Turkish Adaptation Study Of Fear Of Water Assessment Scale And Its Analysis In Terms Of Various Variables

Turkish Adaptation Study Of Fear Of Water Assessment Scale And Its Analysis In Terms Of Various Variables | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Turkish Adaptation Study Of Fear Of Water Assessment Scale And Its Analysis In Terms Of Various Variables Fahimeh Hassani, Ecem Mutlu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5344980/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Fear of water is the main indicator of a lack of weakness of swimming ability. Some people cannot learn how to swim because they avoid water completely, while others might have difficulty learning because they may not relax their bodies while swimming. Thus, it is necessity to recognize these individuals and develop effective teaching strategies for them. Teachers and swim coaches need an assessment tool to help them identify individuals who are afraid of water. The aim of this study was to adapt the Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire (FWAQ) developed by Misimi and co-worker ( 2020 ) into Turkish. For adaptation, the original scale was translated into Turkish. 146 males (54.5%) and 122 females (45.5%), participated in the study. The FWAQ consists of 20 items and three subscales: contact with the water environment, the natural power of water, and the values of movement control in water. Cronbach's alpha, interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the internal consistency of subscales, temporal reliability, construct validity of the scale respectively. Also, the results of the calculations performed to estimate the reliability of the scale factors show that the value of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) are good enough and considering that the internal consistency coefficients and temporal reliability of the components of the list are reasonable and appropriate, the reliability of the scale is confirmed. The results revealed that FWAQ showed relatively acceptable construct validity and acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The results of this study support the preliminary validity and reliability of the FWAQ for use in academic sport contexts. Fear of water validity reliability swimming assessment Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Sport and human life are inextricably linked. In addition to the health benefits of sport, it also has psychological and sociological benefits. The dissemination of sports in the society helps people to gain the mentioned qualities, as well as helping to form a solid foundation for sports, which requires high-level competitive work and is accepted as a universal cultural element(AKDAĞCIK & Temel, 2022 ). Swimming, is regarded as one of the most popular sports by both sexes, can be defined as covering a certain distance in water with meaningful and systematic movements(Lavoie & Montpetit, 1986 ). Swimming is considered the most accepted physical activity by most people due to its health benefits (DEMİR & KARAKUŞ, 2022 ) It has been found a lot of positive affections like the heart rate and the circulatory system(Gökhan et al., 2011 ). And also, Swimming has a relaxing and mentally strengthening effect on people(Berger & Owen, 1988 ). Despite many efforts to improve swimming knowledge, many people still do not know how to swim. As stated in many researches, swimming is not only a physical but also a cultural and psychological acquisition. By the way, by looking at the view of swimming in different countries, we can conclude that many people do not know how to swim (Association, 2013 ; Jurgec et al., 2016 ; Kuntz et al., 2016 ). Fear of water and fear of drowning is one of the reasons that can be cited for people who do not know how to swim well or at all(Beggs et al., 2013 ; Brenner et al., 2003 ). Children who have participated in formal swimming training programs have a 22% lower chance of drowning(Quan et al., 2015 ). So knowing drowning situations as well as the ability to identify and provide help to people in need, including knowledge of water safety, basic swimming skills and helping others can be a way to increase people's participation in swimming(Lepore et al., 2015 ; Quan et al., 2015 ). Fear of water can have different causes, some people never learn to swim due to fear of water, or they may have problems learning to swim because they cannot relax enough to swim(Milosevic & McCabe, 2015 ). Finding the cause of these fears can be a big step for the coach or teacher to choose the right method or use aids(Stillwell, 2011 ). In 2020, Massimi and his colleagues have designed a water fear questionnaire(Misimi et al., 2020 ), which we have investigated the validity and reliability of the FWAQ (Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire) in Turkey in this research. Method Participants The study sample included Marmara Efor Sport Club members and Kurtkoy Sport Complex participations with varying skill levels; the age range of participants was 13 to 55 years. The sampling method in this research was Convenience Sampling. The sample size determination, due to the lack of knowledge of the exact size of the community according to the purpose of the study, was guided by previous factor analysis studies and related research(Kline, 2015 ; Tabachnick et al., 2007 ). When determining the sample size for scale studies, it is recommended to be 5 to 10 times the number of scale items(Çokluk et al., 2012 ; H, 2005 ). The research was applied to 250 people who are active at Istanbul Marmara Efor Sports Club and members of Istanbul Kurtkoy Sports Complex in February-August of 2022–2023 academic year in Turkey. Overall, members or participations’ education status were: middle school (6.3%), high school (45.5%), associate degree (13.4%), undergraduate (24.6%), and master degree (10.1%). 