Investigating the subjective-objective impact of comprehensive environmental factors on physical activity in a historical neighborhood: From perspective of health promotion

Investigating the subjective-objective impact of comprehensive environmental factors on physical activity in a historical neighborhood: From perspective of health promotion | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Investigating the subjective-objective impact of comprehensive environmental factors on physical activity in a historical neighborhood: From perspective of health promotion Haomiao Cheng, Yuxin Fan, Xiaohui Han, Yutong Guo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7342484/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Physical activity (PA) is lacking in historical neighborhoods, and there is a growing need for Health Promotion (HPR). The impact factors on PA have been increasingly important. However, previous studies ignored influences of society, policy, and subjective-objective impact in historical neighborhoods. Method A typical historical neighborhood in Beijing was selected as the study area. A total of 317 valid questionnaires were collected for residents' personal attributes, subjective perception, and PA data. The subjective and objective comprehensive environment factors are selected according to the five dimensions of HPR. The hierarchical multiple regression was conducted with the subjective and objective comprehensive environment factors were analyzed as independent variables, basic personal attributes as control variables, and three intensities of physical activity (PAI) as dependent variables, respectively. Results Combined subjective-objective comprehensive environmental and personal attribute factors best explained PA, especially walking, which had the highest R 2 (Adjusted R 2 = 42.4%). The subjective factors explained walking and moderate physical activity (MPA) to the highest degree, while the personal attribute factors explained vigorous physical activity (VPA) more significantly. Community service of HPR was the most significant influencing dimension on walking and rarely affected MPA and VPA. Community activities participation scale (Beta = 0.309, P < 0.005) and barrier-free facilities completeness (Beta = 0.643, p < 0.005) were the most significant community service factors on walking. Outdoor environmental safety consistently promoted physical activity at all PAIs. Conclusion The subjective-objective comprehensive environmental factors can be well explained from the perspective of HPR, in which the subjective factors had a more significant positive effect on PA. This study suggests that the residents' subjective perception of the environment should be taken into account in the regeneration of historical neighborhoods for improving the PA and health of residents. Health promotion Subjective-objective impact Physical activity Historical neighborhood Community and health service Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction With the rapid development of the economy and urban construction, the time and space available for exercises have been reduced due to increasing problems such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and degradation of public space, which threatens public health significantly [ 1 ]. Physical activity (PA) is defined as any physical movement generated by skeletal muscle contraction that results in energy expenditure [ 2 ]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that those who are regularly engaged in PA have better physical and mental health [ 3 ], as well as a positive effect on the treatment and prevention of multiple chronic diseases [ 4 ]. There is a consensus among experts and policymakers that physical inactivity is detrimental to disease prevention and physical and mental health [ 5 ]. Global action plan on physical activity and health 2018–2030 proposed by WHO put forth the objective of "More active people for a healthier world" to achieve a 15% relative reduction in physical inactivity among adults and adolescents by 2030 [ 6 ]. The promotion of PA has become a research focus and has been applied globally [ 7 ]. "Health Promotion (HPR)", defined as "the process of enabling people to enhance the control of peripheral influences and to improve their health", aiming for a state of physical, mental, and social well-being [ 8 ], was initially developed in the Ottawa Charter in 1986 [ 9 ]. HPR proposes five primary dimensions, including the creation of a supportive environment for health, the strengthening of community service, the development of personal skills, the development of public policies, and the reorientation of health services [ 10 ]. The fields and contents involved are continually enhanced and gradually transformed from theoretical research [ 11 ] to practice (Appendix A Tab. A1). Multidisciplinary and multifaceted collaboration is essential for HPR, which involves the active participation of individuals, families, and communities in the process [ 12 , 13 ]. Furthermore, it needs to be expanded from a singular perspective of empirical studies and theoretical framework development models [ 14 ] to a comprehensive empirical study of urban spaces [ 15 ] to improve the overall health of people, society, and the environment. Urban planners and geographers influence the behavior of inhabitants by optimizing the urban environment, both objective and subjective. Previous studies have confirmed the relevance of the objective environment and PA [ 16 , 17 ]. Land use and road transport factors, such as road density, accessibility, building density, and functional mix, have been shown to influence PA [ 18 , 19 ]. Another study concluded that net residential density, intersection density, and public transportation density were correlated with moderate physical activity (MPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) [ 20 ]. For the landscape environment factors, Zapata-Diomedi et al. found that high-quality parks and green spaces, along with high accessibility of open spaces, encourage daily movement among elders [ 21 ]. Kimihiro Hino et al. showed a significant relationship between productive urban landscapes and PA [ 22 ]. Environmental factors related to public facilities, including sports facilities, benches, street lighting, and commercial facilities, have been shown to influence MPA and VPA [ 23 , 24 ]. The motivational factors of PA have been examined by domestic and international researchers in the medical field and urban planning [ 25 ]. For example, Koohsari et al. found a correlation between human connection, relationships with the neighborhood environment, and walking behavior [ 26 ]. Wang et al. showed that prolonged duration of participants in the park and increased engagement in PA were associated with a heightened propensity to visit urban parks [ 27 ]. Comparing the objective built environment with subjective environmental perceptions, Beenackers et al. confirmed that duration of recreational walking was associated with psychosocial factors, but not with urban environment characteristics [ 28 ]. In the same vein, Qiao and Yeh found walking is completely regulated by their personal perception of the surrounding environment [ 29 ]. However, previous studies generally ignored the influence of social factors, including policies, subjective intentions, and community services, on the PA of residents for HPR. On the one hand, a significant portion of studies focused on "creating a supportive environment for health" within the context of HPR, particularly from a spatial environmental perspective [ 30 , 31 ]; other dimensions, such as policy, community services, and health services, are less commonly examined. On the other hand, these did not account for the combined effect of residents' subjective perceptions and objective environment on PA, nor the discrepancies between subjective and objective assessments of the same factor [ 32 ]. During the rapid urbanization, certain historical neighborhoods face problems such as deteriorating structures, inadequate infrastructure, deterioration of traditional texture, and diminished economic viability, all of which threaten the physical and mental health of residents. Historical neighborhoods, as an individual type of neighborhood, differ from modern settlements in several ways. Historical neighborhoods maintain traditional historical characteristics and street texture, imperfect accessibility facilities, and compact allocation of public spatial resources; experience the conflict between tourists and local residents; and face constraints on architectural renewal limited by historical neighborhoods’ conservation regulations [ 33 ]. Existing studies on PA mainly focused on modern settlements, waterfront environments, and parks and green spaces [ 34 , 35 ], consequently resulting in a certain gap in the research content of historical neighborhoods as the object. From the perspective of the planning discipline, this study adopts the concept of HPR to explore the more comprehensive environmental factors affecting residents' PA. Combined with the current situation of historical neighborhoods in Beijing, the mechanism of the subjective-objective environments on the intensity (PAI), duration (PAD), and frequency (PAF) of residents' PA and their variability was investigated. The findings provided evidence for improving the residents' health and enhancing the built environment in the historical neighborhoods. Materials and Methods Figure 1 shows the framework for constructing the research methodology flow, which includes the index system of control variables, independent variables, and dependent variables; pertinent data collection sources; subsequent descriptive statistic, followed by the Pearson Correlation Analysis to identify the indicator that most effectively represented PA, culminating in the Hierarchical multiple regression comprising three models of personal, objective, and subjective factors with three intensities of PA (Fig. 1 ). Study area In this study, Darshilar Historical Neighborhood in Beijing was selected as the empirical study area (Fig. 2 a), which covers an area of 1.26 square kilometers, with a resident population of more than 20,000 people. As one of China's 30 national historical and cultural protection neighborhoods, it has 114 streets and alleys and more than 3,800 courtyards. The neighborhood also holds significant cultural and landscape value. However, there is a high percentage of disadvantaged groups, a lack of infrastructure and green space, and little space for PA. Survey data The study of PA within the objective built environment of a specific residential range is not sufficient to validate the relationship between the two. Therefore, it is necessary to include the objective built environment within the buffer zone surrounding the residential range in the calculation. Previous studies indicated that the daily life network of the residents is mostly within a 10-minute walk or 500m [ 36 , 37 ]. The results were also corresponded to the delineation of the living circle by the standard issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development [ 38 ], in which the 10-minute living circle is limited to a 500-meter walk. Dashilar Historical Neighborhood is categorized into 8 communities and 53 public space locations were selected respectively. Combined with the characteristics of the Dashilar historical neighborhood and the population distribution characteristics, the calculation area was finally decided to be buffered with a radius of 500m by the questionnaire distribution points (Fig. 2 b). Data on residents' personal attributes, PA, and subjective perceptions were obtained using questionnaires. All participants were informed and agreed to participate before completing the questionnaire. A total of 350 questionnaires were on site distributed according to 1% of the resident population (Appendix B). The questionnaire firstly included basic personal attributes of the residents (including gender, age, and income). Secondly, data on PAD and PAF were collected through the International Physical Activity Quotient (IPAQ). Finally, the subjective environmental perception data were assessed through a five-point Likert scale, with residents rating on a scale of 1–5, with higher scores indicating greater resident satisfaction. In addition, the age of the respondents and the time of questionnaire distribution were identified. Considering the balanced distribution of economic and social attributes (gender ratio, age ratio, etc.) of the residents in each community, the data collection followed the 1:1 gender ratio standard of the Dashilar Historical Neighborhood, with reference to the demographic structure in which the ratios of the number of people between 0–14, 15–64, and over 65 years old are approximately 1:9:2. The questionnaires were distributed on holidays and weekdays respectively, due to the characteristics of the different functional land use, some alleys and hutongs, and the difference in pedestrian flows between weekdays and holidays. In addition, the IPAQ data with more than 960 minutes of daily PA and less than 10 minutes per activity were excluded [ 39 ]. And the subjective perception scale data that the overall consistency is greater than 80% or the consistency of the two questions is greater than 95% were excluded [ 40 ]. The built environment data of Dashilar Historical Neighborhood, including building and street network data, were obtained from the Beijing Municipal Urban Survey and Mapping Institute, calibrated through Gaode maps ( https://lbs.amap.com/ ), and field research. Green vegetation data were obtained from high-resolution remote sensing data acquired by the PNEO satellite, combined with field surveys for accuracy checking. Environmental quality and microclimate data are obtained from the field monitoring and calibrated through the data of state-controlled points and city-controlled points. Dependent variable: PA characteristic factors Considering that a large sample size is needed to evaluate the PA in the historical neighborhood, the PAD, PAF, and PAI were selected as characterization factors to represent the level of PA, based on the IPAQ, which has passed the test of reliability and validity. Pearson Correlation Analysis was conducted on subjective-objective factors and residents' PAD, PAF, and PAI in order to identify the most representative PA characteristic factors and to screen for significantly related subjective-objective factors. PAI can be classified as walking, popularly recognized as a low-intensity PA, MPA, and VPA [ 41 ]. The weekly duration and frequency of the residents’ PA were obtained by IPAQ [ 42 ]. The various intensities of walking, MPA, and VPA were calculated with the values of metabolic equivalents specified in the International Consensus Group on PA Measurement [ 43 ] (Appendix A Tab. A2). Independent variable: subjective-objective factors In this study, subjective and objective independent variables were selected according to the five dimensions of HPR (Health Supportive Environment, Community Service, Health Service, Public Policies, and Personal Skills) (Fig. 3 ). In the selection of subjective indicators, this study combined the Walkable Environment