Bruçó granite (NE Portugal): a two-mica granite yet to be unveiled.

Bruçó granite (NE Portugal): a two-mica granite yet to be unveiled. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Bruçó granite (NE Portugal): a two-mica granite yet to be unveiled. Alexandra Ribeiro da Mota, Helena Sant’Ovaia, Fernando Noronha This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4450715/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Bruçó granite outcropping in the NE of Portugal, is a porphyritic two-mica granite having associated, near the border of the massif, some pegmatites with tourmaline and quartz veins with W mineralization. Composed mainly of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, muscovite, biotite, and accessory minerals such apatite, chlorite, sericite, zircon, ilmenite, monazite, rutile, and tourmaline. Its paramagnetic behavior is primarily attributed to the presence of biotite and ilmenite, categorizing it as an "ilmenite type" granite. Variations in its biotite content and tourmaline, influence its magnetic properties and ellipsoid shape. The granite's AMS fabric aligns with the Moncorvo-Bemposta shear zone, indicating its emplacement during active tectonic activity. Geochemical analysis classifies it as a peraluminous granite. Despite its spatial association with tungsten mineralization, the Bruçó granite does not exhibit specialization in tungsten. Analysis of REE spectra reveals consistent behavior, influenced by accessory minerals like zircon, leading to fractionated spectra. Comparisons with other two-mica granites from Central Iberian Zone highlight its unique titanium content and mineral composition, aiding in understanding granitic patterns and classifications. Iberian Peninsula two-mica granites anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility petrography geochemistry Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 1. Introduction The north-west of the Iberian Peninsula is an important area in terms of the occurrence of W and Sn mineralization associated with Variscan acid magmatism that occurs in different types in the area. The Variscan orogeny, in the Iberian Peninsula is characterised by three compressive phases (C1, C2 and C3) and two extensional phases (E1 and E2) (Hildenbrand et al., 2021 ; Dias da Silva, 2013 ). During the Variscan orogeny, several series of granites, with different ages and geochemical signatures, were emplaced at different crustal levels. The Variscan granites of the NW Iberian Peninsula are divided into two main petrogenetic groups that are highly representative and occur intruding the allochtonous and parautochthonous of Galicia Trás-os-Montes Zone (GTMZ) and the autochthonous of Central Iberian Zone (CIZ): (i) granitoids of mesocrustal origin (two-mica granites), with emplacement controlled in time and space by regional deformation and metamorphism, then occurring in elongated massifs concordant with regional variscan structures, like in the core of C3 antiforms, and are in some cases referred as “older granites”, this group can also occur, more rarely, in circumscribed massifs; (ii) granitoids of basicrustal and/or infracrustal origin, generally biotitic, sometimes associated with more basic rocks, which occur either as elongated massifs, being also designed as “early granodiorites” or in more or less circumscribed intrusions, receiving the designation of “younger granites”, implying contact metamorphism. These groups of granitoids are related to the evolution of the Variscan orogeny (Capdevila & Floor, 1970 ; Schermerhorn, 1981 ; Azevedo & Valle-Aguado 2006). Considering has reference, in time, for the granite emplacement the compressive phase C3 (315 to 305 Ma) and the extensional phases E1 (325 to 315 Ma) and E2 (305 to 280 Ma) (Hildenbrandt et al., 2021; Dias da Silva, 2013 ), the granitic rocks can be subdivided into: i)"early granodiorites" syn E1, biotite rich granites (or ante-C3); ii) two-mica granites syn-C3; and iii) biotite granites late C3, late to post-C3 and post-C3. The granites which emplacement occur after the C3 phase correspond to granites with biotite > muscovite and granites with two micas resulting from evolution of the biotite granites. The emplacement of these granites occurs during the E2 phase (< 300 Ma) and usually define circumscribed massifs aligned with late-Variscan structures (Capdevila et al., 1970; Priem and Den Tex, 1984 ; Ferreira et al., 1987 ; Pinto et al., 1987 ; Dias et al., 2010 ; Dias da Silva, 2013 ; Hildenbrand et al., 2021 ). The Bruçó granite studied in this work outcrops in the NE of Portugal and belongs to the cross-border granitic massif of Bruçó-Aldeávilla de la Ribera. The Bruçó granite is a two-mica porphyritic granite, classified as late to post D3 after the classifications of Ferreira et al., 1987 and Pereira et al., 2014 , which correspond to the periods defined as late C3 to syn E2 in the classification that is adopted in this work. This study research into the comprehensive examination of Bruçó granite through macroscopic, petrographic, and geochemical analyses. To enhance the characterization, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique was employed. AMS aids in discerning rock petrofabric, qualitative presence of iron, identifying granitic facies, and pinpointing post-magmatic alterations, leveraging its high sensitivity to mineralogical variations. The rock petrofabric is defined by the intricate interplay among minerals and the dynamic forces they experience, including the deformation that occur during the emplacement of the granitic rocks and after that in the solidus stage (Branagan, 2005 ; Borradaile et al., 2010; Hrouda, 1982 ). 2. Geological Setting The area under study is located to the SE of Trás-os-Montes, northern Portugal, between the municipalities of Mogadouro and Freixo-de-Espada-à-Cinta, both belonging to the Bragança district. This area belongs to the CIZ and was affected by the C1 and C3 phases of the Variscan orogeny and by low-grade regional metamorphism (M2) (Ribeiro, 1974 ; Dias da Silva, 2013 ; Hildenbrand et al., 2021 ). It is characterised by the occurrence of Lower to Middle Ordovician schists and quartzites, and by metasediments from the “Douro group" which belongs to the “Schist-Greywacke Complex", dated to be from Lower-Cambrian in age, on the northern flank of the Carviçais anticline (Fig. 1 ) (Teixeira, 1955 ; Conde et al.,1971; Ribeiro e Rebelo, 1971; Sousa, 1982 ; Schermerhorn, 1981 ; Pereira et al 2014 ). Several granite massifs of peraluminous two-mica granites which are considered syn-C3 and syn to late-C3 intrude the metamorphic formations: Fonte Santa granite, Bruçó granite (which belongs to the Bruçó - Aldeávilla de la Ribera cross-border massif), Fornos and Carviçais granites (Conde et al., 1971 ; Ribeiro e Rebelo, 1971; Pereira et al., 2014 ). In this work we only focus on the Bruçó - Aldeávilla de la Ribera massif, in particular, the outcrop of the massif that occurs in Portugal that corresponds to the Bruçó granite. Bruçó is a porphyritic granite with biotite and muscovite, with associated pegmatites and having some tourmaline. The massif is allochthonous, circumscribed and is intrusive in the metasedimentary units of Cambrian and Ordovician (Bussink, 1984 ; Silva, 2000 ; Bravo Silva & Pereira, 2001 ; Gomes et al., 2008 ).This massif is considered a late C3 to syn-E2 granite, and its emplacement occurs SE of the regional Bemposta-Moncorvo ductile shear zone, which has an NE-SW orientation, with a leftward movement. This shear zone is described was being a late event of the period C3 of the variscan orogeny, and this shear zone as a wide of 5 km being at north limited in Bemposta and at south limited in Aldeávilla de la Ribera (Bravo Silva & Pereira, 2001 ). Silva et al. (2000) argue that ductile shear zone is accountable for the emplacement of the two-mica granites found in the region. However, contrasting views exist Bussink ( 1984 ), Ferreira et al. ( 1987 ), Dias da Silva ( 2013 ) suggest that while the shear zone impacts the massifs, in instances such as Bruçó, certain structures emerge due to the shear zone effects, but the granite's emplacement is not tied to it. The Bruçó granite is extracted as an ornamental stone, with only one quarry currently in operation. In the quarry area, the granite exhibits minimal fracturing, resulting in a notably homogeneous appearance and facilitating extraction in large blocks. Figure 2 provides various perspectives of the quarry, showcasing extraction platforms and extracted blocks. Initially the granite has an appearing greyish, but once cleaned the granite reveals its true bluish hue, known as “Blue Tragal” (“Azul Tragal”) (Bravo Silva & Casal Moura,1998). In the landscape, we can observe the weathered granite into large granite boulders, which in some places, form clusters randomly arranged (Fig. 3 ) and the effects of wind erosion on certain peduncular shapes, particularly evident at specific locations. It's worth noting that this granite emerges on a plateau approximately 500 meters above sea level. The geomorphology of the area shows features shaped by the erosion, weathering, and movement of granite rocks. Different types of tungsten mineralisation occur around Bruçó granite being the most relevant the mineralization of Fonte Santa mine, also known as Lagoaça mine. The mine has been explored between 1942 and 1982 and main ore consisted of scheelite (CaWO 4 ). Two distinct periods of mineralization are described for this region. A first period corresponded to the formation of quartz veins concordant with schistosity, which subsequently underwent folding (C3). A second period in which quartz veins were formed in tension cracks of C3 folds (Bussink, 1984 ; Silva, 2000 ; Bravo Silva & Pereira, 2001 ; Triede, 2002 ; Gomes et al., 2008 ). 3. Material and methods 3.1 Petrography Petrographic analysis was conducted on selected samples, utilizing polished thin sections prepared at FCUP facilities. The observation was performed using a Leica DM2500P microscope, with photography facilitated by the Las X program. Following an initial petrographic study, a more comprehensive analysis was deemed necessary to explore specific aspects further. Consequently, scanning electron microscopy at Materials Centre of University of Porto was employed, utilizing the FEI QUANTA 400 FEG ESEM equipment for this purpose. 