19.4% of the participants are interested in individual sports and 31.3% in team sports. Measurement The questionnaire consists of two parts: Socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire and fear of water questionnaire. Socio-Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire This questionnaire was prepared by the researcher in line with the literature. This questionnaire consists of 6 questions including age, education level, gender, physical activity experience, sports experience, and to what extent they know swimming. Fear of Water Scale Questionnaire The Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire is a scale developed by Fatmir Misimi and colleagues (Misimi et al., 2020 ). This scale includes questions about the causes of fear of water in people. There are 20 questions that Each question item about fear of water is a 5-point Likert-type scale designed as "completely disagree" (1), "disagree" (2), "not sure" (3), "agree" (4), "completely agree" (5) (Misimi et al., 2020 ). In this questionnaire, contact in the water environment, natural power of water and control of movement in water were used to measure fear of water. Contact with the water environment It emphasizes the importance of the first steps in learning to swim, such as exercises to submerge the face and open the eyes underwater. In addition to learning and training these two skills, the use of goggles or masks can be another way to reduce stress and anxiety while in the water. Masks or goggles provide an unobstructed view and therefore allow for greater ease in immersing the face in water(Kapus et al., 2018 ). The natural power of water The second factor, the force of nature of water, brought together items related to fear of conditions that occur in open water. This factor can be expected as most drownings occur in open water (Tyler et al., 2017; Weiss et al., 2010). In the open water environment, water competence can be hindered by cold weather, low water temperatures, choppy (e.g. waves, surf) water and clothing(Moran, 2015 ) . Motion control in water The third factor, movement control in water, emphasized the importance of acquiring two swimming skills: safe entry and gliding (Stallman et al., 2017 ). The degree of risk in water entry depends on the task, the environment and the individual (Langendorfer, 2010 ). An accidental fall into the water requires the person to hold their breath, change direction, return to the surface, assume a floating position, rest and/or start moving in a certain direction(Stallman et al., 2017 ). The translation process The FWAQ was translated to Turkish using the translation-back translation method. For this purpose, the scale was translated into Turkish by the first researcher and four experts in English. Then, in a coordination session, the translations were matched to formulate the initial version. After preparing the Turkish version, the scale was provided to four English language experts to reverse the translation process from Turkish back into English. Next, the reversed translation was matched to the earliest version and the authenticity of the Turkish FWAQ translation was assured. Results of the Turkish translation of the scale was discussed among the individuals, and the final version was prepared following confirmation that no issues were observed and there were no problems associated with the conceptual understanding of the items. Protocol In this project at 2022–2023, the people who involved in this research were as voluntary, and they were assured that their responses are considered confidential and would only use for research purposes. The study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Gedik University (approval number: [E-56365223-050.02.04.2023.137548.81–473]), ensuring compliance with established ethical guidelines. In accordance with ethical research standards, we would like to include a Consent to Participate declaration in our manuscript. This declaration ensures that all participants were fully informed about the nature of the study, voluntarily agreed to take part, and understand their rights regarding participation. Also, they were informed that, to avoid bias, the results of the study would not affect their selection or participation in their sports. Participants completed the scale at the same time, place, and condition, to promote the ecological validity of the process of distribution and completion of questionnaires. Methods of analysis To ensure the non-zero correlation of the study’s population, Baretlett’s test was applied; in addition, for measuring concurrent validity, test-retest method was used. Additionally, to investigate internal consistency Cronbach’s Alpha was used between the subscales of the tool. The significance level in all the statistical methods was set at < 0.001. In addition, the temporal reliability of the questions was determined by the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using the test-retest method. Statistical operations were performed using SPSS software version 18 and LISREL version 8.8 software(Jöreskog et al., 2016 ). RESULTS This section is devoted to the analysis of the raw data obtained from the implementation of the research, and the statistical results and data analysis are presented in tables and graphs based on the objectives and hypotheses of the research. After collecting the questionnaires and digitizing the data from the paper copies, a total of 250 questionnaires were identified as being acceptable and use in the analysis. The statistical percentages of the participants according to the descriptive variables. The study group consisted of 45.5% women and 54.5% men. Considering the age range of the research group, 53% of the participants were between the ages of 13–18, 31.7% between the ages of 19–24, 9.3% between the ages of 25–30 and 5.6% over 31. Of the participants, 6.3% were secondary school, 45.5% high school, 13.4% associate degree, 24.6% undergraduate and 10.1% master degree. When the exercise practitioners of the study group are analyzed, 81, 7% of them is exercisers and 18, 38% are non-exercisers. Among those who do sports, 50, 7% of the study group do sports and 49, 3% do not do sports. Of the sports branches that the participants are interested in, 19, 4% are interested in individual sports and 31, 3% are interested in team sports. In the study group, 64, 6% of the participants knew swimming