Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of origanum (Origanum rotundifolium L.) genotypes through SCoT marker system

Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of origanum (Origanum rotundifolium L.) genotypes through SCoT marker system | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of origanum (Origanum rotundifolium L.) genotypes through SCoT marker system Halit Karagöz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5402829/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Origanum rotundifolium L. is a type of origanum that has been used in folk medicine since ancient times due to its immune system strengthening effect thanks to the antioxidant enzymes it contains. This study was carried out to determine the molecular and morphological variation of Origanum rotundifolium . According to the results of this study, the findings reveal considerable variation among the genotypes in terms of FHY, DHY, DLY, LSR, NB, PH, CD, CC, and EOR parameters. It was determined that the genotypes G1, G2, G3 and G19 had superior properties compared to other genotypes. This study also explores the genetic diversity among 50 Origanum rotundifolium L. genotypes using start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism markers. Of the 25 SCoT primers tested, 10 successfully produced a total of 382 distinct and scorable bands. The number of bands generated per primer ranged from 21 to 50, with an average of 38.2 bands per primer. The average number of bands per individual was found to be 7.64. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value across the primers was 0.448. Additionally, the average effective number of alleles (ne), gene diversity (h), and Shannon’s information index (I) were 1.5128, 0.3333, and 0.5135, respectively. Cluster analysis was conducted using Dice's genetic distance and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), which grouped the genotypes into two main clusters. Genetic structure analysis further divided the Origanum rotundifolium genotypes into five subpopulations, with an average expected heterozygosity of 0.3369. The population differentiation index (Fst) ranged from 0.0367 to 0.1281, with a mean value of 0.0839. This study is the first to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Origanum rotundifolium germplasm using the SCoT-retrotransposon marker system. The results highlight the effectiveness of SCoT markers in accurately assessing the genetic diversity of Origanum rotundifolium genotypes, offering an essential resource for future breeding and conservation strategies. Origanum rotundifolium Fst PIC Scot UPGMA Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction Medicinal and aromatic plants have offered numerous benefits to humanity for alleviating various ailments since ancient times (Kaya 2023 ). These plants, also referred to as herbal medicines, are botanical raw materials primarily used for therapeutic, aromatic, and/or culinary purposes, often as ingredients in cosmetics, health products, pharmaceuticals, and other natural health products (Bayraktar and Tekce 2019 ; Kaya et al. 2021 ; Özel et al. 2023 ). The term "phytotherapy," which denotes treatment with plants, was first coined by the French physician Henri Lenclerc (1870–1953) in the medical journal La Presce Medical. A return to nature, or "green medicine," began to gain traction throughout Europe and America in subsequent periods (Özhatay et al. 1997). In this context, the Lamiaceae family stands out for its significant role in the pharmaceutical industry, with species such as thyme ( Origanum sp.), sage ( Salvia officinalis ), mint (Mentha longifolia), and mountain tea ( Sideritis stricta ) being some prominent examples (Baytop 1997 ). The genus Origanum, belonging to the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family, is recognized as an important gene center, comprising 45 genera, 546 species, and 730 taxa (Başer et al. 2009 ). The name Origanum originates from the Greek word