Magnitude and Associated Factors of Dignity Preservation Among Hospitalized Patients, Mwanza Region Northwestern Tanzania. A cross sectional study

Magnitude and Associated Factors of Dignity Preservation Among Hospitalized Patients, Mwanza Region Northwestern Tanzania. 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A cross sectional study Ndakibae Gabriel Mabega, Halima Mwaisungu, Haule Amon Solomon Lazaro, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4454927/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Dignity is considered a fundamental human right and is recognized as one of the core concepts in patient care. Human beings have an intrinsic value that differentiates them from other creatures and thus deserve respect and privacy irrespective of their position. Therefore, a violation of human dignity is also regarded as a violation of human rights. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of dignity preservation and its associated factors among hospitalized patients. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 hospitalized patients in the two teaching hospitals of Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) and Mwanza Regional Referral Hospital. Data were collected by a questionnaire of two sections: (a) Demographic characteristics and (b) Patient dignity scale, including 32 statements. Data were analyzed by Stata version 15E software, whereby a student’s t-test statistic was used to compare the total dignity mean score of demographic variables with two categories and the ANOVA test statistic for comparison of the total dignity mean score of demographic and other variables with more than two categories. Results: Majority of patients 175(64.8%) were not informed about their basic rights. There was a significant difference in the mean score of total dignity among males and females (p=0.016), single and married people (p=0.005), those who attended Bugando Medical Centre and Mwanza Regional Referral Hospital (Sekouture) (p=0.002), and those who were admitted to a private and general ward (p=0.029). Conclusion: The healthcare system should consider dignity preservation through comprehensive education to healthcare providers about the importance of dignified care and patient rights in hospitals. Patient Rights Dignity Care Hospitalized Introduction Respect for patient dignity is a recognized principle in the healthcare system that has increased attention in recent healthcare practices( 1 ). Studies show a significant association between care which considers dignity, and patient outcomes( 2 ). Care that does not include dignity would negatively affect patient recovery while preserving dignified care enhances patient recovery and promotes emotional comfort( 3 ).Therefore, respecting patient dignity is essential in maintaining high-quality health care. Dignity is the quality of being worthy of respect or esteem, which refers to a personal sense of worth and is connected with a person's esteem and perceptions of being respected by others( 4 ). The studies show that maintaining dignity includes respecting patient, protecting their privacy, and respecting their autonomy( 5 ). Furthermore, preserving patient dignity includes emotional support, and involvement in the treatment plan in disease progression( 6 ). Dignity is considered an essential human need, and every person wants his or her dignity to be preserved irrespective of the status, including in healthcare settings. Moreover, dignified care is an essential goal of comprehensive care, and healthcare providers are expected to ensure and maintain dignity in delivering patient care. Furthermore, respecting human rights and dignity is a core ethical value in medical practices( 7 ). Even though dignity has been given priority, recent studies report the lack of respect, privacy, and dignity within the healthcare setting( 8 ). Some studies show that patients are vulnerable to losing their dignity in hospitals( 9 ). Though the significance of dignity in clinical practice has been widely documented in various literature, limited studies have been conducted to examine if dignity is preserved in clinical practices. However, the reason why dignity is not preserved has yet not well known. Therefore, understanding the magnitude and its associated factors in dignified care at the hospital settings will help healthcare providers to have clear understanding in this important issue. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the magnitude of dignity preservation and its associated factors among hospitalized patients. Material and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted during period of October, 2022 to January, 2023. A single proportion sample size formula \(n=\frac{{z}^{2}p(1-p)}{{e}^{2}}\) was used to calculate sample size. Where z is the standard normal deviation of 1.96 at 95% confidence level, P is the proportion of the study population preserved dignity (0.5), and e is the desired precision (0.05). The anticipated sample size for this study was 384, However due to limited time and other unavoidable reasons the study was able to reach a sample size of 270. The participants were selected by using cluster sampling method. The hospital wards (surgical, internal medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Orthopedics, and ENT) were considered as clusters, and in each cluster (ward), patients were randomly selected. The patient’s inclusion criteria include hospitalized adult patient (aged ≥ 18 years) for more than a day, who is not mentally ill and able to give informed consent. The study questions include the patients’ demographic characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, education level, employment status, and other potential variables. We adapted dignity related scale which consists of 32 statements that measure patient’s dignity( 10 ). The response scored in a 5-point Likert scale which indicated never [1], seldom [2], sometimes [3], often [4], and always [5]. Therefore, sum of total score ranged from 32 to 160. Results were presented using means, and standard deviation in each statement, whereby the highest the score indicate the better-preserved patient dignity, while the lower the score indicated the low preserved of patient’s dignity. The tool was sent to 5 experts for review, and their comments were incorporated before administered to patients. Likewise, a pilot study was done to a total of 15 patients, who were interviewed as part of evaluating questions whether are really understandable, and answered as intended. The noted mistake was corrected based on the comments provided by the piloted patients, and their information were excluded from the study. The questionnaire showed high internal consistency with a (Cronbach alpha of 0.81). Data were analyzed by Stata version 15E software whereby a student’s t-test statistic was used to compare the total dignity mean score of demographic variables with two categories, and the ANOVA test statistic was used for comparison of total dignity mean score of demographic and other variables with more than two categories. Subsequently, the Levene’s test, and the Bartlett's test for equal variance was done prior to analysis in both independent t-test and ANOVA test, respectively. When the variance was not homogeneous across the groups, the Welch test was used for comparison of group means. Results The total of 270 patients were surveyed. Majority of patient 183(67.8%) had the age range between 18–39 years, more than half 150(55.6%) were females, and 120(44.4%) were males. Among them 169(62.6%) were married. Of the 270 patients, 125(46.3%) were hospitalized for 1–7 days, 97(35.9%) for 8–14 days, 27(10.0%) for 15-21days, and 21(7.8%) more than 21 days. Amongst 174(64.4%), 65(24.1%), 31(11.5%) being hospitalized for the first, second and third times respectively. Results show that, majority of patients 175(64.8%) were not informed about their basic rights. There was a significant difference in mean score of total dignity among male and female (p = 0.016), single and married people (p = 0.005), those who attended at Bugando and Mwanza Regional Referral hospital (Sekouture) (p = 0.002), and those who admitted to private and general ward (p = 0.029). However, there was no significance difference in mean score of preserving dignity between employment status of the patients (p = 0.603), age group 18–39 and 40–59 (p = 0.06), duration of hospital stays (p = 0.097), and frequency of hospitalization (p = 0.875) ( Table 1 ) Table 1 Comparison of mean scores of total dignities based on demographic profiles and its associated factors Variable N (%) Mean score of total dignity (SD) Statistics Sex Male 120(44.4) 75.8(14.0) t=-2.4, df = 268, p = 0.016 Female 150(55.6) 80.2(15.6) Marital status Married 169(62.6) 80.4(15.5) f = 4.3, df = 3, p = 0.005 Single 75(27.8) 74.7(13.9) Widowed 18(6.6) 78(10.8) Divorced 8(3.0) 66.5(14.3) Employment status Unemployed 52(19.3) 78.8(16.0) f = 0.69, df = 4, p = 0.603 Employed 