3.2 Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility The use of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility study (AMS) allows the definition of the magnetic fabrics of granites. When a rock is exposed to a magnetic field (H) it acquires an induced magnetisation (M), and these two properties are directly related through the magnetic susceptibility (Km), which is expressed by: $$\text{M}=\text{K}\text{m}\times \text{H}$$ with M and H expressed in amperes per metre (A/m) and Km when calculated by volume is dimensionless, in the international system (SI). The magnetic susceptibility is a scalar if the body is isotropic, however, when the body is anisotropic Km is represented by the formula: Mi = Kij.Hj, (i,j = 1,2,3), where Mi translates the magnetisation with direction i and Hj the inducing magnetic field with direction j (Hrouda, 1982 ; Bouchez, 1997 ). The Km intensity of the constituent minerals of the rock under study, which can be diamagnetic, such as quartz, feldspars, paramagnetic, such as biotite, antiferromagnetic, such as goethite, or ferromagnetic latu sensu , which includes ferromagnetic stricto sensu such as iron, weak ferromagnetic such as hematite and ferromagnetic such as magnetite (Butler 1992 ). According to Hrouda ( 1982 ) the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is based on the orientation of anisotropic magnetic minerals (magnetic fabric). It is influenced at the scale of the mineral grain by the crystallographic system and crystalline orientation, but the shape of the grain influences it even more than the crystallographic arrangement. Graphically, the AMS is characterised by a triaxial ellipsoid (Fig. 4 ), whose orthogonal principal axes define the main magnetic directions. This ellipsoid is obtained by measuring M in the several positions. The Km values obtained along these main axes are the main susceptibilities known as: K1 (K max) maximum susceptibility, K2 (K int) intermediate susceptibility, and K3 (K min) minimum susceptibility (Tarling & Hrouda, 1993 ) and the Km is obtained with the expression: $$\text{K}\text{m}=\frac{\text{K}1+\text{K}2+\text{K}3}{3}$$ Besides the Km values is also possible to obtain the degree of magnetic anisotropy (P%), which corresponds to the ratio between K1 and K3 and can be calculated with the expression (expressed in %): $$\text{P}\left(\text{\%}\right)=\left[\frac{\text{K}1}{\text{K}3}-1\right]\times 100$$ It is also possible to obtain the shape of the ellipsoid (T), considering the three principal susceptibilities, using the equation: $$\text{T}=2\left[\left(\frac{\text{ln}\left({\text{K}}_{2}/{\text{K}}_{3}\right)}{\text{ln}\left({\text{K}}_{1}/{\text{K}}_{2}\right)}\right)-1\right]$$ The shape of the ellipsoid can be, in general, of three types: oblate shape, with values from 0 < T ≤ 1; cigar shape, with values from − 1 ≤ T < 0; or it can be neutral if T = 0. The magnetic fabric is obtained from the analysis of the AMS ellipsoid. The magnetic lineation is parallel to the direction of K1, and magnetic foliation is represented by the plane perpendicular to K3. For AMS studies, evenly distributed, orientated samples were taken from the massif under study. Sampling was carried out using a portable probe, where the sampler consists of a non-magnetic tube that ends in a diamond crown. The sampler was cooled and lubricated using pressurised water and a manual external pump. Before the samples were removed, they were orientated. The values for the direction of the vertical plane containing the hole and its dip (the sample's geographic reference) were noted and the direction and dip were marked with orientated arrows on each sample. Once in the laboratory, the samples were prepared for analysis: i) the cores were cut to obtain samples around 22 mm high; ii) the exact dimensions of each sample (diameter and height) were measured and the volume calculated, which was then used to determine the magnetic susceptibility (Hrouda 1982 délec et al 2015 ). For this study, a total of ten sampling stations were established and numbered (1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16). At each station, an average of 4 to 5 samples were collected and subsequently prepared in the laboratory of Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP). Following the sample cutting process, a total of 81 samples were analysed for this study. The distribution of these samples across the stations is illustrated in Table 1 . AMS measurements were carried out using a KLY-4S Kappabridge susceptibility balance from Agico (Czech Republic) in FCUP. 3.3 Geochemistry The geochemical data involved samples of a larger volume of material (average 10 kg by sample). Samples were gathered in the quarry and near the locations where AMS sampling occurred. There were collected and processed 7 samples from the Bruçó granite being 2 from the quarry (BrP1, BrP2) and 5 from other outcrops (Br-1, Br-2, Br-3, Br-4, Br-5). The samples were processed in the Earth Sciences Institute (ICT) laboratory in the FCUP facilities. Following sample treatment, samples were sent to ACTLABS. The analysis involved material fusion followed by examination via ICPMS (Activation Laboratories Ltd. (Actlabs) - Analytical Lab Services). The analysis results were utilized for calculating various parameters. With the major elements’ contents, calculations were performed for the A, B, P and Q parameters, defined by Debon & Le Fort (1988), where A represents Al-(Na + K + 2Ca), B stands for Fe + Mg + Ti, P = K - (Na + Ca) and Q = (Si/3) - (K + Na+(2Ca/3)). Additionally, the K 2 O/Na 2 O ratio was determined. The discrimination between peraluminous, metaluminous, and peralkaline compositions was achieved using the A/CNK - A/NK diagram, as defined by Shand ( 1927 ), where A/NK equals Al 2 O 3 /(Na 2 O + K 2 O) and A/CNK equals Al 2 O 3 /(CaO + Na 2 O + K 2 O). For the minor elements’ contents, calculations were carried out for the ratios of K/Rb and Rb/Sr, predefined by El Bouseily ( 1975 ). Regarding rare earth elements (REE), analysis included determining the contents of light REE (LREE) and heavy REE (HREE). After normalizing the REE values using the normalization factor determined by Evensen (1978), normalizing this data to the chondrite, REE spectra and the ratios La/Yb, La/Sm, Gd/Yb and Eu anomaly were calculated to evaluate the behavior of the LREE in relation to HREE. The software GCDKIT, developed by Janoušek et al. ( 2006 ), was used for creating of some of the geochemical graphics presented in this work in the further section. 4. Results and discussion 4.1Petrography A petrographic study of Bruçó granite (Fig. 5 A and B) reveals the granite exhibits an inequigranular texture, with microcline representing a megacrystalline generation. Quartz occurs as xenomorphic, intergranular aggregates, occasionally displaying evidence of mechanical deformation, like the undulating extinction. The predominant plagioclase is albite-oligoclase, while potassium feldspar is mostly identified as microcline due to its characteristic twining. The microcline is mainly found in megacrystals with euhedral tendencies, which sometimes incorporate other minerals (quartz and plagioclase). Muscovite crystals, varying in size, consistently exhibit euhedral shapes, with two distinguishable generations: a primary one associated with quartz and plagioclase resulting from the crystallization of the granite, and secondary, resulting from sub-solidus alterations. Biotite is brown and pleochroic and sometimes partially altered to chlorite, often displaying iron oxides inclusion and some time being possible to see the formation of rutile needles. Opaque minerals include late sulfides like pyrite, although rare, ilmenite being the principal opaque mineral. Ilmenite is commonly found near biotite alteration zones into chlorite, and its qualitative composition remains consistent across different areas, as confirmed by SEM analysis (Fig. 5 D). Additional scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies aided in identifying monazite (Fig. 5 C) and ilmenite (Fig. 5 D). Besides that, in microscope is possible to identify some microstructures like undulating extinction in quartz and folded biotite indicative of a high-temperature deformation (Fig. 6 A). This granite exhibits deuteric alterations, it is possibly to identify different processes like microclinization, muscovitization, tourmalinization, kaolinization of K-feldspar and chloritization of the biotite (Fig. 6 B). Fracturing within the granite reveals fissures, often filled with sericite, ranging from intragranular to transgranular. Figure 6 A and B – Microphotographs of Bruçó granite microstructures. A – quartz (Qz), with undulating extinction, primary muscovite (Ms) and biotite (Bt) lightly folded near the quartz, microphotography in crossed polars (NX), scale bar corresponding to 500 µm; B – Chlorite (Chl), presence of muscovite (Ms) and altered microcline (Mc), microphotography in parallel polars (N//), scale bar corresponding to 200 µm. (Mineral abbreviations used are after Whitney et al., 2010). Overall, the petrographic study indicates that Bruçó granite is primarily composed of quartz, plagioclase, microcline, muscovite, and biotite, with accessory minerals including chlorite, tourmaline, apatite, sericite, zircon, ilmenite, monazite, rutile. These observations suggest that Bruçó granite is a medium to coarse grain porphyritic biotite-muscovite granite with megacrystals of microcline and tourmaline. 4.2 Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility This study showcases the outcomes derived from AMS investigations conducted on samples gathered from 10 stations (1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16). The results were obtained at room temperature and using the induction of a 300 A/m magnetic field. The data obtained was processed using the ANISOF 5.1 software (Chadima, 2020), which collected information on the AMS ellipsoid. The results, for each station, are summarised in Table 1 and will be discussed later. Table 1 Scalar (Km, P% and T) and vectorial (K1 and K3) parameters with an indication of the average magnetic foliation and lineation; n—number of sampling sites. Average AMS results for the granite massif of Bruçó. K1d and K1i, direction and inclination of K1; K3d and K3i, direction and inclination of K3. Station Samples Km 10 − 6 SI P% T K1 d K1 i Lineation K3 d K3 i Foliation 1 10 122.9 2.4 0.003 289.5° 43.0° 43.0° → N 289.5° 165.6° 30.9° N 75.6°; 59.1°NW 2 11 111.6 4.0 0.153 265.7° 21.5° 21.5° → N 265.7° 96.2° 68.1° N 06.2°; 21.9°NW 3 6 109.3 2.4 -0.152 272.0° 6.6° 6.6° → N272.0° 2.7° 6.1° N 92.7°; 83.9° SW 6 10 67.1 8.9 -0.338 301.6° 7.4° 10.10° → N301.6° 53.5° 70.9° N 143.5°; 19.1° SW 11 6 133.4 5.1 0.290 52.6° 46.5° 46.5° → N 52.6° 313.9° 8.2° N 43.9°; 81.8°SE 12 6 127.4 6.1 0.177 73.2° 74.0° 74.0° → N 73.2° 165.9° 0.8° N 75.9°; 89.2°NW 13 9 101.8 3.5 0.043 53.4° 81.3° 81.3° → N 53.4° 218.5° 8.4° N 128.5°; 81.6° NE 14 8 113.4 2.0 0.287 248.1° 57.5° 57.5° → N 248.1° 143.4° 9.2° N 53.4°; 80.8° NW 15 7 109.6 3.5 0.217 315.4° 13.4° 13.4° → N 315.4° 220.2° 20.6° N 130.2°; 69.4° NE 16 8 93.1 2.4 -0.172 311.5° 49.4° 49.4° → N 311.5° 146.2° 39.7° N 56.2°; 50.3° NW The Bruçó granite have Km value ranges between 67.1 x 10 − 6 SI and 133.4 x 10 − 6 SI and an average Km value of 108.6 x 10 − 6 SI, these values show the contribution of the biotite for the Km. The granite of the Bruçó shows magnetic anisotropies (P%) ranging from 2 to 8.9%. The T parameter indicates neutral to very slightly flattened ellipsoids in all the granites with values ranging from − 0.338 to 0.290, exception made to three sites that show cigar-shaped ellipsoids. While for almost all the ellipsoids it can be said that the flattening reflects the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the biotite, there are three exceptions where the ellipsoid has a constricted shape which reflects, in the case of this granite, one of the alterations is related with the anisotropy of the tourmaline, present in a higher percentage in some samples, as explained by Nédélec (2015) and Hrouda ( 1982 ). Magnetic anisotropy fabrics are related to structures observed in the granites at different scales. Granites that are anisotropic in the field, with a visible orientation of biotite and/or K-feldspars and have magnetic anisotropies > 3% (Sant’Ovaia et al., 2024 ). In Bruçó granite, among the stations analyzed, 6 stations exhibit P% values exceeding 3%. In these stations, a visible orientation of biotite can be observed in field and magmatic-to-high-temperature solid state microstructures (e.g. chess-board quartz extinction and folded micas) are observed. The magnetic plot shows that both foliations and lineations are very variable. The foliation present directions varying from NE-SW to NW-SE and varying dips (19° − 89°), on other hand the lineations present dip values ranging from 6 to 81º and very variable directions as well (Fig. 6 ). The magnetic anisotropy values and microstructures, alongside with field observations, indicate deformation within the granitic magma, may be linked to the Moncorvo-Bemposta ductile shear zone (with orientation NE-SW) which may suggest some involvement of this structure when the emplacement of this massif took place. Is