and 35, 4% did not know swimming. Exploratory factor analysis Based on the results of the present study, the Kaiser, Meyer, and Alkin (KMO) index in the study sample was 0.93. Thus, the data related to this variable could be reduced to a number of sub struction and basic factors. Furthermore, the Bartlett’s sphericity test (x² =3703.73, df = 190, P = 0.000) shows that the correlation matrix between questions is not a uniform matrix. On the one hand, there is a high correlation between the questions within each factor, and on the other hand, there is no correlation between the questions of one factor and the questions of other factors. These findings indicate the necessary assumptions for using factor analysis and sample size adequacy in this study. As a result of the factor analysis, a 3-factor scale emerged, which was expected to be realized. It was observed that the loading values of the items varied between 0.13 and 9.82. The rate of variance explained by the 9 items in the analysis ( Contact with the water environment ) items was 49.12%, the rate of variance explained by the 7 items in the ( The natural power of water) dimension was 11.10%, and in the ( Motion control in water Dimension), It was observed that the variance explained by 4 items was 5.40%, and the total explained variance was 65.63%. When the eigenvalues line graph of the scale is examined, it can be said that it is a three-factor scale (Fig. 1). Insert Fig. 1 here. Confirmatory factor analysis It was used to determine the construct validity of the scale. In accordance with factor analysis studies, among the fitness indices, the ratio of chi-square to degrees of freedom (χ² / df), the root means square approximation (RMSEA), the root means square residual (RMR), Bentler-Bount's Abnormal Fitness Index (NNFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and Goodness Fit Index (GFI) were used in the present study. In the data analysis, a model was formed based on the original version pattern Table 1 shows the results of the confirmatory factor analysis of the fear of water questionnaire. For the NNFI, CFI, and GFI indices, whose range of variation is between zero and one, values above 0.85 indicate relative fit of the model, values above 0.90 indicate good fit, and values above 0.95 indicate fit. It is an excellent model(Sass & Schmitt, 2010 ). For the RMSEA indices, values below 0.08 indicate that the model is acceptable and appropriate, and values below 0.06 indicate that it is a suitable model(Hu & Bentler, 1999 ) Yılmaz ve Çelik, 2009). The value observed for RMSEA in the fear of water assessment questionnaire was found to be 0.09. This shows that there is a mediocre compliance. The observed value for GFI in the FWAQ was 0.84. It indicates a good fit. The observed value for AGFI in the FWAQ was 0.78. It indicates a good fit. The observed value for CFI in the FWAQ was 0.91. It indicates a good fit. The observed value for NFI in the FWAQ was 0.90. It indicates a good fit. Table 1 Confirmatory factor analysis in fear of water questionnaire Fit Indices Observed value RMSEA 0,09 NFI 0,90 CFI 0,91 GFI 0,84 AGFI 0,78 IFI 0,91 RFI 0,85 χ 2 / df 3,88 Insert Table 1 here. Insert Fig. 2 here. Reliability analysis The method of calculating internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha method) was used to estimate the reliability of the scale. Test – retest Results of 45 people's time reliability by the retest method using the within-group coefficient of the questionnaire given randomly over 2 to 3 weeks showed that this scale has relative temporal reliability. According to Table 2 , for the subscale of contact with the water environment, a total of 0.98, the natural power of water 0.97, movement control in water 0.90 and a total of 0.90 were obtained. Table 2 Within-group coefficient results to check temporal reliability Variables Questions İnter–Correlation Martix Contact with the water environment 9 0,98 The natural power of water 7 0,97 Motion control in water 4 0,90 Total 20 0,97 Insert Table 2 here. DISCUSSION The purpose of this study was to be able to use the fear of water questionnaire in Turkish society after obtaining the validity and reliability of this questionnaire, which included 20 questions and 3 factors. Data analysis showed that this tool can be used as a tool to assess fear of water. Factor analysis showed that FWAQ supports a three-factor structure, specifically: water environment contact, Natural face of water, Motion control in water. Referring to the research that Misimi and his colleagues (Misimi et al., 2020 ). have done to make this tool, the first factor is related to the initial stages of learning to contact water, especially putting the face under water. At this stage, it can cause stress or even anxiety. With this questionnaire, you as a coach or teacher can find out the existence of this stress and you can use a mask or glasses to reduce stress(Kapus et al., 2018 ). The second factor in this research is related to open water, as it has been shown that swimming in open water is influenced by many factors (water temperature, waves and wind speed, as well as stress and anxiety from open water) with swimming in pools is completely different (Baldassarre et al., 2017 ). Controlling the movement in water is the third factor in this questionnaire, which examines the ability to swim (entering the water and sliding in the water). In this factor, a person's experience, skill, environment and other variables can be effective(Stallman et al., 2017 ). Based on the fact that teaching swimming is considered as a creative work and the coach must teach using auxiliary tools and different methods in a unique way. And this questionnaire, as an auxiliary tool, can be a helpful factor to find the causes of people's fear of water. In order to reduce the fear of water, a research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of snorkel on the education of non-swimmer children and teenagers with fear of water(Mousavisadati et al., 2023 ). Using a snorkel has increased people's self-confidence and also as an aid can bring general muscle relaxation(Kjendlie & Mendritzki, 2012 ; Van Kaam, 2010 ). The study has some limitation.This study included the convenience and small sample size that allowed for variation between study participants and reduced the statistical power. The present study only included students in Istanbul. Based on the limitations of generalizability, this study also suggests that future studies should be conducted in all provinces in Turkey so that it can be fully generalized to the entire population of Turkey. CONCLUSION As a result, this research provides the use of the FWAQ tool to evaluate fear of water assessment in Turkey. FWAQ is a useful and valid instrument considering its implementation and ease of scoring, which is the most important practical aspect to be able to evaluate the fear of water assessment. Researchers can be confident that the FWAQ is a reliable instrument for fear of water assessment. Declarations Conflict of interest: Authors declare that there are no financial or other relationships that might lead to a conflict of interest. Declaration of Contribution of Researchers: Research Design by F.H, E.M Statistical analysis by F.H; Manuscript preparation by F.H, E.M; Data Collection by F.H, E.M Institutional Review Board Statement: The Human Research Ethics Board at the Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran approved the study (approval ID: E-56365223-050.02.04-2023.137548.81-473). References AKDAĞCIK, İ. U., & Temel, A. (2022). Development of the opinions on the effects of globalization in sports sciences scale. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists , 10 (2), 335-345. Association, A. S. (2013). Learning the Lessons: The Future of School Swimming. Leicester: University of Leicestershire . Baldassarre, R., Bonifazi, M., Zamparo, P., & Piacentini, M. F. (2017). Characteristics and challenges of open-water swimming performance: a review. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance , 12 (10), 1275-1284. Beggs, S., Foong, Y. C., Le, H. C. T., Noor, D., Wood‐Baker, R., & Walters, J. A. 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International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education , 9 (2), 4. Mousavisadati, S. K., Nazari, S., & Molanorouzi, K. (2023). Effects of Snorkel on Teaching Principal Swimming Skills in Non-Swimmer Children and Adolescents with Fear of Water. Research in Sport Medicine and Technology , 21 (25), 30-45. Quan, L., Ramos, W., Harvey, C., Kublick, L., Langendorfer, S., Lees, T. A., Fielding, R. R., Dalke, S., Barry, C., & Shook, S. (2015). Toward defining water competency: an American Red Cross definition. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education , 9 (1), 3. Sass, D. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2010). A comparative investigation of rotation criteria within exploratory factor analysis. Multivariate behavioral research , 45 (1), 73-103. Stallman, R. K., Moran Dr, K., Quan, L., & Langendorfer, S. (2017). From swimming skill to water competence: Towards a more inclusive drowning prevention future. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education , 10 (2), 3. Stillwell, B. E. (2011). The subjective experiences of those afraid in water. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education , 5 (1), 7. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5). Pearson Boston, MA. Van Kaam, A. L. (2010). The Life Journey of a Joyful Man of God: The Autobiographical Memoirs of Adrian van Kaam . Wipf and Stock Publishers. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5344980","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":374697591,"identity":"14927e70-7a56-4bbc-9de6-e2a35fa45ae2","order_by":0,"name":"Fahimeh Hassani","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Gedik University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fahimeh","middleName":"","lastName":"Hassani","suffix":""},{"id":374697592,"identity":"cb164452-44f2-4ed9-aac6-82144781240e","order_by":1,"name":"Ecem Mutlu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gedik University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ecem","middleName":"","lastName":"Mutlu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-28 07:38:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5344980/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5344980/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":68815772,"identity":"088b38c5-0354-4ee2-afed-94a0265d1f3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-12 09:56:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":196011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eItems of the fear of water questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5344980/v1/c765f8528e0ceee32206cd5d.png"},{"id":68815773,"identity":"2ac038d2-51d4-406c-8a29-da69d5af7678","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-12 09:56:18","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":546192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStandardization prediction model\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5344980/v1/a15039c52cb81f7bcb1268f9.png"},{"id":69983017,"identity":"1f7115fb-9836-4df0-92ab-fff96f41f53b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-27 08:09:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1147394,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5344980/v1/a92980fb-7a67-4c95-89e9-282b0e803599.