Scale for Neighborhood Environment Determination [ 44 ], the Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale PANES [ 39 ], and other international subjective environmental perception scales. Aspects such as environmental aesthetics, safety, and convenience were mentioned in these scales. The scales have passed the reliability test and have a certain degree of universality. Furthermore, subjective factors of environmental perception applicable to historical neighborhoods were added based on the existing environmental perception scales (e.g., Tourist disturbance, Neighborhood communication comfort, Public policy implementation efficiency, Health knowledge familiarity, etc.). Table 1 showed the subjective factors of environmental perception, including 5 HPR categories and 20 secondary indicators. Table 1 Subjective factors of environmental perception Variable Description Supportive Environment of Health Outdoor microclimate comfort Perception of air quality, particulate matter concentration, temperature, humidity and wind speed in neighborhoods Night lighting safety Perceived safety of residents going out for physical activities at night, distribution of the number of street lamps at night, perceived brightness of lighting Road traffic safety Smoothness of paved roads in neighborhoods, obstacles and blind spots for physical activity, safety at road crossings Outdoor environment safety Security situation, quality of construction, level of interference by motor and non-motor vehicles Public facilities appearance design aesthetics Aesthetic perception of the design of cultural facilities, educational facilities, sports facilities, sanitation facilities, plazas, etc. in the neighborhoods Landscape environment aesthetics Amount of green space, green coverage, landscape quality, shade conditions, plant configuration, perceived aesthetics of green space design Building elevation aesthetics Building height, colour and design of building elevations, reflection of character-defining features, overall visual perception Community Service Sports facilities adequacy Adequacy of activity space, distribution of activity space, and completeness of supporting facilities (e.g., seating, fitness equipment) Commercial facilities abundance Number of businesses, quality of shops, quality of commercial facilities serving local residents Transportation accessibility Density of road network, street scale, accessibility to transport stations, ancillary services, sports facilities, etc., from home Barrier-free facilities completeness Level of ramps, degree of slip resistance, coverage and accessibility of barrier-free facilities, degree of barrier-free facility design standards Community service Integrity Overall hygiene condition, layout of sanitation facilities such as public toilets and litter bins, sewage disposal and stagnant water, odour conditions Neighborhood communication comfort The degree of familiarity and harmony in interactions between residents, and whether they participate in and organize activities such as neighborhood gatherings and exchanges Tourist disturbance Excessive number of foreign tourists affecting residents’ daily travelling, occupying residents’ daily activity space, and providing few supporting facilities for local residents Health Service Medical delivery system completeness Satisfaction with the layout of health service stations and first aid stations, level of medical services Neighborhood health system completeness Satisfaction with the sanitation status, layout of public toilets, garbage cans and other environmental sanitation facilities, sewage treatment and water accumulation, etc. Public Policies Public policy implementation efficiency Satisfaction with the implementation of policies related to health and physical activity, including the strength of implementation, effectiveness of implementation, and the purpose of the policies Personal Skills Health knowledge familiarity Degree of understanding of health-related knowledge, such as healthy diet, basic knowledge and concepts of health, and general knowledge of healthy activity patterns Exercise habit Whether residents have a sense of regular exercise in their daily life, such as running, walking, square dancing, playing basketball on a regular weekly basis Accompany Whether residents are accompanied by neighborhoods, family members, friends, etc. when performing physical activities In this study, the Supportive Environment of Health, Community Services, and Health Services of HPR were selected for objective factors, which are inherently derived from the objective environment. Objective personal factors were used as control variables, and public policies were not included in the objective indicator due to the difficulty of obtaining interpretable data. Explained from the five levels of HPR, the factors affecting PA mentioned in the existing studies involve a variety of factors, such as density of street trees related to the built environment [ 45 ], street connectivity [ 30 ], building density [ 46 ], road network density and intersection density [ 20 ], green coverage rate [ 18 ], land-use diversity [ 47 ], etc.; outdoor fitness equipment [ 23 ], and density of retail POIs [ 48 ] related community service; public policies on health related to public policy [ 49 ]; healthcare facilities related to health services [ 50 ]; and so on. Table 2 showed the the objective factors of built environment, including 3 HPR categories and 21 secondary indicators. Table 2 Objective factors of built environment Variable Calculation Supportive Environment of Health factors Road intersection density \(\:\text{R}\text{I}\text{D}=\frac{\sum\:{\text{I}}_{\text{n}}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) RID is Road intersection density(#/km 2 ), I n is Number of three-way intersections and above, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Public transport accessibility Residents walk the shortest distance from the place of residence to the traffic station according to the walking path Road network density \(\:\text{R}\text{N}\text{D}=\frac{\sum\:{\text{L}}_{\text{n}}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) RND is Road network density (km/km 2) , L n is Road network length, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Functional mixing \(\:\text{D}\text{I}\text{V}={\sum\:}_{\text{u}=1}^{\text{U}}\left(\frac{{\text{p}}_{\text{n}\text{u}}}{{\sum\:}_{\text{u}=1}^{\text{U}}{\text{p}}_{\text{n}\text{u}}}\times\:\text{ln}\left(\frac{{\text{p}}_{\text{n}\text{u}}}{{\sum\:}_{\text{u}-1}^{\text{U}}{\text{p}}_{\text{n}\text{u}}}\right)\right)\) DIV is Functional mixing, P nu is Number of u-class POI facilities in a public space numbered n, U is Total number of POI facilities Building density \(\:\text{B}\text{D}=\frac{\text{B}\text{B}\text{A}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) BD is Building density (%), BBA is projection area of building of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Building average height \(\:\text{H}=\frac{\sum\:{H}_{n}}{n}\) H is Building average height (m), H n is Building height of 500m buffer(m), n is Number of buildings of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Green coverage rate \(\:\text{G}\text{C}\text{R}=\frac{\text{T}\text{G}\text{A}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) GCR is green coverage rate (%), TGA is planar area of the vegetation of 500m buffer (m 2 ), SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Public space accessibility \(\:\text{R}\text{A}\text{I}=\frac{8\times\:\text{S}\text{R}\text{F}+8\times\:\text{B}\text{R}\text{F}+4\times\:\text{L}\text{F}}{\text{B}\text{D}}\) RAI is public space accessibility, \(\:\text{S}\text{R}\text{F}\) is Number of secondary trunk road intersections, BRF is Number of street and branch road intersections, LF is Number of street and roadway intersections, BD is Building density (%) PM 2.5 concentration The air detector measures the concentration of PM 2.5 in the air (micrograms / cubic meter) Wind speed The air flow rate is m/s Temperature Temperature in the area Community Service factors Sports facilities density \(\:\text{S}\text{D}=\frac{\sum\:{N}_{Spoi}}{SA}\) SD is Sports facilities density (#/m 2 ), S poi is Number of Sports facilities of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Commercial facilities density \(\:\text{C}\text{D}=\frac{\sum\:{\text{N}\text{c}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) CD is Commercial facilities density (#/m 2 ), \(\:{\text{N}\text{c}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}\) is Number of commercial facilities of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Commercial facilities accessibility The shortest distance for residents to reach the business facilities for leisure activities Community services station density \(\:\text{E}\text{D}=\frac{\sum\:{\text{N}\text{e}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) ED is Community services station density (#/m 2 ), \(\:{\text{N}\text{e}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}\) is Number of community services station of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Community services station accessibility The shortest distance for the residents to reach the community service station Community activities participation scale Residents' participation in community activities Nursing home density \(\:\text{F}\text{D}=\frac{\sum\:{\text{N}\text{f}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) FD is Nursing home density (#/m 2 ), \(\:{\text{N}\text{f}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}\) is Number of nursing home of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Health Service factors Environment sanitation facilities density \(\:\text{G}\text{D}=\frac{\sum\:{\text{N}\text{g}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) GD is Environment sanitation facilities density (#/m 2 ), \(\:{\text{N}\text{g}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}\) is Number of environment sanitation facilities of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Community health service centers accessibility The shortest distance for the residents to reach the health service facility Community health service centers density \(\:\text{H}\text{D}=\frac{\sum\:{\text{N}\text{h}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}}{\text{S}\text{A}}\) HD is Community health service centers density (#/m 2 ), \(\:{\text{N}\text{h}}_{\text{p}\text{o}\text{i}}\) is Number of community health service centers of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m 2 ) Control variables: personal attribute factors Related studies have revealed that personal attributes have been recognized as factors influencing PA [ 37 , 51 ]. Therefore, following the principle of single correlation, this study selected three basic PS factors as control variables, which were gender, age, and income, and explored their correlation with PA respectively. Statistic analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Pearson Correlation Analysis was carried out to clarify the most representative PA factors and significantly related subjective-objective comprehensive environmental factors. Then, the Hierarchical multiple regression was used to gradually introduce the significant factor. The regression contains three models, and three influencing factors are added in order of the personal attributes, subjective environmental perception, and objective environmental factors. The significantly correlated subjective factors of environmental perception and the objective factors of built environment as the independent variables with the basic PS factors as the control variable. Walking, MPA, and VPA were constructed as the dependent variables, respectively. Results Descriptive Statistics A total of 317 effective questionnaires were collected for this study, with an efficiency rate of 91%, after the data sifting and validations according to the IPAQ [ 52 ], the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test, the Bartlett Spheroid test, and Cronbach's alpha. The verification proved that data had good validity and reliability (KMO = 0.836, p = 0.000, Cronbach's alpha = 0.93). The statistics results showed that 48% were male and 52% female, while 72% of those surveyed had a monthly income of more than $ 414 and 41% of those surveyed had a daily exercise habit (Table 3 ). The majority of those surveyed indicated that they had a certain degree of knowledge about health, and over half (63%) of those surveyed reported that they would be accompanied when going out for activities. Table 3 Descriptive statistics of personal information Variable Evaluate Percentage Gender Male 1 48% Female 0 52% Age 13–17 1 14% 18–30 2 10% 31–45 3 17% 46–69 4 20% >69 5 39% Monthly income ( $ ) Below 414 1 29% 414–1105 2 53% 1105–2071 3 14% More than 2071 4 4% Health-knowledge familiarity Do not understand 1 1% Do not understand much 2 5% Generally understand 3 43% Understand 4 42% Extremely understand 5 9% Exercise habit No exercise 1 5% Little exercise 2 13% Occasionally exercise 3 41% Regularly exercise 4 41% Accompany No one accompanied 1 37% Someone accompanied 2 63% In terms of the overall level of PA, the PAD (66.3 min), PAF (5.5 d/w), and PAI (1296.3 MET·min/w) of walking in the the Dashilar Historical Neighborhood met the international minimum recommended quantity. However, the average frequency, duration, and intensity of MPV, especially VPA, were lower than the international minimum recommended quantity (Fig. 4 a, 4 b, 4 c). There were some differences in the level of PA among different age groups (Fig. 4 d, 4 e, 4 f). The duration of walking was low among residents 69 years of age or older (52.6 min), and the average frequency of walking was relatively low among residents in the age groups of 13–17 (4.97 d/w) and 18–30 (3.59 d/w). Conversely, the duration (68.95 min, 30.58min), frequency (3.11 d/w, 1.21 d/w), and intensity (964.19 MET·min/w, 720 MET·min/w) of VPA were higher among residents aged 13–17 years; whereas the frequency (1.93 d/w, 0.26 d/w) of VPA among residents aged 45–69 years and intensity (461.33 MET·min/w, 57.24 MET·min/w) were both lower. The values of each characterization showed significant variation among the several samples of MPA and VPA at the same time. Correlation analysis The PAI was chosen as the representative indicator of PA in the stratified regression model after the Pearson Correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a certain degree of consistency in the correlation analysis results of PAI and PAD, and the PAF varies considerably which correlated with its less and different factors (Appendix C). Moreover, the PAI was calculated from a combination of PAD, PAF, and metabolic equivalents, indicating that the PAI reflects the level of PA more comprehensively. Effect of personal attributes on PA In terms of the personal attributes, only age was found to have a significant effect on PA. The regression results of model 1 (Table 4 ) showed that age had a significant positive effect on Walking (Beta = 0.420, P < 0.005), a non-significant negative effect on MPA and a significant negative effect on VPA (Beta=-0.467, P < 0.005). The results showed that the effect of age on PA