Research on the Mechanism of the Influence of College Students' Physical Exercise Behavior, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Efficacy

Research on the Mechanism of the Influence of College Students' Physical Exercise Behavior, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Efficacy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Research on the Mechanism of the Influence of College Students' Physical Exercise Behavior, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Efficacy Yong Feng, Rui Luo, jian gong, yuanyao yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6836248/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Health is an inevitable requirement for promoting the comprehensive development of individuals and an important condition for social and economic development.As the main body of the university,the physical and mental health of college students plays an irreplaceable role in their own development and social progress.College students are crucial participants in higher education and future social life, with research significantly influencing their self-efficacy. Methods This study, conducted with college students in Chengdu, China, employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method. It integrates various influencing factors, including demographic characteristics, physical exercise behavior, and life satisfaction, to construct an asymmetric causal model from the perspectives of physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction. Results The research findings align with the core principles of complexity theory, confirming the heterogeneity and complexity of the antecedent conditions for high self-efficacy among college students. Nineteen causal condition combinations capable of promoting high self-efficacy were identified. Conclusions This study offers exploratory insights into applying complexity theory analysis to the study of college students' physical exercise, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. It also provides a decision-making reference path for enhancing college students' life satisfaction, physical exercise behavior, and self-efficacy. college students exercise behavior life satisfaction self-efficacy complexity theory Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Health is an inevitable requirement for promoting the comprehensive development of individuals and an important condition for social and economic development.As the main body of the university,the physical and mental health of college students plays an irreplaceable role in their own development and social progress.Therefore,all parties should work together to provide favorable conditions for college students to participate in physical exercise [ 1 ] .College life is a crucial transitional stage from adolescence to adulthood,and the formation and maintenance of healthy behaviors during this period can have a significant impact on adulthood [ 2 ] .However,the status of physical exercise among college students at this stage is not optimistic.Data from many countries around the world indicate that about 3/4 of adolescents lack sufficient physical activity.According to the survey on the status of nationwide fitness activities in China,only 14.7%of residents aged 20–69 regularly exercise [ 3 ] . There are numerous studies focusing on the correlation between college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.A review of previous research reveals that most of them explored the relationship between physical exercise behavior and various internal psychological factors such as exercise self-efficacy,physical exercise cognition,and life satisfaction from the individual's internal level.Research indicates that self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to complete tasks and achieve desired results,and this theory is a relatively successful one in the field of exercise behavior.Sallis pointed out that self-efficacy is a variable most closely related to physical exercise behavior [ 4 ] .Exercise intervention studies that increase self-efficacy regulatory components have been successful [ 5 ] .Attitude towards physical exercise refers to the comprehensive manifestation of individuals'cognitive evaluation,emotional experience,and behavioral intention in sports activities [ 6 ] .It is an essential psychological factor for individuals to persist in participating in sports activities,and the physical exercise attitude of college students has a positive impact on their physical health [ 7 ] .The level of self-efficacy not only determines an individual's life attitude when facing challenges during development,but also determines the degree of development of human potential by influencing individuals'choice of different activities [ 8 ] .With the rapid development of science and technology and the continuous improvement of material standards,modern college students'lifestyles have undergone significant changes compared to the past,and the physical and mental health of college students has become a hot topic of social concern.In recent years,college students'flexibility has declined,and the overweight rate has increased from 3.3%to 4.6%,while the obesity rate has increased from 5.1%to 8.2%,indicating that their physical health status is not optimistic [ 9 ] .College students'academic performance,living conditions,and employment are all influenced by their self-efficacy [ 10 ] .Participating in physical exercise activities can improve problem-solving ability,perseverance,unyielding fighting spirit,good control ability,and self-confidence.At the same time,recognition from parents,friends,and classmates can also enhance self-efficacy [ 11 ] . Life satisfaction,as an important indicator to examine an individual's living conditions,reflects the quality of an individual's recent life.With the rise of the information era,more and more college students have become"netizens,"and their time spent participating in sports activities has gradually decreased,leading to a series of problems such as declining physical fitness and lack of self-confidence.Some college students have mental health issues,experiencing occasional or frequent anxiety,depression,hostility,and even suicidal psychological symptoms [ 12 ] .Varying degrees of personal psychological pressure affect college students'level of life satisfaction.Studies have shown that different forms of physical exercise can have a positive effect on individuals'psychological and physical well-being,enhancing their psychological and physical qualities,thereby gradually increasing their satisfaction with life [ 13 ] . Currently,most studies discuss the relationship between these three factors from a linear perspective.However,the formation of college students'self-efficacy is a very complex psychological process that is influenced by complex interactions from multiple factors,including individuals,groups,and society.To explore the specific formation and influencing mechanisms of this complex process,this article will analyze the internal structure and relationship between college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.Utilizing complexity theory and a new fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)for empirical research,this article aims to supplement relevant theories on the relationship between physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy. Related theories and model construction Physical Exercise Behavior Physical exercise behavior is a unique social activity that emerges and develops along with people's diverse needs for sports.Many scholars have defined the concept of physical exercise behavior based on its goals and patterns.New definitions have been proposed by scholars according to the various functions of physical exercise.In his research on physical exercise and physical health,Shin defined physical exercise as physical activity that is directly related to physical health and well-being [ 14 ] .Neal,on the other hand,defined physical exercise in his study on its impact on cardiorespiratory endurance as physical activity that can improve an individual's cardiorespiratory endurance and enhance their health level [ 15 ] . In terms of sports psychology,numerous clinical and animal studies have shown that physical exercise has a significant positive effect on cognitive function.Particularly,aerobic exercise can influence the development of children's cognitive abilities and,consequently,their self-control abilities [ 16 ] .The study found that regular physical exercise can significantly improve children's self-control and reduce impulsivity.Scholar Huebner analyzed the effectiveness of standard medication combined with aerobic exercise in elderly patients with severe depression and found that physical exercise can be an alternative to antidepressant medication for treating depression [ 17 ] . Zhang surveyed 123 university students,listing activities such as sports,study,and socializing,and inquired about their positive emotions in different environments.The results showed that physical exercise was the primary source of positive emotions [ 18 ] .Ji found that appropriate physical exercise for adolescents can generate more"pleasure."Additionally,exercise has a significant impact on the executive function of the brain [ 19 ] .Li conducted a study on overweight children and found that a single 40-minute session of moderate-intensity exercise had the most significant improvement on their executive function [ 20 ] .Scholar Mao research on the physical fitness of adolescents revealed that those who engage in long-term physical exercise have far superior endurance,speed,strength,and flexibility compared to the average person,as well as superior cardiopulmonary function,neural regulation,and respiratory function [ 21 ] . Life Satisfaction The concept of"life"was first proposed by Shin and Johnson,who understood life satisfaction as an individual's evaluation of their living situation,reflecting in their thoughts whether certain things are developing according to their own wishes during daily activities [ 22 ] .Neal Kruase added his own perspective on life satisfaction,arguing that it is highly subjective because he proposed that the main factor in judging life satisfaction is the individual's recent feelings [ 23 ] . Man's research indicated that family members and peers can affect adolescents'life satisfaction.In daily interactions,evaluations from schoolmates tend to have a deeper impact than those from parents,but this phenomenon is not constant and occurs more frequently during adolescence.While focusing on family education,it is also necessary to pay attention to adolescents'status and interpersonal relationships in school life [ 24 ] .Huebner divided life satisfaction into two aspects:overall satisfaction and specific satisfaction in specific life domains.He believed that friendship,school,family,living environment,and self are considered the most important areas in young people's lives.When focusing on college students'life satisfaction,one cannot only consider one aspect.Therefore,in investigating life satisfaction,these five dimensions need to be taken into account,and lacking any one of them will lead to inaccurate measurement of life satisfaction [ 25 ] .McCullough et al.found that experiences in adolescents'lives have the greatest impact on their life satisfaction,and the cumulative effect of multiple events is more significant than a single event.Adolescents should pay attention to all aspects of life and not lose confidence due to temporary failures,which can affect their quality of life.They should approach future events with a developmental perspective [ 26 ] .Gilman et al.conducted an environmental experiment study on adolescents and found that their overall life satisfaction after the study was higher than before [ 27 ] .He et al.studied life satisfaction from a medical perspective and found a close relationship between the structure and function of the brain and life satisfaction [ 28 ] . Self-Efficacy The concept of self-efficacy was first introduced by American scholar Bandura,who believed that self-efficacy refers to an individual's confidence and ability to solve difficulties or problems when faced with them [ 29 ] .His research showed that individuals have different requirements for their abilities when facing different environments and problems,resulting in varying degrees of confidence,and thus self-efficacy manifests itself in varying degrees in different industries and environments. In 1988,Conger,Jay viewed self-efficacy as an expectation of effectiveness,arguing that this expectation is a predictive behavior of whether people can successfully complete certain tasks and achieve certain results.The expectation of effectiveness accumulates continuously in life,and only when a person is sufficiently excellent and confident will this expectation exhibit positive effects [ 30 ] .The famous German psychologist Schwarzer believes that self-efficacy is a specific spiritual belief that does not change with changes in an individual's environment.This is what some scholars refer to as general self-efficacy,which can be applied to various scenarios [ 31 ] .Zhang et al.argue that as a motivational factor,self-efficacy not only affects college students when facing difficulties,making choices,setting goals,and completing tasks,but also affects their emotional state in the classroom [ 32 ] .Scholars like Zeng have shown that individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy are more willing to use the internet to search for health information,engage in more frequent search behaviors,and their self-efficacy affects their personal thinking and behavior [ 33 ] .Research indicates that improving college students'self-efficacy can improve their depression,and the theory of self-efficacy has also been enriched [ 34 ] . Research on the Correlation Between Physical Exercise and Life Satisfaction The connection between physical activity and life satisfaction demands attention not only to the health impacts of residents' engagement in exercise but also to the subjective well-being effects of such participation. The depression index, selected from the dimension of mitigating negative emotional experiences, and happiness, life satisfaction, and job satisfaction, chosen from the dimension of enhancing positive emotions and evaluations, act as indicators for measuring residents' subjective well-being. Scholar Zhong's research revealed that participating in physical exercise produces subjective well-being benefits, significantly lowering participants' depression index and improving their happiness, life satisfaction, and job satisfaction. In terms of impact pathways, accumulating health capital and social capital are vital mechanisms through which exercise participation enhances subjective well-being. Specifically, engaging in physical exercise improves participants' subjective well-being by boosting self-rated health and physical fitness, as well as by expanding social networks, fostering social trust, and increasing social prestige [ 35 ] . Scholar Xu explored the direct effects of physical exercise on life satisfaction among middle school students, along with the indirect effects via resilience and mental health. Self-administered questionnaires were used, including a self-developed structured survey (covering demographic and sociological characteristics and exercise behavior), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Mental Health Inventory-60 (MHI-60), and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Structural equation modeling and other statistical analyses were conducted. The findings showed that physical exercise not only has a direct positive effect on life satisfaction but also safeguards life satisfaction through resilience and mental health [ 36 ] . Han conducted a systematic investigation into the relationship between college students' sports participation and their subjective well-being across all four grades at five Chinese universities, using theories and methods from sociology, psychology, and other disciplines. The results showed a close correlation between sports participation and subjective well-being: higher levels of sports participation were associated with stronger subjective well-being. College students who frequently engaged in physical activities scored higher on life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions, while indirect sports participation was not strongly linked to subjective well-being [ 37 ] . Scholar Ha, using data from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies, uncovered a significant positive correlation between the frequency and duration of physical exercise and life satisfaction. The frequency of exercise influences life satisfaction by affecting popularity and positive emotions. Similarly, exercise duration impacts life satisfaction through its effects on popularity and positive emotions. Both exercise frequency and duration reflect residents' emphasis on physical activity. In the Chinese context, exercise habits not only promote physical health by enhancing fitness but also foster mental health by alleviating depression and facilitate social interaction by increasing social activities [ 38 ] . Scholar Guo surveyed 3,196 college students to assess self-efficacy, life satisfaction, physical exercise, and meaning in life. The results indicated that physical exercise directly influences individuals' perceived meaning in life and also affects it through self-efficacy. Additionally, the study confirmed the chained mediating role of self-efficacy and life satisfaction, suggesting that exercise participation ultimately influences meaning in life via self-efficacy and life satisfaction. This finding can help educators design interventions to promote college students' exercise engagement and overall life satisfaction [ 39 ] . Based on a review of literature on physical exercise and life satisfaction, it is established that the relationship between them involves not only health effects but also subjective well-being effects. Numerous scholars have confirmed through various studies the positive role of physical exercise in enhancing residents' subjective well-being. Research on the correlation between physical exercise and self-efficacy A close and complex relationship exists between physical activity and self-efficacy. Physical exercise can enhance individuals' self-efficacy, which in turn affects their attitudes toward engaging in physical activity, activity selection, and adherence. Pham's relevant research has shown that self-efficacy and self-esteem significantly mediate the relationship between physical activity and job satisfaction, and demonstrated that stress management significantly moderates this relationship. These findings provide valuable guidance for strategists and policymakers in formulating policies related to self-efficacy, stress management, self-esteem, and job satisfaction [ 40 ] . An's study aims to explore the impact and mechanisms of physical exercise input, motor emotional intelligence, and motor self-efficacy on exercise adherence, as well as the chained mediating role of motor emotional intelligence → motor self-efficacy. Methods: A survey was conducted among 1,390 college students from three Chinese universities using scales for physical exercise input, exercise adherence, motor emotional intelligence, and motor self-efficacy. Results: (1) Physical exercise input significantly and positively predicts exercise adherence (β = 0.29, t = 5.78, p < 0.001); (2) Motor emotional intelligence and motor self-efficacy mediate the relationship between physical exercise input and exercise adherence; (3) Physical exercise input influences exercise adherence through the separate mediating roles of motor emotional intelligence (β = 0.10, t = 5.98, p < 0.001) and motor self-efficacy (β = 0.13, t = 2.64, p < 0.01), as well as through the chained mediation of motor emotional intelligence → motor self-efficacy (β = 0.09, t = 2.80, p < 0.01). Conclusions: (1) Physical exercise input can positively predict college students' levels of motor emotional intelligence and motor self-efficacy; (2) Physical exercise input not only directly affects college students' exercise adherence but also indirectly influences it through the separate mediating roles of motor emotional intelligence or motor self-efficacy and their chained mediation [ 41 ] . Scholar Qin conducted a study to investigate the impact of physical activity on negative emotions among college students and explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy, aiming to provide empirical and theoretical support for comprehensively improving and optimizing the mental health of this population. The study used the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). It found significant differences in physical exercise and negative emotion scores among college students of different genders and grades. The regression model showed that physical exercise can significantly predict negative emotions and self-efficacy, with a significant mediating effect of self-efficacy. The conclusions indicate that college students' physical exercise typically involves mild activity, which is associated with a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms, and that self-efficacy mediates the impact of physical exercise on negative emotions in this population [ 42 ] . Based on a review of relevant literature, it is concluded that a close and intricate connection exists between physical exercise and self-efficacy. Physical activity can enhance individuals' self-efficacy, while self-efficacy reciprocally influences their attitudes, activity choices, and persistence in physical exercise participation. Model Construction