide-spread deka-MeV solar energetic proton (SEP) events, in particular the arrival of the first protons within ~\u0026thinsp;4.5\u0026ndash;45 MeV measured at Earth-Sun L1, and their relationship with relative solar source longitude. The definition of \u0026ldquo;wide-spread SEP event\u0026rdquo; for this study refers to events that are observed as a 25 MeV proton intensity increase at near-1 AU locations that are separated by at least 130ᵒ in solar longitude. Many of these events are seen at all three of the spacecraft, STEREO A, STEREO B, and SOHO, and may therefore extend far beyond 130ᵒ in longitude around the Sun. A large subset of these events have already been part of a study by Richardson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). The event source region identifications draw from this study; more recent events have also been added. Our focus is on answering two specific questions: (1) What is the maximum longitude over which SEP protons show energy dispersion, i.e., a clear sign of arrival of higher-energy protons before those of lower energy? (2) What implications can be drawn from the ensemble of events observed regarding either direct magnetic connectivity to shocks and/or cross-field transport from the site of the eruption in the onset phase of the event?\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The “SEP clock”: A discussion of first proton arrival times in wide-spread solar energetic particle events","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-03 20:33:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4182789/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-29T23:20:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-04-29T03:12:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"5b501e7d-d16a-4788-bc1f-89e11020d842","date":"2024-04-02T09:51:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-04-01T03:44:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-03-30T08:41:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-03-30T08:41:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Solar Physics","date":"2024-03-28T14:00:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"solar-physics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"sola","sideBox":"Learn more about [Solar Physics](http://link.springer.com/journal/11207)","snPcode":"11207","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11207/3","title":"Solar Physics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8e9a8aee-53ee-4d06-abd7-c71ed060841d","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 3rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-27T10:49:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4182789","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-024-02350-7","journal":{"identity":"solar-physics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Solar Physics"},"publishedOn":"2024-09-20 15:57:18","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 20th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-03 20:33:24","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11207-024-02350-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-024-02350-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4182789","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4182789","identity":"rs-4182789","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}