possible to observe that most of the samples present some orientation that can be correlated with the shear zone that occurs in the W side of the massif. Concerning the Km vs P% plot (Fig. 7 A), it can be observed that the values of Km and P% have a proportional increasement, consistent with the findings established by Hrouda ( 1982 ). Also, the Km vs T plot reveals an increase of the oblateness degree with the increase of Km value (Fig. 7 B). This trend is reasoned by the elevation of Km value, which correlates with a higher presence of biotite in the samples. Figure 7 C shows that there is no discernible correlation P% and T. 4.3 Geochemistry The results of the geochemical analysis are summarized in Table 2 , providing details such as the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for each analyzed element, along with the laboratory's detection limit information. The major elements values are expressed in weight percentage, while those for minor and rare earth elements are in parts per million (ppm). The values present on the table are considering the total of 7 samples of Bruçó granite, being 2 from the quarry (BrP-1 and BrP-2) and 5 from different outcropping areas of this granite (Br-1, Br-2, Br-3, Br-4 and Br-5). The SiO 2 content varies between 69.32 and 71.45 wt%. Al 2 O 3 content falls within the range of 15.44 to 16.48 wt%. All samples exhibit peraluminous character, with A/CNK ranging from 1.29 to 1.42, according with what was defined by Clarke ( 1981 ). The P 2 O 5 contents show minimal deviation among samples, ranging from 0.3 to 0.39 wt%. In terms of CaO, the contents range from 0.87 to 1.15 wt%. K 2 O values ranges from 4.99 to 5.35 wt%, the Fe 2 O 3 content ranges from 1.96 to 2.36 and the MgO values ranging from 1.96 to 2.36. Table 2 Geochemical results. Minimum value (Min.), maximum value (Max.), average value (Av.) and standard deviation (s. d.). For all the values below de detection limit (d.l) the value presented is calculated by the half of the detection limit. Elements d.l. Bruçó granite Min Max Av. s. d. SiO 2 % 0.01 69.32 71.45 70.49 0.77 Al 2 O 3 % 0.01 15.44 16.48 15.81 0.32 Fe 2 O 3 (T) % 0.01 1.96 2.36 2.12 0.13 MnO % 0.005 0.03 0.04 0.04 0 MgO % 0.01 0.62 0.80 0.70 0.06 CaO % 0.01 0.87 1.15 0.98 0.09 Na 2 O % 0.01 3.11 3.52 3.27 0.09 K 2 O % 0.01 4.99 5.35 5.12 0.11 TiO 2 % 0.001 0.26 0.32 0.29 0.01 P 2 O 5 % 0.01 0.30 0.39 0.33 0.03 LOI % 1.02 1.93 1.35 0.22 Total % 99.8 100.9 100.51 0.29 F % 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.07 0 Li % 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 Sc ppm 1 3 4 3.86 0.24 Be ppm 1 8 13 10.57 1.51 V ppm 5 20 2f7 22.86 2.12 Cr ppm 20 50 70 57.14 8.16 Co ppm 1 2 4 2.43 0.61 Ni ppm 20 10 10 10 0 Cu ppm 10 5 5 5 0 Zn ppm 30 50 70 61.43 4.9 Ga ppm 1 22 25 23.71 0.69 Ge ppm 0.5 1.6 2 1.77 0.12 As ppm 5 2.5 13 4 2.57 Rb ppm 1 295 318 303.43 6.04 Sr ppm 2 179 198 186.29 6.04 Y ppm 0.5 9.8 10.9 10.37 0.29 Zr ppm 1 91 116 103.57 6.65 Nb ppm 0.2 6.8 9 8.03 0.55 Mo ppm 2 2 3 2.14 0.24 Ag ppm 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 In ppm 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.08 0.02 Sb ppm 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 Cs ppm 0.1 16.3 28 22.71 3.64 Ba ppm 2 493 582 529.14 32.45 La ppm 0.05 36.2 46.2 40.03 2.89 Ce ppm 0.05 69.9 90.2 77.51 5.73 Pr ppm 0.01 7.95 9.88 8.76 0.61 Nd ppm 0.05 29 36.7 32.39 1.84 Sm ppm 0.01 4.53 6.06 5.31 0.45 Eu ppm 0.005 0.81 1.02 0.86 0.05 Gd ppm 0.01 3.32 4.08 3.67 0.19 Tb ppm 0.01 0.43 0.5 0.48 0.02 Dy ppm 0.01 1.99 2.38 2.14 0.12 Ho ppm 0.01 0.34 0.39 0.36 0.01 Er ppm 0.01 0.86 0.96 1 0.02 Tm ppm 0.005 0.12 0.14 0.12 0 Yb ppm 0.01 0.68 0.85 0.76 0.05 Lu ppm 0.002 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.01 Hf ppm 0.1 2.5 3.3 2.84 0.24 Ta ppm 0.01 1.5 1.83 1.67 0.09 W ppm 0.5 0.8 1.6 1.1 0.29 Tl ppm 0.05 1.73 1.97 1.82 0.06 Pb ppm 5 41 44 42.86 1.02 Bi ppm 0.1 0.5 1.4 1.04 0.24 Th ppm 0.05 12.4 15.9 14.06 0.81 U ppm 0.01 4.34 7.52 5.82 0.82 Sn ppm 1 11 15 13.43 1.1 Using the parameters defined by Shand ( 1927 ) and plotting A/CNK vs A/NK (Fig. 8 A) Bruçó granite correspond to a peraluminous composition, with values of A/CNK higher than 1.1 and A/NK higher than 1. When plotted on the B-A diagram from Debon and Le Fort (1988) and after adapted by Villaseca et al. ( 1998 ), all samples are situated within the f-P area, indicating felsic peraluminous compositions (Fig. 8 B). All the samples present a composition that in diagram P-Q diagram correspond to granites (Debon and Le Fort 1988) (Fig. 8 C). Furthermore, in the Rb-(Y + Nb) diagram, after Pearce ( 1984 ) (Fig. 8 D), all samples are categorized as syn-collisional granites, with values of Y + Nb 100 ppm. Examining the minor element composition of the Bruçó granite reveals contents of Ba, with concentrations ranging from 493 to 582 ppm, Sr from 179 to 198 ppm, Rb from 295 to 318 ppm, and Zr from 91 to 116 ppm. The granite exhibits low concentrations of W (ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 ppm) and Sn (ranging from 11 to 15 ppm), with levels of uranium (U) concentrations range from 4.34 to 7.52 ppm. The Bruçó granite exhibits a total rare earth element (SREE) content, averaging 173.4 ppm, with the light rare earth elements (LREE) 164 ppm being more abundant than the heavy rare earth elements (HREE) 8.64 ppm. This dominance of LREE contributes to elevate La/Yb ratio values, averaging 35.53. The average Eu anomaly is 0.57. These findings align with observations from the REE spectra from the Bruçó granite (Fig. 9 ), characterized by a decrease HREE, relatively to LREE. The spectra indicate that samples collected from the quarry have higher REE content compared to others which demonstrate the alteration factor with loss of REE. However, all spectra exhibit parallel patterns without any anomalies present. Through these conducted studies, our aim was to establish a correlation between the values obtained for magnetic susceptibility (Km) and the parameter B calculated in the geochemical analysis. A comparison was conducted between this granite and other Variscan two-mica ilmenite-type granites from the Central Iberian Zone, where Km values were previously acquired (Sant’Ovaia et al., 2024 ). Subsequently, a plot of Km versus the B parameter was generated (Fig. 10 ). As can be seen in the Fig. 10 , it reveals two distinct groups: the first group exhibits Km values ranging from 20 x 10 − 6 SI to 75 x 10 − 6 SI, with parameter B varying between 20 to 25. This group includes all the two-mica granites (leucogranites) abundant in muscovite. The second group is characterized by Km values ranging from 55 x10 − 6 SI to 95 x10 − 6 SI, with parameter B varying from 25 to 40. This group includes granites with comparable levels of muscovite and biotite. The Bruçó granite stands out as an exception due to its elevated titanium content, surpassing that of the other granites, and being the only one not corresponding to a leucogranite. 5. Conclusions Bruçó granite is composed by quartz ± plagioclase ± microcline ± muscovite ± biotite ± chlorite ± apatite ± ilmenite ± monazite ± zircon ± tourmaline. According to the Km values, the Bruçó granite exhibit paramagnetic behaviour, primarily attributed to the presence of biotite and ilmenite. Consequently, it is categorized within the group of "ilmenite type" granites (magnetite is completely absence from the mineralogy of this granite). Discrepancies in the average Km values reflect variations in the relative amounts of biotite compared to muscovite, and in some points of this massif is possible to find a higher content in tourmaline which alter the Km value according to Nédélec et al ( 2015 ), this alteration leads also to the shape alteration of the ellipsoid from a flatted type to a cigar-shaped type. The AMS fabric aligns with the primary trend of the Moncorvo-Bemposta shear zone. This alignment, coupled with the granite's magnetic anisotropy exceeding 3% and high-temperature microstructures observed, which may indicate that the shear zone remained active during the Bruçó granite's emplacement. The geochemical analysis allows us to determine that the granite exhibits peraluminous characteristics (A/CNK > 1.1) following Clarke's criteria (1981). The Bruçó granite is categorized as a syn-collisional granite based on the Yb + Nb versus Rb diagram. Syn-collisional granites, associated with the Variscan orogeny (Azevedo et al., 2005 ; Pereira et al., 2018 ), a classification that aligns with observations in the Bruçó granite. Despite being spatially associated with W mineralization (with a mean W content of 1.1 ppm), this granite is not enriched in W. Analysis of the REE spectra reveals a consistent behaviour across all samples, with those obtained from the quarry demonstrating higher REE content. This behaviour aligns with expectations for two-mica granites, as discussed in Rollinson ( 2014 ) and Cassini et al ( 2022 ). Like demonstrated by Rollinson ( 2014 ) in the case of felsic magmas, like was determined that is the case of this granite by using B-A diagram modified by Villaseca et al. ( 1998 ), the accessory minerals influence the REE pattern although the presence of them in small quantities, leading to a high fractionated spectrum, for example the presence of zircon deplete the heavy REE. Comparing the Bruçó granite with other two-mica granites from CIZ, all classified as ilmenite-type granites, reveals that these granites possess a lower content of mafic minerals, resulting in a lower B value. Moreover, it is possible to identify two distinct groups: one comprising leucogranites with two micas, predominantly muscovite-rich, and another group including leucogranites with two micas but with more comparable levels of biotite and muscovite. In this comparison the Bruçó granite stands out, potentially due to its elevated titanium content, causing it to deviate from the typical leucogranites group. Additionally, it can be concluded that the comparison of Km with the B parameter provides valuable insights into the quantity of mafic minerals, aiding in establishing patterns for two-mica granites without necessitating initial geochemical analyses, and in delineating the specific type of two-mica granite under investigation. Declarations Conflict of interest: The authors declare they have no financial interests. Author contributions: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Alexandra Mota, and Helena Sant’Ovaia. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Alexandra Mota and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments: This work is supported by national funding awarded by FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology. I.P., projects UIDB/04683/2020 ( https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04683/2020 ) and UIDP/04683/2020 ( https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04683/2020 ). and the first author as a doctoral scholarship with the reference SFRH/BD/13757/2022. References Azevedo, M. R., Aguado, B. V., Nolan, J., Martins, M. E., & Medina, J. (2005). Origin and emplacement of syn-orogenic Variscan granitoids in Iberia the Beiras massif. Journal of the Virtual Explorer , 19 . https://doi.org/10.3809/jvirtex.2005.00115 . Azevedo, M., & Valle Aguado, B. (2006). Origem e instalação de granitóides variscos na Zona Centro-Ibérica (pp. 107–121). Geologia de Portugal No Contexto Da Ibéria. Borradaile, G. J., & Jackson, M. (2010). Structural geology, petrofabrics and magnetic fabrics (AMS, AARM, AIRM). Journal of Structural Geology , 32 (10), 1519–1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.09.006 . Bouchez, J. L. 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Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist , 95 (1), 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371 . Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 15 Jul, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 22 May, 2024 Editor invited by journal 22 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 22 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 21 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4450715","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":305526954,"identity":"d645d2c5-5012-447a-b94c-3e0378e17886","order_by":0,"name":"Alexandra Ribeiro da Mota","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABCUlEQVRIie3RMUvEMBTA8RcC7fLUtaXQzxApdLkDv0pKIa4F4bhJAsLdcuIaUfAz+AlMCdRFblbaIdPNHW9QsNZRc3ejYP5j4Md75AH4fH8yqjVnEZKH59pCABDKvSQorK2mKVVYsi+C+vs9chPMTm0vslBBHh1EWCvziDNTXN9JMe9nBjDUQVJBd+kknRYjub2vmze1HgjyIFGwcU955c1IHiUX7dHCwNmwXoJgdpBiMZInzfOLj4HgflJSxpnIiOI5JYeQuGuI5WyaktVLGa/W54hYXE0U28TSQY7bm77evg+nXC7rfjubpBiauq3m3Ylryo/vRwAiKTDtFL9fjALsID6fz/ff+gTCEltCOwF2vgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4163-5814","institution":"University of Porto Faculty of Sciences: Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciencias","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexandra","middleName":"Ribeiro da","lastName":"Mota","suffix":""},{"id":305526955,"identity":"a73a2af6-7b92-421a-8370-ac4230bf86a7","order_by":1,"name":"Helena Sant’Ovaia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Porto Faculty of Sciences: Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciencias","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Helena","middleName":"","lastName":"Sant’Ovaia","suffix":""},{"id":305526956,"identity":"3601d316-9f77-4c85-8244-6b517c2306d4","order_by":2,"name":"Fernando Noronha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Porto Faculty of Sciences: Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciencias","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fernando","middleName":"","lastName":"Noronha","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-20 18:44:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4450715/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4450715/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57682135,"identity":"e154cd9b-db2a-496b-ad69-ac8d9d93e2d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:11:05","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":437815,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap of the location of study area. A-geotectonics zones from Lotze (1945) B- Geological map adapted from sheet 11-D of Carviçais at scale 1/50.000 (Pereira et al., 2014) and including the faults and shear zones marked by Bravo Silva \u0026amp; Casal Moura (1998) and Dias da Silva (2013).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/4d446429355dc0a472f51847.png"},{"id":57682134,"identity":"c4e217cb-faac-4714-83ac-e28f565a614d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:11:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBruçó quarry.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/45b39bdb935480eeaa680bc2.jpeg"},{"id":57682612,"identity":"5267e0fe-18dc-4546-b5ff-c64eb9511b89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:19:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":677127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSome aspects of the geomorphology of the Bruçó granite.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/de159299c670c936901fe55d.png"},{"id":57682611,"identity":"641e3e9c-3a49-4e58-94cf-39665fea72d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:19:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMagnetic susceptibility anisotropy ellipsoid, with the representation of the three main magnetic directions being K1 the maximum susceptibility, K2 the intermediate susceptibility and K3 the minimum susceptibility (redraw after Siegesmund,1995).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/1d8ec4a3d70ff3681138205b.jpeg"},{"id":57682138,"identity":"d8840ded-a79c-45b1-987d-b3f928cb2a40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:11:05","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":549964,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA and B – Microphotographs of Bruçó granite. A – alteration of biotite (Bt) to chlorite (Chl), primary muscovite, plagioclase (Pl), quartz (Qz), and tourmaline (Tur), microphotography in parallel polars (N//), scale bar corresponding to 200 µm; B – Biotite (Bt), chlorite (Chl), primary muscovite (Ms), microcline (Mc), quartz (Qz), with sericite (Ser) crystals filling the fissure in the quartz crystals, microphotography in crossed polars (NX), scale bar corresponding to 500 µm. Figures C and D - spectra from the analysis in SEM. C- spectra of monazite and D- spectra of ilmenite. (Mineral abbreviations used are after Whitney et al., 2010).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/26c7a80163c011401928c011.png"},{"id":57682615,"identity":"7d491af4-8299-43b6-ab57-c6555ad0ee50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:19:05","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":664339,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA and B – Microphotographs of Bruçó granite microstructures. A – quartz (Qz), with undulating extinction, primary muscovite (Ms) and biotite (Bt) lightly folded near the quartz, microphotography in crossed polars (NX), scale bar corresponding to 500 µm; B – Chlorite (Chl), presence of muscovite (Ms) and altered microcline (Mc), microphotography in parallel polars (N//), scale bar corresponding to 200 µm. (Mineral abbreviations used are after Whitney et al., 2010).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/d0ce1c36a0827dfdc84e42a8.png"},{"id":57682139,"identity":"4d4aee4e-39f5-4215-969d-23c874726cd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:11:05","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":475215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 6 AMS stereograms for each of station. Schmidt, lower hemisphere projections.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/70ef931ef5677df9088deb91.png"},{"id":57682141,"identity":"4f36f8fe-7553-43ec-ab15-330bcb8a4457","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:11:05","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24565,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 7 AMS parameters plots. A- Km vs P%; B – Km vs T; and C – P% vs T.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/01f66719c86fda6ef5f5d56f.png"},{"id":57682613,"identity":"a1aa2add-3910-433b-909c-acdce997476a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:19:05","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":952667,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 8 Classification diagrams. All elements are plotted in % by weight. A – Diagram of A/CNK vs A/NK after Shand (1943); B - A-B plot of Debon and Le Fort and modified by Villaseca et at. (1998): With the fields L-P: low peraluminous; m-P: moderately peraluminous; h-P: highly peraluminous; f-P: felsic peraluminous; C – P-Q plot from Debon and Le Fort (1988); and D - Y+Nb-Rb plot, after Pearce (1984).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/365dbd010189af80ef5a9db4.png"},{"id":57682144,"identity":"d0c832af-16a1-4117-9bad-4a50b03769e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:11:05","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39273,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 9 REE spectra for the samples studied in the Bruçó granite, with samples normalized to the chondrite according to the factors defined by Evensen, 1978.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/9b0316935aa5c4420e569ae0.png"},{"id":57683393,"identity":"769523af-74db-4000-8c60-040a0e807caa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:27:05","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFigure 10 B-Km plot including the Bruçó granite along with other ilmenite-type granites with Km values (according to Sant’Ovaia et al., 2024). Two distinct fields are defined: I - Two-mica granites with Ms\u0026gt;\u0026gt;Bt; and II - Two-mica granites with Ms≈Bt.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/2f456a3b52d100e19930715f.png"},{"id":57683898,"identity":"3cc96870-b4d1-4325-ab9e-f21731925879","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-04 09:35:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5422940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4450715/v1/fea7cc21-3658-46db-91c2-0bd1bb3f190f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Bruçó granite (NE Portugal): a two-mica granite yet to be unveiled.","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe north-west of the Iberian Peninsula is an important area in terms of the occurrence of W and Sn mineralization associated with Variscan acid magmatism that occurs in different types in the area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Variscan orogeny, in the Iberian Peninsula is characterised by three compressive phases (C1, C2 and C3) and two extensional phases (E1 and E2) (Hildenbrand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Dias da Silva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). During the Variscan orogeny, several series of granites, with different ages and geochemical signatures, were emplaced at different crustal levels. The Variscan granites of the NW Iberian Peninsula are divided into two main petrogenetic groups that are highly representative and occur intruding the allochtonous and parautochthonous of Galicia Tr\u0026aacute;s-os-Montes Zone (GTMZ) and the autochthonous of Central Iberian Zone (CIZ): (i) granitoids of mesocrustal origin (two-mica granites), with emplacement controlled in time and space by regional deformation and metamorphism, then occurring in elongated massifs concordant with regional variscan structures, like in the core of C3 antiforms, and are in some cases referred as \u0026ldquo;older granites\u0026rdquo;, this group can also occur, more rarely, in circumscribed massifs; (ii) granitoids of basicrustal and/or infracrustal origin, generally biotitic, sometimes associated with more basic rocks, which occur either as elongated massifs, being also designed as \u0026ldquo;early granodiorites\u0026rdquo; or in more or less circumscribed intrusions, receiving the designation of \u0026ldquo;younger granites\u0026rdquo;, implying contact metamorphism. These groups of granitoids are related to the evolution of the Variscan orogeny (Capdevila \u0026amp; Floor, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e; Schermerhorn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Azevedo \u0026amp; Valle-Aguado 2006).