orosoganos, meaning "mountain ornament" (Karagöz et al., 2020). Origanum species are used not only as spices in food preparation but also as flavor enhancers in various food products and alcoholic beverages due to the pleasant aroma imparted by their rich essential oil content (Karagöz and Parlakova Karagöz 2019 ). These species exhibit a wide array of applications due to their antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties, as well as their use as ornamental plants due to their aesthetic appeal and antitumor effects (Karagöz et al. 2022 ). As a result of these properties, Origanum species are widely utilized in traditional medicine across different countries (Ryman 1992 ). Origanum rotundifolium L., a significant member of the Origanum genus, is particularly noteworthy for its role in strengthening the immune system through its antioxidant enzymes, thus proving effective in the treatment of various diseases (Ceker et al. 2012 ). Additionally, essential oils extracted from O. rotundifolium have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activities, largely due to their thymol, carvacrol, borneol, and terpinene components (Dikbas et al. 2008 ; Göze et al. 2009). Studies on this plant have generally focused on its chemical compositions. There is no study showing the morphological and molecular characteristics of this plant and its genetic closeness in the growing environment. Therefore, we do not have any information about the breadth of morphological and genetic variation of this important plant. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the genetic and morphological variation of this plant to guide the breeding studies that can be done on this plant. In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on the conservation of endemic and endangered species. Such efforts are crucial for identifying and preserving superior genotypes, ensuring biodiversity, and protecting valuable genetic resources. However, similar studies on Origanum species, particularly regarding their conservation and genetic diversity, remain quite limited (Karagöz et al. 2020). This emphasizes the need for more in-depth research to protect these species, particularly due to their considerable medicinal, aromatic, and economic value. Understanding differences among origanum species is essential for optimizing the use of it in various sectors and for breeding programs aimed at enhancing desired traits. Origanum rotundifolium L., a notable species within the Origanum genus, is particularly recognized for its role in enhancing the immune system through its antioxidant enzymes, making it effective in treating various diseases (Ceker et al. 2012 ). Furthermore, essential oils extracted from O. rotundifolium have demonstrated significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties, primarily due to the presence of thymol, carvacrol, borneol, and terpinene (Dikbas et al. 2008 ; Göze et al. 2009). There have been numerous morphological studies conducted on various origanum species. For instance, research by Kosakowska et al. ( 2024 ) explored the morphological traits of different origanum species, alongside other related plants such as thyme ( Thymus vulgaris L.). While research on O. rotundifolium has predominantly concentrated on its chemical composition, no studies have yet explored its morphological. Environmental factors can significantly influence the morphological and biochemical characteristics of origanum species. As a result, DNA-based molecular markers are increasingly used in breeding studies to assess the genetic diversity of these plants, as they are not affected by environmental conditions (Jędrzejczyk and Rewers 2018; Katsiotis et al. 2009 ). Molecular marker systems have proven valuable for evaluating the genetic diversity and relationships among various origanum species, offering a more stable and reliable approach compared to traditional morphological and biochemical markers. Various molecular marker