The factors influencing college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy are diverse and complex. Depending on the specific research contexts, scholars have analyzed and summarized numerous factors that affect these aspects among students [ 43 , 44 , 45 ] , aiding in our understanding of the formation mechanisms of college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. However, when different types of variables are simultaneously incorporated into a complex model, they may exert varied influences on college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. This facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, and the occurrence of related behaviors. Therefore, based on complexity theory, this study constructs a causal model (Fig. 1 ) examining the relationships among college students' demographic characteristics, physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy.The dimensions of physical exercise behavior include four latent variables:Exercise motivation,Individual factors,Social environment,and Physical education.Life satisfaction is represented by five latent variables:Family satisfaction,School satisfaction,Freedom satisfaction,Environment satisfaction,Academic satisfaction,and Friendship satisfaction.Additionally,there is a correlation between self-efficacy and demographic characteristics,so five demographic variables:Gender,Birthplace,Age,Only child,and Subject are included in the model for complexity analysis.Model A1 represents the causal relationship between college students'life satisfaction and self-efficacy.Model B1's precondition is the causal relationship between physical exercise behavior and self-efficacy.Model C1's precondition is the causal relationship between demographic characteristics and self-efficacy.Model D1's precondition is the causal relationship between life satisfaction,physical exercise behavior,and self-efficacy.Model E1's precondition is the causal relationship between physical exercise behavior,demographic characteristics,and self-efficacy. Research design and methodology Research Area Chengdu,a significant central city in western China,enjoys the reputation of"the Land of Abundance"and is among the first batch of national historical and cultural cities.It is the birthplace of ancient Shu civilization,a nationally designated historical and cultural city,and China's best tourist city.With nearly 60 universities,including world-renowned institutions such as Sichuan University,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Southwest Jiaotong University,and the only sports university in Southwest China,Chengdu provides a diverse range of options for studying college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.Based on this,this study takes college students in Chengdu as a case to explore the relationship between their physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy. Measurement Tools This study employs a questionnaire to measure the required content.The questionnaire is divided into three main parts:The first part focuses on college students'physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction,measuring key variables involved in the study.It includes four latent variables related to physical exercise behavior:Exercise motivation,Individual factors,Social environment,and Physical education.For life satisfaction,five latent variables are considered:Family satisfaction,School satisfaction,Freedom satisfaction,Environment satisfaction,Academic satisfaction,and Friendship satisfaction.Respondents are asked to rate their agreement with each variable.The first and second parts primarily utilize a Likert 5-point scale.The third part collects demographic information about the respondents,including gender,age,subject area,and other factors. The measurement indicators for physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy in the first and second parts are primarily based on previous qualitative research by Ma [ 46 ] and Liang [ 47 ] .The life satisfaction scale is adapted from the research of Han ,Wang [ 48 ] ,and others [ 49 ] (Table 1 ). Table 1 Variables and measurement items Latent variable ltem of measurement Latent variable ltem of measurement Exercise Motivation A1 I want to have a strong body Friendship Satisfaction E1 My friends are all very nice to me A2 I want to maintain physical and mental health E2 If I need help,my friends will definitely help me A3 I want to maintain or improve my body shape E3 I have enough friends A4 I want to participate in entertaining activities E4 My friends are all amazing A5 I want to maintain a pleasant mood E5 My friends all respect me Individual Factors B1 I have actively learned some sports skills before School Satisfaction F1 I enjoy staying in school B2 I have devoted considerable effort to physical exercise and sports activities. F2 School is really fun B3 I work hard in physical education classes F3 I am happy to participate in various school activities B4 I have spent a lot of money on physical exercise F4 I am eager to go to school B5 I have sufficient resources for physical exercise Family Satisfaction G1:I often do interesting things together with my parents. Social Environment C1 My collective often organizes everyone to exercise G2 I enjoy spending time with my parents C2 My collective often organizes sports competitions G3 My family is better than most other families C3 The sports venues I need are far away G4 I am happy to stay at home with my family C4 Sports facilities are not convenient to use G5 My family can get along harmoniously C5 Study and work make me have little free time|Environmental Satisfaction Environmental Satisfaction I1:There are many unsatisfactory things around me in my living environment. Physical Education D1 The sports skills learned in physical education class can be applied to daily physical exercise I2 Basically,I can do things according to my own wishes D2 The sports knowledge learned in physical education class is useful for daily physical exercise I3 I am satisfied with my academic status D3 Through physical education class,I have a deeper understanding of the importance of physical exercise I4 If I need help,my friends will all help me D4 My physical education teacher has a high level of sports skills I5 Most of the time,I like my parents'way of educating D5 My physical education teacher uses good teaching methods Freedom Satisfaction J1 The social security in the place where I live is good Self-Efficacy Q1 If I try my best,I can always solve problems J2 Basically,I have the freedom to make my own choices Q2 Even if others oppose me,I still have ways to achieve what I want J3 Compared with most classmates,I have a more comprehensive development in school Q3 It is easy for me to adhere to ideals and achieve goals J4 My friends are very nice to me Q4 I am confident that I can effectively deal with any unexpected events J5 My family gets along very harmoniously Q5 With my intelligence,I can definitely cope with unexpected events Academic Satisfaction K1 I can do what I like in my spare time Q6 If I put in the necessary effort,I can solve most of the problems K2 Compared to my classmates,I am[missing content] Q7:I can face difficulties calmly because I trust myself to handle problems. K3:I have a lot of authority among my peers. Data Acquisition To ensure the recovery rate and validity of the questionnaire data,the research team conducted research in various universities in Chengdu through the participation of college student volunteers.In July 2023,the research team established online and offline friendships through the Chengdu University Student Games,laying a stable foundation for work contacts in the early stage and conducting preliminary research and analysis.The formal research lasted from mid-July to early September 2023.Based on the QQ group of Chengdu University Student Games involved in the research,the research team adopted the methods of inviting participants to participate in the survey,random sampling in probability sampling,and snowball sampling through mutual invitations among Chengdu University Student Games.Combined with field research,a total of 550 questionnaires were distributed,545 were recovered,and 533 were valid,with an effective rate of 98.1%.Among them,221 paper questionnaires were sent out,213 were recovered,211 were valid,with an effective rate of 99.1%.329 online questionnaires were sent out,325 were recovered,and 322 were valid,with an effective rate of 99.1%. Among the respondents,60.4%were male and 39.6%were female.From the perspective of subject distribution,47.5%of the respondents were liberal arts,36.4%were arts,and 16.1%were science.From the perspective of grade distribution,2.4%were from the fourth year,15.8%were from the third year,73%were from the second year,and 8.8%were from the first year.From the perspective of the respondents'birthplace,37.3%were from urban areas and 62.7%were from rural areas.28.7%were only children,and 71.3%were non-only children. Research Methodology The primary method adopted in this study is Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis(fsQCA),and the selected data analysis software is fsQCA3.0.QCA is a new analytical technique based on Boolean algebra to achieve comparative principles,combining the advantages of quantitative and qualitative analysis,suitable for case analysis or quantitative analysis of small,medium,and large samples.It has broad application prospects in sociology,management,and other fields [ 50 ] . Calibration and the calculation of truth tables are two crucial steps in fsQCA.In this study,we first took the average of continuous variables such as college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy involved in the research.Then,according to Ragin's suggested continuous assignment scheme [ 51 ] ,we set 95%as complete membership,5%as complete non-membership,and 50%as the crossover point,and calibrated the data accordingly.Since the questionnaire in this study uses the Likert 5-point scale for data measurement,1 was set as the complete non-membership threshold,5 as the complete membership threshold,and 3 as the crossover point.For the three binary variables of gender,birthplace,and whether the respondent is an only child,there are no cross-fuzy points and belong to the crisp set.Therefore,we adopted Ragin's standard of 0.05 to calibrate male,urban,and yes,and 0.95 to calibrate female,rural,and no [ 52 ] .In the process of constructing the truth table,it is first refined according to two standard:one is frequency,where a minimum frequency of 2 is generally adopted for medium to large samples;the other is consistency,with a recommended threshold value of greater than or equal to 0.8.To predict the self-efficacy of college students,this study set the frequency cut-off value to 2 and the acceptable consistency threshold to 0.8. Result analysis Data Analysis and Model Validation Data analysis and model validation primarily consist of five parts:exploratory factor analysis,confirmatory factor analysis,counterfactual case analysis,fsQCA correlation analysis,and predictive validity analysis. Exploratory Factor Analysis The overall Cronbach'sαof the questionnaire is 0.946,with a KMO value of 0.931.The Bartlett's test of sphericity is significant at p = 0.000,indicating that the reliability and validity tests have been passed,making it suitable for factor analysis.Since all 11 dimensions of variables in this study's model,including exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy,are original constructs that have not been tested by scholars,we have conducted specific analyses.For exercise behavior,using principal component analysis and varimax rotation in SPSS 25.0,the factor analysis was first based on eigenvalues greater than 1.The results showed that the Cronbach'sαcoefficients of the four common factors were all greater than 0.7,with a cumulative variance explanation rate of 86.377%.Additionally,all factor loading values of the scale's measurement items were greater than 0.5,fully demonstrating the scientific nature of the research data.Similarly,life satisfaction and self-efficacy were analyzed sequentially.Six common factors were extracted from the life satisfaction variable,with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 85.235%.The cumulative variance contribution rates of all three variables are relatively high,indicating that most of the information from the original variables has been retained after the factor transformation(Table 2 ). Table 2 Exploratory factor analysis(N = 533) Variable Factors Items Factor loadings Eigenvalue Explained variance Cronbach’sα physical exercise behavior Exercise motivation A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 0.735 4.10 45.08 0.954 Individual factors B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 0.815 3.99 38.09 0.865 Social environment C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 0.858 4.04 29.76 0.835 physical education D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 0.837 3.85 32.34 0.920 KMO = 0.912 Bartlett’s = 8405.304 df = 87 Sig.=0.000 Overall Cronbach'sα = 0.915,Overall Explained Variance = 86.377% Life Satisfaction Friendship satisfaction E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 0.876 3.92 56.87 0.860 School satisfaction F1 F2 F3 F4 0.907 3.65 43.01 0.752 Family satisfaction G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 0.901 4.01 32.89 0.850 Environment satisfaction I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 0.861 3.04 54.98 0.749 Freedom satisfaction J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 0.830 4.00 43.77 0.850 Academic satisfaction K1 K2 K3 0.819 3.98 28.07 0.942 KMO = 0.909 Bartlett’s = 8623.108 df = 113 Sig.=0.000 Overall Cronbach'sα = 0.882 Overall Explained Variance = 85.235% Confirmatory Factor Analysis A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the data using Smartpls software,revealing that the composite reliability(CR)values were all distributed between 0.7 and 0.9,exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.7,indicating a high level of measurement reliability [ 53 ] .As can be seen from Table 3 ,the average variance extracted(AVE)values of all latent variables are between 0.5 and 0.8,exceeding the standard value of 0.5.Furthermore,the square root of the AVE value of each latent variable is greater than the correlation coefficient of other latent variables,indicating good discriminant validity among the latent variables in this study.Additionally,theχ2/df ratio was 3.230(recommended valueχ2/df 0.8),NFI = 0.909(recommended value NFI > 0.9),CFI = 0.919(recommended value CFI > 0.9),and RMSEA = 0.091(recommended value RMSEA < 0.1),suggesting that the overall model fit is satisfactory [ 54 , 55 , 56 ] . Table 3 Discriminant validity table Variable Individual Factors PhysicalEducation Friendship Satisfaction Academic Satisfaction School Satisfaction Family Satisfaction Environmental Satisfaction Social Environment Self-Efficacy Freedom Satisfaction Exercise Motivation Individual Factors 0.920 Physical Education 0.827 0.937 Friendship Satisfaction 0.808 0.909 0.891 Academic Satisfaction 0.735 0.808 0.829 0.929 School Satisfaction 0.827 0.854 0.913 0.837 0.900 Family Satisfaction 0.828 0.830 0.868 0.856 0.931 0.928 Environmental Satisfaction 0.781 0.801 0.835 0.856 0.875 0.901 0.916 Social Environment 0.898 0.830 0.845 0.781 0.869 0.863 0.815 0.912 Self-Efficacy 0.762 0.746 0.793 0.860 0.834 0.851 0.829 0.812 0.877 Freedom Satisfaction 0.743 0.781 0.829 0.904 0.845 0.858 0.906 0.784 0.870 0.913 Exercise Motivation 0.852 0.748 0.766 0.700 0.791 0.775 0.734 0.824 0.736 0.713 0.901 (CR) 0.882 0.774 0.770 0.881 0.867 0.846 0.863 0.779 0.896 0.887 0.908 AVE 0.918 0.838 0.902 0.916 0.861 0.907 0.814 0.905 0.889 0.778 0.885 Counterfactual Case Analysis Pappas and Papatheodorou's research indicates that counterfactual analysis is necessary to illustrate the existence of positive or negative relationships,or even the absence of a relationship,within the same dataset [ 57 ] .Table 4 presents positive and negative counterfactual cases between freedom satisfaction and self-efficacy.It is evident that there are counterfactual cases in the relationship between freedom satisfaction and self-efficacy,where high freedom satisfaction leads to low self-efficacy(8 cases),while low freedom satisfaction can also result in high self-efficacy(15 cases).Therefore,there exists an asymmetric relationship between the variables involved in this study,necessitating the use of fsQCA methodology to further analyze their asymmetric relationships. Table 4 Discriminant validity table / Self-Efficacy Total Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Freedom Satisfaction Strongly Disagree Count 4 0 3 1 1 5 Percentage of Total 44.9% 0.0% 29.6% 14.3% 13.3% 100.0% Disagree Count 0 0 1 0 0 3 Percentage of Total 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% Neutral Count 0 0 35 12 3 55 Percentage of Total 0.0% 0.0% 77.3% 29.8% 3.8% 100.0% Agree Count 0 1 3 50 17 79 Percentage of Total 0.0% 0.3% 8.2% 73.3% 11.5% 100.0% Strongly Agree Count 2 1 5 33 187 179 Percentage of Total 0.0% 0.0% 3.3% 11.3% 85.4% 100.0% Total Count 4 2 53 105 208 321 Percentage of Total 1.1% 0.6% 16.5% 31.6% 56.0% 100.0% fsQCA Analysis In the process of fsQCA analysis,it is first necessary to detect whether a single antecedent variable is a necessary condition for the outcome variable.When the consistency score of a single antecedent variable is greater than 0.9,it can be considered a necessary condition for the outcome.The fsQCA necessary condition analysis revealed that five necessary conditions for the formation of college students'self-efficacy include exercise motivation,social environment,environmental satisfaction,physical education,and freedom satisfaction,all with consistency scores greater than 0.9.However,the occurrence of these five necessary conditions does not guarantee the emergence of college students'self-efficacy.In reality,single necessary conditions for outcomes are common,while single sufficient conditions that can lead to outcomes are typically nonexistent.Therefore,a sufficient analysis of the combination of antecedent conditions needs to be conducted through fsQCA to provide sufficient and consistent configuration conditions for predicting college students'self-efficacy. Table 5 shows the results of using the fsQCA method to predict and analyze high self-efficacy among college students.This analysis covers six life satisfaction variables,four exercise behavior variables,and five demographic variables.By constructing five complex causal models,a total of 29 combinations of antecedent conditions for high-level college students'self-efficacy were obtained.The research results show that the five complex causal model solutions achieved the standards defined by Ragin [ 58 ] in terms of consistency and coverage(consistency > 0.75,coverage > 0.20).XY plots are used to visually present the causal combination relationships in the models,showing the relationship between X and Y.This study selected causal combination paths A3 and B5 with higher consistency from the five models to create XY plots(see Fig. 2 ).It can be seen from the figures that there is an asymmetric relationship between the two condition combinations X and the corresponding outcome Y,sufficient but not necessary relationship.This means that both condition combinations X are sufficient conditions for the corresponding outcome Y,but they are not necessarily the only factors explaining outcome Y. Table 5 Predicting combinations of precursor conditions for high levels of self-efficacy among college students Models for predicting high score of outcomes Raw coverage Unique coverage Consistency Model A:Self-Efficacy = f(Friendship Satisfaction,School Satisfaction,Family Satisfaction,Environmental Satisfaction,Freedom Satisfaction) A1:~Friendship Satisfaction*School Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction 0.588 0.007 0.908 A2:~School Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction*Freedom Satisfaction 0.854 0.002 0.917 A3:Friendship Satisfaction*~School Satisfaction*~Environmental Satisfaction*~Freedom Satisfaction 0.475 0.019 0.909 A4:~Friendship Satisfaction*School Satisfaction*Family Satisfaction*Freedom Satisfaction 0.516 0.013 0.926 A5:~School Satisfaction*Family Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction 0.857 0.001 0.920 Coverage for solution:0.942 Consistency for solution:0.858 Model B:Self-Efficacy = f(Exercise Motivation,Individual Factors,Social Environment,Physical Education) B1:Exercise Motivation*~Physical Education 0.572 0.067 0.795 B2:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors 0.471 .008 0.895 B3:~Exercise Motivation*Social Environment 0.513 0.028 0.890 B4:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Social Environment 0.500 0.006 0.828 Coverage for solution:0.678 Consistency for solution:0.903 Model C:Self-Efficacy = f(Gender,Birthplace,Only Child,Subject,Grade) C1:~Gender*Only Child*Subject 0.219 0.020 0.857 C2:Gender*Only Child*Subject*Grade 0.374 0.062 0.827 C3:Only Child*~Subject*Grade 0.318 0.025 0.854 C4:~Birthplace*Only Child*Grade 0.215 0.035 0.885 Coverage for solution:0.606 Consistency for solution:0.876 Model D:Self-Efficacy = f(Exercise Motivation,Individual Factors,Social Environment,Physical Education,Friendship Satisfaction,School Satisfaction,Family Satisfaction,Environmental Satisfaction,Freedom Satisfaction,Academic Satisfaction) D1:Exercise Motivation*~Physical Education*~Friendship Satisfaction*~School Satisfaction*~Family Satisfaction*~Environmental Satisfaction*~Freedom Satisfaction*~Academic Satisfaction 0.461 0.019 0.825 D2:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Social Environment*~School