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eTurkish Adaptation Study Of Fear Of Water Assessment Scale And Its Analysis In Terms Of Various Variables\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSport and human life are inextricably linked. In addition to the health benefits of sport, it also has psychological and sociological benefits. The dissemination of sports in the society helps people to gain the mentioned qualities, as well as helping to form a solid foundation for sports, which requires high-level competitive work and is accepted as a universal cultural element(AKDAĞCIK \u0026amp; Temel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Swimming, is regarded as one of the most popular sports by both sexes, can be defined as covering a certain distance in water with meaningful and systematic movements(Lavoie \u0026amp; Montpetit, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e). Swimming is considered the most accepted physical activity by most people due to its health benefits (DEMİR \u0026amp; KARAKUŞ, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) It has been found a lot of positive affections like the heart rate and the circulatory system(G\u0026ouml;khan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). And also, Swimming has a relaxing and mentally strengthening effect on people(Berger \u0026amp; Owen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). Despite many efforts to improve swimming knowledge, many people still do not know how to swim. As stated in many researches, swimming is not only a physical but also a cultural and psychological acquisition. By the way, by looking at the view of swimming in different countries, we can conclude that many people do not know how to swim (Association, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Jurgec et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Kuntz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Fear of water and fear of drowning is one of the reasons that can be cited for people who do not know how to swim well or at all(Beggs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Brenner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren who have participated in formal swimming training programs have a 22% lower chance of drowning(Quan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). So knowing drowning situations as well as the ability to identify and provide help to people in need, including knowledge of water safety, basic swimming skills and helping others can be a way to increase people's participation in swimming(Lepore et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Quan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Fear of water can have different causes, some people never learn to swim due to fear of water, or they may have problems learning to swim because they cannot relax enough to swim(Milosevic \u0026amp; McCabe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Finding the cause of these fears can be a big step for the coach or teacher to choose the right method or use aids(Stillwell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In 2020, Massimi and his colleagues have designed a water fear questionnaire(Misimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), which we have investigated the validity and reliability of the FWAQ (Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire) in Turkey in this research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study sample included Marmara Efor Sport Club members and Kurtkoy Sport Complex participations with varying skill levels; the age range of participants was 13 to 55 years. The sampling method in this research was Convenience Sampling. The sample size determination, due to the lack of knowledge of the exact size of the community according to the purpose of the study, was guided by previous factor analysis studies and related research(Kline, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Tabachnick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). When determining the sample size for scale studies, it is recommended to be 5 to 10 times the number of scale items(\u0026Ccedil;okluk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; H, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The research was applied to 250 people who are active at Istanbul Marmara Efor Sports Club and members of Istanbul Kurtkoy Sports Complex in February-August of 2022\u0026ndash;2023 academic year in Turkey. Overall, members or participations\u0026rsquo; education status were: middle school (6.3%), high school (45.5%), associate degree (13.4%), undergraduate (24.6%), and master degree (10.1%). 19.4% of the participants are interested in individual sports and 31.3% in team sports.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasurement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire consists of two parts: Socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire and fear of water questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis questionnaire was prepared by the researcher in line with the literature. This questionnaire consists of 6 questions including age, education level, gender, physical activity experience, sports experience, and to what extent they know swimming.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFear of Water Scale Questionnaire\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire is a scale developed by Fatmir Misimi and colleagues (Misimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). This scale includes questions about the causes of fear of water in people. There are 20 questions that Each question item about fear of water is a 5-point Likert-type scale designed as \"completely disagree\" (1), \"disagree\" (2), \"not sure\" (3), \"agree\" (4), \"completely agree\" (5) (Misimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In this questionnaire, contact in the water environment, natural power of water and control of movement in water were used to measure fear of water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eContact with the water environment\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt emphasizes the importance of the first steps in learning to swim, such as exercises to submerge the face and open the eyes underwater. In addition to learning and training these two skills, the use of goggles or masks can be another way to reduce stress and anxiety while in the water. Masks or goggles provide an unobstructed view and therefore allow for greater ease in immersing the face in water(Kapus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe natural power of water\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second factor, the force of nature of water, brought together items related to fear of conditions that occur in open water. This factor can be expected as most drownings occur in open water (Tyler et al., 2017; Weiss et al., 2010). In the open water environment, water competence can be hindered by cold weather, low water temperatures, choppy (e.g. waves, surf) water and clothing(Moran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) .