78(28.9) 76.9(14.9) Retired 13(4.8) 80.1(17.1) Housewife 36(13.3) 81.5(17.0) Entrepreneur 91(33.7) 77.6(13.7) Age categories 18–39 183(67.8) 79.4(14.5) f = 2.81, df = 2, p = 0.062 40–59 72(26.7) 74.8(15.9) > 60 15(5.5) 81.4(16.8) Hospital Bugando Medical Centre 210(77.8) 79.8(15.1) t = 3.208, df = 268, p = 0.0015 Mwanza Regional Referral Hospital (Sekouture) 60(22.2) 72.9(13.9) Admitted ward Private 34(12.6) 84.6(14.8) f = 3.6, df = 2, p = 0.0288 VIP 4(1.5) 81.3(6.1) General ward 232(85.9) 77.3(15.0) Duration of hospital stay 1-7days 125(46.3) 76.7(15.8) f = 2.13, df = 3, p = 0.097 8-14days 97(35.9) 81.3(14.8) 15-21days 27(10.0) 75.2(12.4) > 21days 21(7.8) 77.7(13.3) Frequency of hospitalization First time 174(64.4) 78.6(16.0) f = 0.13, df = 2, p = 0.8747 Second time 65(24.1) 77.6(14.3) More than three times 31(11.5) 77.7(11.3) Insurance Yes 96(35.6) 75.9(13.5) t = 1.883, df = 268, p = 0.061 No 174(64.4) 79.5(15.8) Statement describe how you feel Yes 248(91.9) 77.4(14.9) t = 3.32, df = 268, p = 0.001 No 22(8.2) 88.3(13.4) Segregated by sex Yes 262(97.0) 78.3(14.9) t=-0.86, df = 268, p = 0.391 No 8(3.0) 73.8(22.1) Enough privacy Yes 143(53.0) 80.5(12.8) t=-2.58, df = 234, p = 0.011 No 127(47.0) 75.7(17.0) Space for family-care Yes 167(61.9) 78.1(13.4) t = 0.194, df = 177, p = 0.841 No 103(38.1) 78.5(17.5) Structure breach information Yes 135(50) 75.1(16.5) t = 3.57, df = 253, p = 0.0004 No 135(50) 81.5(12.7) Maintain visual privacy Yes 110(40.7) 73.2(12.2) t = 4.98, df = 267, p = 0.0001 No 160(59.3) 81.7(15.9) Preserve dignity Yes 185(68.5) 82.3(12.9) t=-6.62, df = 139, p = 0.0001 No 85(31.5) 69.4(15.7) Regarding the patient’s dignity, the most respected dignity items which responded by patients that were always preserving their dignity includes; 59.6% responds to question no.6 that “medical staffs always avoid sitting on their bed”, 56.3% replied to question no.23 that “always medical staff response to them correctly”, and 54.1% answered to question no.20 that “always medical staff refer to them when using their name rather than the number of their bed” ( Table 2 ). Table 2 Respect to each item of patient's dignity from the patients' views Statements related to patient dignity Never N (%) Seldom N (%) Sometimes N (%) Often N (%) Always N (%) Medical staff asks your permission before entering your room/ ward 218(80.7) 23(8.5) 18(6.7) 3(1.1) 8(3.0) Medical staff introduces themselves to you during the first meeting in the hospital 83(30.7) 37(13.7) 69(25.6) 42(15.6) 39(14.4) Medical staff asks your permission before performing care procedures on your body 26(9.6) 16(5.9) 87(32.2) 65(24.1) 76(28.2) Medical staff ask your permission before moving your personal belongings 29(10.7) 17(6.3) 75(27.8) 51(18.9) 98(36.3) Medical staff respect your request about personal space and selecting desired room or bed 135(50.0) 22(8.2) 39(14.4) 43(15.9) 31(11.5) Staff avoid sitting on your bed 12(4.4) 10(3.7) 27(10.0) 60(22.2) 161(59.6) Staff avoids disturbing your sleep or your rest? 10(3.7) 22(8.2) 52(19.3) 44(16.3) 142(52.6) Did male staffs take care of male patient and female staffs take care of female patient in the ward? 254(94.1) 3(1.1) 6(2.2) 4(1.5) 3(1.1) The male staff was not allowed to enter female patient room and vice versa? 254(94.1) 5(1.9) 5(1.9) 1(0.4) 5(1.9) Medical staff takes care to cover the parts of your body when doing a procedure? 13(4.8) 2(0.7) 58(21.5) 82(30.4) 115(42.6) Medical staff take care to cover the private parts of your body at the end of each procedure 10(3.7) 5(1.9) 50(18.5) 89(33.0) 116(43.0) While undergoing medical procedures which required the exposure of private parts of your body, did the door of your room remain closed 90(33.3) 20(7.4) 47(17.4) 56(20.7) 57(21.1) Medical staff takes care to use curtains around your bed before doing a procedure 14(5.2) 7(2.6) 56(20.7) 76(28.2) 117(43.3) To what extent has the necessary facilities for your worship and prayer prepared? 44(16.3) 29(10.7) 53(19.6) 51(18.9) 93(34.4) To what extent has the staff respond to your request promptly? 9(3.3) 18(6.7) 38(14.1) 81(30.0) 124(45.9) Did medical staff treat you with care and caution during painful procedures for you 2(0.7) 9(3.3) 65(24.1) 84(31.1) 110(40.7) Did medical staff respect your request on having a caregiver in your room 76(28.2) 38(14.1) 36(13.3) 59(21.9) 61(22.6) Medical staffs ask your problem and concern and try to resolve them 25(9.3) 29(10.7) 75(27.8) 66(24.4) 75(27.8) Did medical staff do greet before doing any medical procedures? 6(2.2) 10(3.7) 47(17.4) 94(34.8) 113(41.9) Medical staff refer to you using your name rather than the number of your bed 0(0.0) 8(3.0) 33(12.2) 83(30.7) 146(54.1) Medical staff interact with you using a kind and warm tone 3(1.1) 6(2.2) 51(18.9) 81(30.0) 129(47.8) Medical staff listen to you carefully 2(0.7) 9(3.3) 43(15.9) 80(29.6) 136(50.4) Medical staff response to you correctly 2(0.7) 7(2.6) 33(12.2) 76(28.2) 152(56.3) Medical staffs are polite to my family as well as to me. 4(1.5) 19(7.0) 50(18.5) 76(28.2) 121(44.8) Medical staff let me participate in the decision-making processes regarding my own treatment choices 108(40.0) 26(9.6) 67(24.8) 56(20.7) 13(4.8) Medical staff offer different choices so I can decide on my treatment 81(30.0) 32(11.9) 77(28.5) 37(13.7) 43(15.9) Medical staff does not disclose my sensitive information, such as family issues, to healthcare workers other than my own physicians and nurses. 14(5.2) 11(4.1) 49(18.2) 89(33.0) 107(39.6) Medical staff do not collect information that is unnecessary for my medical treatment or nursing care 8(3.0) 7(2.6) 47(17.4) 81(30.0) 127(47.0) Medical staff treat and care for me as a living human being rather than an object 3(1.1) 1(0.4) 31(11.5) 94(34.8) 141(52.2) Medical staff gives my needs or expectations priority in their everyday practice 4(1.5) 11(4.1) 62(23.0) 76(28.2) 117(43.3) Medical staff maintains eye contact with you while talking 1(0.4) 11(4.1) 89(33.0) 70(25.9) 99(36.7) Medical staff have informed you of your basic rights as long as you are here in the hospital 175(64.8) 18(6.7) 20(7.4) 45(16.7) 12(4.4) The most three items responded by the patients that it never preserved by the medical staffs includes; 94.1% responds to both question no. 8 and 9 that “male staffs never take care of male patient and female staffs never take care of female patient in the ward” and “male staffs were never not allowed to enter female patient room and vice versa” respectively, 80.7% said to question no.1 that “medical staffs never asks for their permission before entering their room/ ward”, and 64.8% replied to question no.32 that “medical staffs have never informed them of their basic rights as long as they are here in the hospital” ( Table 2 ). Results show that the overall mean (SD) score of total patients’ dignity was 78.3 (15.1) with the minimum and maximum scores range between 23 and 115. Discussion The study aimed to determine the magnitude and associated factors of dignity preservation among hospitalized patients. This study showed that 64.8% of the patient were not informed about their basic rights. Therefore, majority of the patient were not aware about their rights during their hospitals stay. Patient awareness of their rights differ from various countries and depends on the levels of understanding( 11 ). The previous study showed that 95.2% of the patient in Sudan were not aware about their rights( 12 ). But in other country such as Ethiopia, almost 76% patients were aware about their rights( 11 ). Dignity has been recognized as a fundamental basis in medical practices, healthcare providers are professionally accountable for preservation, promotion and provisions of dignity in their daily clinical care( 13 ). Nearly 43.3% of the patient in this study commented medical staff has always use curtains around their beds before doing procedures. It has been known that using curtains around the patient’s bed during medical procedures is one way of preserving the patient dignity( 10 ). Aydin argued that, maintaining privacy during patient care is crucial to medical practices, it involves using curtains around the patient’s bed during medical procedures ( 14 ). The international Council of Nurses Code of ethics also emphasizes the importance of dignified care( 15 ). Baillie et al., believe that physical environment, communication and preserving privacy is crucial in protecting patient dignity( 3 , 8 ). The studies shows that, exposing and uncovered patient’s body during medical procedures is a threat to patient dignity( 16 ). Many patients believes that, their dignity must be respected during the hospital stay as part of regions and spiritual beliefs( 17 ). Our findings are similar to Fuseini et al.,( 7 ) viewed that, patient dignity is not well preserved, patient experience mild to severe loss of dignity. It has been recognized that the quality of care is not only for the care which given to clients, but also depend on how healthcare providers interact with patients ( 18 ). The studies found that, patient involvement in decision making was associated with positive outcome such as patient satisfaction and treatment adherence( 19 ).The results showed that only 4.8% of the patient were involved in the decision-making processes. This study is in line with Nuwagaba et al., study ( 20 ). In their study, only 11.3% of the patients had adequately participated in shared decision making. According to the results, 80.7% of the participants said that, medical staffs never ask the permission before entering their room. This results is not similar with Zirak et al., study( 10 ). In their study, 31.3% of the participants reported that, medical staffs never ask the permission before entering their room. Studies had shown that, physical environment has the significance influence on patient’s dignity( 7 , 21 ). In this study, approximately one third of the participants commented that while undergoing medical procedures the door of their room never remains closed. This results is not consistent with Ferry et., ( 22 ). In their study 72% of the patients stated that the door remains closed while undergoing medical procedures which required the exposure of private parts of the body. The study by Webster et al., ( 23 ) elderly affirmed that, promoting body privacy is one of the factors of preserving dignity. Effective communication between healthcare providers and patients is an essential skill to clinical practices. To maintain this relationship, healthcare providers and patients must know each other to facilitate the rapport. In this regard Granger ( 24 ) argue that healthcare staff must properly introduce themselves to the patients. However, in our study almost 30.7% of the participants reported that medical staffs never introduce themselves to patients. Our finding is not in line with Ferri et al ( 22 ). In their study 74% of the participants stated that medical staffs never introduce themselves to the patients. Studies have shown that diseases can decrease a person’s ability to maintain their dignity. However, many people wish to see their dignity are preserved irrespective of undesirable situations( 25 , 26 ). Dignified care can be delivered when the healthcare provided achieves and recognizes human value( 27 ). Respecting human dignity is not merely the tasks of nurses and doctors, but is a fundamental principles of medical care( 15 , 28 , 29 ). Studies show that patients who reported higher levels of dignity were more likely to report higher levels of satisfaction and adherence to the treatments( 30 , 31 ). In contrast, lack of dignity may cause poor health quality and negatively impact the patient's recovery. ( 32 ). Our findings indicated that the mean score of dignity preservation in the General ward was less than that of Private and VIP. These results seem to be logical regarding the patient’s socioeconomic status and dignity preservation. Patients admitted to the VIP and Private wards had their dignity more preserved compared to the General ward. Also, the mean score of the patients hospitalized in Mwanza Regional Hospital (Sekouture) was less than that of patients hospitalized in Bugando Hospital. This can be explained by the large number of patients admitted to Mwanza Regional Hospital (Sekouture) compared to its capacity. Therefore, the large number of patients hospitalized within the wards are overcrowded, which creates the situation of violations of patient’s dignity. It seems that medical staffs such as nurses and physician have little knowledge of patient’s rights and dignity. So, it is recommended that comprehensive education to healthcare providers and family members about the importance of dignified care and patient rights in hospitals should be emphasized. Study Limitation One of the limitations of this study was the selection of participants, the participants were selected from one city, this may decrease the generalization of the results. However, a large number of sample size were included. In addition, the study conducted on patient views without triangulate to other sides of the medical staff. So, it is recommended to investigate medical staffs views in future studies. Abbreviations BMC Bugando Medical Centre CREC CUHAS Research Ethics Committee CUHAS Catholic University of Health and Allied Science Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s). This study was approved by BMC/CUHAS ETHICS COMMITTEE and granted an ethical certificate approval, Ref. No CREC/556/2022. Permission for conducting the research was granted by the Director General of BMC. The consent was also sought from the participants before recruitment. Consent for Publication N/A Availability of data and materials Data is provided within the manuscript will be available when needed Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests Funding N/A Authors' contributions NG – Conceptualization, proposal writing, data collection, analysis and manuscript writing. HM- Data collection and manuscript writing GP- Conceptualization, designing of data collection tools and analysis HL- Proposal writing, data collection, analysis and manuscript writing Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge all people who participated in this study, particularly participants, the Director General BMC hospital, Regional Administrative secretary, Mwanza region, Medical Officer in charge Mwanza Regional Referral Hospital and those who in one way or another have contributed to the development of this research. References Ebrahimi H, Torabizadeh C, Mohammadi E, Valizadeh S. Patients’ perception of dignity in Iranian healthcare settings: A qualitative content analysis. J Med Ethics. 2012;38(12):723–8. Torabizadeh C, Jafari S, Momennasab M. Patient’s Dignity: Viewpoints of Patients and Nurses in Hospitals. Hosp Top [Internet]. 2021;99(4):187–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2021.1897487 . Baillie L. 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Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(4):331–8. Amininasab SS, Lolaty HA, Moosazadeh M, Shafipour V. The relationship between human dignity and medication adherence in patients with heart failure. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2017;10:1–8. Stephen Ekpenyong M, Nyashanu M, Ossey-Nweze C, Serrant L. Exploring the perceptions of dignity among patients and nurses in hospital and community settings: an integrative review. J Res Nurs. 2021;26(6):517–37. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files EnglishversionDignityScale18052022.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4454927","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":313955492,"identity":"681786b6-5d9b-456a-b85e-7a5029ea46ee","order_by":0,"name":"Ndakibae Gabriel Mabega","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABB0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCBGaGxAYQgwfIZrCQAzEPPCBBi4QxWEsCIS2MMC0MDBIQ7fi0mLMnPzZ4uMNOTt797LEPDyok0ueHHX4ItMVOTrcBuxbLnmfGCYlnko0Nz+Qlz0g4I5G78XaaAVBLsrHZAexaDG4kGB9IbGNO3NiQY8yQ2AbUMjsBpOVA4jacWtI/A7XU12/sfwPU8k8i3XB2+gcCWnKADms7nCAvAbKlQSJBXjqHgC1n3hQbJJ45brhB4l0yQ8IxCcMN0jkFBxIM8PjlePpmyZ87quXl+3MPM/6osZGXn52++cOHCjs5XFoQeg+gMAwIKAcB+QZ0xigYBaNgFIwCKAAASHBnJhX9KfgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ndakibae","middleName":"Gabriel","lastName":"Mabega","suffix":""},{"id":313955493,"identity":"3052a901-5d48-40e0-b59a-985ccb875b78","order_by":1,"name":"Halima Mwaisungu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Halima","middleName":"","lastName":"Mwaisungu","suffix":""},{"id":313955494,"identity":"aca4ff2b-2b81-4498-8d5d-cf4fff293a98","order_by":2,"name":"Haule Amon Solomon Lazaro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haule","middleName":"Amon Solomon","lastName":"Lazaro","suffix":""},{"id":313955495,"identity":"2517c742-b8e3-4683-96d5-7a3b2cd7c63b","order_by":3,"name":"Gerald Phares Mwing’a","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute for Medical Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gerald","middleName":"Phares","lastName":"Mwing’a","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-21 12:48:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4454927/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4454927/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69633889,"identity":"d1edc85b-ae0d-4308-80fe-aa79f105ade4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-22 12:47:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":780922,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4454927/v1/0c37b766-9569-4399-b006-bc7cc07b0dcc.pdf"},{"id":58353323,"identity":"1f684458-5071-4e97-aea7-33effe2b3c7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 09:27:57","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":20176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"EnglishversionDignityScale18052022.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4454927/v1/359c8d7ab3ea60a1b0eb6aa1.