tended to be negative with the increase of PAI. Effect of subjective-objective factors on PA The model 3 representing the combination of subjective and objective factors explained the PA to the highest degree (Table 4 ) among the three PAIs. Walking had the highest explanation (Adjusted R 2 = 42.4%). Outdoor environment safety, the subjective factor, was the only factor found to have both significant effect on walking (Beta = 0.167, p < 0.05), MPA (Beta = 0.217, p < 0.05), and VPA (Beta = 0.513, p < 0.05). In term of walking, commercial facilities abundance (Beta = 0.451, p < 0.05), neighborhood communication comfort (Beta = 0.129, p < 0.05), tourist disturbance (Beta = 0.025, p < 0.05), exercise habit (Beta = 0.030, p < 0.05) and especially barrier-free facilities completeness (Beta = 0.643, p < 0.005) as subjective factors also had a significant positive effect. Among objective factors, functional mixing (Beta = 0.258, P < 0.05), green coverage rate (Beta = 0.014, P < 0.05), commercial facilities density (Beta = 0.294, P < 0.05), community activities participation scale (Beta = 0.309, P < 0.005), and health service environment sanitation facilities density (Beta = 0.128, P < 0.05) had a significant positive effect. In term of MPA, among the subjective factors, outdoor microclimate comfort (Beta = 0.212, P < 0.05), night lighting safety (Beta = 0.656, P < 0.05), public policy implementation efficiency (Beta = 0.016, P < 0.05), health knowledge familiarity (Beta = 0.365, P < 0.05), and exercise habit (Beta = 0.198, P < 0.05) were also found to have significant positive effects. Sports facilities density (Beta = 0.212, P < 0.05) and community activities participation scale (Beta = 0.396, P < 0.05) were found to be significant as objective factors. In term of VPA, except for outdoor environment safety, only landscape environment aesthetics (Beta = 0.057, P < 0.05) and sports facilities density (Beta = 0.062, P < 0.05) were found to have a significant positive impact. Table 4 Regression analysis of subjective and objective environmental factors and residents' walking, MVP and VPA levels Variable Walking MPA VPA Primary variable Secondary variable Model1 Model2 Model3 Model1 Model2 Model3 Model1 Model2 Model3 Beta P Beta P Beta P Beta P Beta P Beta P Beta P Beta P Beta P Personal Attributes Gender -0.132 0.323 -0.01 0.929 0.039 0.974 0.111 0.451 0.173 0.207 0.175 0.219 0.008 0.949 0.059 0.631 0.063 0.615 Age 0.420 *** 0.002 0.499 * 0.023 0.358 * 0.025 -0.137 0.352 -0.207 0.199 -0.287 0.192 -0.467 *** 0.001 -0.470 ** 0.002 -0.501 ** 0.002 Income 0.072 0.592 0.085 0.517 0.055 0.666 -0.014 0.928 0.000 0.997 -0.075 0.640 0.010 0.938 0.010 0.936 0.006 0.967 Subjective Supportive Environment of Health Outdoor microclimate comfort 0.195 * 0.039 0.212 * 0.032 Night lighting safety 0.104 0.099 0.208 0.296 0.623 * 0.012 0.656 * 0.025 0.253 0.256 0.279 0.240 Road traffic safety 0.132 0.945 -0.090 0.997 0.094 0.684 0.077 0.735 0.173 0.498 0.226 0.399 Outdoor environment safety 0.065 * 0.033 0.167 * 0.042 0.582 * 0.028 0.217 * 0.016 0.453 * 0.046 0.513 * 0.047 Public facilities appearance design aesthetics -0.153 0.35 -0.192 0.623 Landscape environment aesthetics 0.077 0.634 0.143 0.391 0.103 * 0.050 0.062 * 0.050 Building elevation aesthetics -0.030 0.861 0.002 0.579 Subjective Community Service Sports facilities adequacy -0.089 0.185 -0.159 0.324 0.246 0.108 0.220 0.187 Commercial facilities abundance 0.409 * 0.019 0.451 * 0.017 Transportation accessibility 0.414 0.429 0.422 0.693 Barrier-free facilities completeness 0.669 *** 0.001 0.643 ** 0.002 Community service Integrity 0.114 0.567 0.059 0.768 Neighborhood communication comfort 0.106 * 0.045 0.129 * 0.033 Tourist disturbance 0.102 * 0.019 0.025 * 0.026 Subjective Health Service Medical delivery system completeness 0.012 0.948 0.087 0.894 Subjective Public Policies Public policy implementation efficiency 0.063 * 0.026 0.016 * 0.024 Subjective Personal Skills Health Knowledge familiarity 0.132 0.395 0.044 0.810 0.355 * 0.048 0.365 * 0.014 0.092 0.558 0.107 0.514 Exercise habit 0.275 * 0.048 0.030 * 0.041 0.504 * 0.050 0.198 ** 0.010 -0.289 0.093 -0.079 0.735 Objective Supportive Environment of Health Road intersection density 0.028 0.857 Functional mixing 0.258 * 0.023 Green coverage rate 0.014 * 0.023 0.131 0.345 Public space accessibility -0.170 0.220 Temperature -0.020 0.891 Objective Community Service Sports facilities density 0.029 0.847 0.212* 0.015 0.057* 0.050 Commercial facilities density 0.294 * 0.017 Community activities participation scale 0.309 *** 0.001 0.396 * 0.021 -0.260 0.219 Objective Health Service Environment sanitation facilities density 0.128 * 0.031 -0.119 0.367 Community health service centers density 0.026 0.092 R 2 0.199 0.603 0.844 0.031 0.419 0.743 0.215 0.427 0.529 Adjusted R 2 0.150 0.356 0.424 0.028 0.263 0.334 0.167 0.346 0.371 Note: ***at 0.001 (double tail), significant correlation; **at 0.01 (double tail), significant correlation; * at 0.05 (double tail), significant correlation Discussion General Difference Analysis This study aimed to exam the influence of subjective-objective factors on PA in historical districts from the perspective of health promotion. The results indicate that the outdoor environmental safety, a factor of the subjective supportive environment of health within the five dimensions of HPR, has the most significant effect on all PAIs among residents in historical neighborhoods. PA of different intensities is most influenced by the combination of subjective comprehensive environmental perceptions, objective comprehensive environment, and personal attributes in historical neighborhoods of megacities. Walking was found to be significantly influenced by these factors, and VPA was less influenced. Subjective perception had a greater impact on walking and MPA than objective environmental factors and personal attributes, especially explaining walking the most. The results showed that the personal attributes factor (age) explained VPA the most. It was indicated that the effect of age on PA developed from significant positive to significant negative as PAI increased, which was also found in the results after adding subjective and objective factors into the models. These results indicating the significant effect of personal attributes on VPA are in agreement with previous studies [ 53 ], possibly due to the characteristics of VPA itself, which has a greater need for facility layout and activity space and higher requirements for personal physical fitness, including cardio-respiratory fitness, chronic diseases, and so on [ 54 ]. Historical neighborhoods chosen as the study site have a higher proportion of elderly residents who might not be able to engage in VPA, as well as limited spaces available for VPA [ 55 ]. Subjective factors have a more significant influence on PA than objective factors, indicating that residents in the historical neighborhoods of megacities depend more on subjective perceptions than on the objective performance of environment and policies when engaging in PA [ 56 ]. Previous studies on modern neighborhoods have concluded that objective environmental factors are more closely related to PA than subjective factors [ 57 ] or are similar to subjective factors [ 58 , 59 ], which is different from our findings. This discrepancy could be attributed to the significant differences between the perceived and objective environments among different populations [ 60 ]. Another possible explanation is the difference between communities of different types and regions. Residents of historical neighborhoods are more likely to walk, driven by their subjective will due to a sense of cultural identification [ 61 ]. This suggests that residents' subjective assessments should be considered in the improvement of the physical environment and the formulation of policies to ensure the rationality and effectiveness [ 62 ]. In addition, previous studies on modern communities have also concluded the most explanation of subjective factors on walking [ 29 , 34 ] and some similar findings, such as the significant positive effect of the comfort of neighborhood interaction [ 63 ] and the abundance of commercial facilities on walking [ 64 ]. Therefore, some of the findings of this study are also applied to modern communities, where a healthy community development system can be established through multi-party cooperation by improving PA and making community activities and PA part of daily lives. The unique HPR of historical neighborhoods This study found that the different dimensions of HPR had different effects on various PAIs in historical neighborhoods, which have distinctiveness and similarities compared to modern neighborhoods. Some factors were found to have different effects on subjective and objective aspects. In term of Supportive Environment of Health, outdoor environment safety had a significant effect on all three PAIs, which supports evidence indicating that perceived neighborhood safety was positively related to total outdoor walking levels [ 65 ] and that improving safety perception can positively affect PA [ 66 ]. In contrast to earlier findings, however, no evidence was found that the public facilities’ appearance design aesthetics were related to PA [ 67 ]. The other subjective factor, outdoor microclimate comfort, was positively correlated with MPA. However, the objective environmental factors affecting outdoor microclimate comfort (PM 2.5 , temperature, and wind speed) were unrelated to PA. This finding does not support the previous research, which have suggested that the objective environment has a positive linear relationship with PA [ 68 , 69 ]. The possible explanation is that the subjective perception of microclimate is not only related to the objective microclimate environment but also influenced by individual, psychological, and social factors [ 70 ]. In addition, the objective environment factors of road traffic, such as road network density, road intersection density, and other basic indicators, showed no correlation with PA, whereas the safety of the road showed a significant positive correlation with VPA. These findings differ from previous studies, which have suggested that increased road intersection density [ 71 ] and road network density [ 72 ] are positively correlated with the intensity of walking and negatively correlated with VPA. However, the results of the subjective factor are in accord with recent studies indicating that increased pedestrian and traffic safety perceptions have a contributing effect on residents' PA [ 73 ]. This discrepancy could be attributed to the small-scale and high-density road network in the historical neighborhoods [ 74 ]. The alley’s width is only 1 to 5 meters, and the average road network density is 17.4 meters in the Dashilar Historical Neighborhood. Residents can reach their destinations conveniently through the intersecting hutongs, therefore the objective road traffic factors have less impact on them. Community Service is the most significant factors affecting walking and rarely affects MPV and VPA. The result indicated that the most significant subjective and objective factors on walking are barrier-free facilities completeness and community activities participation scale. The finding support previous studies that emphasize the importance of social networks to PA [ 58 ]. Previous findings indicated that barrier-free facilities have a significant impact on PA of the elderly [ 75 ], and barrier-free green spaces encourage people in PA [ 76 , 77 ]. The reason may be the high percentage of elderly people among the residents of the Dashilar Historical Neighborhood, resulting in a higher need for accessibility facilities. These findings suggest that a higher coverage of barrier-free facilities and more community activities will encourage residents of historical neighborhoods to walk and improve their physical health. In addition, tourist disturbance as a special factor of historical neighborhoods was found to have a positive effect on walking. In addition, the historical neighborhoods serve cultural and tourist function and accommodate large numbers of visitors during peak tourist seasons. The space of historical neighborhoods is used by a large number of tourists, which affects residents’ daily walking [ 70 ]. A 5.5 times year-on-year increase in traffic passengers in the Darshilar Historical Neighborhood was observed in 2023 [ 78 ]. For the Public Policies, this study found that the public policy implementation efficiency was positively related to MPA and unrelated to walking and VPA. In the context of calling for the Healthy China, the government has put forward many physical activity-related policies and regulations to promote health for all [ 79 ]. Historical neighborhoods often actively organize MAP, such as Tai Chi and square dancing, which were found to be the most appropriate for health in the elderly [ 80 ]. Most of these healthy policies are based on supply and are mainly government involvement [ 81 ], and there might be limitations in the implementation and enforcement of policies, such as inadequate PA facilities and insufficient community activities, which may lead to unclear perceptions of physical activity-related public policies among residents [ 82 ].This study suggests that effective implementation of the policy can be reflected in the supply of sports facilities [ 83 ] and other spatial dimensions, a platform for assessing and implementing PA and the improvement of supportive policy mechanisms [ 84 ] to create a favorable environment for PA, stimulating residents' awareness of fitness. Limitation The generalizability of these results is subject to certain limitations. On the one hand, although the IPAQ used in this study has passed the reliability and validity tests in existing studies, there is a problem of inaccurate data collection, thus affecting the scientific validity of the results of the study, due to the subjective understanding of the respondents. Future studies should be given to the use of more objective measures, such as the combination of accelerometers and GPS, which can accurately observe the spatial and temporal characteristics of PA, thus improving the accuracy of the study. On the other hand, this study only investigated the mechanism of subjective-objective comprehensive environmental factors on the three intensities of PA. Because of the large number of independent variables, the value of adjusted R 2 still needs to be improved. Considerably more work will be required to determine more impact factors. In addition, a further study could explore how the various types of factors ultimately affect PA through social and psychological intermediaries or interactions. Conclusions This study takes Beijing's historical neighborhood as an example to investigate the influence mechanism between the subjective-objective environmental factors and PA from the perspective of HPR. The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) HPR can effectively classify and explain subjective-objective comprehensive environmental factors. The subjective-objective factors derived from the five dimensions of HPR all have an impact on PA. Discrepancies among various PAIs were observed in the subjective and objective environmental factors. The subjective factors had a higher explanation than the objective factors when comparing the changes. (2) The objective source and subjective perception of the same factor had different effect on PA. The effect of subjective perceptions of road traffic safety and microclimate had a more significant effects on PA than the objective factors among residents of historical neighborhoods. Therefore, this study suggests that residents' subjective perception of the environment should be taken into account in the regeneration of historical districts in order to create a healthier environment in historical districts. (3) Compared to modern communities, this study showed that some comprehensive environmental factors of historical neighborhoods such as barrier-free facilities completeness, environment sanitation facilities density, public policy implementation efficiency, and tourist disturbance, were shown to be related to PA in this study, which is representative of historical neighborhoods, and provide new directions for enhancing the PA levels of residents and the comprehensive environment in Historic neighborhoods. The findings of this study can assist urban planners and policymakers in elucidating the effect of personal attributes, subjective perceptions, and objective environment on PA in historic neighborhoods; optimize the environment for PA; emphasize the consideration of subjective-objective factors in the rehabilitation of these areas; and provide a new perspective in order to improve residents’ health. Abbreviations HPR Health promotion IPAQ the International Physical Activity Questionnaire PA Physical activity PAD Duration of physical activity PAF Frequency of physical activity PAI Intensity of physical activity MPA Moderate physical activity VPA Vigorous physical activity Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration. All participants were informed and agreed to participate before completing the questionnaire. This study was approved by the Science and Technology Academic Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Technology (2025CAUP004). Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52170174). Author Contribution HC conceptualized, guided the methodology and writing and provided funding. YF wrote the manuscript and part visualization. XH conceptualized, wrote the original manuscript and did the data analysis and visualization. YG investigated and edit. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors thank all the participants who volunteered to participate in this study and the parents of children for their agreement. Data Availability The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the first author ( [email protected] ) upon reasonable request. References Corburn J. 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Supplementary Files AppendixAtoC.SupplementaryInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 14 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 28 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 27 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Cheng","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSBmbAASzED8sYENLkicFsaZQC08xGsB6eIFMghq4Z/dfOzh1x12crrtzA8f2+7gS9zPwHzwNg+DXR5OS+4cSzeWPZNsbHaYzdg49wxbYg8DW7I1D0NyMS4tBhI5ZtKSbcyJ2w4zmEnntoG08JhJ8zAcSGzAqSX/G1BLPVAL+zdpS7AW/m8EtOSwSX5sOwzUAjScEWILG14tEjfSQCqPA/3CU2zYe4bNuAfoKcs5Bsk4tfDPSH4m+bOtWs7s/PGND37uOCbb3t788MabCjucWkCAmQfBPgZJBgwGeNQDAeMPBLsGv9JRMApGwSgYkQAA2vZRVntkEjMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haomiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Cheng","suffix":""},{"id":526389277,"identity":"01e9bc2e-ceee-46c5-ac9b-50be6f7ee1dc","order_by":1,"name":"Yuxin Fan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Beijing University of 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20:53:22","extension":"html","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":235804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7342484/v1/8c042a6890cf2c0418e94fd6.html"},{"id":93175011,"identity":"c05fe22f-df56-4cc3-b5ab-457741cfb88e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 20:45:22","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ethe flow chart of methods\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7342484/v1/b6d4385aa6bb872387919b0a.jpeg"},{"id":93176123,"identity":"af639d2d-8ff7-4bd7-84b9-2b9efcbe4311","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 21:09:22","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":143755,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResearch scope and calculation scope of Dashilar\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7342484/v1/7ebeb963c94dc2f739cf0d13.jpeg"},{"id":93175486,"identity":"faf6782e-4673-4603-abfc-1f18b168edc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 20:53:22","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91676,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003esubjective and objective Independent variable\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7342484/v1/7ffa553bb6101b46ab1a43fd.jpeg"},{"id":93175019,"identity":"833a71bb-9ff5-4971-a61e-5468c151a84d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 20:45:22","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":98355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStatistics on the duration, frequency, and intensity of walking, MPA, and VPA, including comparison of PA of residents in Dashilar with international recommended standards, and descriptive statistics of length, frequency and intensity of PA at different ages.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7342484/v1/b0ad0a0fd63cc79c7acdeb4a.jpeg"},{"id":93176156,"identity":"14c2825d-3da5-44fb-a3c6-1b7f88924f24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 21:17:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1597368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7342484/v1/66143369-8379-40eb-9f71-20fac118f0c5.pdf"},{"id":93175492,"identity":"8c6ef2b1-b0a0-44da-ac12-1b97fbb049aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-09 20:53:22","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":71957,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AppendixAtoC.SupplementaryInformation.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7342484/v1/97a57b2102c9faecca6cce3c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigating the subjective-objective impact of comprehensive environmental factors on physical activity in a historical neighborhood: From perspective of health promotion","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the rapid development of the economy and urban construction, the time and space available for exercises have been reduced due to increasing problems such as air pollution, traffic congestion, and degradation of public space, which threatens public health significantly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Physical activity (PA) is defined as any physical movement generated by skeletal muscle contraction that results in energy expenditure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that those who are regularly engaged in PA have better physical and mental health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], as well as a positive effect on the treatment and prevention of multiple chronic diseases [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. There is a consensus among experts and policymakers that physical inactivity is detrimental to disease prevention and physical and mental health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eGlobal action plan on physical activity and health 2018\u0026ndash;2030\u003c/em\u003e proposed by WHO put forth the objective of \"More active people for a healthier world\" to achieve a 15% relative reduction in physical inactivity among adults and adolescents by 2030 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The promotion of PA has become a research focus and has been applied globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\"Health Promotion (HPR)\", defined as \"the process of enabling people to enhance the control of peripheral influences and to improve their health\", aiming for a state of physical, mental, and social well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], was initially developed in the Ottawa Charter in 1986 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. HPR proposes five primary dimensions, including the creation of a supportive environment for health, the strengthening of community service, the development of personal skills, the development of public policies, and the reorientation of health services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The fields and contents involved are continually enhanced and gradually transformed from theoretical research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] to practice (Appendix A Tab. A1). Multidisciplinary and multifaceted collaboration is essential for HPR, which involves the active participation of individuals, families, and communities in the process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, it needs to be expanded from a singular perspective of empirical studies and theoretical framework development models [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] to a comprehensive empirical study of urban spaces [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] to improve the overall health of people, society, and the environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban planners and geographers influence the behavior of inhabitants by optimizing the urban environment, both objective and subjective. Previous studies have confirmed the relevance of the objective environment and PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Land use and road transport factors, such as road density, accessibility, building density, and functional mix, have been shown to influence PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study concluded that net residential density, intersection density, and public transportation density were correlated with moderate physical activity (MPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. For the landscape environment factors, Zapata-Diomedi et al. found that high-quality parks and green spaces, along with high accessibility of open spaces, encourage daily movement among elders [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Kimihiro Hino et al. showed a significant relationship between productive urban landscapes and PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Environmental factors related to public facilities, including sports facilities, benches, street lighting, and commercial facilities, have been shown to influence MPA and VPA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The motivational factors of PA have been examined by domestic and international researchers in the medical field and urban planning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, Koohsari et al. found a correlation between human connection, relationships with the neighborhood environment, and walking behavior [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Wang et al. showed that prolonged duration of participants in the park and increased engagement in PA were associated with a heightened propensity to visit urban parks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Comparing the objective built environment with subjective environmental perceptions, Beenackers et al. confirmed that duration of recreational walking was associated with psychosocial factors, but not with urban environment characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In the same vein, Qiao and Yeh found walking is completely regulated by their personal perception of the surrounding environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, previous studies generally ignored the influence of social factors, including policies, subjective intentions, and community services, on the PA of residents for HPR. On the one hand, a significant portion of studies focused on \"creating a supportive environment for health\" within the context of HPR, particularly from a spatial environmental perspective [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]; other dimensions, such as policy, community services, and health services, are less commonly examined. On the other hand, these did not account for the combined effect of residents' subjective perceptions and objective environment on PA, nor the discrepancies between subjective and objective assessments of the same factor [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the rapid urbanization, certain historical neighborhoods face problems such as deteriorating structures, inadequate infrastructure, deterioration of traditional texture, and diminished economic viability, all of which threaten the physical and mental health of residents. Historical neighborhoods, as an individual type of neighborhood, differ from modern settlements in several ways. Historical neighborhoods maintain traditional historical characteristics and street texture, imperfect accessibility facilities, and compact allocation of public spatial resources; experience the conflict between tourists and local residents; and face constraints on architectural renewal limited by historical neighborhoods\u0026rsquo; conservation regulations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Existing studies on PA mainly focused on modern settlements, waterfront environments, and parks and green spaces [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], consequently resulting in a certain gap in the research content of historical neighborhoods as the object.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the perspective of the planning discipline, this study adopts the concept of HPR to explore the more comprehensive environmental factors affecting residents' PA. Combined with the current situation of historical neighborhoods in Beijing, the mechanism of the subjective-objective environments on the intensity (PAI), duration (PAD), and frequency (PAF) of residents' PA and their variability was investigated. The findings provided evidence for improving the residents' health and enhancing the built environment in the historical neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the framework for constructing the research methodology flow, which includes the index system of control variables, independent variables, and dependent variables; pertinent data collection sources; subsequent descriptive statistic, followed by the Pearson Correlation Analysis to identify the indicator that most effectively represented PA, culminating in the Hierarchical multiple regression comprising three models of personal, objective, and subjective factors with three intensities of PA (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, Darshilar Historical Neighborhood in Beijing was selected as the empirical study area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea), which covers an area of 1.26 square kilometers, with a resident population of more than 20,000 people. As one of China's 30 national historical and cultural protection neighborhoods, it has 114 streets and alleys and more than 3,800 courtyards. The neighborhood also holds significant cultural and landscape value. However, there is a high percentage of disadvantaged groups, a lack of infrastructure and green space, and little space for PA.