\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMotion control in water\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third factor, movement control in water, emphasized the importance of acquiring two swimming skills: safe entry and gliding (Stallman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The degree of risk in water entry depends on the task, the environment and the individual (Langendorfer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). An accidental fall into the water requires the person to hold their breath, change direction, return to the surface, assume a floating position, rest and/or start moving in a certain direction(Stallman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe translation process\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe FWAQ was translated to Turkish using the translation-back translation method. For this purpose, the scale was translated into Turkish by the first researcher and four experts in English. Then, in a coordination session, the translations were matched to formulate the initial version. After preparing the Turkish version, the scale was provided to four English language experts to reverse the translation process from Turkish back into English. Next, the reversed translation was matched to the earliest version and the authenticity of the Turkish FWAQ translation was assured. Results of the Turkish translation of the scale was discussed among the individuals, and the final version was prepared following confirmation that no issues were observed and there were no problems associated with the conceptual understanding of the items.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProtocol\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this project at 2022\u0026ndash;2023, the people who involved in this research were as voluntary, and they were assured that their responses are considered confidential and would only use for research purposes. The study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Gedik University (approval number: [E-56365223-050.02.04.2023.137548.81\u0026ndash;473]), ensuring compliance with established ethical guidelines. In accordance with ethical research standards, we would like to include a Consent to Participate declaration in our manuscript. This declaration ensures that all participants were fully informed about the nature of the study, voluntarily agreed to take part, and understand their rights regarding participation. Also, they were informed that, to avoid bias, the results of the study would not affect their selection or participation in their sports. Participants completed the scale at the same time, place, and condition, to promote the ecological validity of the process of distribution and completion of questionnaires.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMethods of analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the non-zero correlation of the study\u0026rsquo;s population, Baretlett\u0026rsquo;s test was applied; in addition, for measuring concurrent validity, test-retest method was used. Additionally, to investigate internal consistency Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s Alpha was used between the subscales of the tool. The significance level in all the statistical methods was set at \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001. In addition, the temporal reliability of the questions was determined by the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using the test-retest method. Statistical operations were performed using SPSS software version 18 and LISREL version 8.8 software(J\u0026ouml;reskog et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis section is devoted to the analysis of the raw data obtained from the implementation of the research, and the statistical results and data analysis are presented in tables and graphs based on the objectives and hypotheses of the research. After collecting the questionnaires and digitizing the data from the paper copies, a total of 250 questionnaires were identified as being acceptable and use in the analysis. The statistical percentages of the participants according to the descriptive variables. The study group consisted of 45.5% women and 54.5% men. Considering the age range of the research group, 53% of the participants were between the ages of 13\u0026ndash;18, 31.7% between the ages of 19\u0026ndash;24, 9.3% between the ages of 25\u0026ndash;30 and 5.6% over 31. Of the participants, 6.3% were secondary school, 45.5% high school, 13.4% associate degree, 24.6% undergraduate and 10.1% master degree. When the exercise practitioners of the study group are analyzed, 81, 7% of them is exercisers and 18, 38% are non-exercisers. Among those who do sports, 50, 7% of the study group do sports and 49, 3% do not do sports. Of the sports branches that the participants are interested in, 19, 4% are interested in individual sports and 31, 3% are interested in team sports. In the study group, 64, 6% of the participants knew swimming and 35, 4% did not know swimming.