Optimizing Magnetic, Optical, and efficient photocatalytic properties of chromite material for dye degradation

Optimizing Magnetic, Optical, and efficient photocatalytic properties of chromite material for dye degradation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimizing Magnetic, Optical, and efficient photocatalytic properties of chromite material for dye degradation Kais Omri, Abdelbaki Guedri, Wided Nouira, M. Nasri, J. khelifi, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249845/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this research, we have focused to examine en detail the microstructural, magneto-optical and photocatalytic behavior of the spinel chromite Ni 0.5 Cd 0.5 Cr 2 O 4 . The average crystallite size is around 73 µm, as verified by SEM analysis. Various magnetic parameters such as the saturation magnetization ( M S ), coercivity ( H C ), the anisotropy constant ( K) and squareness ratio ( SQ) was determined from hysteresis cycle. Subsequently, the optical properties were examined. The band gap energy (Eg) was estimated to be 2.52 eV using multiple methods, including the Tauc plot and the derivative method. Following the superposition of absorbance and reflectance spectra, a luminescent phenomenon was observed around 895 nm. Cauchy dispersion parameters were derived from the variation of the refractive index with wavelength, and the dispersion energy was evaluated using the Wemple–DiDomenico relation. Additional optical parameters—such as penetration depth, extinction coefficient, electrical conductivity, and plasma frequency—were analyzed as functions of wavelength. Furthermore, the photocatalytic potential of the synthesized material in degrading pollutants such as methylene blue was assessed, illustrating its applicability in environmental remediation. This comprehensive investigation provides a detailed understanding of the material’s multifaceted physicochemical properties. sintering temperature theoretical structure magneto- optical behavior dielectric properties Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Tables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Table.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 30 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 30 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7249845","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":493202238,"identity":"e12365bf-ac81-49b5-ab15-271fe7709554","order_by":0,"name":"Kais Omri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TEMI, University of Gafsa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kais","middleName":"","lastName":"Omri","suffix":""},{"id":493202240,"identity":"1990df85-2cd7-47a0-99f0-195fb7457302","order_by":1,"name":"Abdelbaki Guedri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kairouan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdelbaki","middleName":"","lastName":"Guedri","suffix":""},{"id":493202241,"identity":"e5185c45-8051-42eb-b927-e46c52334c42","order_by":2,"name":"Wided Nouira","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Monastir","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wided","middleName":"","lastName":"Nouira","suffix":""},{"id":493202242,"identity":"c1ffd243-fa51-4e13-a4e6-0492c636928f","order_by":3,"name":"M. Nasri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kairouan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"","lastName":"Nasri","suffix":""},{"id":493202243,"identity":"1cd01dfc-5329-4e07-b90f-5c0d404c42e6","order_by":4,"name":"J. khelifi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6ElEQVRIie3OsQrCMBCA4QuRuKR0TajWVxA6Kj5LiuCmi6ODKUJdqrOP4SRuCg4ueQG3urgJTqKDYEyd046C+Yfcch85AJfrB2N1JG+CggDAe0ASzLQTjJJVQYgoiJ4lBNBKT71G29UIn+FE5o3eyA/UnT233RCIl1tJoA+TgvbHfDnc8IUaREDqbSsJMZrnguJ4rbwN89JDLFup/bCw+GUa7xS98NeHEGIn38MO8ZpSEnhVCJ8ZchwzRaJOMx1EpIyw4/ycPLPJyM/w+XRNu6FfRkwoM6PGPm8VoHuYF9+qbbtcLte/9Qaj1UBBjDyu3wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gabes","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"J.","middleName":"","lastName":"khelifi","suffix":""},{"id":493202245,"identity":"19922551-46e9-4655-adc0-6e2eeebb78b3","order_by":5,"name":"E. K. Hlil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut Neel, CNRS et Universite Joseph Fourier","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"E.","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Hlil","suffix":""},{"id":493202246,"identity":"371b6c93-7786-487c-a02d-4700b2c4f7ea","order_by":6,"name":"Rached Ben Younes","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"TEMI, University of Gafsa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rached","middleName":"Ben","lastName":"Younes","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-30 07:38:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249845/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249845/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-026-07160-w","type":"published","date":"2026-04-30T15:58:12+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88877906,"identity":"655911a9-b12c-463d-8c2d-a16666833935","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70574,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFESEM micrographs of Ni\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCd\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e with their respective particle size histogram.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/bae8e88b7ce15501f79a0715.png"},{"id":88877910,"identity":"41d50cf5-973c-4303-862a-9909073c16e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":172435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEDX spectra of Ni\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCd\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/02565de6f1cce735dce023ee.png"},{"id":88878937,"identity":"9c2a55b0-62a7-472a-af99-83b043d2e904","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:41:57","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":253792,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eM(T) and dM/dT curves for NiCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e spinel chromite. The inset presents the inverse of susceptibility vs Temperature χ\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e(T).