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Magnitude and Associated Factors of Dignity Preservation Among Hospitalized Patients, Mwanza Region Northwestern Tanzania. A cross sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRespect for patient dignity is a recognized principle in the healthcare system that has increased attention in recent healthcare practices(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Studies show a significant association between care which considers dignity, and patient outcomes(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Care that does not include dignity would negatively affect patient recovery while preserving dignified care enhances patient recovery and promotes emotional comfort(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).Therefore, respecting patient dignity is essential in maintaining high-quality health care.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eDignity\u003c/em\u003e is the quality of being worthy of respect or esteem, which refers to a personal sense of worth and is connected with a person's esteem and perceptions of being respected by others(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The studies show that maintaining dignity includes respecting patient, protecting their privacy, and respecting their autonomy(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, preserving patient dignity includes emotional support, and involvement in the treatment plan in disease progression(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDignity is considered an essential human need, and every person wants his or her dignity to be preserved irrespective of the status, including in healthcare settings. Moreover, dignified care is an essential goal of comprehensive care, and healthcare providers are expected to ensure and maintain dignity in delivering patient care. Furthermore, respecting human rights and dignity is a core ethical value in medical practices(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though dignity has been given priority, recent studies report the lack of respect, privacy, and dignity within the healthcare setting(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Some studies show that patients are vulnerable to losing their dignity in hospitals(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Though the significance of dignity in clinical practice has been widely documented in various literature, limited studies have been conducted to examine if dignity is preserved in clinical practices. However, the reason why dignity is not preserved has yet not well known. Therefore, understanding the magnitude and its associated factors in dignified care at the hospital settings will help healthcare providers to have clear understanding in this important issue. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the magnitude of dignity preservation and its associated factors among hospitalized patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study was conducted during period of October, 2022 to January, 2023. A single proportion sample size formula \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(n=\\frac{{z}^{2}p(1-p)}{{e}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e was used to calculate sample size. Where z is the standard normal deviation of 1.96 at 95% confidence level, P is the proportion of the study population preserved dignity (0.5), and e is the desired precision (0.05). The anticipated sample size for this study was 384, However due to limited time and other unavoidable reasons the study was able to reach a sample size of 270. The participants were selected by using cluster sampling method. The hospital wards (surgical, internal medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Orthopedics, and ENT) were considered as clusters, and in each cluster (ward), patients were randomly selected. The patient\u0026rsquo;s inclusion criteria include hospitalized adult patient (aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18 years) for more than a day, who is not mentally ill and able to give informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study questions include the patients\u0026rsquo; demographic characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, education level, employment status, and other potential variables. We adapted dignity related scale which consists of 32 statements that measure patient\u0026rsquo;s dignity(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). The response scored in a 5-point Likert scale which indicated never [1], seldom [2], sometimes [3], often [4], and always [5]. Therefore, sum of total score ranged from 32 to 160. Results were presented using means, and standard deviation in each statement, whereby the highest the score indicate the better-preserved patient dignity, while the lower the score indicated the low preserved of patient\u0026rsquo;s dignity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe tool was sent to 5 experts for review, and their comments were incorporated before administered to patients. Likewise, a pilot study was done to a total of 15 patients, who were interviewed as part of evaluating questions whether are really understandable, and answered as intended. The noted mistake was corrected based on the comments provided by the piloted patients, and their information were excluded from the study. The questionnaire showed high internal consistency with a (Cronbach alpha of 0.81).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed by Stata version 15E software whereby a student\u0026rsquo;s t-test statistic was used to compare the total dignity mean score of demographic variables with two categories, and the ANOVA test statistic was used for comparison of total dignity mean score of demographic and other variables with more than two categories. Subsequently, the Levene\u0026rsquo;s test, and the Bartlett's test for equal variance was done prior to analysis in both independent t-test and ANOVA test, respectively. When the variance was not homogeneous across the groups, the Welch test was used for comparison of group means.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe total of 270 patients were surveyed. Majority of patient 183(67.8%) had the age range between 18\u0026ndash;39 years, more than half 150(55.6%) were females, and 120(44.4%) were males. Among them 169(62.6%) were married. Of the 270 patients, 125(46.3%) were hospitalized for 1\u0026ndash;7 days, 97(35.9%) for 8\u0026ndash;14 days, 27(10.0%) for 15-21days, and 21(7.8%) more than 21 days. Amongst 174(64.4%), 65(24.1%), 31(11.5%) being hospitalized for the first, second and third times respectively. Results show that, majority of patients 175(64.8%) were not informed about their basic rights.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was a significant difference in mean score of total dignity among male and female (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016), single and married people (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005), those who attended at Bugando and Mwanza Regional Referral hospital (Sekouture) (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), and those who admitted to private and general ward (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.029). However, there was no significance difference in mean score of preserving dignity between employment status of the patients (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.603), age group 18\u0026ndash;39 and 40\u0026ndash;59 (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.06), duration of hospital stays (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.097), and frequency of hospitalization (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.875) \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of mean scores of total dignities based on demographic profiles and its associated factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean score of total dignity (SD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.8(14.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et=-2.4, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;268, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.2(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169(62.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.4(15.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.3, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.7(13.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(10.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.5(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(19.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.8(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.69, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78(28.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.9(14.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.1(17.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.5(17.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEntrepreneur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91(33.