Satisfaction*Family Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction*Freedom Satisfaction*Academic Satisfaction 0.717 0.153 0.942 D3:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Social Environment*Physical Education*Friendship Satisfaction*School Satisfaction*Family Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction*Freedom Satisfaction 0.400 0.008 0.987 Coverage for solution:0.946 Consistency for solution:0.835 Model E:Self-Efficacy = f(Gender,Birthplace,Only Child,Subject,Grade,Exercise Motivation,Individual Factors,Social Environment,Physical Education) E1:~Birthplace*Subject*Grade*Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Social Environment*Physical Education 0.297 0.039 0.909 E2:Gender*~Birthplace*~Subject*Grade*Exercise Motivation*~Individual Factors*Social Environment*Physical Education 0.181 0.013 0.913 E7:Gender*Birthplace*Only Child*~Subject*~Grade*~Individual Factors*Social Environment*Physical Education 0.169 0.002 0.842 Coverage for solution:0.894 Consistency for solution:0.874 Note:In Boolean algebra logic operations,""is used to represent the set relationship of"and"or"intersection,"and"~"is used to represent the set relationship of"not"or"complement negation."For example,AB represents the occurrence of both conditional variables A and B,while ~ A represents the non-occurrence or absence of conditional variable A. Predictive Validity Analysis Despite the good model fit,the predictive results cannot be proven on different datasets,thus necessitating a predictive validity analysis.Firstly,SPSS is utilized to calculate variables for the original sample,followed by the use of EXCL for screening and dividing it into two subsamples.An fSQCA analysis is then conducted on asymmetric relationships modeling in Subsample 1.Subsequently,Subsample 2 is utilized to analyze the causal combinations of the simulated result conditions(high self-efficacy).The predictive validity results of high self-efficacy are presented in Table 6 ,with six dimensions of life satisfaction and exercise behavior serving as causal antecedents.The causal combinations analyzed in the hypothetical model using Subsample 1 are identical to the fsQCA results of the overall sample(Model B1 in Table 5 ).Then,Subsample 2 is employed to test causal combinations 1 and 2 from Subsample 1.Based on the two XY plots(Fig. 3 )of the model in Subsample 2,similar asymmetric relationships are obtained,demonstrating the capability of the proposed hypothetical configuration model to predict result conditions across different datasets. Table 6 Results of predictive validity Models for predicting high score of outcomes Raw coverage Unique coverage Consistency Model F:Self-Efficacy = f(Exercise Motivation,Individual Factors,Social Environment,Physical Education) F1:~Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Physical Education 0.471 0.008 0.895 F2:~Exercise Motivation*Social Environment*~Physical Education 0.513 0.028 0.890 F3:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*~Social Environment 0.500 0.006 0.828 Coverage for solution:1 Consistency for solution:0.832 Application of Complexity Theory This study examines the complex configuration model affecting college students'self-efficacy based on complexity theory and evaluates the fsQCA analysis results according to the principles proposed by Woodside [ 59 ] .According to Principle 1,a simple factor condition may be necessary,but it is not sufficient for a high score in predicting the outcome.Principle 2 states that a complex causal combination involving two or more factor conditions is sufficient for a high score in predicting the outcome.Meanwhile,Principle 3 indicates that a causal combination is not a necessary condition for a high score in predicting the outcome.Principle 4 suggests that the impact of a certain factor condition on the outcome score depends on the presence of other factors in the causal combination.Finally,Principle 5 posits that a particular causal combination represents only a partial rather than a complete view of the cases,and the coverage of any single causal combination should be less than 1.00.As shown in Table 4 ,no single variable can fully explain the high level of self-efficacy among college students,which aligns with Principle 1.Furthermore,different combinations of antecedent variables can lead to improved self-efficacy among college students,such as models A1,B3,and C5 in Table 4 ,supporting Principle 2.Additionally,the high self-efficacy of college students with high levels is not explained by a single causal combination,endorsing Principle 3.Moreover,the sense of accomplishment exists in combinations B1,B3,and E3,but the impact of physical education on the self-efficacy of college students with high levels varies from positive to negative.Simultaneously,physical education does not appear in combinations D5,E3,and E6,indicating that its predictive effect on the self-efficacy of college students with high levels depends on other antecedent conditions,explaining the existence of counterfactual cases and the heterogeneity of college students'self-efficacy,thus supporting Principle 4.Additionally,the fsQCA analysis results in Table 4 show that the coverage of all condition combinations is less than 1.00,fulfilling Principle 5. fsQCA Analysis Results This section presents a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(FsQCA)based on Ragin's research.For the solution coverage,a value greater than 0.5 is considered satisfactory,while less than 0.2 is negligible.Similarly,for solution consistency,a value greater than 0.75 is satisfactory,and less than 0.7 is negligible.Table 6 demonstrates the FsQCA predictive analysis of high self-efficacy among university students,revealing five configuration model solutions with satisfactory levels of coverage and consistency(see Table 5 ).Using life satisfaction as an analytical indicator,Model A incorporates six variables related to life satisfaction and identifies five condition combinations.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.942 and an overall consistency of 0.858.Among these combinations,A4(~ friendship satisfaction*school satisfaction*family satisfaction*freedom satisfaction)exhibits the highest consistency level(0.926),indicating that university students with high satisfaction in school,family,and freedom are more likely to perceive high self-efficacy.Among them, a combination of high levels of satisfaction with friendship, school, family, and freedom can exert an influence on high levels of self-efficacy. In Model A2, school satisfaction, environmental satisfaction, and freedom satisfaction all emerge with high-level trends, indicating that college students with higher levels of satisfaction in these areas may possess stronger self-efficacy in their lives. Model A5 (School Satisfaction * Family Satisfaction * Environmental Satisfaction): Although it has a relatively low unique coverage, Model A5 also performs excellently in terms of raw coverage and consistency, suggesting that the combination of school satisfaction, family satisfaction, and environmental satisfaction has an important impact on predicting high self-efficacy. Additionally, some life satisfaction indicators in Model A exhibit opposite trends. For example, freedom satisfaction in the combined paths A3 (Friendship Satisfaction * School Satisfaction * Environmental Satisfaction * Freedom Satisfaction) and A4 (Friendship Satisfaction * School Satisfaction * Family Satisfaction * Freedom Satisfaction) indicates that the role of freedom satisfaction in predicting high self-efficacy among college students is influenced by other variables, introducing a certain degree of uncertainty and complexity. This suggests that college students with high levels of satisfaction with their school, family, and freedom have a higher perceived likelihood of achieving high self-efficacy. At this point, relevant educational institutions should prioritize enhancing students' satisfaction with their school and environment by improving school facilities, upgrading teaching quality, and creating a positive campus atmosphere, among other means, to strengthen college students' self-efficacy. The family, as an important environment for the growth of college students, should not be overlooked in terms of satisfaction. Schools can assist families in enhancing their support and satisfaction with students' growth by strengthening home-school communication and providing family education guidance. Model B explores the impact of four variables on high-level self-efficacy,resulting in four condition combinations.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.678 and an overall consistency of 0.903.Among them,B2(exercise motivation*individual factors)exhibits the highest consistency level(0.895),suggesting that university students with high exercise motivation and individual factors are most likely to perceive high self-efficacy.Model C focuses on five demographic factors that influence high-level self-efficacy,resulting in four condition combinations.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.606 and an overall consistency of 0.876.Among them,C4(~ place of origin*only child*grade)exhibits the highest consistency level(0.885),indicating that rural only children in higher grades are most likely to perceive high self-efficacy.Model D includes four exercise behavior variables and five life satisfaction variables,resulting in three complex causal combination paths for high self-efficacy.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.946 and an overall consistency of 0.835.Among them,combination path D3(exercise motivation*individual factors*social environment*~physical education*friendship satisfaction*~school satisfaction*family satisfaction*environmental satisfaction*freedom satisfaction)exhibits the highest consistency level of 0.987,indicating that high exercise motivation,individual factors,social environment,low physical education,high friendship satisfaction,low school satisfaction,high family satisfaction,high environmental satisfaction,and high freedom satisfaction are most conducive to perceiving high self-efficacy.Model E comprises four exercise behavior variables and five demographic characteristics,resulting in three complex causal combination paths for high self-efficacy.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.894 and an overall consistency of 0.874.Among them,combination path E2(~ gender*~place of origin*discipline*grade*exercise motivation*~individual factors*~social environment*physical education)exhibits the highest consistency level of 0.913,suggesting that male rural upper-level liberal arts students with high exercise motivation,low individual factors,local social environment,and high physical education are most likely to perceive high self-efficacy. Conclusion and Contribution Conclusion Based on the relevant research results of"the relationship between college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy,"an asymmetric influence model of college students'self-efficacy antecedent variables was constructed using complexity theory.Through fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA),a series of causal combinations that influence college students'self-efficacy were predicted.Under the premise of high reliability and validity of measurement variables and good model fitting,the five causal models constructed by fsQCA results included 19 causal combinations,all satisfying the requirements of consistency(> 0.6)and coverage(> 0.2),indicating high credibility.Cross-tabulation analysis revealed that there were counterexamples when predicting college students'self-efficacy from the perspective of exercise behavior and life satisfaction,indicating an asymmetric relationship between the predicted result conditions(self-efficacy)and the preceding causal conditions.Therefore,the analysis using the fsQCA method had a high degree of fit.The fsQCA results showed that the antecedent conditions for high self-efficacy were heterogeneous and complex,meaning that the same antecedent condition could have negative,positive,or no effect in different predicted causal combinations,indicating a certain interaction between the antecedent conditions for high-level self-efficacy,presenting a complex influence mechanism and relationship. By synthesizing the five models,it was found that college students'exercise motivation,individual factors,family satisfaction,freedom satisfaction,grade,and perception of life satisfaction appeared most frequently in high-prediction causal combinations,which can be considered important conditions for achieving high self-efficacy.Perception of exercise behavior had a positive correlation,suggesting that perception of physical exercise behavior was a core condition,with individual factors having the most significant influence.Among the perceptions of life satisfaction,college students'perception of freedom satisfaction and family satisfaction had the most significant impacts.Additionally,college students'exercise motivation and income levels at different stages were also important conditions for achieving high prediction values.Therefore,to better enhance college students'self-efficacy,emphasis can be placed on promoting college students'participation in sports activities to enhance their perception of exercise behavior and life satisfaction,and strengthening their perception of self-efficacy. Contribution Theoretical Significance Current academic research on college students'exercise and satisfaction has been conducted to acertain extent,but there are relatively few studies focusing on the impact of college students'exercise behavior and life satisfaction on their self-efficacy.Research on the influence mechanism of physical exercise and life satisfaction on college students'self-efficacy is even more scarce.This study,based on complexity theory,constructs a complex causal model exploring the impact of college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy perception.It comprehensively considers the combination and connection between different antecedent conditions,expanding the theoretical analysis channels for traditional measurement variables such as physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.Secondly,the study employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)method to explore asymmetric models,providing a more comprehensive analysis based on existing quantitative and qualitative foundations.The study finds thateach causal combination in the model is sufficient for the result.Additionally,XY graphs also indicate an asymmetric relationship between antecedent combinations and result conditions,meaning that the causal conditions leading to high prediction results are not identical.This is an important aspect that traditional symmetric methods cannot study [ 60 ] . Practical Implications This study analyzes the antecedent conditions and their combinations that influence college students'self-efficacy.Based on the current perception presented by different causal combinations,it provides some practical suggestions for physical education to enhance college students'self-efficacy from the perspective of physical exercise.This article argues that the development of college students'physical education should be based on their self-efficacy,combining physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction perception as important antecedent conditions for high self-efficacy.This can enhance college students'autonomous learning and creativity,fully exhibit their self-spirit,improve their satisfaction with life,and strengthen their cognition of physical exercise.It is alsorelevant to the development of sports society,physical education,and the enhancement of self-efficacy perception.Cultivating good exercise habits in college students,improving their physical fitness,and promoting mental health can make students recognize the importance of physical exercise in enhancing self-efficacy and life satisfaction,achieving the qualitative and scientific nature of relevant theoretical research on the relationship between physical exercise,self-efficacy,and life satisfaction. Research Limitations and Future Directions Research Limitations Sample Limitation: This study primarily relied on questionnaire surveys for data collection. Despite efforts to ensure the representativeness and breadth of the sample during data collection, limitations in terms of time, funding, and practical operations resulted in a sample confined to universities in specific regions, unable to fully represent the physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy status of college students nationwide. Monolithic Research Method: This study mainly employed quantitative research methods, such as questionnaire surveys and statistical analysis. While this approach allows for the rapid collection and objective analysis of large amounts of data, it lacks the supplementation of qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews and case studies, potentially leading to an insufficiently deep and comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Complexity of Variable Relationships: There may be complex interactions between physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. Although this study attempted to construct a causal relationship model, limitations in research design and data collection prevented a full revelation of the deep connections and dynamic changes among these variables. Lack of Longitudinal Studies: This study primarily conducted cross-sectional research, unable to effectively confirm causality. Future research needs to incorporate longitudinal studies to observe long-term trends and mutual influences among variables. Insufficient Exploration of Psychological Dimensions: Although this study considered the impact of demographic characteristics on physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy, the exploration of psychological dimensions remained inadequate. For instance, factors such as emotions, motivation, and personality may significantly influence college students' physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction, but this study failed to fully explore these aspects. Future Directions Expand Sample Scope: Future research should expand the sample scope to include universities in different regions, different types of institutions, and more diverse student populations, to enhance the representativeness and universality of the research. Combine Multiple Research Methods: Future research should integrate quantitative and qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews and case studies, to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationships among college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. Strengthen Longitudinal Research: Future research should conduct longitudinal studies to observe long-term trends and mutual influences among variables, thereby more accurately revealing their causal relationships. Deeply Explore Psychological Dimensions: Future research should more deeply explore the impact of psychological dimensions on college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. For example, research can be conducted on how factors such as emotion regulation, motivation activation, and personality traits influence college students' physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction. Utilize Modern Technological Means: With the development of technology, future research can actively leverage modern technological means such as big data and artificial intelligence to improve the efficiency and accuracy of data collection, and more deeply mine and analyze relationships among data. In future research, qualitative research methods can also be integrated to provide more reasonable and persuasive interpretations of some conclusions from this study. Declarations Author Contributions Yong Feng : Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - Original draft, Writing - Review and Editing, Visualization; Rui Luo: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - Original draft, Visualization; Jian Gong : Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - Original draft; Yuanyao Yang: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Writing - Review and Editing. Funding This work was supported by The Sichuan Tourism University (Supported by the China Social Science Fund Project "Measurement and Digital Promotion of the Integration Development Level of Outdoor Sports and Tourism in Southwest Mountain Areas of China" (No. 22BETV038)、the Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences ofHigher Education Institutions in Sichuan Province[Grant No.HSWL24Y12]、the Key Research Base for Philosophy and Social Sciences in Sichuan Province[Grant No.WRF202441]andSichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tourism Equipment and Intelligent Technology for Plateau and Mountain Regions, Department of Culture and Tourism of Sichuan Province[Grant No.24MTE304]. Informed Consent Statement Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Data Availability Statement The data supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author(Jian Gong [email protected] ).The data are not publicly available because they contain information that could compromise the privacy of research participants. Research Method Compliance Statement All methods are based on relevant guidelines and regulations,During the data collection process, we fully respect and protect the rights of all participants, ensuring that they voluntarily participate in this study after fully understanding the research purpose, process, and potential risks. Academic integrity: We promise that all data and conclusions in this study are based on genuine and reliable sources, and there is no form of forgery, tampering, or plagiarism. We respect the research results of others and have accurately labeled and cited all cited literature. Ethics approval and consent to participate The survey was approved by the ethics review board of the NCHS. All participants gave informed consent before participating. All methods were established according to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.All experimental protocols involved in the study strictly adhere to the ethical principles of scientific research and relevant laws and regulations, and have been officially approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee of Sichuan Tourism University. The approval process ensures the scientific and ethical validity of experimental and research plans, and fully protects the rights and interests of participants. (Approval number: HSWL24Y12, approval date: July 10, 2024) Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Clinical trial number not applicable. References Zou YD. Research on Promotion Strategies of Physical Literacy for College Students from the Perspective of 'Healthy China 2030'[J]. Contemp Sports Technol. 