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSurvey data\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study of PA within the objective built environment of a specific residential range is not sufficient to validate the relationship between the two. Therefore, it is necessary to include the objective built environment within the buffer zone surrounding the residential range in the calculation. Previous studies indicated that the daily life network of the residents is mostly within a 10-minute walk or 500m [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The results were also corresponded to the delineation of the living circle by the standard issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], in which the 10-minute living circle is limited to a 500-meter walk. Dashilar Historical Neighborhood is categorized into 8 communities and 53 public space locations were selected respectively. Combined with the characteristics of the Dashilar historical neighborhood and the population distribution characteristics, the calculation area was finally decided to be buffered with a radius of 500m by the questionnaire distribution points (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData on residents' personal attributes, PA, and subjective perceptions were obtained using questionnaires. All participants were informed and agreed to participate before completing the questionnaire. A total of 350 questionnaires were on site distributed according to 1% of the resident population (Appendix B). The questionnaire firstly included basic personal attributes of the residents (including gender, age, and income). Secondly, data on PAD and PAF were collected through the International Physical Activity Quotient (IPAQ). Finally, the subjective environmental perception data were assessed through a five-point Likert scale, with residents rating on a scale of 1\u0026ndash;5, with higher scores indicating greater resident satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the age of the respondents and the time of questionnaire distribution were identified. Considering the balanced distribution of economic and social attributes (gender ratio, age ratio, etc.) of the residents in each community, the data collection followed the 1:1 gender ratio standard of the Dashilar Historical Neighborhood, with reference to the demographic structure in which the ratios of the number of people between 0\u0026ndash;14, 15\u0026ndash;64, and over 65 years old are approximately 1:9:2. The questionnaires were distributed on holidays and weekdays respectively, due to the characteristics of the different functional land use, some alleys and hutongs, and the difference in pedestrian flows between weekdays and holidays. In addition, the IPAQ data with more than 960 minutes of daily PA and less than 10 minutes per activity were excluded [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. And the subjective perception scale data that the overall consistency is greater than 80% or the consistency of the two questions is greater than 95% were excluded [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe built environment data of Dashilar Historical Neighborhood, including building and street network data, were obtained from the Beijing Municipal Urban Survey and Mapping Institute, calibrated through Gaode maps (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://lbs.amap.com/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://lbs.amap.com/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), and field research. Green vegetation data were obtained from high-resolution remote sensing data acquired by the PNEO satellite, combined with field surveys for accuracy checking. Environmental quality and microclimate data are obtained from the field monitoring and calibrated through the data of state-controlled points and city-controlled points.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDependent variable: PA characteristic factors\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering that a large sample size is needed to evaluate the PA in the historical neighborhood, the PAD, PAF, and PAI were selected as characterization factors to represent the level of PA, based on the IPAQ, which has passed the test of reliability and validity. Pearson Correlation Analysis was conducted on subjective-objective factors and residents' PAD, PAF, and PAI in order to identify the most representative PA characteristic factors and to screen for significantly related subjective-objective factors. PAI can be classified as walking, popularly recognized as a low-intensity PA, MPA, and VPA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. The weekly duration and frequency of the residents\u0026rsquo; PA were obtained by IPAQ [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The various intensities of walking, MPA, and VPA were calculated with the values of metabolic equivalents specified in the International Consensus Group on PA Measurement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e] (Appendix A Tab. A2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIndependent variable: subjective-objective factors\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, subjective and objective independent variables were selected according to the five dimensions of HPR (Health Supportive Environment, Community Service, Health Service, Public Policies, and Personal Skills) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the selection of subjective indicators, this study combined the Walkable Environment Scale for Neighborhood Environment Determination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e], the Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale PANES [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], and other international subjective environmental perception scales. Aspects such as environmental aesthetics, safety, and convenience were mentioned in these scales. The scales have passed the reliability test and have a certain degree of universality. Furthermore, subjective factors of environmental perception applicable to historical neighborhoods were added based on the existing environmental perception scales (e.g., Tourist disturbance, Neighborhood communication comfort, Public policy implementation efficiency, Health knowledge familiarity, etc.). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e showed the subjective factors of environmental perception, including 5 HPR categories and 20 secondary indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective factors of environmental perception\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupportive Environment of Health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutdoor microclimate comfort\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerception of air quality, particulate matter concentration, temperature, humidity and wind speed in neighborhoods\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNight lighting safety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerceived safety of residents going out for physical activities at night, distribution of the number of street lamps at night, perceived brightness of lighting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoad traffic safety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmoothness of paved roads in neighborhoods, obstacles and blind spots for physical activity, safety at road crossings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutdoor environment\u0026nbsp;safety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecurity situation, quality of construction, level of interference by motor and non-motor vehicles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic facilities\u0026nbsp;appearance design aesthetics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAesthetic perception of the design of cultural facilities, educational facilities, sports facilities, sanitation facilities, plazas, etc. in the neighborhoods\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLandscape environment aesthetics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmount of green space, green coverage, landscape quality, shade conditions, plant configuration, perceived aesthetics of green space design\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding elevation aesthetics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding height, colour and design of building elevations, reflection of character-defining features, overall visual perception\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity Service\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSports facilities\u0026nbsp;adequacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdequacy of activity space, distribution of activity space, and completeness of supporting facilities (e.g., seating, fitness equipment)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial facilities abundance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of businesses, quality of shops, quality of commercial facilities serving local residents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransportation accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDensity of road network, street scale, accessibility to transport stations, ancillary services, sports facilities, etc., from home\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBarrier-free facilities\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ecompleteness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of ramps, degree of slip resistance, coverage and accessibility of barrier-free facilities, degree of barrier-free facility design standards\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity service Integrity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall hygiene condition, layout of sanitation facilities such as public toilets and litter bins, sewage disposal and stagnant water, odour conditions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighborhood communication\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ecomfort\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe degree of familiarity and harmony in interactions between residents, and whether they participate in and organize activities such as neighborhood gatherings and exchanges\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTourist disturbance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcessive number of foreign tourists affecting residents\u0026rsquo; daily travelling, occupying residents\u0026rsquo; daily activity space, and providing few supporting facilities for local residents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Service\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical delivery system completeness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfaction with the layout of health service stations and first aid stations, level of medical services\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighborhood health system completeness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfaction with the sanitation status, layout of public toilets, garbage cans and other environmental sanitation facilities, sewage treatment and water accumulation, etc.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic Policies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic policy implementation efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSatisfaction with the implementation of policies related to health and physical activity, including the strength of implementation, effectiveness of implementation, and the purpose of the policies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal Skills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth knowledge familiarity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDegree of understanding of health-related knowledge, such as healthy diet, basic knowledge and concepts of health, and general knowledge of healthy activity patterns\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise habit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhether residents have a sense of regular exercise in their daily life, such as running, walking, square dancing, playing basketball on a regular weekly basis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccompany\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhether residents are accompanied by neighborhoods, family members, friends, etc. when performing physical activities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the Supportive Environment of Health, Community Services, and Health Services of HPR were selected for objective factors, which are inherently derived from the objective environment. Objective personal factors were used as control variables, and public policies were not included in the objective indicator due to the difficulty of obtaining interpretable data. Explained from the five levels of HPR, the factors affecting PA mentioned in the existing studies involve a variety of factors, such as density of street trees related to the built environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], street connectivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], building density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e], road network density and intersection density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], green coverage rate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], land-use diversity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e], etc.; outdoor fitness equipment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], and density of retail POIs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e] related community service; public policies on health related to public policy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]; healthcare facilities related to health services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]; and so on. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e showed the the objective factors of built environment, including 3 HPR categories and 21 secondary indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObjective factors of built environment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalculation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"10\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSupportive Environment of Health factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoad intersection density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{R}\\text{I}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{\\text{I}}_{\\text{n}}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRID is Road intersection density(#/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), I\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e is Number of three-way intersections and above, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic transport accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidents walk the shortest distance from the place of residence to the traffic station according to the walking path\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoad network density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{R}\\text{N}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{\\text{L}}_{\\text{n}}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRND is Road network density (km/km\u003csup\u003e2)\u003c/sup\u003e, L\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e is Road network length, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional mixing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{D}\\text{I}\\text{V}={\\sum\\:}_{\\text{u}=1}^{\\text{U}}\\left(\\frac{{\\text{p}}_{\\text{n}\\text{u}}}{{\\sum\\:}_{\\text{u}=1}^{\\text{U}}{\\text{p}}_{\\text{n}\\text{u}}}\\times\\:\\text{ln}\\left(\\frac{{\\text{p}}_{\\text{n}\\text{u}}}{{\\sum\\:}_{\\text{u}-1}^{\\text{U}}{\\text{p}}_{\\text{n}\\text{u}}}\\right)\\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDIV is Functional mixing, P\u003csub\u003enu\u003c/sub\u003e is Number of u-class POI facilities in a public space numbered n, U is Total number of POI facilities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{B}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\text{B}\\text{B}\\text{A}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBD is Building density (%), BBA is projection area of building of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding average height\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{H}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{H}_{n}}{n}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH is Building average height (m), H\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e is Building height of 500m buffer(m), n is Number of buildings of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen coverage rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{G}\\text{C}\\text{R}=\\frac{\\text{T}\\text{G}\\text{A}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCR is green coverage rate (%), TGA is planar area of the vegetation of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic space accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{R}\\text{A}\\text{I}=\\frac{8\\times\\:\\text{S}\\text{R}\\text{F}+8\\times\\:\\text{B}\\text{R}\\text{F}+4\\times\\:\\text{L}\\text{F}}{\\text{B}\\text{D}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRAI is public space accessibility, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{S}\\text{R}\\text{F}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is Number of secondary trunk road intersections, BRF is Number of street and branch road intersections, LF is Number of street and roadway intersections, BD is Building density (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePM\u003csub\u003e2.5\u003c/sub\u003e concentration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe air detector measures the concentration of PM\u003csub\u003e2.5\u003c/sub\u003e in the air (micrograms / cubic meter)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWind speed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe air flow rate is m/s\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature in the area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity Service factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSports facilities density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{S}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{N}_{Spoi}}{SA}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD is Sports facilities density (#/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), S\u003csub\u003epoi\u003c/sub\u003e is Number of Sports facilities of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial facilities density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{C}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{\\text{N}\\text{c}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCD is Commercial facilities density (#/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\text{N}\\text{c}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is Number of commercial facilities of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial facilities accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe shortest distance for residents to reach the business facilities for leisure activities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity services station\u0026nbsp;density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{E}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{\\text{N}\\text{e}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eED is Community services station\u0026nbsp;density (#/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\text{N}\\text{e}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is Number of community services station of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity services station\u0026nbsp;accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe shortest distance for the residents to reach the community service station\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity activities participation scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidents' participation in community activities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing home density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{F}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{\\text{N}\\text{f}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFD is Nursing home density (#/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\text{N}\\text{f}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is Number of nursing home of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Service factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironment sanitation facilities density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{G}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{\\text{N}\\text{g}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGD is Environment sanitation facilities density (#/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\text{N}\\text{g}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is Number of environment sanitation facilities of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity health service centers accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe shortest distance for the residents to reach the health service facility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity health service centers density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\text{H}\\text{D}=\\frac{\\sum\\:{\\text{N}\\text{h}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}}{\\text{S}\\text{A}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHD is Community health service centers density (#/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\text{N}\\text{h}}_{\\text{p}\\text{o}\\text{i}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e is Number of community health service centers of 500m buffer, SA is Land area of 500m buffer (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eControl variables: personal attribute factors\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelated studies have revealed that personal attributes have been recognized as factors influencing PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, following the principle of single correlation, this study selected three basic PS factors as control variables, which were gender, age, and income, and explored their correlation with PA respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Pearson Correlation Analysis was carried out to clarify the most representative PA factors and significantly related subjective-objective comprehensive environmental factors. Then, the Hierarchical multiple regression was used to gradually introduce the significant factor. The regression contains three models, and three influencing factors are added in order of the personal attributes, subjective environmental perception, and objective environmental factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe significantly correlated subjective factors of environmental perception and the objective factors of built environment as the independent variables with the basic PS factors as the control variable. Walking, MPA, and VPA were constructed as the dependent variables, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 317 effective questionnaires were collected for this study, with an efficiency rate of 91%, after the data sifting and validations according to the IPAQ [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e], the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test, the Bartlett Spheroid test, and Cronbach's alpha. The verification proved that data had good validity and reliability (KMO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.836, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000, Cronbach's alpha\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.93).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe statistics results showed that 48% were male and 52% female, while 72% of those surveyed had a monthly income of more than \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e414 and 41% of those surveyed had a daily exercise habit (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of those surveyed indicated that they had a certain degree of knowledge about health, and over half (63%) of those surveyed reported that they would be accompanied when going out for activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of personal information\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvaluate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u0026ndash;17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonthly income (\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow 414\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e414\u0026ndash;1105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1105\u0026ndash;2071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than 2071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth-knowledge familiarity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo not understand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo not understand much\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenerally understand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnderstand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExtremely understand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise habit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLittle exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccasionally exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegularly exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccompany\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo one accompanied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSomeone accompanied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of the overall level of PA, the PAD (66.3 min), PAF (5.5 d/w), and PAI (1296.3 MET\u0026middot;min/w) of walking in the the Dashilar Historical Neighborhood met the international minimum recommended quantity. However, the average frequency, duration, and intensity of MPV, especially VPA, were lower than the international minimum recommended quantity (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere were some differences in the level of PA among different age groups (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ed, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ee, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ef). The duration of walking was low among residents 69 years of age or older (52.6 min), and the average frequency of walking was relatively low among residents in the age groups of 13\u0026ndash;17 (4.97 d/w) and 18\u0026ndash;30 (3.59 d/w). Conversely, the duration (68.95 min, 30.58min), frequency (3.11 d/w, 1.21 d/w), and intensity (964.19 MET\u0026middot;min/w, 720 MET\u0026middot;min/w) of VPA were higher among residents aged 13\u0026ndash;17 years; whereas the frequency (1.93 d/w, 0.26 d/w) of VPA among residents aged 45\u0026ndash;69 years and intensity (461.33 MET\u0026middot;min/w, 57.24 MET\u0026middot;min/w) were both lower. The values of each characterization showed significant variation among the several samples of MPA and VPA at the same time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCorrelation analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PAI was chosen as the representative indicator of PA in the stratified regression model after the Pearson Correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a certain degree of consistency in the correlation analysis results of PAI and PAD, and the PAF varies considerably which correlated with its less and different factors (Appendix C). Moreover, the PAI was calculated from a combination of PAD, PAF, and metabolic equivalents, indicating that the PAI reflects the level of PA more comprehensively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEffect of personal attributes on PA\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of the personal attributes, only age was found to have a significant effect on PA. The regression results of model 1 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) showed that age had a significant positive effect on Walking (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.420, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005), a non-significant negative effect on MPA and a significant negative effect on VPA (Beta=-0.467, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005). The results showed that the effect of age on PA tended to be negative with the increase of PAI.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEffect of subjective-objective factors on PA\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe model 3 representing the combination of subjective and objective factors explained the PA to the highest degree (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) among the three PAIs. Walking had the highest explanation (Adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.4%). Outdoor environment safety, the subjective factor, was the only factor found to have both significant effect on walking (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.167, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), MPA (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.217, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and VPA (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.513, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn term of walking, commercial facilities abundance (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.451, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), neighborhood communication comfort (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.129, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), tourist disturbance (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), exercise habit (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.030, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and especially barrier-free facilities completeness (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.643, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005) as subjective factors also had a significant positive effect. Among objective factors, functional mixing (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.258, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), green coverage rate (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), commercial facilities density (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.294, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), community activities participation scale (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.309, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005), and health service environment sanitation facilities density (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.128, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) had a significant positive effect.