techniques, such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), sequence related amplified polymorphism, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), simple sequence repeats (SSR), expressed sequence tags (EST), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS), inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and start codon targeted (SCoT) have been used to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in Origanum species (Karagöz et al. 2020). Some of these methods have proven effective for identifying DNA polymorphisms (Katsiotis et al. 2009 ). However, certain techniques are limited by high costs and low repeatability. Retrotransposon markers, known for their simplicity, are frequently preferred in genetic diversity studies (Finnegan, 1989). However, earlier studies were limited by factors such as the type and number of germplasm used and the choice of marker systems, with some methods being hindered by high costs and low repeatability. These limitations highlight the need for a comprehensive study involving a larger number of accessions from the plant's center of origin and domestication to better understand its genetic diversity. Consequently, there is a lack of information regarding the extent of morphological and genetic diversity in this important species. This study aims to assess the genetic and morphological variation in O. rotundifolium to provide valuable insights for future breeding efforts targeting this plant. Materials and Methods 2.1. Plant materials Origanum rotundifolium Boiss. is a bushy plant that typically reaches a height of 30 cm. It features a soft, hairy texture, and its branches can extend up to 5 cm, usually bearing five pairs of leaves (occasionally a single pair) on each stem. The leaves are matte blue-green, nearly sessile, and have an obtuse shape, measuring between 6–25 mm in length and 4–20 mm in width, typically appearing cordate or nearly round. The spicules can range from 12–60 mm in length and 18–37 mm in width, sometimes exhibiting up to 12 pyramidal structures. The bracts, which are obtuse and yellowish-green, measure between 8–25 mm in length and 7–27 mm in width, generally appearing wider than they are long. The plant has verticillasters that can contain between two and sixteen flowers. The calyx, measuring 5–9 mm, may present as broadly ovate or feature wide triangular teeth on the upper lip. The corolla, which can be white or pale pink, varies in length from 9–16 mm. The lower filaments can extend up to 10 mm, while the upper filaments reach about 2 mm. This species typically blooms in its natural habitat from June to September (Fig. 1 ). Plant materials were collected from the counties of Ardanuc, Arhavi, Borçka, Hopa, Şavşat, and Yusufeli in Artvin province between July 15 and August 15, 2016, coinciding with the peak blooming period. A total of 50 different genotypes were gathered from 50 distinct locations, showcasing morphological variations such as leaf color, leaf shape, plant height, and odor density within their natural growing environment in Artvin province (Table 1 ). The cultivation of the collected Origanum rotundifolium seeds was carried out in a controlled greenhouse environment at the Field Crops Department of Atatürk University in Turkey. Table 1 Origanum rotundifolium L. genotypes used in study. Genotype name Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) Genotype name Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) G1 41°18′00” 41°44′52” 232 G26 40°50′48” 41°32′18” 625 G2 41°19′51” 41°42′28” 228 G27 40°52′14” 41°31′54” 702 G3 41°19′52” 41°42′29” 241 G28 40°53′48” 41°31′16” 751 G4 41°19′36” 41°42′38” 204 G29 40°53′48” 41°31′16” 751 G5 41°21′25” 41°51′28” 545 G30 41°17′35” 41°89′81” 682 G6 41°11′25” 41°51′32” 570 G31 41°17′39” 41°89′80” 650 G7 41°10′12” 41°53′25” 753 G32 41°17′42” 41°89′85” 636 G8 41°10′38” 41°53′25” 640 G33 41°17′45” 41°89′96” 640 G9 41°13′34” 42°03′44” 441 G34 41°17′65” 41°89′90” 648 G10 41°13′34” 42°03′52” 450 G35 41°17′60” 41°89′65” 685 G11 41°09′51” 41°53′20” 423 