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/b8f1cc1bdb5ee0a74e94c6dc.png"},{"id":88880285,"identity":"297ac093-1142-48d5-9c97-1cc86512581f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:57:57","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":139718,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMagnetic field dependent magnetization at 300K and 5 K for NiCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e spinel chromite\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/3b8b3efb9f9ecfc10c72508b.png"},{"id":88877908,"identity":"40557816-95d8-4b7c-95c0-d2973eba77fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariations with wavelength of reflection (a) and absorption (b) coefficients in amplitude.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/cf7c40ffa44b865459ef6f34.png"},{"id":88877912,"identity":"4ef77790-5291-4f47-8ad2-8cd875998ba4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSuperposition of the absorbance and reflectance curves as a function of wavelength.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/03d00a344f32da80d7f72dc3.png"},{"id":88877922,"identity":"c6a12c97-70c4-431e-a71b-446d1343e574","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSuperposition des courbes dérivée seconde relative l’absorbance et la réflectance.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/d05b9eda091ac8c4ed3f9848.png"},{"id":89063815,"identity":"0e43e3d5-b62b-494e-afca-1b2e96b89cdf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-14 10:07:42","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAbsorption coefficient \u003cstrong\u003eα(λ) \u003c/strong\u003eas a function of wavelength.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/922ac7ba1464ffe9819c7ec0.png"},{"id":88878938,"identity":"fcfc95c3-d531-4410-8a0e-fda16fc9747a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:41:57","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26860,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot of (αhν)\u003csup\u003e1/2\u003c/sup\u003e and (αhν)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e versus hν (E\u003csub\u003egd\u003c/sub\u003e and Eg\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e are respectively the direct and the indirect band gap).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/1406992a62ccb3daeacc92de.png"},{"id":88879280,"identity":"eefe42e5-f45b-4cb0-bc2d-5113c13b3f6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:49:57","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvolution of ln(hν-Eg) as a function of ln(αhν) for the NCCO compound.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/4726b8cbb1a3817e0972a713.png"},{"id":88878939,"identity":"1ce16e9a-aa7d-47bf-add4-34c20d98cf2c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:41:57","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLn(α) vs hν-Eg energy.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/3ec4da934402876e99dcded0.png"},{"id":88880769,"identity":"25fd2a88-bace-4c51-9147-fe5e103a9fda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 11:05:57","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20600,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCurve which determines the threshold wavelength λ\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/6ce249e48dd0a6e77683c666.png"},{"id":88877927,"identity":"1e4811ba-8ef1-4bd8-8e31-c3722c2422a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePenetration depth δ and extinction coefficient k as a function of hυ radiation energy.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/ab5f6a42c539e4ca49869555.png"},{"id":88880288,"identity":"e7e70be3-99f6-4a3c-b323-d8fe21d6d50d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:57:57","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eplot of n versus (λ\u003csup\u003e- 2\u003c/sup\u003e) for the NCCO compound.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/4745ba25b0063b6327c077f6.png"},{"id":88879288,"identity":"f1322137-4d18-46be-b4df-963036104f6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:49:57","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21444,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOptical conductivity σ\u003csub\u003eop\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026nbsp;as a function of wavelength for the NCCO compound.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/a17c6d0e907d289ac55eef04.png"},{"id":88879286,"identity":"155210e1-e74c-4440-895c-4ad779ec3d7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:49:57","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22855,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvolution of (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-1)\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e versus (hν)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for the Ni\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCd\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ceramic compound\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/dcf1b88892076d89b2dfbfd0.png"},{"id":88878946,"identity":"c462fe46-85a1-43c2-8ded-ea961fdedb86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:41:57","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvolution of (n\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e-1)\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e versus 1/λ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e for the Ni\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCd\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e ceramic compound\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/b93b300eb0728cc7a7d0e72e.png"},{"id":88878944,"identity":"fbca7540-adc8-4e5a-aee6-7fd1ceecc238","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:41:57","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37129,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvolution of the real part ε1 of the dielectric permittivity versus λ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The inset shows the variation of the imaginary part ε\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e versus λ\u003csup\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/6f1b1ac49c63f2c2191ca21d.png"},{"id":88877928,"identity":"92343b11-3789-4f24-bb78-ce1c8d108710","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":273583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic illustration of the photocatalytic degradation mechanism of MB under