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn term of MPA, among the subjective factors, outdoor microclimate comfort (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.212, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), night lighting safety (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.656, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), public policy implementation efficiency (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.016, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), health knowledge familiarity (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.365, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and exercise habit (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.198, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were also found to have significant positive effects. Sports facilities density (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.212, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and community activities participation scale (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.396, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were found to be significant as objective factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn term of VPA, except for outdoor environment safety, only landscape environment aesthetics (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.057, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and sports facilities density (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.062, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were found to have a significant positive impact.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegression analysis of subjective and objective environmental factors and residents' walking, MVP and VPA levels\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"20\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWalking\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMPA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVPA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary variable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary variable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePersonal Attributes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.974\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.949\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.420\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.499\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.358\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.137\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.352\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.467\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.470\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.501\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.640\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.967\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective Supportive Environment of Health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutdoor microclimate comfort\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.195\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.212\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNight lighting safety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.623\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.656\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoad traffic safety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.945\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.684\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutdoor environment\u0026nbsp;safety\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.065\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.167\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.582\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.217\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.453\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.513\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic facilities\u0026nbsp;appearance design\u0026nbsp; aesthetics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.192\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.623\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLandscape environment aesthetics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.634\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.103\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.062\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding elevation aesthetics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.579\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective Community Service\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSports facilities\u0026nbsp;adequacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial facilities \u0026nbsp;abundance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.409\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.451\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransportation accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBarrier-free facilities\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ecompleteness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.669\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.643\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity service Integrity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.768\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeighborhood communication\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;comfort\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.106\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.129\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTourist disturbance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.102\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective Health Service\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedical delivery system completeness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.087\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.894\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective Public Policies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic policy implementation efficiency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.063\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.016\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective Personal Skills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth Knowledge familiarity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.810\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.355\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.365\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise habit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.275\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.030\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.504\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.198\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObjective Supportive Environment of Health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoad intersection density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional mixing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.258\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreen coverage rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic space accessibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.170\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObjective Community Service\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSports facilities density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.212*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.057*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial facilities density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.294\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity activities participation scale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.309\u003csup\u003e***\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.396\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.260\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eObjective Health Service\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironment sanitation facilities density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.128\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.119\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity health service centers density\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.603\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.844\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.419\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.743\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.427\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.529\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.424\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.263\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.334\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.371\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"20\"\u003eNote: ***at 0.001 (double tail), significant correlation; **at 0.01 (double tail), significant correlation; * at 0.05 (double tail), significant correlation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eGeneral Difference Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to exam the influence of subjective-objective factors on PA in historical districts from the perspective of health promotion. The results indicate that the outdoor environmental safety, a factor of the subjective supportive environment of health within the five dimensions of HPR, has the most significant effect on all PAIs among residents in historical neighborhoods. PA of different intensities is most influenced by the combination of subjective comprehensive environmental perceptions, objective comprehensive environment, and personal attributes in historical neighborhoods of megacities. Walking was found to be significantly influenced by these factors, and VPA was less influenced. Subjective perception had a greater impact on walking and MPA than objective environmental factors and personal attributes, especially explaining walking the most.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results showed that the personal attributes factor (age) explained VPA the most. It was indicated that the effect of age on PA developed from significant positive to significant negative as PAI increased, which was also found in the results after adding subjective and objective factors into the models. These results indicating the significant effect of personal attributes on VPA are in agreement with previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e], possibly due to the characteristics of VPA itself, which has a greater need for facility layout and activity space and higher requirements for personal physical fitness, including cardio-respiratory fitness, chronic diseases, and so on [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Historical neighborhoods chosen as the study site have a higher proportion of elderly residents who might not be able to engage in VPA, as well as limited spaces available for VPA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective factors have a more significant influence on PA than objective factors, indicating that residents in the historical neighborhoods of megacities depend more on subjective perceptions than on the objective performance of environment and policies when engaging in PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous studies on modern neighborhoods have concluded that objective environmental factors are more closely related to PA than subjective factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e] or are similar to subjective factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e], which is different from our findings. This discrepancy could be attributed to the significant differences between the perceived and objective environments among different populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e]. Another possible explanation is the difference between communities of different types and regions. Residents of historical neighborhoods are more likely to walk, driven by their subjective will due to a sense of cultural identification [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. This suggests that residents' subjective assessments should be considered in the improvement of the physical environment and the formulation of policies to ensure the rationality and effectiveness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, previous studies on modern communities have also concluded the most explanation of subjective factors on walking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e] and some similar findings, such as the significant positive effect of the comfort of neighborhood interaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e] and the abundance of commercial facilities on walking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, some of the findings of this study are also applied to modern communities, where a healthy community development system can be established through multi-party cooperation by improving PA and making community activities and PA part of daily lives.