G36 41°10′23” 41°53′53” 586 G12 40°91′70” 41°51′24” 764 G37 41°17′57” 42°13′32” 695 G13 40°58′26” 41°26′24” 981 G38 41°17′68” 42°13′45” 781 G14 41°17′51” 41°45′44” 307 G39 41°32′59” 42°23′45” 762 G15 41°17′88” 41°45′09” 334 G40 41°19′34” 42°15′15” 1120 G16 41°17′90” 41°45′15” 346 G41 41°19′34” 42°15′15” 1126 G17 41°17′26” 41°45′12” 364 G42 41°19′34” 42°15′15” 1135 G18 41°17′96” 41°45′22” 396 G43 41°19′34” 42°15′15” 1140 G19 41°17′59” 41°44′50” 284 G44 41°19′34” 42°15′15” 1160 G20 41°19′47” 41°43′10” 256 G45 41°24′55” 42°16′40” 1130 G21 41°17′95” 41°84′41” 800 G46 41°19′34” 42°15′15” 1130 G22 41°17′98” 41°84′38” 902 G47 41°19′34” 42°15′15” 1130 G23 41°17′55” 41°84′31” 900 G48 41°16′37” 42°23′53” 1178 G24 41°17′65” 41°84′71” 980 G49 41°16′11” 42°14′34” 1006 G25 41°10′69” 41°82′90” 960 G50 41°16′14” 42°26′15” 628 2.2. Measurement of agro-morphological Agro-morphological measurements were made according to the method determined by Karagöz et al. (2020). Data collection was carried out during the vegetative stage, specifically at full flowering, with 10 samples taken from each location. 2.3. DNA Extraction DNA isolation was performed according to Zeinalzadehtabrizi et al. ( 2015 ) and to evaluate the quality of the extracted DNA Haliloğlu et al. ( 2023 ). 2.4. SCoT amplification In this study, 25 SCoT primers were initially tested, from which 10 primers demonstrating higher levels of polymorphism were selected for further analysis. The sequence details for these primers are provided in Table 2 . The PCR reactions were set up protocol described by Türkoğlu et al. ( 2023a ). The PCR program described by Türkoğlu et al. ( 2023 b). Table 2 SCoT primer sequences used for assessing genetic diversity in 50 origanum rotundifolium L. genotypes. Primer Name Sequence (5′-3′) Tm (°C) 1 CAACAATGGCTACCACCA 50 2 CAACAATGGCTACCACCC 48 3 CAACAATGGCTACCACCG 52 4 CAACAATGGCTACCACCT 48 5 CAACAATGGCTACCACGA 52 6 CAACAATGGCTACCACGC 48 7 CAACAATGGCTACCACGG 48 8 CAACAATGGCTACCACGT 46 9 CAACAATGGCTACCAGCA 52 10 CAACAATGGCTACCAGCC 48 2.5. Data scoring and analysis The amplicons in each sample were classified as either present (1) or absent (0), and this information was used to create a binary matrix using TotalLab TL120 software. Genetic similarity between samples was determined using the Dice similarity coefficient (Dice 1945 ) and analyzed with the NTSYSpc software (version 2.0). The same software was employed for both Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) clustering (Rohlf 2000 ) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The polymorphism information content (PIC) for each SCoT marker was calculated using the formula: PIC = 1−∑(pij)2PIC = 1 - \sum (p_{ij})^2PIC = 1−∑(pij​)2 where pijp_{ij}pij​ represents the frequency of the j-th pattern for each i-th marker (Anderson et al. 1993 ). Genetic distances were computed using POPGEN1.32 software (Yeh et al. 1997 ), which provided values for the number of effective alleles (Ne), Nei's genetic diversity (H), and Shannon’s information index (I). To investigate the genetic structure of the genotypes, a model-based clustering approach was applied using STRUCTURE v. 2.2 (Pritchard et al. 2000). For each population, the number of clusters (K) was tested from 2 to 10, with ten independent runs for each K. This method assigns individuals to one of the K clusters, based on distinct allele frequencies at each locus. Posterior probabilities were estimated through Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations, which consisted of a 10,000-iteration burn-in period followed by 100,000 iterations, using a model that incorporated both admixture and correlated allele frequencies. The most likely value for K was determined using Evanno's ∆K method (Evanno et al. 2005 ), implemented in STRUCTURE HARVESTER (Earl 2012 ; Earl and VonHoldt 2012). Genetic differentiation among populations was assessed using Fst, based on Wright's F-statistics. An Fst value of 0 indicates no differentiation between subpopulations, while a value