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering has reference, in time, for the granite emplacement the compressive phase C3 (315 to 305 Ma) and the extensional phases E1 (325 to 315 Ma) and E2 (305 to 280 Ma) (Hildenbrandt et al., 2021; Dias da Silva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), the granitic rocks can be subdivided into: i)\"early granodiorites\" syn E1, biotite rich granites (or ante-C3); ii) two-mica granites syn-C3; and iii) biotite granites late C3, late to post-C3 and post-C3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe granites which emplacement occur after the C3 phase correspond to granites with biotite\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;muscovite and granites with two micas resulting from evolution of the biotite granites. The emplacement of these granites occurs during the E2 phase (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;300 Ma) and usually define circumscribed massifs aligned with late-Variscan structures (Capdevila et al., 1970; Priem and Den Tex, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Ferreira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Pinto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e; Dias et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Dias da Silva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hildenbrand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite studied in this work outcrops in the NE of Portugal and belongs to the cross-border granitic massif of Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute;-Alde\u0026aacute;villa de la Ribera. The Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite is a two-mica porphyritic granite, classified as late to post D3 after the classifications of Ferreira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e and Pereira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e, which correspond to the periods defined as late C3 to syn E2 in the classification that is adopted in this work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study research into the comprehensive examination of Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite through macroscopic, petrographic, and geochemical analyses. To enhance the characterization, the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique was employed. AMS aids in discerning rock petrofabric, qualitative presence of iron, identifying granitic facies, and pinpointing post-magmatic alterations, leveraging its high sensitivity to mineralogical variations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rock petrofabric is defined by the intricate interplay among minerals and the dynamic forces they experience, including the deformation that occur during the emplacement of the granitic rocks and after that in the solidus stage (Branagan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Borradaile et al., 2010; Hrouda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Geological Setting","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe area under study is located to the SE of Tr\u0026aacute;s-os-Montes, northern Portugal, between the municipalities of Mogadouro and Freixo-de-Espada-\u0026agrave;-Cinta, both belonging to the Bragan\u0026ccedil;a district. This area belongs to the CIZ and was affected by the C1 and C3 phases of the Variscan orogeny and by low-grade regional metamorphism (M2) (Ribeiro, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e; Dias da Silva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hildenbrand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). It is characterised by the occurrence of Lower to Middle Ordovician schists and quartzites, and by metasediments from the \u0026ldquo;Douro group\" which belongs to the \u0026ldquo;Schist-Greywacke Complex\", dated to be from Lower-Cambrian in age, on the northern flank of the Carvi\u0026ccedil;ais anticline (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) (Teixeira, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e; Conde et al.,1971; Ribeiro e Rebelo, 1971; Sousa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Schermerhorn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e; Pereira et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral granite massifs of peraluminous two-mica granites which are considered syn-C3 and syn to late-C3 intrude the metamorphic formations: Fonte Santa granite, Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite (which belongs to the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; - Alde\u0026aacute;villa de la Ribera cross-border massif), Fornos and Carvi\u0026ccedil;ais granites (Conde et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e; Ribeiro e Rebelo, 1971; Pereira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this work we only focus on the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; - Alde\u0026aacute;villa de la Ribera massif, in particular, the outcrop of the massif that occurs in Portugal that corresponds to the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite. Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; is a porphyritic granite with biotite and muscovite, with associated pegmatites and having some tourmaline. The massif is allochthonous, circumscribed and is intrusive in the metasedimentary units of Cambrian and Ordovician (Bussink, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Silva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Bravo Silva \u0026amp; Pereira, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Gomes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).This massif is considered a late C3 to syn-E2 granite, and its emplacement occurs SE of the regional Bemposta-Moncorvo ductile shear zone, which has an NE-SW orientation, with a leftward movement. This shear zone is described was being a late event of the period C3 of the variscan orogeny, and this shear zone as a wide of 5 km being at north limited in Bemposta and at south limited in Alde\u0026aacute;villa de la Ribera (Bravo Silva \u0026amp; Pereira, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilva et al. (2000) argue that ductile shear zone is accountable for the emplacement of the two-mica granites found in the region. However, contrasting views exist Bussink (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e), Ferreira et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e), Dias da Silva (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) suggest that while the shear zone impacts the massifs, in instances such as Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute;, certain structures emerge due to the shear zone effects, but the granite's emplacement is not tied to it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite is extracted as an ornamental stone, with only one quarry currently in operation. In the quarry area, the granite exhibits minimal fracturing, resulting in a notably homogeneous appearance and facilitating extraction in large blocks. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e provides various perspectives of the quarry, showcasing extraction platforms and extracted blocks. Initially the granite has an appearing greyish, but once cleaned the granite reveals its true bluish hue, known as \u0026ldquo;Blue Tragal\u0026rdquo; (\u0026ldquo;Azul Tragal\u0026rdquo;) (Bravo Silva \u0026amp; Casal Moura,1998).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the landscape, we can observe the weathered granite into large granite boulders, which in some places, form clusters randomly arranged (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) and the effects of wind erosion on certain peduncular shapes, particularly evident at specific locations. It's worth noting that this granite emerges on a plateau approximately 500 meters above sea level. The geomorphology of the area shows features shaped by the erosion, weathering, and movement of granite rocks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent types of tungsten mineralisation occur around Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite being the most relevant the mineralization of Fonte Santa mine, also known as Lagoa\u0026ccedil;a mine. The mine has been explored between 1942 and 1982 and main ore consisted of scheelite (CaWO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e). Two distinct periods of mineralization are described for this region. A first period corresponded to the formation of quartz veins concordant with schistosity, which subsequently underwent folding (C3). A second period in which quartz veins were formed in tension cracks of C3 folds (Bussink, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e; Silva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Bravo Silva \u0026amp; Pereira, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Triede, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Gomes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Petrography\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePetrographic analysis was conducted on selected samples, utilizing polished thin sections prepared at FCUP facilities. The observation was performed using a Leica DM2500P microscope, with photography facilitated by the Las X program. Following an initial petrographic study, a more comprehensive analysis was deemed necessary to explore specific aspects further. Consequently, scanning electron microscopy at Materials Centre of University of Porto was employed, utilizing the FEI QUANTA 400 FEG ESEM equipment for this purpose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility study (AMS) allows the definition of the magnetic fabrics of granites. When a rock is exposed to a magnetic field (H) it acquires an induced magnetisation (M), and these two properties are directly related through the magnetic susceptibility (Km), which is expressed by:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{M}=\\text{K}\\text{m}\\times \\text{H}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewith M and H expressed in amperes per metre (A/m) and Km when calculated by volume is dimensionless, in the international system (SI). The magnetic susceptibility is a scalar if the body is isotropic, however, when the body is anisotropic Km is represented by the formula: Mi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Kij.Hj, (i,j\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1,2,3), where Mi translates the magnetisation with direction i and Hj the inducing magnetic field with direction j (Hrouda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e; Bouchez, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). The Km intensity of the constituent minerals of the rock under study, which can be diamagnetic, such as quartz, feldspars, paramagnetic, such as biotite, antiferromagnetic, such as goethite, or ferromagnetic \u003cem\u003elatu sensu\u003c/em\u003e, which includes ferromagnetic \u003cem\u003estricto sensu\u003c/em\u003e such as iron, weak ferromagnetic such as hematite and ferromagnetic such as magnetite (Butler \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). According to Hrouda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e) the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility is based on the orientation of anisotropic magnetic minerals (magnetic fabric). It is influenced at the scale of the mineral grain by the crystallographic system and crystalline orientation, but the shape of the grain influences it even more than the crystallographic arrangement. Graphically, the AMS is characterised by a triaxial ellipsoid (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), whose orthogonal principal axes define the main magnetic directions. This ellipsoid is obtained by measuring M in the several positions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Km values obtained along these main axes are the main susceptibilities known as: K1 (K max) maximum susceptibility, K2 (K int) intermediate susceptibility, and K3 (K min) minimum susceptibility (Tarling \u0026amp; Hrouda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e) and the Km is obtained with the expression:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{K}\\text{m}=\\frac{\\text{K}1+\\text{K}2+\\text{K}3}{3}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBesides the Km values is also possible to obtain the degree of magnetic anisotropy (P%), which corresponds to the ratio between K1 and K3 and can be calculated with the expression (expressed in %):\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{P}\\left(\\text{\\%}\\right)=\\left[\\frac{\\text{K}1}{\\text{K}3}-1\\right]\\times 100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is also possible to obtain the shape of the ellipsoid (T), considering the three principal susceptibilities, using the equation:\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{T}=2\\left[\\left(\\frac{\\text{ln}\\left({\\text{K}}_{2}/{\\text{K}}_{3}\\right)}{\\text{ln}\\left({\\text{K}}_{1}/{\\text{K}}_{2}\\right)}\\right)-1\\right]$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe shape of the ellipsoid can be, in general, of three types: oblate shape, with values from 0\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;T\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1; cigar shape, with values from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;T\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0; or it can be neutral if T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe magnetic fabric is obtained from the analysis of the AMS ellipsoid. The magnetic lineation is parallel to the direction of K1, and magnetic foliation is represented by the plane perpendicular to K3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor AMS studies, evenly distributed, orientated samples were taken from the massif under study. Sampling was carried out using a portable probe, where the sampler consists of a non-magnetic tube that ends in a diamond crown. The sampler was cooled and lubricated using pressurised water and a manual external pump. Before the samples were removed, they were orientated. The values for the direction of the vertical plane containing the hole and its dip (the sample's geographic reference) were noted and the direction and dip were marked with orientated arrows on each sample. Once in the laboratory, the samples were prepared for analysis: i) the cores were cut to obtain samples around 22 mm high; ii) the exact dimensions of each sample (diameter and height) were measured and the volume calculated, which was then used to determine the magnetic susceptibility (Hrouda \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003ed\u0026eacute;lec et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this study, a total of ten sampling stations were established and numbered (1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16). At each station, an average of 4 to 5 samples were collected and subsequently prepared in the laboratory of Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto (FCUP). Following the sample cutting process, a total of 81 samples were analysed for this study. The distribution of these samples across the stations is illustrated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAMS measurements were carried out using a KLY-4S Kappabridge susceptibility balance from Agico (Czech Republic) in FCUP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Geochemistry\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe geochemical data involved samples of a larger volume of material (average 10 kg by sample). Samples were gathered in the quarry and near the locations where AMS sampling occurred. There were collected and processed 7 samples from the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite being 2 from the quarry (BrP1, BrP2) and 5 from other outcrops (Br-1, Br-2, Br-3, Br-4, Br-5). The samples were processed in the Earth Sciences Institute (ICT) laboratory in the FCUP facilities. Following sample treatment, samples were sent to ACTLABS. The analysis involved material fusion followed by examination via ICPMS (Activation Laboratories Ltd. (Actlabs) - Analytical Lab Services).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis results were utilized for calculating various parameters. With the major elements\u0026rsquo; contents, calculations were performed for the A, B, P and Q parameters, defined by Debon \u0026amp; Le Fort (1988), where A represents Al-(Na\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;K\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2Ca), B stands for Fe\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Mg\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ti, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;K - (Na\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca) and Q = (Si/3) - (K\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Na+(2Ca/3)). Additionally, the K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO/Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO ratio was determined. The discrimination between peraluminous, metaluminous, and peralkaline compositions was achieved using the A/CNK - A/NK diagram, as defined by Shand (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1927\u003c/span\u003e), where A/NK equals Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/(Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO) and A/CNK equals Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e/(CaO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the minor elements\u0026rsquo; contents, calculations were carried out for the ratios of K/Rb and Rb/Sr, predefined by El Bouseily (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1975\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding rare earth elements (REE), analysis included determining the contents of light REE (LREE) and heavy REE (HREE). After normalizing the REE values using the normalization factor determined by Evensen (1978), normalizing this data to the chondrite, REE spectra and the ratios La/Yb, La/Sm, Gd/Yb and Eu anomaly were calculated to evaluate the behavior of the LREE in relation to HREE.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe software GCDKIT, developed by Janoušek et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), was used for creating of some of the geochemical graphics presented in this work in the further section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1Petrography\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA petrographic study of Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eA and B) reveals the granite exhibits an inequigranular texture, with microcline representing a megacrystalline generation. Quartz occurs as xenomorphic, intergranular aggregates, occasionally displaying evidence of mechanical deformation, like the undulating extinction. The predominant plagioclase is albite-oligoclase, while potassium feldspar is mostly identified as microcline due to its characteristic twining. The microcline is mainly found in megacrystals with euhedral tendencies, which sometimes incorporate other minerals (quartz and plagioclase). Muscovite crystals, varying in size, consistently exhibit euhedral shapes, with two distinguishable generations: a primary one associated with quartz and plagioclase resulting from the crystallization of the granite, and secondary, resulting from sub-solidus alterations. Biotite is brown and pleochroic and sometimes partially altered to chlorite, often displaying iron oxides inclusion and some time being possible to see the formation of rutile needles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpaque minerals include late sulfides like pyrite, although rare, ilmenite being the principal opaque mineral. Ilmenite is commonly found near biotite alteration zones into chlorite, and its qualitative composition remains consistent across different areas, as confirmed by SEM analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies aided in identifying monazite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eC) and ilmenite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBesides that, in microscope is possible to identify some microstructures like undulating extinction in quartz and folded biotite indicative of a high-temperature deformation (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis granite exhibits deuteric alterations, it is possibly to identify different processes like microclinization, muscovitization, tourmalinization, kaolinization of K-feldspar and chloritization of the biotite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eB). Fracturing within the granite reveals fissures, often filled with sericite, ranging from intragranular to transgranular.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eA and B \u0026ndash; Microphotographs of Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite microstructures. A \u0026ndash; quartz (Qz), with undulating extinction, primary muscovite (Ms) and biotite (Bt) lightly folded near the quartz, microphotography in crossed polars (NX), scale bar corresponding to 500 \u0026micro;m; B \u0026ndash; Chlorite (Chl), presence of muscovite (Ms) and altered microcline (Mc), microphotography in parallel polars (N//), scale bar corresponding to 200 \u0026micro;m. (Mineral abbreviations used are after Whitney et al., 2010).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the petrographic study indicates that Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite is primarily composed of quartz, plagioclase, microcline, muscovite, and biotite, with accessory minerals including chlorite, tourmaline, apatite, sericite, zircon, ilmenite, monazite, rutile. These observations suggest that Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite is a medium to coarse grain porphyritic biotite-muscovite granite with megacrystals of microcline and tourmaline.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study showcases the outcomes derived from AMS investigations conducted on samples gathered from 10 stations (1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16). The results were obtained at room temperature and using the induction of a 300 A/m magnetic field. The data obtained was processed using the ANISOF 5.1 software (Chadima, 2020), which collected information on the AMS ellipsoid. The results, for each station, are summarised in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and will be discussed later.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScalar (Km, P% and T) and vectorial (K1 and K3) parameters with an indication of the average magnetic foliation and lineation; n\u0026mdash;number of sampling sites. Average AMS results for the granite massif of Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute;. K1d and K1i, direction and inclination of K1; K3d and K3i, direction and inclination of K3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKm 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e SI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK1\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK1\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLineation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK3\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK3\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoliation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.0\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.0\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N 289.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.6\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 75.6\u0026deg;; 59.1\u0026deg;NW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265.7\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N 265.7\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.2\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.1\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 06.2\u0026deg;; 21.9\u0026deg;NW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e272.0\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N272.0\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 92.7\u0026deg;; 83.9\u0026deg; SW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.338\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301.6\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N301.6\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.9\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 143.5\u0026deg;; 19.1\u0026deg; SW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.290\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.6\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N 52.6\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313.9\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 43.9\u0026deg;; 81.8\u0026deg;SE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.0\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.0\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N 73.2\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.9\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 75.9\u0026deg;; 89.2\u0026deg;NW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.3\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.3\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N 53.