2022;12(30):1–4. Wei GP. Research on the Cultivation Mode of Adolescents' Physical Exercise Habits[J]. Sports World (Academic Edition). 2019;(11):9s. World Health Organization. Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Sallis SJ, Hovell MF. Determinants of exercise behavior[J]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1990;18(1):307–30. Mcauley E, Courneya KS, Rudolph D. Enhancing exercise adherence in middle-aged males and females[J]. Prev Med. 1994;23(4):498–506. X L, Zhao DP, Yan JH. Research on the Relationship between Adolescents' Attitude and Behavior towards Physical Exercise[J]. J Tianjin Univ Sport. 2009;24(1):72–4. Fu D. Investigation and Correlation Analysis of College Students' Sports Attitude and Physical Health[J]. J Beijing Univ Sport. 2014;37(6):76–103. Gao SC. Review of Self-efficacy Theory[J]. Psychol Dev Educ. 2000;(01):60–3. Ma S, Shao YX. Physical Health Status of College Students in Zhejiang Province from 2007 to 2014[J]. Chin J Sch Health. 2018;39(02):262–4. Xie CN. Analysis of the Current Situation of College Students' Self-efficacy[J]. J Jiamusi Vocat Inst. 2019;182(01):213–4. Kong LY, Wang J, Song SM, Zhu LJ. The Impact of Adolescent Physical Exercise on Self-efficacy: The Mediating Role of Self-esteem[J]. Liaoning Sports Sci Technol. 2020;42(02):58–62. Gong GF, Wei ZT, Wang YN. Analysis of the Current Situation of College Students' Mental Health[J]. Sch Party Constr Ideol Educ. 2012;(14):97–8. Yang J, Ji L, Tian SL. Experimental Research on Promoting Adolescents' Mental Health through Different Exercise Methods[J]. J Wuhan Inst Phys Educ. 2005;(03):80–3. Shin DC, Johnson DM. Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life[J]. Soc Indic Res. 1978;(5):475–92. Neal K. Stressful events and life satisfaction among elderly men and women[J]. J Gerontol. 1991;46(2):584–92. Man P. The influence of peers and parents on youth life satisfaction in Hong Kong[J]. Soc Indic Res. 1991;24(3):347–65. Huebner ES. Preliminary development and validation of a multidimensional life satisfaction scale for children[J]. Psychol Assess. 1994;6(2):149–58. Zhang LW, Ren WD. Advances in Research on Sports Psychology [M]. General Administration of Sport of China, Higher Education Press. 2000:540. Ji L, Li L, Wang XZ. The Impact of Physical Exercise on Mental Health[J]. J Shandong Inst Phys Educ Sports. 1998;(01):38–43. Li HY, Li WD, Shen HJ, Chen AG, Wang JF. The Impact of a Single Session of Moderate-Intensity Exercise with Different Durations on Executive Function in Overweight Children[J]. J Tianjin Univ Sport. 2022;37(02):219–25. 10.13297/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.02.014 . Mao YM. Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Sports Intervention on the Physical Health of Chinese Middle School Students [D]. Southwest University; 2011. Shin DC, Johnson DM. Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life[J]. Soc Indic Res. 1978;(5):475–92. (Repeated entry, but included as per original list). Neal K. Stressful events and life satisfaction among elderly men and women[J]. J Gerontol. 1991;46(2):584–92. (Repeated entry, but included as per original list). Man P. The influence of peers and parents on youth life satisfaction in Hong Kong[J]. Soc Indic Res. 1991;24(3):347–65. (Repeated entry with comma, corrected to period, but included as per original list). Huebner ES. Preliminary development and validation of a multidimensional life satisfaction scale for children[J]. Psychol Assess. 1994;6(2):149–58. (Repeated entry, but included as per original list). McCullough G, Huebner ES, Laughlin J. Life events, self-consept, and adolescents' positive subjective well-being[J]. Psychol Sch. 2000;37(3):281–90. Gilman R, Handwerk ML. Changes in life satisfaction as a function of stay in a residential setting[J]. Residential Treat Child Youth. 2001;18(1):47–65. He M, Pan NF, Liu Y, et al. The neural mechanism of life satisfaction: evidence from magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Magn Reson Imaging. 2022;13(05):99–105. Bandura A. Self-efficacy in changing societies[M]. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995. Conger JA, Kanungo RN. The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice[J]. Acad Manag Rev. 1988;(13):471. Schwarzer R, Babler J, Kwiatek P, et al. The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: comparisons of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the general self-efficacy scale[J]. Appl Psychol Int Rev. 1997;46(1):69–88. Zhang JP, Ma HL, Deng K. The Level of College Students' Classroom Engagement from the Perspective of Self-efficacy Theory: Theoretical Examination, Existing Problems, and Promotion Strategies[J]. J China Three Gorges Univ (Humanit Soc Sci Ed). 2022;44(05):86–92. Zeng RX, Li Y. Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Self-efficacy and Online Health Information Search[J/OL]. Adv Psychol Sci. 2023:1–17. Zhang P, Zhang LG, Xu TT. Hope Group Intervention to Improve Depression Symptoms among College Students: The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy[J/OL]. Chin J Health Psychol. 2023:1–14. Zhong HM, Xu WX, A Study on the Subjective Welfare Effects of Physical Exercise Participation. J Xi'an Sport Univ. 2024;41(01):62–75. 10.16063/j.cnki.issn1001-747x.2024.01.00 . Empirical Analysis Based on Chinese Family Tracking Survey Data[J]. Xu HY, Yin F, Yang SJ, et al. The impact of physical exercise on the life satisfaction of rural middle school students in Zizhong County[J]. Health Res. 2018;47(06):936–41. Han HJ, Duan QT. Research on the Relationship between College Students' Sports Participation and Subjective Well-being[J]. J Guangzhou Sport Univ. 2012;32(06):97–100. Ha B, Zhang J. Physical Exercise and Life Satisfaction of Urban Residents in China[J]. Behav Sci. 2024;14(6):494. Guo Y, Qin K, Yu Y, et al. Physical exercise can enhance meaning in life of college students: the chain mediating role of self-efficacy and life satisfaction[J]. Front Psychol. 2024;14:1306257. Pham HC, Phan TTH, Le QH, et al. The influence of physical activities on job satisfaction: mediating role of self-efficacy, self-esteem and moderating role of stress management[J]. Am J Health Behav. 2022;46(6):794–808. An D, Pan J, Ran F, et al. Effects of Physical Exercise Input on the Exercise Adherence of College Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Sports Emotional Intelligence and Exercise Self-Efficacy[J]. J Intell. 2024;12(10):94. Qin GY, Han SS, Zhang YS et al. Effect of physical exercise on negative emotions in Chinese university students: The mediating effect of self-efficacy[J]. Heliyon. 2024;10(17). Chen. A Study on The Relationship Between College Students’Motivation, Satisfaction and Post-trip Behavioral Intention in Mountain Tourism[D]. Shenyang: Liaoning University; 2019. Kerr JH, Mackenzie SH. Multiple motives for participating in adventure sports[J]. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2012;13(5):649–57. Tsaur SH, Yen CH, Hsiao SL. Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers[J]. Int J Tourism Res. 2013;15(4):360–74. Ma AM. The Impact of Physical Health Assessment on College Students'Exercise Behavior[J]. Chin J Health Educ. 2016;32(08):726–8. Liang X. Research on Physical Exercise Behavior of College Students[J]. Educ Rev. 2015;(03):102–4. Han HJ, Duan QT. A Study on the Relationship between College Students'Participation in Sports and Subjective Well-being[J]. J Guangzhou Sport Univ. 2012;32(06):97–100. Wang YN, Wang TT, Qin S. The Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy in College Students'Health Literacy and Depressive Symptoms[J]. Chin J Health Educ. 2019;39(07):596–600. Ragin CC. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008. pp. 44–7091. Ragin CC. Fuzzy-set Social Science[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2000. p. 12089. Hervas-Oliver JL, Sempere-Ripoll F, Arribas I. Asymmetric modeling of organizational innovation[J]. J Bus Res. 2015;68(12):2654–62. Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error[J]. J Mark Res. 1981;18(1):39–50. Doll WJ, Xia W, Torkzadeh G. A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument[J]. MIS Q. 1994:453–61. BAI K, GUO SW. An empirical study on the impact of symbiotic image of tourist attractions on tourists’willingness to revisit and word-of-mouth effect: A case study of Qujiang and Tang cultural theme scenic spots in Xi’an[J]. Tourism Tribune. 2010;25(1):53–8. Bai SZ, Wei S, Wang ZX. Study on the impact of tourism ritual perception on revisiting intention from the micro perspective[J]. Bus Res. 2021;(1):15–23. Pappas N, Papatheodorou A. Tourism and the refugee crisis in Greece: Perceptions and decision-making of accommodation pro-viders[J]. Tour Manag. 2017;63:31–41. Ragin CC. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008. pp. 44–7091. Woodside AG, Embrace·perform·model. Complexity theory, contrarian case analysis, and multiple realities[J]. J Bus Res. 2014;67(12):2495–503. Ragin CC. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008. pp. 44–7091. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6836248","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":486568490,"identity":"bf2bbd8c-c90a-4b8a-89b7-5772a9fa4ca1","order_by":0,"name":"Yong Feng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Tourism University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yong","middleName":"","lastName":"Feng","suffix":""},{"id":486568492,"identity":"10d64d9d-9771-4c95-a6bc-78b33680f26a","order_by":1,"name":"Rui Luo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sichuan Tourism University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rui","middleName":"","lastName":"Luo","suffix":""},{"id":486568493,"identity":"80cccb6a-d855-4621-946d-f295c2b1f38c","order_by":2,"name":"jian gong","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACfmbm4z8+VNjUM7Y3EKlFsp0tQXLGmbQE5p4DRGoxOM+jIM3ZdjiBfUYCsVoO8zAYM7Cl5fHOfLzxBkONTTRhhx3mPZBcwGNTLDk7rdiC4VhabgMhLXyH+RIOz5BIY9w4O8dMgrHhMGEtDId5DJt5DA4z7r95hkgtAod5jJl5Eg4nNs7gIVKLZDNbGuOMA2nGjD1AvyQQ4xd+/sPHGD7+s5FjbD+88caHGhsi/IIEDCQSSFEO0UKqjlEwCkbBKBgZAAAQVkEuZplpbAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Southwest University of Finance and Economics","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"jian","middleName":"","lastName":"gong","suffix":""},{"id":486568494,"identity":"d3c889c8-5c6e-442d-9630-34f29ad3ecb0","order_by":3,"name":"yuanyao yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yibin Administrative College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"yuanyao","middleName":"","lastName":"yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-06 10:38:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6836248/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6836248/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87044709,"identity":"3b660164-6df1-442b-9e16-062a942087d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 14:24:28","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":204656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComplex impact model of self-efficacy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6836248/v1/cc3cfda0fedf8d1b60cf0927.png"},{"id":87045639,"identity":"47d725d0-0124-413b-9e30-9ee88e54ddb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 14:32:28","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot diagrams showing the causal algorithm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6836248/v1/e5b0dce1e601c41409b657ec.png"},{"id":87044708,"identity":"12490f87-ec2e-40aa-9a8f-d92685dfab48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-18 14:24:28","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":141567,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot diagrams showing the causal algorithm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6836248/v1/b22b67935645809ba819918a.png"},{"id":100563607,"identity":"9ea811ab-f524-40ee-91bb-8c7604d5d661","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-19 08:47:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1896913,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6836248/v1/e4b20bde-13b5-49b9-a2d2-0ffd11230e2e.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Research on the Mechanism of the Influence of College Students' Physical Exercise Behavior, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Efficacy","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHealth is an inevitable requirement for promoting the comprehensive development of individuals and an important condition for social and economic development.As the main body of the university,the physical and mental health of college students plays an irreplaceable role in their own development and social progress.Therefore,all parties should work together to provide favorable conditions for college students to participate in physical exercise\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.College life is a crucial transitional stage from adolescence to adulthood,and the formation and maintenance of healthy behaviors during this period can have a significant impact on adulthood\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.However,the status of physical exercise among college students at this stage is not optimistic.Data from many countries around the world indicate that about 3/4 of adolescents lack sufficient physical activity.According to the survey on the status of nationwide fitness activities in China,only 14.7%of residents aged 20\u0026ndash;69 regularly exercise\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are numerous studies focusing on the correlation between college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.A review of previous research reveals that most of them explored the relationship between physical exercise behavior and various internal psychological factors such as exercise self-efficacy,physical exercise cognition,and life satisfaction from the individual's internal level.Research indicates that self-efficacy refers to the belief in one's ability to complete tasks and achieve desired results,and this theory is a relatively successful one in the field of exercise behavior.Sallis pointed out that self-efficacy is a variable most closely related to physical exercise behavior\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Exercise intervention studies that increase self-efficacy regulatory components have been successful\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Attitude towards physical exercise refers to the comprehensive manifestation of individuals'cognitive evaluation,emotional experience,and behavioral intention in sports activities\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.It is an essential psychological factor for individuals to persist in participating in sports activities,and the physical exercise attitude of college students has a positive impact on their physical health\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.The level of self-efficacy not only determines an individual's life attitude when facing challenges during development,but also determines the degree of development of human potential by influencing individuals'choice of different activities\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.With the rapid development of science and technology and the continuous improvement of material standards,modern college students'lifestyles have undergone significant changes compared to the past,and the physical and mental health of college students has become a hot topic of social concern.In recent years,college students'flexibility has declined,and the overweight rate has increased from 3.3%to 4.6%,while the obesity rate has increased from 5.1%to 8.2%,indicating that their physical health status is not optimistic\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.College students'academic performance,living conditions,and employment are all influenced by their self-efficacy\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Participating in physical exercise activities can improve problem-solving ability,perseverance,unyielding fighting spirit,good control ability,and self-confidence.At the same time,recognition from parents,friends,and classmates can also enhance self-efficacy\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife satisfaction,as an important indicator to examine an individual's living conditions,reflects the quality of an individual's recent life.With the rise of the information era,more and more college students have become\"netizens,\"and their time spent participating in sports activities has gradually decreased,leading to a series of problems such as declining physical fitness and lack of self-confidence.Some college students have mental health issues,experiencing occasional or frequent anxiety,depression,hostility,and even suicidal psychological symptoms\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Varying degrees of personal psychological pressure affect college students'level of life satisfaction.Studies have shown that different forms of physical exercise can have a positive effect on individuals'psychological and physical well-being,enhancing their psychological and physical qualities,thereby gradually increasing their satisfaction with life\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently,most studies discuss the relationship between these three factors from a linear perspective.However,the formation of college students'self-efficacy is a very complex psychological process that is influenced by complex interactions from multiple factors,including individuals,groups,and society.To explore the specific formation and influencing mechanisms of this complex process,this article will analyze the internal structure and relationship between college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.Utilizing complexity theory and a new fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)for empirical research,this article aims to supplement relevant theories on the relationship between physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Related theories and model construction","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePhysical Exercise Behavior\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical exercise behavior is a unique social activity that emerges and develops along with people's diverse needs for sports.Many scholars have defined the concept of physical exercise behavior based on its goals and patterns.New definitions have been proposed by scholars according to the various functions of physical exercise.In his research on physical exercise and physical health,Shin defined physical exercise as physical activity that is directly related to physical health and well-being\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Neal,on the other hand,defined physical exercise in his study on its impact on cardiorespiratory endurance as physical activity that can improve an individual's cardiorespiratory endurance and enhance their health level\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of sports psychology,numerous clinical and animal studies have shown that physical exercise has a significant positive effect on cognitive function.Particularly,aerobic exercise can influence the development of children's cognitive abilities and,consequently,their self-control abilities\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.The study found that regular physical exercise can significantly improve children's self-control and reduce impulsivity.Scholar Huebner analyzed the effectiveness of standard medication combined with aerobic exercise in elderly patients with severe depression and found that physical exercise can be an alternative to antidepressant medication for treating depression\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZhang surveyed 123 university students,listing activities such as sports,study,and socializing,and inquired about their positive emotions in different environments.The results showed that physical exercise was the primary source of positive emotions\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Ji found that appropriate physical exercise for adolescents can generate more\"pleasure.