of 1 indicates complete differentiation (Bird et al. 2017). Results 3.1 Morphological diversity analysis Among the genotypes analyzed in the study, the highest weights for fresh herbage yield (FHY), dry herbage yield (DHY), and dry leaf yield (DLY) were recorded in genotype G1, with values of 428.6 g/plant, 136.3 g/plant, and 64.2 g/plant, respectively. In contrast, genotype G43 exhibited the lowest weights for FHY, DHY, and DLY, measuring 38.6 g/plant, 12.5 g/plant, and 8.6 g/plant, respectively. The average weights for FHY, DHY, and DLY across all genotypes were found to be 121.3 g/plant, 37.9 g/plant, and 20.8 g/plant, respectively. The average leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR) for the genotypes was determined to be 59.8%. The highest LSR was observed in genotype G11 (78.5%), while the lowest was found in genotype G6 (35.4%). The number of branches (NB) varied among genotypes, ranging from 4 to 17, with the highest number of branches recorded in genotypes G3 and G36, and the lowest in genotype G38. The average number of branches across genotypes was 9.2. Regarding canopy diameter (CD), the overall average was measured at 38.4 cm. The largest CD was found in genotype G1 (58 cm), while the smallest was recorded in genotype G27 (20 cm). The tallest genotype in the study was G3, measuring 58 cm, followed closely by G19 at 57 cm. The shortest genotype was G11, at 26 cm, with an average plant height of 40 cm across all genotypes. The essential oil ratio (EOR) varied among genotypes, ranging from 1.115–0.285%. The highest EOR was measured in genotype G35, while the lowest was noted in genotype G19. The average EOR for the genotypes was found to be 0.576%. In terms of chlorophyll content, indicated by the SPAD value, genotype G43 exhibited the highest SPAD value at 59.9, whereas genotype G30 had the lowest SPAD value at 30.6. The average SPAD value across genotypes was 46.5 (see Table 3 ). Table 3 Mean comparison of diferent agro-morphological traits of origanum rotundifolium L. genotypes. Genotypes FHY 1 (g/ plant) DHY (g/ plant) DLY (g/ plant) LSR (%) NB CD (cm) PH (cm) EOR Chlorophyll content (SPAD) G1 428,6a 136,3a 64,2a 47,1p 14d 58a 52c 0,367y 47,3no G2 303,6d 96,6cd 45,4cd 47,1p 14d 46g 45g 0,393x 42,8uv G3 332b 105,6b 49,7b 47,1p 17a 45h 58a 0,445u 44,8qr G4 108,4m 34,5ı 21,5l 62,3h 13e 52d 45g 0,409w 42,1wx G5 128,7k 36,4ı 19,6m 53,8n 14d 42k 32p 0,402wx 41,6x G6 142,7j 40,4h 14,3r-t 35,4q 6k 38o 50d 0,455u 43,5t G7 59,7uv 22,5m 14,2s-u 63,1g 7J 40m 38l 0,503s 35,7] G8 79,6o 22,5m 12,6v-y 56lm 12f 30u 41j 0,475t 43,8st G9 78,3op 22,2mn 12,8v-x 57,8k 8ı 47f 52c 0,781j 45,3pq G10 126,3k 35,7ı 23,4J 65,5e 10g 44ı 38l 0,349z 50,2ı G11 51,4x 14,5qr 11,4[ 78,5a 10g 20x 26u 0,368y 44,3rs G12 48,8z[ 18,4o 12,8v-x 69,4b 8ı 25v 29r 0,584q 54,8e G13 41,8\ 12,5r 8,7] 69,2bc 5l 21y 35o 0,474t 57,6b G14 303,1d 96,4cd 45,4cd 47,1p 6k 48e 48e 0,341z[ 51,7h G15 285,5e 90,8e 42,7e 47,1p 13e 54c 35o 0,511s 45,3q G16 237,1f 75,4f 35,5g 47,1p 7J 57b 38l 0,338[ 50,3ı G17 205,6g 65,4g 30,8h 47,1p 5l 45h 46f 0,454u 43,3tu G18 114,5k 36,4ı 22,7Jk 62,3h 12f 48e 36n 0,508s 40y G19 309,4c 98,4c 46,3c 47,1p 15c 43J 57b 0,289] 49,8IJ G20 299,9d 95,4d 44,9d 47,1p 8ı 52d 28s 0,425v 47,8l-n G21 62,1tu 18,6o 11,5z[ 61,8hı 14d 35r 48e 0,827h 57,9b G22 75,5o-q 22,6m 14,3r-t 63,3g 12f 36q 35o 0,797ı 54,2e G23 78,5o 23,5lm 15,4o-q 65,5e 13e 48e 45g 0,603p 52,7f G24 79,5o 23,8lm 12,5w-z 52,5o 5l 35r 46f 0,736k 50,1IJ G25 79,2o 23,7lm 13,2u-x 55,7m 9h 45h 45g 0,87g 47,4mn G26 89,8n 25,4kl 15,6o-q 61,4ı 8ı 35r 48e 0,541r 36,2\] G27 52x-z 19,6o 13,6t-v 69,4b 9h 20z 28s 0,422v 36,6[\ G28 59,4uv 22,4m 14,1s-u 63,1g 9h 32t 36n 0,581q 37,1[ G29 62,4tu 23,5lm 14,8q-s 63,1g 8ı 42k 48e 0,723l 55,7d G30 59,4uv 22,4m 14,1s-u 63,1g 5l 38o 28s 0,658n 30,6_ G31 75,9o-q 28,6J 16,2n-p 56,5l 12f 48e 35o 0,965d 51,5h G32 54,5wy 15,4pq 10,2\ 66,2e 8ı 24w 32p 0,313\ 42,6vw G33 62,3tu 17,6op 11,6y-[ 65,9e 8ı 32t 42ı 0,93e 47,9lm G34 70rs 26,4Jk 16,7n 63,1g 5l 37p 44h 0,878g 52,9f G35 