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 128.5\u0026deg;; 81.6\u0026deg; NE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248.1\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.5\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N 248.1\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 53.4\u0026deg;; 80.8\u0026deg; NW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N 315.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220.2\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 130.2\u0026deg;; 69.4\u0026deg; NE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.4\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.4\u0026deg; \u0026rarr; N 311.5\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.2\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN 56.2\u0026deg;; 50.3\u0026deg; NW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite have Km value ranges between 67.1 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e SI and 133.4 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e SI and an average Km value of 108.6 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e SI, these values show the contribution of the biotite for the Km. The granite of the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; shows magnetic anisotropies (P%) ranging from 2 to 8.9%. The T parameter indicates neutral to very slightly flattened ellipsoids in all the granites with values ranging from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.338 to 0.290, exception made to three sites that show cigar-shaped ellipsoids.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile for almost all the ellipsoids it can be said that the flattening reflects the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the biotite, there are three exceptions where the ellipsoid has a constricted shape which reflects, in the case of this granite, one of the alterations is related with the anisotropy of the tourmaline, present in a higher percentage in some samples, as explained by N\u0026eacute;d\u0026eacute;lec (2015) and Hrouda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnetic anisotropy fabrics are related to structures observed in the granites at different scales. Granites that are anisotropic in the field, with a visible orientation of biotite and/or K-feldspars and have magnetic anisotropies\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3% (Sant\u0026rsquo;Ovaia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite, among the stations analyzed, 6 stations exhibit P% values exceeding 3%. In these stations, a visible orientation of biotite can be observed in field and magmatic-to-high-temperature solid state microstructures (e.g. chess-board quartz extinction and folded micas) are observed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe magnetic plot shows that both foliations and lineations are very variable. The foliation present directions varying from NE-SW to NW-SE and varying dips (19\u0026deg; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;89\u0026deg;), on other hand the lineations present dip values ranging from 6 to 81\u0026ordm; and very variable directions as well (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe magnetic anisotropy values and microstructures, alongside with field observations, indicate deformation within the granitic magma, may be linked to the Moncorvo-Bemposta ductile shear zone (with orientation NE-SW) which may suggest some involvement of this structure when the emplacement of this massif took place. Is possible to observe that most of the samples present some orientation that can be correlated with the shear zone that occurs in the W side of the massif.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcerning the Km vs P% plot (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eA), it can be observed that the values of Km and P% have a proportional increasement, consistent with the findings established by Hrouda (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e). Also, the Km vs T plot reveals an increase of the oblateness degree with the increase of Km value (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eB). This trend is reasoned by the elevation of Km value, which correlates with a higher presence of biotite in the samples. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003eC shows that there is no discernible correlation P% and T.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Geochemistry\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the geochemical analysis are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, providing details such as the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation for each analyzed element, along with the laboratory's detection limit information. The major elements values are expressed in weight percentage, while those for minor and rare earth elements are in parts per million (ppm). The values present on the table are considering the total of 7 samples of Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite, being 2 from the quarry (BrP-1 and BrP-2) and 5 from different outcropping areas of this granite (Br-1, Br-2, Br-3, Br-4 and Br-5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content varies between 69.32 and 71.45 wt%. Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e content falls within the range of 15.44 to 16.48 wt%. All samples exhibit peraluminous character, with A/CNK ranging from 1.29 to 1.42, according with what was defined by Clarke (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e). The P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e contents show minimal deviation among samples, ranging from 0.3 to 0.39 wt%. In terms of CaO, the contents range from 0.87 to 1.15 wt%. K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO values ranges from 4.99 to 5.35 wt%, the Fe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e content ranges from 1.96 to 2.36 and the MgO values ranging from 1.96 to 2.36.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeochemical results. Minimum value (Min.), maximum value (Max.), average value (Av.) and standard deviation (s. d.). For all the values below de detection limit (d.l) the value presented is calculated by the half of the detection limit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed.l.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAv.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003es. d.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSiO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAl\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFe\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e(T) %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMnO %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMgO %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCaO %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNa\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eK\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTiO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eP\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLOI %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eF %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLi %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSc ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBe ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eV ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2f7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCr ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCo ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e 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colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSb ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCs ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBa ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e493\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e582\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e529.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLa ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCe ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePr ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNd ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSm ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEu ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGd ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTb ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDy ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHo ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEr ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTm ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYb ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLu ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHf ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTa ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eW ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTl ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePb ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBi ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTh ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eU ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSn ppm\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing the parameters defined by Shand (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1927\u003c/span\u003e) and plotting A/CNK vs A/NK (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eA) Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite correspond to a peraluminous composition, with values of A/CNK higher than 1.1 and A/NK higher than 1. When plotted on the B-A diagram from Debon and Le Fort (1988) and after adapted by Villaseca et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), all samples are situated within the f-P area, indicating felsic peraluminous compositions (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eB).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the samples present a composition that in diagram P-Q diagram correspond to granites (Debon and Le Fort 1988) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, in the Rb-(Y\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Nb) diagram, after Pearce (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eD), all samples are categorized as syn-collisional granites, with values of Y\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Nb\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100 ppm and Rb\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100 ppm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamining the minor element composition of the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite reveals contents of Ba, with concentrations ranging from 493 to 582 ppm, Sr from 179 to 198 ppm, Rb from 295 to 318 ppm, and Zr from 91 to 116 ppm. The granite exhibits low concentrations of W (ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 ppm) and Sn (ranging from 11 to 15 ppm), with levels of uranium (U) concentrations range from 4.34 to 7.52 ppm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite exhibits a total rare earth element (SREE) content, averaging 173.4 ppm, with the light rare earth elements (LREE) 164 ppm being more abundant than the heavy rare earth elements (HREE) 8.64 ppm. This dominance of LREE contributes to elevate La/Yb ratio values, averaging 35.53. The average Eu anomaly is 0.57. These findings align with observations from the REE spectra from the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e), characterized by a decrease HREE, relatively to LREE.