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.6(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge categories\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183(67.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.4(14.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.81, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72(26.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.8(15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15(5.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.4(16.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHospital\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBugando Medical Centre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210(77.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.8(15.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.208, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;268, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMwanza Regional Referral Hospital (Sekouture)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.9(13.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAdmitted ward\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34(12.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.6(14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.6, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVIP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.3(6.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232(85.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.3(15.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDuration of hospital stay\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-7days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125(46.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.7(15.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.13, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8-14days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97(35.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.3(14.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15-21days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.2(12.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;21days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.7(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of hospitalization\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174(64.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.6(16.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ef\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.8747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecond time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(24.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.6(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than three times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.7(11.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInsurance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96(35.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.9(13.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.883, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;268, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174(64.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.5(15.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatement describe how you feel\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248(91.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.4(14.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.32, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;268, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.3(13.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSegregated by sex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262(97.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.3(14.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et=-0.86, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;268, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.391\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.8(22.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnough privacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143(53.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.5(12.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et=-2.58, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;234, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127(47.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.7(17.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpace for family-care\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167(61.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.1(13.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.194, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;177, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.841\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103(38.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.5(17.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStructure breach information\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.1(16.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.57, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;253, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(50)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.5(12.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaintain visual privacy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(40.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2(12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.98, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;267, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160(59.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.7(15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreserve dignity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185(68.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.3(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et=-6.62, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;139, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85(31.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.4(15.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the patient\u0026rsquo;s dignity, the most respected dignity items which responded by patients that were always preserving their dignity includes; 59.6% responds to question no.6 that \u0026ldquo;medical staffs always avoid sitting on their bed\u0026rdquo;, 56.3% replied to question no.23 that \u0026ldquo;always medical staff response to them correctly\u0026rdquo;, and 54.1% answered to question no.20 that \u0026ldquo;always medical staff refer to them when using their name rather than the number of their bed\u0026rdquo; \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespect to each item of patient's dignity from the patients' views\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatements related to patient dignity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeldom\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSometimes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlways\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff asks your permission before entering your room/ ward\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e218(80.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff introduces themselves to you during the first meeting in the hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(30.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69(25.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(14.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff asks your permission before performing care procedures on your body\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16(5.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87(32.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(24.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff ask your permission before moving your personal belongings\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17(6.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(18.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98(36.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff respect your request about personal space and selecting desired room or bed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135(50.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39(14.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStaff avoid sitting on your bed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161(59.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStaff avoids disturbing your sleep or your rest?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52(19.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(16.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142(52.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid male staffs take care of male patient and female staffs take care of female patient in the ward?