UV-light\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/3028f0b7fce348d997200a8f.png"},{"id":88879284,"identity":"06146509-80df-4813-a863-b725069909d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:49:57","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30818,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime-dependent absorption spectra of MB solution in visible light\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/608c5a5fe4b5f72e2be727fc.png"},{"id":88877918,"identity":"8b6121eb-d2a7-4e96-a77b-16090934ec6f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:33:57","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"Figure 21","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":29912,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDegradation efficacy profile of Mb under UV light irradiation photocatalytic activity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/b3dc186a718eb709bf056a9c.png"},{"id":88878950,"identity":"c9298819-669e-4a6b-a576-85fd4e914dab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 10:41:57","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"Figure 22","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in (Ct /C0) as functions of time for the photodegradation of MB dye in the presence of Ni\u003csub\u003e0.7-x\u003c/sub\u003eCd\u003csub\u003e0.3+x\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e(x = 0; 0.4) sample with different catalyst concentrations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/cab4a4f295b24f747f15d696.png"},{"id":108437898,"identity":"5157a0d5-3090-45d9-8c81-39d23d6f0df3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-04 16:04:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1111783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1_covered_51bc88fd-10a6-433d-b761-2d32ecbbdd02.pdf"},{"id":88880771,"identity":"0ed53cf9-07b1-4cbc-8662-59e60afe4015","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-12 11:05:57","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":44876,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7249845/v1/c06701e399b23ecc7351f31b.docx"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTables 1 to 4 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e","formattedTitle":"Optimizing Magnetic, Optical, and efficient photocatalytic properties of chromite material for dye degradation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-sol-gel-science-and-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jsst","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/10971)","snPcode":"10971","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10971/3","title":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"sintering temperature, theoretical structure, magneto- optical behavior, dielectric properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249845/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249845/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this research, we have focused to examine en detail the microstructural, magneto-optical and photocatalytic behavior of the spinel chromite Ni\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCd\u003csub\u003e0.5\u003c/sub\u003eCr\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. The average crystallite size is around 73 \u0026micro;m, as verified by SEM analysis. Various magnetic parameters such as the saturation magnetization (\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eS\u003c/sub\u003e), coercivity (\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), the anisotropy constant (\u003cem\u003eK)\u003c/em\u003e and squareness ratio (\u003cem\u003eSQ)\u003c/em\u003e was determined from hysteresis cycle. Subsequently, the optical properties were examined. The band gap energy (Eg) was estimated to be 2.52 eV using multiple methods, including the Tauc plot and the derivative method. Following the superposition of absorbance and reflectance spectra, a luminescent phenomenon was observed around 895 nm. Cauchy dispersion parameters were derived from the variation of the refractive index with wavelength, and the dispersion energy was evaluated using the Wemple\u0026ndash;DiDomenico relation. Additional optical parameters\u0026mdash;such as penetration depth, extinction coefficient, electrical conductivity, and plasma frequency\u0026mdash;were analyzed as functions of wavelength. Furthermore, the photocatalytic potential of the synthesized material in degrading pollutants such as methylene blue was assessed, illustrating its applicability in environmental remediation. This comprehensive investigation provides a detailed understanding of the material\u0026rsquo;s multifaceted physicochemical properties.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimizing Magnetic, Optical, and efficient photocatalytic properties of chromite material for dye degradation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-12 10:33:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7249845/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-07-30T13:07:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-30T11:51:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-30T09:52:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","date":"2025-07-30T07:26:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-sol-gel-science-and-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jsst","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology](https://www.springer.com/journal/10971)","snPcode":"10971","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10971/3","title":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e3ac11e1-85ac-42cf-8816-c3a3fb8b70a6","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T16:03:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7249845","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-026-07160-w","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-sol-gel-science-and-technology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-30 15:58:12","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 30th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-12 10:33:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10971-026-07160-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-026-07160-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7249845","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7249845","identity":"rs-7249845","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}