\"Additionally,exercise has a significant impact on the executive function of the brain\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Li conducted a study on overweight children and found that a single 40-minute session of moderate-intensity exercise had the most significant improvement on their executive function\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Scholar Mao research on the physical fitness of adolescents revealed that those who engage in long-term physical exercise have far superior endurance,speed,strength,and flexibility compared to the average person,as well as superior cardiopulmonary function,neural regulation,and respiratory function\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLife Satisfaction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concept of\"life\"was first proposed by Shin and Johnson,who understood life satisfaction as an individual's evaluation of their living situation,reflecting in their thoughts whether certain things are developing according to their own wishes during daily activities\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Neal Kruase added his own perspective on life satisfaction,arguing that it is highly subjective because he proposed that the main factor in judging life satisfaction is the individual's recent feelings\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMan's research indicated that family members and peers can affect adolescents'life satisfaction.In daily interactions,evaluations from schoolmates tend to have a deeper impact than those from parents,but this phenomenon is not constant and occurs more frequently during adolescence.While focusing on family education,it is also necessary to pay attention to adolescents'status and interpersonal relationships in school life\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Huebner divided life satisfaction into two aspects:overall satisfaction and specific satisfaction in specific life domains.He believed that friendship,school,family,living environment,and self are considered the most important areas in young people's lives.When focusing on college students'life satisfaction,one cannot only consider one aspect.Therefore,in investigating life satisfaction,these five dimensions need to be taken into account,and lacking any one of them will lead to inaccurate measurement of life satisfaction\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.McCullough et al.found that experiences in adolescents'lives have the greatest impact on their life satisfaction,and the cumulative effect of multiple events is more significant than a single event.Adolescents should pay attention to all aspects of life and not lose confidence due to temporary failures,which can affect their quality of life.They should approach future events with a developmental perspective\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Gilman et al.conducted an environmental experiment study on adolescents and found that their overall life satisfaction after the study was higher than before\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.He et al.studied life satisfaction from a medical perspective and found a close relationship between the structure and function of the brain and life satisfaction\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSelf-Efficacy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe concept of self-efficacy was first introduced by American scholar Bandura,who believed that self-efficacy refers to an individual's confidence and ability to solve difficulties or problems when faced with them\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.His research showed that individuals have different requirements for their abilities when facing different environments and problems,resulting in varying degrees of confidence,and thus self-efficacy manifests itself in varying degrees in different industries and environments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1988,Conger,Jay viewed self-efficacy as an expectation of effectiveness,arguing that this expectation is a predictive behavior of whether people can successfully complete certain tasks and achieve certain results.The expectation of effectiveness accumulates continuously in life,and only when a person is sufficiently excellent and confident will this expectation exhibit positive effects\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.The famous German psychologist Schwarzer believes that self-efficacy is a specific spiritual belief that does not change with changes in an individual's environment.This is what some scholars refer to as general self-efficacy,which can be applied to various scenarios\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Zhang et al.argue that as a motivational factor,self-efficacy not only affects college students when facing difficulties,making choices,setting goals,and completing tasks,but also affects their emotional state in the classroom\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Scholars like Zeng have shown that individuals with higher levels of self-efficacy are more willing to use the internet to search for health information,engage in more frequent search behaviors,and their self-efficacy affects their personal thinking and behavior\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Research indicates that improving college students'self-efficacy can improve their depression,and the theory of self-efficacy has also been enriched\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch on the Correlation Between Physical Exercise and Life Satisfaction\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe connection between physical activity and life satisfaction demands attention not only to the health impacts of residents' engagement in exercise but also to the subjective well-being effects of such participation. The depression index, selected from the dimension of mitigating negative emotional experiences, and happiness, life satisfaction, and job satisfaction, chosen from the dimension of enhancing positive emotions and evaluations, act as indicators for measuring residents' subjective well-being. Scholar Zhong's research revealed that participating in physical exercise produces subjective well-being benefits, significantly lowering participants' depression index and improving their happiness, life satisfaction, and job satisfaction. In terms of impact pathways, accumulating health capital and social capital are vital mechanisms through which exercise participation enhances subjective well-being. Specifically, engaging in physical exercise improves participants' subjective well-being by boosting self-rated health and physical fitness, as well as by expanding social networks, fostering social trust, and increasing social prestige \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Scholar Xu explored the direct effects of physical exercise on life satisfaction among middle school students, along with the indirect effects via resilience and mental health. Self-administered questionnaires were used, including a self-developed structured survey (covering demographic and sociological characteristics and exercise behavior), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Mental Health Inventory-60 (MHI-60), and the Life Satisfaction Scale. Structural equation modeling and other statistical analyses were conducted. The findings showed that physical exercise not only has a direct positive effect on life satisfaction but also safeguards life satisfaction through resilience and mental health \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Han conducted a systematic investigation into the relationship between college students' sports participation and their subjective well-being across all four grades at five Chinese universities, using theories and methods from sociology, psychology, and other disciplines. The results showed a close correlation between sports participation and subjective well-being: higher levels of sports participation were associated with stronger subjective well-being. College students who frequently engaged in physical activities scored higher on life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions, while indirect sports participation was not strongly linked to subjective well-being \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Scholar Ha, using data from the 2018 China Family Panel Studies, uncovered a significant positive correlation between the frequency and duration of physical exercise and life satisfaction. The frequency of exercise influences life satisfaction by affecting popularity and positive emotions. Similarly, exercise duration impacts life satisfaction through its effects on popularity and positive emotions. Both exercise frequency and duration reflect residents' emphasis on physical activity. In the Chinese context, exercise habits not only promote physical health by enhancing fitness but also foster mental health by alleviating depression and facilitate social interaction by increasing social activities \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eScholar Guo surveyed 3,196 college students to assess self-efficacy, life satisfaction, physical exercise, and meaning in life. The results indicated that physical exercise directly influences individuals' perceived meaning in life and also affects it through self-efficacy. Additionally, the study confirmed the chained mediating role of self-efficacy and life satisfaction, suggesting that exercise participation ultimately influences meaning in life via self-efficacy and life satisfaction. This finding can help educators design interventions to promote college students' exercise engagement and overall life satisfaction \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on a review of literature on physical exercise and life satisfaction, it is established that the relationship between them involves not only health effects but also subjective well-being effects. Numerous scholars have confirmed through various studies the positive role of physical exercise in enhancing residents' subjective well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch on the correlation between physical exercise and self-efficacy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA close and complex relationship exists between physical activity and self-efficacy. Physical exercise can enhance individuals' self-efficacy, which in turn affects their attitudes toward engaging in physical activity, activity selection, and adherence. Pham's relevant research has shown that self-efficacy and self-esteem significantly mediate the relationship between physical activity and job satisfaction, and demonstrated that stress management significantly moderates this relationship. These findings provide valuable guidance for strategists and policymakers in formulating policies related to self-efficacy, stress management, self-esteem, and job satisfaction \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. An's study aims to explore the impact and mechanisms of physical exercise input, motor emotional intelligence, and motor self-efficacy on exercise adherence, as well as the chained mediating role of motor emotional intelligence \u0026rarr; motor self-efficacy. Methods: A survey was conducted among 1,390 college students from three Chinese universities using scales for physical exercise input, exercise adherence, motor emotional intelligence, and motor self-efficacy. Results: (1) Physical exercise input significantly and positively predicts exercise adherence (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.29, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.78, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001); (2) Motor emotional intelligence and motor self-efficacy mediate the relationship between physical exercise input and exercise adherence; (3) Physical exercise input influences exercise adherence through the separate mediating roles of motor emotional intelligence (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.98, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and motor self-efficacy (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.13, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.64, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), as well as through the chained mediation of motor emotional intelligence \u0026rarr; motor self-efficacy (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.80, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Conclusions: (1) Physical exercise input can positively predict college students' levels of motor emotional intelligence and motor self-efficacy; (2) Physical exercise input not only directly affects college students' exercise adherence but also indirectly influences it through the separate mediating roles of motor emotional intelligence or motor self-efficacy and their chained mediation \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Scholar Qin conducted a study to investigate the impact of physical activity on negative emotions among college students and explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy, aiming to provide empirical and theoretical support for comprehensively improving and optimizing the mental health of this population. The study used the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). It found significant differences in physical exercise and negative emotion scores among college students of different genders and grades. The regression model showed that physical exercise can significantly predict negative emotions and self-efficacy, with a significant mediating effect of self-efficacy. The conclusions indicate that college students' physical exercise typically involves mild activity, which is associated with a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms, and that self-efficacy mediates the impact of physical exercise on negative emotions in this population \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on a review of relevant literature, it is concluded that a close and intricate connection exists between physical exercise and self-efficacy. Physical activity can enhance individuals' self-efficacy, while self-efficacy reciprocally influences their attitudes, activity choices, and persistence in physical exercise participation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eModel Construction\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe factors influencing college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy are diverse and complex. Depending on the specific research contexts, scholars have analyzed and summarized numerous factors that affect these aspects among students\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, aiding in our understanding of the formation mechanisms of college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. However, when different types of variables are simultaneously incorporated into a complex model, they may exert varied influences on college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. This facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, and the occurrence of related behaviors. Therefore, based on complexity theory, this study constructs a causal model (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) examining the relationships among college students' demographic characteristics, physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy.The dimensions of physical exercise behavior include four latent variables:Exercise motivation,Individual factors,Social environment,and Physical education.Life satisfaction is represented by five latent variables:Family satisfaction,School satisfaction,Freedom satisfaction,Environment satisfaction,Academic satisfaction,and Friendship satisfaction.Additionally,there is a correlation between self-efficacy and demographic characteristics,so five demographic variables:Gender,Birthplace,Age,Only child,and Subject are included in the model for complexity analysis.Model A1 represents the causal relationship between college students'life satisfaction and self-efficacy.Model B1's precondition is the causal relationship between physical exercise behavior and self-efficacy.Model C1's precondition is the causal relationship between demographic characteristics and self-efficacy.Model D1's precondition is the causal relationship between life satisfaction,physical exercise behavior,and self-efficacy.Model E1's precondition is the causal relationship between physical exercise behavior,demographic characteristics,and self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Research design and methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Area\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eChengdu,a significant central city in western China,enjoys the reputation of\"the Land of Abundance\"and is among the first batch of national historical and cultural cities.It is the birthplace of ancient Shu civilization,a nationally designated historical and cultural city,and China's best tourist city.With nearly 60 universities,including world-renowned institutions such as Sichuan University,University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,Southwest Jiaotong University,and the only sports university in Southwest China,Chengdu provides a diverse range of options for studying college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.Based on this,this study takes college students in Chengdu as a case to explore the relationship between their physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMeasurement Tools\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study employs a questionnaire to measure the required content.The questionnaire is divided into three main parts:The first part focuses on college students'physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction,measuring key variables involved in the study.It includes four latent variables related to physical exercise behavior:Exercise motivation,Individual factors,Social environment,and Physical education.For life satisfaction,five latent variables are considered:Family satisfaction,School satisfaction,Freedom satisfaction,Environment satisfaction,Academic satisfaction,and Friendship satisfaction.Respondents are asked to rate their agreement with each variable.The first and second parts primarily utilize a Likert 5-point scale.The third part collects demographic information about the respondents,including gender,age,subject area,and other factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe measurement indicators for physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy in the first and second parts are primarily based on previous qualitative research by Ma\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and Liang \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.The life satisfaction scale is adapted from the research of Han ,Wang\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e ,and others\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables and measurement items\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatent\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003evariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eltem of measurement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatent\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003evariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eltem of measurement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise Motivation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1 I want to have a strong body\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFriendship Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE1 My friends are all very nice to me\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2 I want to maintain physical and mental health\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE2 If I need help,my friends will definitely help me\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA3 I want to maintain or improve my body shape\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE3 I have enough friends\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA4 I want to participate in entertaining activities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE4 My friends are all amazing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA5 I want to maintain a pleasant mood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE5 My friends all respect me\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB1 I have actively learned some sports skills before\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSchool Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF1 I enjoy staying in school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB2 I have devoted considerable effort to physical exercise and sports activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF2 School is really fun\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB3 I work hard in physical education classes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF3 I am happy to participate in various school activities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB4 I have spent a lot of money on physical exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF4 I am eager to go to school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB5 I have sufficient resources for physical exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG1:I often do interesting things together with my parents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial Environment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1 My collective often organizes everyone to exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG2 I enjoy spending time with my parents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC2 My collective often organizes sports competitions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG3 My family is better than most other families\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC3 The sports venues I need are far away\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG4 I am happy