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254(94.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe male staff was not allowed to enter female patient room and vice versa?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254(94.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff takes care to cover the parts of your body when doing a procedure?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58(21.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82(30.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115(42.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff take care to cover the private parts of your body at the end of each procedure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(18.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116(43.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile undergoing medical procedures which required the exposure of private parts of your body, did the door of your room remain closed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(20.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57(21.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff takes care to use curtains around your bed before doing a procedure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(20.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(43.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo what extent has the necessary facilities for your worship and prayer prepared?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44(16.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53(19.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(18.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93(34.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo what extent has the staff respond to your request promptly?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(14.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124(45.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid medical staff treat you with care and caution during painful procedures for you\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65(24.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84(31.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110(40.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid medical staff respect your request on having a caregiver in your room\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38(14.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59(21.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61(22.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staffs ask your problem and concern and try to resolve them\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25(9.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66(24.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDid medical staff do greet before doing any medical procedures?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10(3.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94(34.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113(41.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff refer to you using your name rather than the number of your bed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0(0.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83(30.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e146(54.1)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff interact with you using a kind and warm tone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6(2.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51(18.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129(47.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff listen to you carefully\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80(29.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136(50.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff response to you correctly\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(0.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33(12.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e152(56.3)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staffs are polite to my family as well as to me.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19(7.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50(18.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121(44.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff let me participate in the decision-making processes regarding my own treatment choices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e108(40.0)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26(9.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67(24.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56(20.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13(4.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff offer different choices so I can decide on my treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32(11.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77(28.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43(15.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff does not disclose my sensitive information, such as family issues, to healthcare workers other than my own physicians and nurses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49(18.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107(39.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff do not collect information that is unnecessary for my medical treatment or nursing care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8(3.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7(2.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47(17.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81(30.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127(47.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff treat and care for me as a living human being rather than an object\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3(1.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94(34.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141(52.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff gives my needs or expectations priority in their everyday practice\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62(23.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76(28.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117(43.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff maintains eye contact with you while talking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1(0.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89(33.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70(25.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99(36.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical staff have informed you of your basic rights as long as you are here in the hospital\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175(64.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18(6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20(7.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12(4.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most three items responded by the patients that it never preserved by the medical staffs includes; 94.1% responds to both question no. 8 and 9 that \u0026ldquo;male staffs never take care of male patient and female staffs never take care of female patient in the ward\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;male staffs were never not allowed to enter female patient room and vice versa\u0026rdquo; respectively, 80.7% said to question no.1 that \u0026ldquo;medical staffs never asks for their permission before entering their room/ ward\u0026rdquo;, and 64.8% replied to question no.32 that \u0026ldquo;medical staffs have never informed them of their basic rights as long as they are here in the hospital\u0026rdquo; \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eTable\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e).\u003c/b\u003e Results show that the overall mean (SD) score of total patients\u0026rsquo; dignity was 78.3 (15.1) with the minimum and maximum scores range between 23 and 115.