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe unique HPR of historical neighborhoods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study found that the different dimensions of HPR had different effects on various PAIs in historical neighborhoods, which have distinctiveness and similarities compared to modern neighborhoods. Some factors were found to have different effects on subjective and objective aspects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn term of Supportive Environment of Health, outdoor environment safety had a significant effect on all three PAIs, which supports evidence indicating that perceived neighborhood safety was positively related to total outdoor walking levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e] and that improving safety perception can positively affect PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast to earlier findings, however, no evidence was found that the public facilities\u0026rsquo; appearance design aesthetics were related to PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]. The other subjective factor, outdoor microclimate comfort, was positively correlated with MPA. However, the objective environmental factors affecting outdoor microclimate comfort (PM\u003csub\u003e2.5\u003c/sub\u003e, temperature, and wind speed) were unrelated to PA. This finding does not support the previous research, which have suggested that the objective environment has a positive linear relationship with PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e]. The possible explanation is that the subjective perception of microclimate is not only related to the objective microclimate environment but also influenced by individual, psychological, and social factors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, the objective environment factors of road traffic, such as road network density, road intersection density, and other basic indicators, showed no correlation with PA, whereas the safety of the road showed a significant positive correlation with VPA. These findings differ from previous studies, which have suggested that increased road intersection density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e] and road network density [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e] are positively correlated with the intensity of walking and negatively correlated with VPA. However, the results of the subjective factor are in accord with recent studies indicating that increased pedestrian and traffic safety perceptions have a contributing effect on residents' PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. This discrepancy could be attributed to the small-scale and high-density road network in the historical neighborhoods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e]. The alley\u0026rsquo;s width is only 1 to 5 meters, and the average road network density is 17.4 meters in the Dashilar Historical Neighborhood. Residents can reach their destinations conveniently through the intersecting hutongs, therefore the objective road traffic factors have less impact on them.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunity Service is the most significant factors affecting walking and rarely affects MPV and VPA. The result indicated that the most significant subjective and objective factors on walking are barrier-free facilities completeness and community activities participation scale. The finding support previous studies that emphasize the importance of social networks to PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. Previous findings indicated that barrier-free facilities have a significant impact on PA of the elderly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e], and barrier-free green spaces encourage people in PA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e]. The reason may be the high percentage of elderly people among the residents of the Dashilar Historical Neighborhood, resulting in a higher need for accessibility facilities. These findings suggest that a higher coverage of barrier-free facilities and more community activities will encourage residents of historical neighborhoods to walk and improve their physical health. In addition, tourist disturbance as a special factor of historical neighborhoods was found to have a positive effect on walking. In addition, the historical neighborhoods serve cultural and tourist function and accommodate large numbers of visitors during peak tourist seasons. The space of historical neighborhoods is used by a large number of tourists, which affects residents\u0026rsquo; daily walking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e]. A 5.5 times year-on-year increase in traffic passengers in the Darshilar Historical Neighborhood was observed in 2023 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the Public Policies, this study found that the public policy implementation efficiency was positively related to MPA and unrelated to walking and VPA. In the context of calling for the Healthy China, the government has put forward many physical activity-related policies and regulations to promote health for all [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e]. Historical neighborhoods often actively organize MAP, such as Tai Chi and square dancing, which were found to be the most appropriate for health in the elderly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e]. Most of these healthy policies are based on supply and are mainly government involvement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e], and there might be limitations in the implementation and enforcement of policies, such as inadequate PA facilities and insufficient community activities, which may lead to unclear perceptions of physical activity-related public policies among residents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e82\u003c/span\u003e].This study suggests that effective implementation of the policy can be reflected in the supply of sports facilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e] and other spatial dimensions, a platform for assessing and implementing PA and the improvement of supportive policy mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e] to create a favorable environment for PA, stimulating residents' awareness of fitness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe generalizability of these results is subject to certain limitations. On the one hand, although the IPAQ used in this study has passed the reliability and validity tests in existing studies, there is a problem of inaccurate data collection, thus affecting the scientific validity of the results of the study, due to the subjective understanding of the respondents. Future studies should be given to the use of more objective measures, such as the combination of accelerometers and GPS, which can accurately observe the spatial and temporal characteristics of PA, thus improving the accuracy of the study. On the other hand, this study only investigated the mechanism of subjective-objective comprehensive environmental factors on the three intensities of PA. Because of the large number of independent variables, the value of adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e still needs to be improved. Considerably more work will be required to determine more impact factors. In addition, a further study could explore how the various types of factors ultimately affect PA through social and psychological intermediaries or interactions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study takes Beijing's historical neighborhood as an example to investigate the influence mechanism between the subjective-objective environmental factors and PA from the perspective of HPR. The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) HPR can effectively classify and explain subjective-objective comprehensive environmental factors. The subjective-objective factors derived from the five dimensions of HPR all have an impact on PA. Discrepancies among various PAIs were observed in the subjective and objective environmental factors. The subjective factors had a higher explanation than the objective factors when comparing the changes. (2) The objective source and subjective perception of the same factor had different effect on PA. The effect of subjective perceptions of road traffic safety and microclimate had a more significant effects on PA than the objective factors among residents of historical neighborhoods. Therefore, this study suggests that residents' subjective perception of the environment should be taken into account in the regeneration of historical districts in order to create a healthier environment in historical districts. (3) Compared to modern communities, this study showed that some comprehensive environmental factors of historical neighborhoods such as barrier-free facilities completeness, environment sanitation facilities density, public policy implementation efficiency, and tourist disturbance, were shown to be related to PA in this study, which is representative of historical neighborhoods, and provide new directions for enhancing the PA levels of residents and the comprehensive environment in Historic neighborhoods. The findings of this study can assist urban planners and policymakers in elucidating the effect of personal attributes, subjective perceptions, and objective environment on PA in historic neighborhoods; optimize the environment for PA; emphasize the consideration of subjective-objective factors in the rehabilitation of these areas; and provide a new perspective in order to improve residents\u0026rsquo; health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eHPR\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth promotion\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIPAQ\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ethe International Physical Activity Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePAD\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePAF\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency of physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePAI\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntensity of physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMPA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVPA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVigorous physical activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration. All participants were informed and agreed to participate before completing the questionnaire. This study was approved by the Science and Technology Academic Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Technology (2025CAUP004).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52170174).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHC conceptualized, guided the methodology and writing and provided funding. YF wrote the manuscript and part visualization. XH conceptualized, wrote the original manuscript and did the data analysis and visualization. YG investigated and edit. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e The authors thank all the participants who volunteered to participate in this study and the parents of children for their agreement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the first author ([email protected]) upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCorburn J. Toward the Healthy City: People, Places, and the Politics of Urban Planning. The MIT Press; 2009.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCaspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. 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Health Policy. 2018;122(5):519\u0026ndash;27.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Health promotion, Subjective-objective impact, Physical activity, Historical neighborhood, Community and health service","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7342484/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7342484/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical activity (PA) is lacking in historical neighborhoods, and there is a growing need for Health Promotion (HPR). The impact factors on PA have been increasingly important. However, previous studies ignored influences of society, policy, and subjective-objective impact in historical neighborhoods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA typical historical neighborhood in Beijing was selected as the study area. A total of 317 valid questionnaires were collected for residents' personal attributes, subjective perception, and PA data. The subjective and objective comprehensive environment factors are selected according to the five dimensions of HPR. The hierarchical multiple regression was conducted with the subjective and objective comprehensive environment factors were analyzed as independent variables, basic personal attributes as control variables, and three intensities of physical activity (PAI) as dependent variables, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCombined subjective-objective comprehensive environmental and personal attribute factors best explained PA, especially walking, which had the highest R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Adjusted R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42.4%). The subjective factors explained walking and moderate physical activity (MPA) to the highest degree, while the personal attribute factors explained vigorous physical activity (VPA) more significantly. Community service of HPR was the most significant influencing dimension on walking and rarely affected MPA and VPA. Community activities participation scale (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.309, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005) and barrier-free facilities completeness (Beta\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.643, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.005) were the most significant community service factors on walking. Outdoor environmental safety consistently promoted physical activity at all PAIs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe subjective-objective comprehensive environmental factors can be well explained from the perspective of HPR, in which the subjective factors had a more significant positive effect on PA. This study suggests that the residents' subjective perception of the environment should be taken into account in the regeneration of historical neighborhoods for improving the PA and health of residents.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigating the subjective-objective impact of comprehensive environmental factors on physical activity in a historical neighborhood: From perspective of health promotion","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-09 20:45:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7342484/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-12T02:14:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-24T03:30:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-14T13:09:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"89381146091197588512238982978107287889","date":"2025-10-13T02:49:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-02T13:50:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"31930459114942314932500699180663474391","date":"2025-09-29T05:38:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"284246566270679531222635530211492648815","date":"2025-09-27T01:51:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-26T18:41:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-09T08:48:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-28T07:01:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-27T10:32:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-08-27T10:28:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9ea9cf9c-46ba-457c-9712-309a0f11abad","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-31T09:38:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-09 20:45:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7342484","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7342484","identity":"rs-7342484","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}