to stay at home with my family\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC4 Sports facilities are not convenient to use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG5 My family can get along harmoniously\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC5 Study and work make me have little free time|Environmental Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI1:There are many unsatisfactory things around me in my living environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD1 The sports skills learned in physical education class can be applied to daily physical exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI2 Basically,I can do things according to my own wishes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD2 The sports knowledge learned in physical education class is useful for daily physical exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI3 I am satisfied with my academic status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD3 Through physical education class,I have a deeper understanding of the importance of physical exercise\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI4 If I need help,my friends will all help me\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD4 My physical education teacher has a high level of sports skills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI5 Most of the time,I like my parents'way of educating\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD5 My physical education teacher uses good teaching methods\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreedom Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ1 The social security in the place where I live is good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ1 If I try my best,I can always solve problems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ2 Basically,I have the freedom to make my own choices\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ2 Even if others oppose me,I still have ways to achieve what I want\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ3 Compared with most classmates,I have a more comprehensive development in school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ3 It is easy for me to adhere to ideals and achieve goals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ4 My friends are very nice to me\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ4 I am confident that I can effectively deal with any unexpected events\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ5 My family gets along very harmoniously\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ5 With my intelligence,I can definitely cope with unexpected events\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK1 I can do what I like in my spare time\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ6 If I put in the necessary effort,I can solve most of the problems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK2 Compared to my classmates,I am[missing content]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQ7:I can face difficulties calmly because I trust myself to handle problems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK3:I have a lot of authority among my peers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Acquisition\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e To ensure the recovery rate and validity of the questionnaire data,the research team conducted research in various universities in Chengdu through the participation of college student volunteers.In July 2023,the research team established online and offline friendships through the Chengdu University Student Games,laying a stable foundation for work contacts in the early stage and conducting preliminary research and analysis.The formal research lasted from mid-July to early September 2023.Based on the QQ group of Chengdu University Student Games involved in the research,the research team adopted the methods of inviting participants to participate in the survey,random sampling in probability sampling,and snowball sampling through mutual invitations among Chengdu University Student Games.Combined with field research,a total of 550 questionnaires were distributed,545 were recovered,and 533 were valid,with an effective rate of 98.1%.Among them,221 paper questionnaires were sent out,213 were recovered,211 were valid,with an effective rate of 99.1%.329 online questionnaires were sent out,325 were recovered,and 322 were valid,with an effective rate of 99.1%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the respondents,60.4%were male and 39.6%were female.From the perspective of subject distribution,47.5%of the respondents were liberal arts,36.4%were arts,and 16.1%were science.From the perspective of grade distribution,2.4%were from the fourth year,15.8%were from the third year,73%were from the second year,and 8.8%were from the first year.From the perspective of the respondents'birthplace,37.3%were from urban areas and 62.7%were from rural areas.28.7%were only children,and 71.3%were non-only children.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe primary method adopted in this study is Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis(fsQCA),and the selected data analysis software is fsQCA3.0.QCA is a new analytical technique based on Boolean algebra to achieve comparative principles,combining the advantages of quantitative and qualitative analysis,suitable for case analysis or quantitative analysis of small,medium,and large samples.It has broad application prospects in sociology,management,and other fields\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalibration and the calculation of truth tables are two crucial steps in fsQCA.In this study,we first took the average of continuous variables such as college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy involved in the research.Then,according to Ragin's suggested continuous assignment scheme\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e,we set 95%as complete membership,5%as complete non-membership,and 50%as the crossover point,and calibrated the data accordingly.Since the questionnaire in this study uses the Likert 5-point scale for data measurement,1 was set as the complete non-membership threshold,5 as the complete membership threshold,and 3 as the crossover point.For the three binary variables of gender,birthplace,and whether the respondent is an only child,there are no cross-fuzy points and belong to the crisp set.Therefore,we adopted Ragin's standard of 0.05 to calibrate male,urban,and yes,and 0.95 to calibrate female,rural,and no\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.In the process of constructing the truth table,it is first refined according to two standard:one is frequency,where a minimum frequency of 2 is generally adopted for medium to large samples;the other is consistency,with a recommended threshold value of greater than or equal to 0.8.To predict the self-efficacy of college students,this study set the frequency cut-off value to 2 and the acceptable consistency threshold to 0.8.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result analysis","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis and Model Validation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData analysis and model validation primarily consist of five parts:exploratory factor analysis,confirmatory factor analysis,counterfactual case analysis,fsQCA correlation analysis,and predictive validity analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eExploratory Factor Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall Cronbach'sαof the questionnaire is 0.946,with a KMO value of 0.931.The Bartlett's test of sphericity is significant at p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000,indicating that the reliability and validity tests have been passed,making it suitable for factor analysis.Since all 11 dimensions of variables in this study's model,including exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy,are original constructs that have not been tested by scholars,we have conducted specific analyses.For exercise behavior,using principal component analysis and varimax rotation in SPSS 25.0,the factor analysis was first based on eigenvalues greater than 1.The results showed that the Cronbach'sαcoefficients of the four common factors were all greater than 0.7,with a cumulative variance explanation rate of 86.377%.Additionally,all factor loading values of the scale's measurement items were greater than 0.5,fully demonstrating the scientific nature of the research data.Similarly,life satisfaction and self-efficacy were analyzed sequentially.Six common factors were extracted from the life satisfaction variable,with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 85.235%.The cumulative variance contribution rates of all three variables are relatively high,indicating that most of the information from the original variables has been retained after the factor transformation(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExploratory factor analysis(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;533)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor loadings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEigenvalue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExplained variance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;sα\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ephysical exercise behavior\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise motivation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.954\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eB5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.815\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial environment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ephysical education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eD2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eD3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eD4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eD5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.837\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKMO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.912\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBartlett\u0026rsquo;s\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8405.304 df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;87 Sig.=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall Cronbach'sα\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.915,Overall Explained Variance\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;86.377%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLife Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFriendship satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eE2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eE3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eE4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eE5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.860\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSchool satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eF2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eF3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eF4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironment\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esatisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eI1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eI2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eI3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eI4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eI5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.749\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreedom\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003esatisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ3\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ4\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJ5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.850\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eK2\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eK3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKMO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.909\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBartlett\u0026rsquo;s\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8623.108 df\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;113 Sig.=0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall Cronbach'sα\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.882 Overall Explained Variance\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85.235%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the data using Smartpls software,revealing that the composite reliability(CR)values were all distributed between 0.7 and 0.9,exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.7,indicating a high level of measurement reliability\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.As can be seen from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,the average variance extracted(AVE)values of all latent variables are between 0.5 and 0.8,exceeding the standard value of 0.5.Furthermore,the square root of the AVE value of each latent variable is greater than the correlation coefficient of other latent variables,indicating good discriminant validity among the latent variables in this study.Additionally,theχ2/df ratio was 3.230(recommended valueχ2/df\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5),GFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.867(recommended value GFI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.8),NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.909(recommended value NFI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9),CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.919(recommended value CFI\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.9),and RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.091(recommended value RMSEA\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.1),suggesting that the overall model fit is satisfactory\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscriminant validity table\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysicalEducation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFriendship Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSchool Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial Environment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreedom Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise Motivation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndividual Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePhysical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFriendship Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.929\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSchool Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.837\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.900\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial Environment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.830\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.815\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.860\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.877\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreedom Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.743\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.829\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.845\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.906\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.784\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.870\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExercise Motivation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.852\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.766\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.791\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(CR)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.896\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAVE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.918\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.838\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.916\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.907\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.814\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.905\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.889\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCounterfactual Case Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePappas and Papatheodorou's research indicates that counterfactual analysis is necessary to illustrate the existence of positive or negative relationships,or even the absence of a relationship,within the same dataset\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e presents positive and negative counterfactual cases between freedom satisfaction and self-efficacy.It is evident that there are counterfactual cases in the relationship between freedom satisfaction and self-efficacy,where high freedom satisfaction leads to low self-efficacy(8 cases),while low freedom satisfaction can also result in high self-efficacy(15 cases).Therefore,there exists an asymmetric relationship between the variables involved in this study,necessitating the use of fsQCA methodology to further analyze their asymmetric relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiscriminant validity table\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Efficacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFreedom Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85.4%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e208\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage of Total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003efsQCA Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the process of fsQCA analysis,it is first necessary to detect whether a single antecedent variable is a necessary condition for the outcome variable.When the consistency score of a single antecedent variable is greater than 0.9,it can be considered a necessary condition for the outcome.The fsQCA necessary condition analysis revealed that five necessary conditions for the formation of college students'self-efficacy include exercise motivation,social environment,environmental satisfaction,physical education,and freedom satisfaction,all with consistency scores greater than 0.9.However,the occurrence of these five necessary conditions does not guarantee the emergence of college students'self-efficacy.In reality,single necessary conditions for outcomes are common,while single sufficient conditions that can lead to outcomes are typically nonexistent.Therefore,a sufficient analysis of the combination of antecedent conditions needs to be conducted through fsQCA to provide sufficient and consistent configuration conditions for predicting college students'self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of using the fsQCA method to predict and analyze high self-efficacy among college students.This analysis covers six life satisfaction variables,four exercise behavior variables,and five demographic variables.By constructing five complex causal models,a total of 29 combinations of antecedent conditions for high-level college students'self-efficacy were obtained.The research results show that the five complex causal model solutions achieved the standards defined by Ragin\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003ein terms of consistency and coverage(consistency\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.75,coverage\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.20).XY plots are used to visually present the causal combination relationships in the models,showing the relationship between X and Y.This study selected causal combination paths A3 and B5 with higher consistency from the five models to create XY plots(see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).It can be seen from the figures that there is an asymmetric relationship between the two condition combinations X and the corresponding outcome Y,sufficient but not necessary relationship.This means that both condition combinations X are sufficient conditions for the corresponding outcome Y,but they are not necessarily the only factors explaining outcome Y.