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aimed to determine the magnitude and associated factors of dignity preservation among hospitalized patients. This study showed that 64.8% of the patient were not informed about their basic rights. Therefore, majority of the patient were not aware about their rights during their hospitals stay. Patient awareness of their rights differ from various countries and depends on the levels of understanding(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). The previous study showed that 95.2% of the patient in Sudan were not aware about their rights(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). But in other country such as Ethiopia, almost 76% patients were aware about their rights(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Dignity has been recognized as a fundamental basis in medical practices, healthcare providers are professionally accountable for preservation, promotion and provisions of dignity in their daily clinical care(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNearly 43.3% of the patient in this study commented medical staff has always use curtains around their beds before doing procedures. It has been known that using curtains around the patient\u0026rsquo;s bed during medical procedures is one way of preserving the patient dignity(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Aydin argued that, maintaining privacy during patient care is crucial to medical practices, it involves using curtains around the patient\u0026rsquo;s bed during medical procedures (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). The international Council of Nurses Code of ethics also emphasizes the importance of dignified care(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Baillie et al., believe that physical environment, communication and preserving privacy is crucial in protecting patient dignity(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The studies shows that, exposing and uncovered patient\u0026rsquo;s body during medical procedures is a threat to patient dignity(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Many patients believes that, their dignity must be respected during the hospital stay as part of regions and spiritual beliefs(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings are similar to Fuseini et al.,(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) viewed that, patient dignity is not well preserved, patient experience mild to severe loss of dignity. It has been recognized that the quality of care is not only for the care which given to clients, but also depend on how healthcare providers interact with patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). The studies found that, patient involvement in decision making was associated with positive outcome such as patient satisfaction and treatment adherence(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).The results showed that only 4.8% of the patient were involved in the decision-making processes. This study is in line with Nuwagaba et al., study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). In their study, only 11.3% of the patients had adequately participated in shared decision making.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the results, 80.7% of the participants said that, medical staffs never ask the permission before entering their room. This results is not similar with Zirak et al., study(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). In their study, 31.3% of the participants reported that, medical staffs never ask the permission before entering their room.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies had shown that, physical environment has the significance influence on patient\u0026rsquo;s dignity(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, approximately one third of the participants commented that while undergoing medical procedures the door of their room never remains closed. This results is not consistent with Ferry et., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). In their study 72% of the patients stated that the door remains closed while undergoing medical procedures which required the exposure of private parts of the body. The study by Webster et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e) elderly affirmed that, promoting body privacy is one of the factors of preserving dignity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective communication between healthcare providers and patients is an essential skill to clinical practices. To maintain this relationship, healthcare providers and patients must know each other to facilitate the rapport. In this regard Granger (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e) argue that healthcare staff must properly introduce themselves to the patients. However, in our study almost 30.7% of the participants reported that medical staffs never introduce themselves to patients. Our finding is not in line with Ferri et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). In their study 74% of the participants stated that medical staffs never introduce themselves to the patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that diseases can decrease a person\u0026rsquo;s ability to maintain their dignity. However, many people wish to see their dignity are preserved irrespective of undesirable situations(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Dignified care can be delivered when the healthcare provided achieves and recognizes human value(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Respecting human dignity is not merely the tasks of nurses and doctors, but is a fundamental principles of medical care(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Studies show that patients who reported higher levels of dignity were more likely to report higher levels of satisfaction and adherence to the treatments(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, lack of dignity may cause poor health quality and negatively impact the patient's recovery. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings indicated that the mean score of dignity preservation in the General ward was less than that of Private and VIP. These results seem to be logical regarding the patient\u0026rsquo;s socioeconomic status and dignity preservation. Patients admitted to the VIP and Private wards had their dignity more preserved compared to the General ward. Also, the mean score of the patients hospitalized in Mwanza Regional Hospital (Sekouture) was less than that of patients hospitalized in Bugando Hospital. This can be explained by the large number of patients admitted to Mwanza Regional Hospital (Sekouture) compared to its capacity. Therefore, the large number of patients hospitalized within the wards are overcrowded, which creates the situation of violations of patient\u0026rsquo;s dignity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt seems that medical staffs such as nurses and physician have little knowledge of patient\u0026rsquo;s rights and dignity. So, it is recommended that comprehensive education to healthcare providers and family members about the importance of dignified care and patient rights in hospitals should be emphasized.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Study Limitation","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the limitations of this study was the selection of participants, the participants were selected from one city, this may decrease the generalization of the results. However, a large number of sample size were included. In addition, the study conducted on patient views without triangulate to other sides of the medical staff. So, it is recommended to investigate medical staffs views in future studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBMC \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Bugando Medical Centre\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCREC \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; CUHAS Research Ethics Committee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCUHAS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Catholic University of Health and Allied Science\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardian(s).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by BMC/CUHAS ETHICS COMMITTEE and granted an ethical certificate approval, Ref. No CREC/556/2022. Permission for conducting the research was granted by the Director General of BMC. The consent was also sought from the participants before recruitment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript will be available when needed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNG \u0026ndash; Conceptualization, proposal writing, data collection, analysis and manuscript writing.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHM- Data collection and manuscript writing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGP- Conceptualization, designing of data collection tools and analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHL- Proposal writing, data collection, analysis and manuscript writing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge all people who participated in this study, particularly participants, the Director General BMC hospital, Regional Administrative secretary, Mwanza region, Medical Officer in charge Mwanza Regional Referral Hospital and those who in one way or another have contributed to the development of this research.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEbrahimi H, Torabizadeh C, Mohammadi E, Valizadeh S. Patients\u0026rsquo; perception of dignity in Iranian healthcare settings: A qualitative content analysis. J Med Ethics. 