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExploratory factor analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the present study, the Kaiser, Meyer, and Alkin (KMO) index in the study sample was 0.93. Thus, the data related to this variable could be reduced to a number of sub struction and basic factors. Furthermore, the Bartlett\u0026rsquo;s sphericity test (x\u0026sup2; =3703.73, df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;190, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000) shows that the correlation matrix between questions is not a uniform matrix. On the one hand, there is a high correlation between the questions within each factor, and on the other hand, there is no correlation between the questions of one factor and the questions of other factors. These findings indicate the necessary assumptions for using factor analysis and sample size adequacy in this study. As a result of the factor analysis, a 3-factor scale emerged, which was expected to be realized. It was observed that the loading values of the items varied between 0.13 and 9.82. The rate of variance explained by the 9 items in the analysis (\u003cem\u003eContact with the water environment\u003c/em\u003e) items was 49.12%, the rate of variance explained by the 7 items in the (\u003cem\u003eThe natural power of water)\u003c/em\u003e dimension was 11.10%, and in the (\u003cem\u003eMotion control in water\u003c/em\u003e Dimension), It was observed that the variance explained by 4 items was 5.40%, and the total explained variance was 65.63%. When the eigenvalues line graph of the scale is examined, it can be said that it is a three-factor scale (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eInsert Fig.\u0026nbsp;1 here.\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was used to determine the construct validity of the scale. In accordance with factor analysis studies, among the fitness indices, the ratio of chi-square to degrees of freedom (χ\u0026sup2; / df), the root means square approximation (RMSEA), the root means square residual (RMR), Bentler-Bount's Abnormal Fitness Index (NNFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), and Goodness Fit Index (GFI) were used in the present study. In the data analysis, a model was formed based on the original version pattern Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of the confirmatory factor analysis of the fear of water questionnaire. For the NNFI, CFI, and GFI indices, whose range of variation is between zero and one, values above 0.85 indicate relative fit of the model, values above 0.90 indicate good fit, and values above 0.95 indicate fit. It is an excellent model(Sass \u0026amp; Schmitt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). For the RMSEA indices, values below 0.08 indicate that the model is acceptable and appropriate, and values below 0.06 indicate that it is a suitable model(Hu \u0026amp; Bentler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e) Yılmaz ve \u0026Ccedil;elik, 2009). The value observed for RMSEA in the fear of water assessment questionnaire was found to be 0.09. This shows that there is a mediocre compliance. The observed value for GFI in the FWAQ was 0.84. It indicates a good fit. The observed value for AGFI in the FWAQ was 0.78. It indicates a good fit. The observed value for CFI in the FWAQ was 0.91. It indicates a good fit. The observed value for NFI in the FWAQ was 0.90. It indicates a good fit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis in fear of water questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFit Indices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eObserved value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eχ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003e/\u003c/em\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsert Fig.\u0026nbsp;2 here.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eReliability analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe method of calculating internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha method) was used to estimate the reliability of the scale.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTest \u0026ndash; retest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of 45 people's time reliability by the retest method using the within-group coefficient of the questionnaire given randomly over 2 to 3 weeks showed that this scale has relative temporal reliability. According to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, for the subscale of contact with the water environment, a total of 0.98, the natural power of water 0.97, movement control in water 0.90 and a total of 0.90 were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWithin-group coefficient results to check temporal reliability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eİnter\u0026ndash;Correlation Martix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact with the water environment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe natural power of water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotion control in water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsert Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e here.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to be able to use the fear of water questionnaire in Turkish society after obtaining the validity and reliability of this questionnaire, which included 20 questions and 3 factors. Data analysis showed that this tool can be used as a tool to assess fear of water. Factor analysis showed that FWAQ supports a three-factor structure, specifically: water environment contact, Natural face of water, Motion control in water. Referring to the research that Misimi and his colleagues (Misimi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). have done to make this tool, the first factor is related to the initial stages of learning to contact water, especially putting the face under water. At this stage, it can cause stress or even anxiety. With this questionnaire, you as a coach or teacher can find out the existence of this stress and you can use a mask or glasses to reduce stress(Kapus et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second factor in this research is related to open water, as it has been shown that swimming in open water is influenced by many factors (water temperature, waves and wind speed, as well as stress and anxiety from open water) with swimming in pools is completely different (Baldassarre et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Controlling the movement in water is the third factor in this questionnaire, which examines the ability to swim (entering the water and sliding in the water). In this factor, a person's experience, skill, environment and other variables can be effective(Stallman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Based on the fact that teaching swimming is considered as a creative work and the coach must teach using