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePredicting combinations of precursor conditions for high levels of self-efficacy among college students\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModels for predicting high score of outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaw coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnique coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsistency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel A:Self-Efficacy\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;f(Friendship Satisfaction,School Satisfaction,Family Satisfaction,Environmental Satisfaction,Freedom Satisfaction)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA1:~Friendship Satisfaction*School Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA2:~School Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction*Freedom Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA3:Friendship Satisfaction*~School Satisfaction*~Environmental Satisfaction*~Freedom Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA4:~Friendship Satisfaction*School Satisfaction*Family Satisfaction*Freedom Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA5:~School Satisfaction*Family Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.920\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoverage for solution:0.942 Consistency for solution:0.858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel B:Self-Efficacy\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;f(Exercise Motivation,Individual Factors,Social Environment,Physical Education)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB1:Exercise Motivation*~Physical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.795\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB2:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB3:~Exercise Motivation*Social Environment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.513\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.890\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB4:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Social Environment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoverage for solution:0.678 Consistency for solution:0.903\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel C:Self-Efficacy\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;f(Gender,Birthplace,Only Child,Subject,Grade)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1:~Gender*Only Child*Subject\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.857\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC2:Gender*Only Child*Subject*Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC3:Only Child*~Subject*Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC4:~Birthplace*Only Child*Grade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoverage for solution:0.606 Consistency for solution:0.876\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel D:Self-Efficacy\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;f(Exercise Motivation,Individual Factors,Social Environment,Physical Education,Friendship Satisfaction,School Satisfaction,Family Satisfaction,Environmental Satisfaction,Freedom Satisfaction,Academic Satisfaction)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD1:Exercise Motivation*~Physical Education*~Friendship Satisfaction*~School Satisfaction*~Family Satisfaction*~Environmental Satisfaction*~Freedom Satisfaction*~Academic Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.825\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD2:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Social Environment*~School Satisfaction*Family Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction*Freedom Satisfaction*Academic Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD3:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Social Environment*Physical Education*Friendship Satisfaction*School Satisfaction*Family Satisfaction*Environmental Satisfaction*Freedom Satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoverage for solution:0.946 Consistency for solution:0.835\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel E:Self-Efficacy\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;f(Gender,Birthplace,Only Child,Subject,Grade,Exercise Motivation,Individual Factors,Social Environment,Physical Education)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE1:~Birthplace*Subject*Grade*Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Social Environment*Physical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.297\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.909\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE2:Gender*~Birthplace*~Subject*Grade*Exercise Motivation*~Individual Factors*Social Environment*Physical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eE7:Gender*Birthplace*Only Child*~Subject*~Grade*~Individual Factors*Social Environment*Physical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoverage for solution:0.894 Consistency for solution:0.874\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eNote:In Boolean algebra logic operations,\"\"is used to represent the set relationship of\"and\"or\"intersection,\"and\"~\"is used to represent the set relationship of\"not\"or\"complement negation.\"For example,AB represents the occurrence of both conditional variables A and B,while\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;A represents the non-occurrence or absence of conditional variable A.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePredictive Validity Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite the good model fit,the predictive results cannot be proven on different datasets,thus necessitating a predictive validity analysis.Firstly,SPSS is utilized to calculate variables for the original sample,followed by the use of EXCL for screening and dividing it into two subsamples.An fSQCA analysis is then conducted on asymmetric relationships modeling in Subsample 1.Subsequently,Subsample 2 is utilized to analyze the causal combinations of the simulated result conditions(high self-efficacy).The predictive validity results of high self-efficacy are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,with six dimensions of life satisfaction and exercise behavior serving as causal antecedents.The causal combinations analyzed in the hypothetical model using Subsample 1 are identical to the fsQCA results of the overall sample(Model B1 in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).Then,Subsample 2 is employed to test causal combinations 1 and 2 from Subsample 1.Based on the two XY plots(Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)of the model in Subsample 2,similar asymmetric relationships are obtained,demonstrating the capability of the proposed hypothetical configuration model to predict result conditions across different datasets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of predictive validity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModels for predicting high score of outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRaw coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnique coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsistency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel F:Self-Efficacy\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;f(Exercise Motivation,Individual Factors,Social Environment,Physical Education)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF1:~Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*Physical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.895\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF2:~Exercise Motivation*Social Environment*~Physical Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.513\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.890\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF3:Exercise Motivation*Individual Factors*~Social Environment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.828\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoverage for solution:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConsistency for solution:0.832\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eApplication of Complexity Theory\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study examines the complex configuration model affecting college students'self-efficacy based on complexity theory and evaluates the fsQCA analysis results according to the principles proposed by Woodside\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.According to Principle 1,a simple factor condition may be necessary,but it is not sufficient for a high score in predicting the outcome.Principle 2 states that a complex causal combination involving two or more factor conditions is sufficient for a high score in predicting the outcome.Meanwhile,Principle 3 indicates that a causal combination is not a necessary condition for a high score in predicting the outcome.Principle 4 suggests that the impact of a certain factor condition on the outcome score depends on the presence of other factors in the causal combination.Finally,Principle 5 posits that a particular causal combination represents only a partial rather than a complete view of the cases,and the coverage of any single causal combination should be less than 1.00.As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,no single variable can fully explain the high level of self-efficacy among college students,which aligns with Principle 1.Furthermore,different combinations of antecedent variables can lead to improved self-efficacy among college students,such as models A1,B3,and C5 in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,supporting Principle 2.Additionally,the high self-efficacy of college students with high levels is not explained by a single causal combination,endorsing Principle 3.Moreover,the sense of accomplishment exists in combinations B1,B3,and E3,but the impact of physical education on the self-efficacy of college students with high levels varies from positive to negative.Simultaneously,physical education does not appear in combinations D5,E3,and E6,indicating that its predictive effect on the self-efficacy of college students with high levels depends on other antecedent conditions,explaining the existence of counterfactual cases and the heterogeneity of college students'self-efficacy,thus supporting Principle 4.Additionally,the fsQCA analysis results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e show that the coverage of all condition combinations is less than 1.00,fulfilling Principle 5.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003efsQCA Analysis Results\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis section presents a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(FsQCA)based on Ragin's research.For the solution coverage,a value greater than 0.5 is considered satisfactory,while less than 0.2 is negligible.Similarly,for solution consistency,a value greater than 0.75 is satisfactory,and less than 0.7 is negligible.Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e demonstrates the FsQCA predictive analysis of high self-efficacy among university students,revealing five configuration model solutions with satisfactory levels of coverage and consistency(see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).Using life satisfaction as an analytical indicator,Model A incorporates six variables related to life satisfaction and identifies five condition combinations.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.942 and an overall consistency of 0.858.Among these combinations,A4(~\u0026thinsp;friendship satisfaction*school satisfaction*family satisfaction*freedom satisfaction)exhibits the highest consistency level(0.926),indicating that university students with high satisfaction in school,family,and freedom are more likely to perceive high self-efficacy.Among them, a combination of high levels of satisfaction with friendship, school, family, and freedom can exert an influence on high levels of self-efficacy. In Model A2, school satisfaction, environmental satisfaction, and freedom satisfaction all emerge with high-level trends, indicating that college students with higher levels of satisfaction in these areas may possess stronger self-efficacy in their lives. Model A5 (School Satisfaction * Family Satisfaction * Environmental Satisfaction): Although it has a relatively low unique coverage, Model A5 also performs excellently in terms of raw coverage and consistency, suggesting that the combination of school satisfaction, family satisfaction, and environmental satisfaction has an important impact on predicting high self-efficacy. Additionally, some life satisfaction indicators in Model A exhibit opposite trends. For example, freedom satisfaction in the combined paths A3 (Friendship Satisfaction * School Satisfaction * Environmental Satisfaction * Freedom Satisfaction) and A4 (Friendship Satisfaction * School Satisfaction * Family Satisfaction * Freedom Satisfaction) indicates that the role of freedom satisfaction in predicting high self-efficacy among college students is influenced by other variables, introducing a certain degree of uncertainty and complexity. This suggests that college students with high levels of satisfaction with their school, family, and freedom have a higher perceived likelihood of achieving high self-efficacy. At this point, relevant educational institutions should prioritize enhancing students' satisfaction with their school and environment by improving school facilities, upgrading teaching quality, and creating a positive campus atmosphere, among other means, to strengthen college students' self-efficacy. The family, as an important environment for the growth of college students, should not be overlooked in terms of satisfaction. Schools can assist families in enhancing their support and satisfaction with students' growth by strengthening home-school communication and providing family education guidance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel B explores the impact of four variables on high-level self-efficacy,resulting in four condition combinations.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.678 and an overall consistency of 0.903.Among them,B2(exercise motivation*individual factors)exhibits the highest consistency level(0.895),suggesting that university students with high exercise motivation and individual factors are most likely to perceive high self-efficacy.Model C focuses on five demographic factors that influence high-level self-efficacy,resulting in four condition combinations.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.606 and an overall consistency of 0.876.Among them,C4(~\u0026thinsp;place of origin*only child*grade)exhibits the highest consistency level(0.885),indicating that rural only children in higher grades are most likely to perceive high self-efficacy.Model D includes four exercise behavior variables and five life satisfaction variables,resulting in three complex causal combination paths for high self-efficacy.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.946 and an overall consistency of 0.835.Among them,combination path D3(exercise motivation*individual factors*social environment*~physical education*friendship satisfaction*~school satisfaction*family satisfaction*environmental satisfaction*freedom satisfaction)exhibits the highest consistency level of 0.987,indicating that high exercise motivation,individual factors,social environment,low physical education,high friendship satisfaction,low school satisfaction,high family satisfaction,high environmental satisfaction,and high freedom satisfaction are most conducive to perceiving high self-efficacy.Model E comprises four exercise behavior variables and five demographic characteristics,resulting in three complex causal combination paths for high self-efficacy.It achieves an overall coverage of 0.894 and an overall consistency of 0.874.Among them,combination path E2(~\u0026thinsp;gender*~place of origin*discipline*grade*exercise motivation*~individual factors*~social environment*physical education)exhibits the highest consistency level of 0.913,suggesting that male rural upper-level liberal arts students with high exercise motivation,low individual factors,local social environment,and high physical education are most likely to perceive high self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Contribution","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the relevant research results of\"the relationship between college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy,\"an asymmetric influence model of college students'self-efficacy antecedent variables was constructed using complexity theory.Through fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA),a series of causal combinations that influence college students'self-efficacy were predicted.Under the premise of high reliability and validity of measurement variables and good model fitting,the five causal models constructed by fsQCA results included 19 causal combinations,all satisfying the requirements of consistency(\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.6)and coverage(\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.2),indicating high credibility.Cross-tabulation analysis revealed that there were counterexamples when predicting college students'self-efficacy from the perspective of exercise behavior and life satisfaction,indicating an asymmetric relationship between the predicted result conditions(self-efficacy)and the preceding causal conditions.Therefore,the analysis using the fsQCA method had a high degree of fit.The fsQCA results showed that the antecedent conditions for high self-efficacy were heterogeneous and complex,meaning that the same antecedent condition could have negative,positive,or no effect in different predicted causal combinations,indicating a certain interaction between the antecedent conditions for high-level self-efficacy,presenting a complex influence mechanism and relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy synthesizing the five models,it was found that college students'exercise motivation,individual factors,family satisfaction,freedom satisfaction,grade,and perception of life satisfaction appeared most frequently in high-prediction causal combinations,which can be considered important conditions for achieving high self-efficacy.Perception of exercise behavior had a positive correlation,suggesting that perception of physical exercise behavior was a core condition,with individual factors having the most significant influence.Among the perceptions of life satisfaction,college students'perception of freedom satisfaction and family satisfaction had the most significant impacts.Additionally,college students'exercise motivation and income levels at different stages were also important conditions for achieving high prediction values.Therefore,to better enhance college students'self-efficacy,emphasis can be placed on promoting college students'participation in sports activities to enhance their perception of exercise behavior and life satisfaction,and strengthening their perception of self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eContribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTheoretical Significance\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent academic research on college students'exercise and satisfaction has been conducted to acertain extent,but there are relatively few studies focusing on the impact of college students'exercise behavior and life satisfaction on their self-efficacy.Research on the influence mechanism of physical exercise and life satisfaction on college students'self-efficacy is even more scarce.This study,based on complexity theory,constructs a complex causal model exploring the impact of college students'physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy perception.It comprehensively considers the combination and connection between different antecedent conditions,expanding the theoretical analysis channels for traditional measurement variables such as physical exercise behavior,life satisfaction,and self-efficacy.Secondly,the study employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA)method to explore asymmetric models,providing a more comprehensive analysis based on existing quantitative and qualitative foundations.The study finds thateach causal combination in the model is sufficient for the result.Additionally,XY graphs also indicate an asymmetric relationship between antecedent combinations and result conditions,meaning that the causal conditions leading to high prediction results are not identical.This is an important aspect that traditional symmetric methods cannot study\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePractical Implications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study analyzes the antecedent conditions and their combinations that influence college students'self-efficacy.Based on the current perception presented by different causal combinations,it provides some practical suggestions for physical education to enhance college students'self-efficacy from the perspective of physical exercise.This article argues that the development of college students'physical education should be based on their self-efficacy,combining physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction perception as important antecedent conditions for high self-efficacy.This can enhance college students'autonomous learning and creativity,fully exhibit their self-spirit,improve their satisfaction with life,and strengthen their cognition of physical exercise.It is alsorelevant to the development of sports society,physical education,and the enhancement of self-efficacy perception.Cultivating good exercise habits in college students,improving their physical fitness,and promoting mental health can make students recognize the importance of physical exercise in enhancing self-efficacy and life satisfaction,achieving the qualitative and scientific nature of relevant theoretical research on the relationship between physical exercise,self-efficacy,and life satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Limitations and Future Directions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResearch Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Limitation: This study primarily relied on questionnaire surveys for data collection. Despite efforts to ensure the representativeness and breadth of the sample during data collection, limitations in terms of time, funding, and practical operations resulted in a sample confined to universities in specific regions, unable to fully represent the physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy status of college students nationwide.