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe spectra indicate that samples collected from the quarry have higher REE content compared to others which demonstrate the alteration factor with loss of REE. However, all spectra exhibit parallel patterns without any anomalies present.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough these conducted studies, our aim was to establish a correlation between the values obtained for magnetic susceptibility (Km) and the parameter B calculated in the geochemical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comparison was conducted between this granite and other Variscan two-mica ilmenite-type granites from the Central Iberian Zone, where Km values were previously acquired (Sant\u0026rsquo;Ovaia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Subsequently, a plot of Km versus the B parameter was generated (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be seen in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, it reveals two distinct groups: the first group exhibits Km values ranging from 20 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e SI to 75 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e SI, with parameter B varying between 20 to 25. This group includes all the two-mica granites (leucogranites) abundant in muscovite. The second group is characterized by Km values ranging from 55 x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e SI to 95 x10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e SI, with parameter B varying from 25 to 40. This group includes granites with comparable levels of muscovite and biotite. The Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite stands out as an exception due to its elevated titanium content, surpassing that of the other granites, and being the only one not corresponding to a leucogranite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eBru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite is composed by quartz\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;plagioclase\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;microcline\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;muscovite\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;biotite\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;chlorite\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;apatite\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;ilmenite\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;monazite\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;zircon\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;tourmaline.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the Km values, the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite exhibit paramagnetic behaviour, primarily attributed to the presence of biotite and ilmenite. Consequently, it is categorized within the group of \"ilmenite type\" granites (magnetite is completely absence from the mineralogy of this granite). Discrepancies in the average Km values reflect variations in the relative amounts of biotite compared to muscovite, and in some points of this massif is possible to find a higher content in tourmaline which alter the Km value according to N\u0026eacute;d\u0026eacute;lec et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), this alteration leads also to the shape alteration of the ellipsoid from a flatted type to a cigar-shaped type.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe AMS fabric aligns with the primary trend of the Moncorvo-Bemposta shear zone. This alignment, coupled with the granite's magnetic anisotropy exceeding 3% and high-temperature microstructures observed, which may indicate that the shear zone remained active during the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite's emplacement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe geochemical analysis allows us to determine that the granite exhibits peraluminous characteristics (A/CNK\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.1) following Clarke's criteria (1981).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite is categorized as a syn-collisional granite based on the Yb\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Nb versus Rb diagram. Syn-collisional granites, associated with the Variscan orogeny (Azevedo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Pereira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), a classification that aligns with observations in the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite being spatially associated with W mineralization (with a mean W content of 1.1 ppm), this granite is not enriched in W.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the REE spectra reveals a consistent behaviour across all samples, with those obtained from the quarry demonstrating higher REE content. This behaviour aligns with expectations for two-mica granites, as discussed in Rollinson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) and Cassini et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Like demonstrated by Rollinson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) in the case of felsic magmas, like was determined that is the case of this granite by using B-A diagram modified by Villaseca et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), the accessory minerals influence the REE pattern although the presence of them in small quantities, leading to a high fractionated spectrum, for example the presence of zircon deplete the heavy REE.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparing the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite with other two-mica granites from CIZ, all classified as ilmenite-type granites, reveals that these granites possess a lower content of mafic minerals, resulting in a lower B value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, it is possible to identify two distinct groups: one comprising leucogranites with two micas, predominantly muscovite-rich, and another group including leucogranites with two micas but with more comparable levels of biotite and muscovite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this comparison the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite stands out, potentially due to its elevated titanium content, causing it to deviate from the typical leucogranites group. Additionally, it can be concluded that the comparison of Km with the B parameter provides valuable insights into the quantity of mafic minerals, aiding in establishing patterns for two-mica granites without necessitating initial geochemical analyses, and in delineating the specific type of two-mica granite under investigation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no financial interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor contributions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Alexandra Mota, and Helena Sant\u0026rsquo;Ovaia. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Alexandra Mota and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work is supported by national funding awarded by FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology. I.P., projects UIDB/04683/2020 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.54499/UIDB/04683/2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.54499/UIDB/04683/2020\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) and UIDP/04683/2020 (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04683/2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.54499/UIDP/04683/2020\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). and the first author as a doctoral scholarship with the reference SFRH/BD/13757/2022.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAzevedo, M. 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Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Mineralogist\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e95\u003c/em\u003e(1), 185\u0026ndash;187. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2138/am.2010.3371\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-iberian-geology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jibg","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Iberian Geology](http://link.springer.com/journal/41513)","snPcode":"41513","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jibg/default2.aspx","title":"Journal of Iberian Geology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Iberian Peninsula, two-mica granites, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, petrography, geochemistry","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4450715/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4450715/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite outcropping in the NE of Portugal, is a porphyritic two-mica granite having associated, near the border of the massif, some pegmatites with tourmaline and quartz veins with W mineralization. Composed mainly of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, muscovite, biotite, and accessory minerals such apatite, chlorite, sericite, zircon, ilmenite, monazite, rutile, and tourmaline. Its paramagnetic behavior is primarily attributed to the presence of biotite and ilmenite, categorizing it as an \"ilmenite type\" granite. Variations in its biotite content and tourmaline, influence its magnetic properties and ellipsoid shape. The granite's AMS fabric aligns with the Moncorvo-Bemposta shear zone, indicating its emplacement during active tectonic activity. Geochemical analysis classifies it as a peraluminous granite. Despite its spatial association with tungsten mineralization, the Bru\u0026ccedil;\u0026oacute; granite does not exhibit specialization in tungsten. Analysis of REE spectra reveals consistent behavior, influenced by accessory minerals like zircon, leading to fractionated spectra. Comparisons with other two-mica granites from Central Iberian Zone highlight its unique titanium content and mineral composition, aiding in understanding granitic patterns and classifications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Bruçó granite (NE Portugal): a two-mica granite yet to be unveiled.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-04 09:11:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4450715/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2024-07-15T12:15:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-05-22T21:42:03+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-22T13:44:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Journal of Iberian Geology","date":"2024-05-22T13:34:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-22T11:50:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Iberian Geology","date":"2024-05-21T15:11:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-iberian-geology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jibg","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Iberian Geology](http://link.springer.com/journal/41513)","snPcode":"41513","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jibg/default2.aspx","title":"Journal of Iberian Geology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"da584fb9-9716-487d-970c-ffd87072e3fb","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-22T05:33:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-04 09:11:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4450715","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4450715","identity":"rs-4450715","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}