auxiliary tools and different methods in a unique way. And this questionnaire, as an auxiliary tool, can be a helpful factor to find the causes of people's fear of water. In order to reduce the fear of water, a research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of snorkel on the education of non-swimmer children and teenagers with fear of water(Mousavisadati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Using a snorkel has increased people's self-confidence and also as an aid can bring general muscle relaxation(Kjendlie \u0026amp; Mendritzki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Van Kaam, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The study has some limitation.This study included the convenience and small sample size that allowed for variation between study participants and reduced the statistical power. The present study only included students in Istanbul. Based on the limitations of generalizability, this study also suggests that future studies should be conducted in all provinces in Turkey so that it can be fully generalized to the entire population of Turkey.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a result, this research provides the use of the FWAQ tool to evaluate fear of water assessment in Turkey. FWAQ is a useful and valid instrument considering its implementation and ease of scoring, which is the most important practical aspect to be able to evaluate the fear of water assessment. Researchers can be confident that the FWAQ is a reliable instrument for fear of water assessment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAuthors declare that there are no\u0026nbsp;financial or other relationships that might lead to a conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Contribution of Researchers:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eResearch Design by F.H, E.M Statistical analysis by F.H; Manuscript preparation by F.H, E.M; Data Collection by F.H, E.M\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Review Board Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e The Human Research Ethics Board at the Sport Sciences Research Institute of Iran approved the study (approval ID: E-56365223-050.02.04-2023.137548.81-473).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAKDAĞCIK, İ. U., \u0026amp; Temel, A. (2022). 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From swimming skill to water competence: Towards a more inclusive drowning prevention future. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Aquatic Research and Education\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 10\u003c/em\u003e(2), 3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStillwell, B. E. (2011). The subjective experiences of those afraid in water. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Aquatic Research and Education\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 5\u003c/em\u003e(1), 7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., \u0026amp; Ullman, J. B. (2007). \u003cem\u003eUsing multivariate statistics\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 5). Pearson Boston, MA.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Kaam, A. L. (2010). \u003cem\u003eThe Life Journey of a Joyful Man of God: The Autobiographical Memoirs of Adrian van Kaam\u003c/em\u003e. Wipf and Stock Publishers.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Fear of water, validity, reliability, swimming, assessment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5344980/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5344980/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFear of water is the main indicator of a lack of weakness of swimming ability. Some people cannot learn how to swim because they avoid water completely, while others might have difficulty learning because they may not relax their bodies while swimming. Thus, it is necessity to recognize these individuals and develop effective teaching strategies for them. Teachers and swim coaches need an assessment tool to help them identify individuals who are afraid of water. The aim of this study was to adapt the Fear of Water Assessment Questionnaire (FWAQ) developed by Misimi and co-worker (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) into Turkish. For adaptation, the original scale was translated into Turkish. 146 males (54.5%) and 122 females (45.5%), participated in the study. The FWAQ consists of 20 items and three subscales: contact with the water environment, the natural power of water, and the values of movement control in water. Cronbach's alpha, interclass correlation coefficient (ICC), confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the internal consistency of subscales, temporal reliability, construct validity of the scale respectively. Also, the results of the calculations performed to estimate the reliability of the scale factors show that the value of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) are good enough and considering that the internal consistency coefficients and temporal reliability of the components of the list are reasonable and appropriate, the reliability of the scale is confirmed. The results revealed that FWAQ showed relatively acceptable construct validity and acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The results of this study support the preliminary validity and reliability of the FWAQ for use in academic sport contexts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Turkish Adaptation Study Of Fear Of Water Assessment Scale And Its Analysis In Terms Of Various Variables","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-12 09:56:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5344980/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5eb07eb8-f1db-4439-9fd1-84820fe23355","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-27T08:08:36+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-12 09:56:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5344980","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5344980","identity":"rs-5344980","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}