2012;38(12):723\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTorabizadeh C, Jafari S, Momennasab M. Patient\u0026rsquo;s Dignity: Viewpoints of Patients and Nurses in Hospitals. Hosp Top [Internet]. 2021;99(4):187\u0026ndash;97. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2021.1897487\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/00185868.2021.1897487\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaillie L. Patient dignity in an acute hospital setting: A case study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(1):23\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTehranineshat B, Rakhshan M, Torabizadeh C, Fararouei M. Patient dignity in Iranian clinical care settings as perceived by physicians, caregivers, and patients. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2020;13:923\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManookian A, Cheraghi MA, Nasrabadi AN. Factors influencing patients\u0026rsquo; dignity: A qualitative study. Nurs Ethics. 2014;21(3):323\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMabega NG, Mwaisungu H, Phares G, Amon L, Haule S. Dignity Preservation Among Hospitalized Patient: A Case Study of Bugando Medical Centre, North-Western Tanzania. Eur J Prev Med. 2024;12(1):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFuseini AG, Ley L, Rawson H, Redley B, Kerr D. A systematic review of patient-reported dignity and dignified care during acute hospital admission. J Adv Nurs. 2022;78(11):3540\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaillie L, Gallagher A. Respecting dignity in care in diverse care settings: Strategies of UK nurses. Int J Nurs Pract. 2011;17(4):336\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTorabizadeh C, Ebrahimi H, Mohammadi E, Valizadeh S. Incongruent perceptions among nurses and patients: A qualitative study of patient\u0026rsquo;s dignity in Iran. Ethics Behav. 2013;23(6):489\u0026ndash;500.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZirak M, Ghafourifard M, Aliafsari Mamaghani E. Patients\u0026rsquo; Dignity and Its Relationship with Contextual Variables: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Caring Sci [Internet]. 2017;6(1):49\u0026ndash;51. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jcs.2017.006\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.15171/jcs.2017.006\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDessalegn K, Girma B, Oumer KE, Hunie M, Belete KG. Patients\u0026rsquo; awareness of their rights, associated factors and its practice by health professionals from a patient perspective among elective surgical patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study, 2021. BMJ Open. 2022;12(11):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlterife R, Salim R, Dmyatti E, Hassan A, Mohamed S, Ahmed W, et al. Awareness and practice of patients\u0026rsquo; rights among hospitalized patients at Wad-Medani Teaching Hospital, Sudan. East Mediterr Heal J. 2017;23(2):80\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEduardo Pereira Dutra P, Quagliato LA, Nardi AE. Improving the perception of respect for and the dignity of inpatients: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2022;12(5):e059129.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAydln Er R, Incedere A, \u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk S. Respectful care of human dignity: How is it perceived by patients and nurses? J Med Ethics. 2018;44(10):675\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eICN. The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses: Revised 2021 [Internet]. International Council of Nurses. 2021. 12 p. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_ eng.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_ eng.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLin YP, Watson R, Tsai YF. Dignity in care in the clinical setting: A narrative review. Nurs Ethics. 2013;20(2):168\u0026ndash;77.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYousuf RM, Fauzi ARM, How SH, Akter SFU, Shah A. Hospitalised patients\u0026rsquo; awareness of their rights: A cross-sectional survey from a tertiary care hospital on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Singap Med J. 2009;50(5):494\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAvestan Z, Pakpour V, Rahmani A, Mohammadian R, Soheili A. The Correlation between Respecting the Dignity of Cancer Patients and the Quality of Nurse-Patient Communication. Indian J Palliat Care. 2019;25:190\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLoh A, Leonhart R, Wills CE, Simon D, Ha M. The impact of patient participation on adherence and clinical outcome in primary care of depression. 2007;65:69\u0026ndash;78.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNuwagaba J, Olum R, Bananyiza A, Wekha G, Rutayisire M, Agaba KK, et al. Patients\u0026rsquo; involvement in decision-making during healthcare in a developing country: A cross-sectional study. Taylor Fr. 2021;15:1133\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFuseini AG, Rawson H, Ley L, Kerr D. 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Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct for Medical and Dental Practitioners in Tanzania. 2005;2112731(i):1\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeach MC, Sugarman J, Johnson RL, Arbelaez JJ, Duggan PS, Cooper LA. Do patients treated with dignity report higher satisfaction, adherence, and receipt of preventive care? Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(4):331\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmininasab SS, Lolaty HA, Moosazadeh M, Shafipour V. The relationship between human dignity and medication adherence in patients with heart failure. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2017;10:1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStephen Ekpenyong M, Nyashanu M, Ossey-Nweze C, Serrant L. Exploring the perceptions of dignity among patients and nurses in hospital and community settings: an integrative review. J Res Nurs. 2021;26(6):517\u0026ndash;37.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Patient Rights, Dignity, Care, Hospitalized","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4454927/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4454927/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDignity is considered a fundamental human right and is recognized as one of the core concepts in patient care. Human beings have an intrinsic value that differentiates them from other creatures and thus deserve respect and privacy irrespective of their position. Therefore, a violation of human dignity is also regarded as a violation of human rights. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of dignity preservation and its associated factors among hospitalized patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterial and Methods: This\u003c/strong\u003ecross-sectional study was conducted on 270 hospitalized patients in the two teaching hospitals of Bugando Medical Centre (BMC) and Mwanza Regional Referral Hospital. Data were collected by a questionnaire of two sections: (a) Demographic characteristics and (b) Patient dignity scale, including 32 statements. Data were analyzed by Stata version 15E software, whereby a student’s t-test statistic was used to compare the total dignity mean score of demographic variables with two categories and the ANOVA test statistic for comparison of the total dignity mean score of demographic and other variables with more than two categories.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Majority of patients 175(64.8%) were not informed about their basic rights. There was a significant difference in the mean score of total dignity among males and females (p=0.016), single and married people (p=0.005), those who attended Bugando Medical Centre and Mwanza Regional Referral Hospital (Sekouture) (p=0.002), and those who were admitted to a private and general ward (p=0.029).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e The healthcare system should consider dignity preservation through comprehensive education to healthcare providers about the importance of dignified care and patient rights in hospitals.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Magnitude and Associated Factors of Dignity Preservation Among Hospitalized Patients, Mwanza Region Northwestern Tanzania. A cross sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-14 09:27:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4454927/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"574ad614-4422-419a-b837-82210aab464a","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-22T12:38:51+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-14 09:27:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4454927","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4454927","identity":"rs-4454927","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}