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonolithic Research Method: This study mainly employed quantitative research methods, such as questionnaire surveys and statistical analysis. While this approach allows for the rapid collection and objective analysis of large amounts of data, it lacks the supplementation of qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews and case studies, potentially leading to an insufficiently deep and comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplexity of Variable Relationships: There may be complex interactions between physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. Although this study attempted to construct a causal relationship model, limitations in research design and data collection prevented a full revelation of the deep connections and dynamic changes among these variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of Longitudinal Studies: This study primarily conducted cross-sectional research, unable to effectively confirm causality. Future research needs to incorporate longitudinal studies to observe long-term trends and mutual influences among variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInsufficient Exploration of Psychological Dimensions: Although this study considered the impact of demographic characteristics on physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy, the exploration of psychological dimensions remained inadequate. For instance, factors such as emotions, motivation, and personality may significantly influence college students' physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction, but this study failed to fully explore these aspects.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFuture Directions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExpand Sample Scope: Future research should expand the sample scope to include universities in different regions, different types of institutions, and more diverse student populations, to enhance the representativeness and universality of the research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCombine Multiple Research Methods: Future research should integrate quantitative and qualitative research methods, such as in-depth interviews and case studies, to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationships among college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengthen Longitudinal Research: Future research should conduct longitudinal studies to observe long-term trends and mutual influences among variables, thereby more accurately revealing their causal relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeeply Explore Psychological Dimensions: Future research should more deeply explore the impact of psychological dimensions on college students' physical exercise behavior, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. For example, research can be conducted on how factors such as emotion regulation, motivation activation, and personality traits influence college students' physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUtilize Modern Technological Means: With the development of technology, future research can actively leverage modern technological means such as big data and artificial intelligence to improve the efficiency and accuracy of data collection, and more deeply mine and analyze relationships among data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn future research, qualitative research methods can also be integrated to provide more reasonable and persuasive interpretations of some conclusions from this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYong Feng : Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Original draft, Writing - Review and Editing, Visualization; Rui Luo: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - Original draft, Visualization; Jian Gong : Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - Original draft; Yuanyao Yang: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Funding acquisition, Writing - Review and Editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by The Sichuan Tourism University (Supported by the China Social Science Fund Project \"Measurement and Digital Promotion of the Integration Development Level of Outdoor Sports and Tourism in Southwest Mountain Areas of China\" (No. 22BETV038)、the Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Sciences ofHigher Education Institutions in Sichuan Province[Grant No.HSWL24Y12]、the Key Research Base for Philosophy and Social Sciences in Sichuan Province[Grant No.WRF202441]andSichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tourism Equipment and Intelligent Technology for Plateau and Mountain Regions, Department of Culture and Tourism of Sichuan Province[Grant No.24MTE304].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformed Consent Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author(Jian Gong [email protected]).The data are not publicly available because they contain information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResearch Method Compliance Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll methods are based on relevant guidelines and regulations,During the data collection process, we fully respect and protect the rights of all participants, ensuring that they voluntarily participate in this study after fully understanding the research purpose, process, and potential risks. Academic integrity: We promise that all data and conclusions in this study are based on genuine and reliable sources, and there is no form of forgery, tampering, or plagiarism. We respect the research results of others and have accurately labeled and cited all cited literature.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey was approved by the ethics review board of the NCHS. All participants gave informed consent before participating. All methods were established according to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.All experimental protocols involved in the study strictly adhere to the ethical principles of scientific research and relevant laws and regulations, and have been officially approved by the Research Ethics Review Committee of Sichuan Tourism University. The approval process ensures the scientific and ethical validity of experimental and research plans, and fully protects the rights and interests of participants. (Approval number: HSWL24Y12, approval date: July 10, 2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZou YD. Research on Promotion Strategies of Physical Literacy for College Students from the Perspective of 'Healthy China 2030'[J]. Contemp Sports Technol. 2022;12(30):1\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWei GP. Research on the Cultivation Mode of Adolescents' Physical Exercise Habits[J]. Sports World (Academic Edition). 2019;(11):9s.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWorld Health Organization. Global action plan on physical activity 2018\u0026ndash;2030: more active people for a healthier world[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSallis SJ, Hovell MF. Determinants of exercise behavior[J]. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1990;18(1):307\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcauley E, Courneya KS, Rudolph D. Enhancing exercise adherence in middle-aged males and females[J]. Prev Med. 1994;23(4):498\u0026ndash;506.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eX L, Zhao DP, Yan JH. Research on the Relationship between Adolescents' Attitude and Behavior towards Physical Exercise[J]. J Tianjin Univ Sport. 2009;24(1):72\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFu D. Investigation and Correlation Analysis of College Students' Sports Attitude and Physical Health[J]. J Beijing Univ Sport. 2014;37(6):76\u0026ndash;103.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGao SC. Review of Self-efficacy Theory[J]. Psychol Dev Educ. 2000;(01):60\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMa S, Shao YX. Physical Health Status of College Students in Zhejiang Province from 2007 to 2014[J]. Chin J Sch Health. 2018;39(02):262\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXie CN. Analysis of the Current Situation of College Students' Self-efficacy[J]. J Jiamusi Vocat Inst. 2019;182(01):213\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKong LY, Wang J, Song SM, Zhu LJ. The Impact of Adolescent Physical Exercise on Self-efficacy: The Mediating Role of Self-esteem[J]. Liaoning Sports Sci Technol. 2020;42(02):58\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGong GF, Wei ZT, Wang YN. Analysis of the Current Situation of College Students' Mental Health[J]. Sch Party Constr Ideol Educ. 2012;(14):97\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang J, Ji L, Tian SL. Experimental Research on Promoting Adolescents' Mental Health through Different Exercise Methods[J]. J Wuhan Inst Phys Educ. 2005;(03):80\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShin DC, Johnson DM. Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life[J]. Soc Indic Res. 1978;(5):475\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNeal K. Stressful events and life satisfaction among elderly men and women[J]. J Gerontol. 1991;46(2):584\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMan P. The influence of peers and parents on youth life satisfaction in Hong Kong[J]. Soc Indic Res. 1991;24(3):347\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuebner ES. Preliminary development and validation of a multidimensional life satisfaction scale for children[J]. Psychol Assess. 1994;6(2):149\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang LW, Ren WD. Advances in Research on Sports Psychology [M]. General Administration of Sport of China, Higher Education Press. 2000:540.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJi L, Li L, Wang XZ. The Impact of Physical Exercise on Mental Health[J]. J Shandong Inst Phys Educ Sports. 1998;(01):38\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi HY, Li WD, Shen HJ, Chen AG, Wang JF. The Impact of a Single Session of Moderate-Intensity Exercise with Different Durations on Executive Function in Overweight Children[J]. J Tianjin Univ Sport. 2022;37(02):219\u0026ndash;25. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.13297/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.02.014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.13297/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.02.014\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMao YM. Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Sports Intervention on the Physical Health of Chinese Middle School Students [D]. Southwest University; 2011.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShin DC, Johnson DM. Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life[J]. Soc Indic Res. 1978;(5):475\u0026ndash;92. (Repeated entry, but included as per original list).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNeal K. Stressful events and life satisfaction among elderly men and women[J]. J Gerontol. 1991;46(2):584\u0026ndash;92. (Repeated entry, but included as per original list).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMan P. The influence of peers and parents on youth life satisfaction in Hong Kong[J]. Soc Indic Res. 1991;24(3):347\u0026ndash;65. (Repeated entry with comma, corrected to period, but included as per original list).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuebner ES. Preliminary development and validation of a multidimensional life satisfaction scale for children[J]. Psychol Assess. 1994;6(2):149\u0026ndash;58. (Repeated entry, but included as per original list).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcCullough G, Huebner ES, Laughlin J. Life events, self-consept, and adolescents' positive subjective well-being[J]. Psychol Sch. 2000;37(3):281\u0026ndash;90.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGilman R, Handwerk ML. Changes in life satisfaction as a function of stay in a residential setting[J]. Residential Treat Child Youth. 2001;18(1):47\u0026ndash;65.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHe M, Pan NF, Liu Y, et al. The neural mechanism of life satisfaction: evidence from magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Magn Reson Imaging. 2022;13(05):99\u0026ndash;105.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBandura A. Self-efficacy in changing societies[M]. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1995.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eConger JA, Kanungo RN. The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice[J]. Acad Manag Rev. 1988;(13):471.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchwarzer R, Babler J, Kwiatek P, et al. The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: comparisons of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the general self-efficacy scale[J]. Appl Psychol Int Rev. 1997;46(1):69\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang JP, Ma HL, Deng K. The Level of College Students' Classroom Engagement from the Perspective of Self-efficacy Theory: Theoretical Examination, Existing Problems, and Promotion Strategies[J]. J China Three Gorges Univ (Humanit Soc Sci Ed). 2022;44(05):86\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZeng RX, Li Y. Meta-analysis of the Relationship between Self-efficacy and Online Health Information Search[J/OL]. Adv Psychol Sci. 2023:1\u0026ndash;17.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang P, Zhang LG, Xu TT. Hope Group Intervention to Improve Depression Symptoms among College Students: The Mediating Role of Self-efficacy[J/OL]. Chin J Health Psychol. 2023:1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhong HM, Xu WX, A Study on the Subjective Welfare Effects of Physical Exercise Participation. J Xi'an Sport Univ. 2024;41(01):62\u0026ndash;75. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.16063/j.cnki.issn1001-747x.2024.01.00\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.16063/j.cnki.issn1001-747x.2024.01.00\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Empirical Analysis Based on Chinese Family Tracking Survey Data[J].\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eXu HY, Yin F, Yang SJ, et al. The impact of physical exercise on the life satisfaction of rural middle school students in Zizhong County[J]. Health Res. 2018;47(06):936\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHan HJ, Duan QT. Research on the Relationship between College Students' Sports Participation and Subjective Well-being[J]. J Guangzhou Sport Univ. 2012;32(06):97\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHa B, Zhang J. Physical Exercise and Life Satisfaction of Urban Residents in China[J]. Behav Sci. 2024;14(6):494.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGuo Y, Qin K, Yu Y, et al. Physical exercise can enhance meaning in life of college students: the chain mediating role of self-efficacy and life satisfaction[J]. Front Psychol. 2024;14:1306257.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePham HC, Phan TTH, Le QH, et al. The influence of physical activities on job satisfaction: mediating role of self-efficacy, self-esteem and moderating role of stress management[J]. Am J Health Behav. 2022;46(6):794\u0026ndash;808.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAn D, Pan J, Ran F, et al. Effects of Physical Exercise Input on the Exercise Adherence of College Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Sports Emotional Intelligence and Exercise Self-Efficacy[J]. J Intell. 2024;12(10):94.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eQin GY, Han SS, Zhang YS et al. Effect of physical exercise on negative emotions in Chinese university students: The mediating effect of self-efficacy[J]. Heliyon. 2024;10(17).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen. A Study on The Relationship Between College Students\u0026rsquo;Motivation, Satisfaction and Post-trip Behavioral Intention in Mountain Tourism[D]. Shenyang: Liaoning University; 2019.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKerr JH, Mackenzie SH. Multiple motives for participating in adventure sports[J]. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2012;13(5):649\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsaur SH, Yen CH, Hsiao SL. Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers[J]. Int J Tourism Res. 2013;15(4):360\u0026ndash;74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMa AM. The Impact of Physical Health Assessment on College Students'Exercise Behavior[J]. Chin J Health Educ. 2016;32(08):726\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiang X. Research on Physical Exercise Behavior of College Students[J]. Educ Rev. 2015;(03):102\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHan HJ, Duan QT. A Study on the Relationship between College Students'Participation in Sports and Subjective Well-being[J]. J Guangzhou Sport Univ. 2012;32(06):97\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang YN, Wang TT, Qin S. The Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy in College Students'Health Literacy and Depressive Symptoms[J]. Chin J Health Educ. 2019;39(07):596\u0026ndash;600.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRagin CC. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008. pp. 44\u0026ndash;7091.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRagin CC. Fuzzy-set Social Science[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2000. p. 12089.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHervas-Oliver JL, Sempere-Ripoll F, Arribas I. Asymmetric modeling of organizational innovation[J]. J Bus Res. 2015;68(12):2654\u0026ndash;62.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error[J]. J Mark Res. 1981;18(1):39\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDoll WJ, Xia W, Torkzadeh G. A confirmatory factor analysis of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument[J]. MIS Q. 1994:453\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBAI K, GUO SW. An empirical study on the impact of symbiotic image of tourist attractions on tourists\u0026rsquo;willingness to revisit and word-of-mouth effect: A case study of Qujiang and Tang cultural theme scenic spots in Xi\u0026rsquo;an[J]. Tourism Tribune. 2010;25(1):53\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBai SZ, Wei S, Wang ZX. Study on the impact of tourism ritual perception on revisiting intention from the micro perspective[J]. Bus Res. 2021;(1):15\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePappas N, Papatheodorou A. Tourism and the refugee crisis in Greece: Perceptions and decision-making of accommodation pro-viders[J]. Tour Manag. 2017;63:31\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRagin CC. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008. pp. 44\u0026ndash;7091.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWoodside AG, Embrace\u0026middot;perform\u0026middot;model. Complexity theory, contrarian case analysis, and multiple realities[J]. J Bus Res. 2014;67(12):2495\u0026ndash;503.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRagin CC. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond[M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2008. pp. 44\u0026ndash;7091.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"college students, exercise behavior, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, complexity theory","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6836248/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6836248/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth is an inevitable requirement for promoting the comprehensive development of individuals and an important condition for social and economic development.As the main body of the university,the physical and mental health of college students plays an irreplaceable role in their own development and social progress.College students are crucial participants in higher education and future social life, with research significantly influencing their self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study, conducted with college students in Chengdu, China, employs the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method. It integrates various influencing factors, including demographic characteristics, physical exercise behavior, and life satisfaction, to construct an asymmetric causal model from the perspectives of physical exercise behavior and life satisfaction.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research findings align with the core principles of complexity theory, confirming the heterogeneity and complexity of the antecedent conditions for high self-efficacy among college students. Nineteen causal condition combinations capable of promoting high self-efficacy were identified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study offers exploratory insights into applying complexity theory analysis to the study of college students' physical exercise, life satisfaction, and self-efficacy. It also provides a decision-making reference path for enhancing college students' life satisfaction, physical exercise behavior, and self-efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Research on the Mechanism of the Influence of College Students' Physical Exercise Behavior, Life Satisfaction, and Self-Efficacy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-18 14:24:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6836248/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"62a282e7-1db1-4115-9704-9e32438ef177","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-19T08:46:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-18 14:24:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6836248","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6836248","identity":"rs-6836248","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}