75,9o-q 28,6J 16,2n-p 56,5l 6k 46g 37m 1,133a 48,8k G36 150,3ı 42,5h 25,4ı 59,8J 17a 35r 52c 0,376y 45,9p G37 74p-r 27,9J 15,8n-q 56,5l 5 34s 39k 1,021c 46,7o G38 46,7[ 17,6op 12,2x-[ 69,4b 4m 22x 32p 0,695m 51,9gh G39 38,5\ 14,5qr 10,1\ 69,4b 7J 25v 38l 0,621o 49,6J G40 58,8uw 17,6op 11,6y-[ 65,9e 7J 25v 29r 0,394x 40,5y G41 66,2st 19,8no 12,3x-[ 62,1hı 7J 39n 46f 1,032b 50,1IJ G42 77,1op 25,4kl 16,4no 64,6f 10g 42k 45g 0,692m 54,8e G43 37,9\ 12,5r 8,6] 68,8b-d 6k 25v 36n 0,547r 59,9a G44 55,9vx 18,4o 12,6v-y 68,5cd 8ı 25v 27t 0,477t 38,3z G45 71,6qr 23,6lm 15,3p-r 64,6f 9h 35r 42ı 0,909f 56,4c G46 198,6h 65,4g 39,3f 60,1J 8ı 40m 48e 0,396x 52,3fg G47 110,5lm 36,4ı 21,9kl 60,1J 7J 46g 42ı 0,607p 37,9z G48 60,1uv 19,8no 13,5t-w 68,2d 6k 41l 30q 0,735k 32,1_ G49 61,5u 18,4o 12,6v-y 68,5cd 6k 39n 32p 0,619o 33,9^ G50 129,1k 36,5ı 22,6Jk 61,9hı 16b 39n 35o 0,297] 48,3kl Mean 121,3 37,9 20,8 59,8 9,2 38,4 40 0,576 46,5 1 FHY (fresh herbage yield), DHY (dry herbage yield), DLY (dry leaf yield), LSR (leaf-to-stem ratio), NB (number of branches), CD (canopy diameter ), plant height (PH), EOR (essential oil ratio), and CC (relative chlorophyll content; SPAD index).**Signifcant diferences at P < 0.01; According to the Heatmapper chart, values increase from red to green, with black representing average values. In terms of parameters directly related to plant yield, such as dry leaf yield (DLY), fresh herbage yield (FHY), dry herbage yield (DHY), and canopy diameter (CD), the genotypes G1, G2, G3, G14, G15, G16, G17, G19, G20, and G46 emerged as the most prominent. Regarding essential oil ratio (EOR), genotypes G9, G21, G22, G25, G29, G33, G34, G37, G38, G41, G42, G45, and G48 exhibited higher EOR rates compared to the other genotypes (Fig. 2 ). According to the circular heatmap graph, genotypes G1, G2, G3, G14, G15, G16, G17, G19, G20, and G46 were identified as distinct and prominent compared to the other genotypes concerning dry herbage yield (DHY), dry leaf yield (DLY), leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR), number of branches (NB), canopy diameter (CD), plant height (PH), and chlorophyll content (CC). These genotypes stood out as promising candidates based on their favorable vegetative parameters (Fig. 3 ). Venn charts serve as effective tools for visualizing selection criteria based on the breeder's preferences. In this study, when using dry herbage yield (DHY), dry leaf yield (DLY), number of branches (NB), canopy diameter (CD), plant height (PH), and chlorophyll content (CC) as selection criteria according to the Venn chart, genotypes G1, G2, G3, and G19 emerged as the most prominent based on these parameters. In the context of medicinal plants, it is generally observed that plants yield parameters and essential oil rates exhibit an inverse relationship. However, when plant height (PH) was excluded from the selection criteria, genotype G15 was identified as the standout genotype, excelling in terms of DHY, DLY, NB, CD, CC, and essential oil ratio (EOR) parameters (Fig. 4 ). In the balloon bar chart, each balloon represents the value of a genotype for the specified parameter. According to this graph, the balloon's volume increases with higher values, and its color darkens correspondingly. The study found that genotypes G1, G2, G3, and G19 distinguished themselves in terms of dry herbage yield (DHY) and dry leaf yield (DLY) (Fig. 5 ). According to the PCA (Principal Component Analysis) results, the 50 genotypes were categorized into five distinct groups. The first group includes genotypes G1, G2, G3, G14, G15, G16, G17, G19, G20, and G46. The second group consists of genotypes G4, G5, G6, G10, G18, G26, G36, G47, and G50. The third group is comprised of genotypes G7, G11, G27, G28, G30, G32, G40, G44, G48, and G49. The fourth group contains genotypes G8, G9, G21, G22, G23, G24, G25, G31, G33, G34, G35, G37, G41, G42, and G45. Finally, the fifth group consists of genotypes G12, G13, G38, G39, and G43 (Fig. 6 ). According to the scatter plot analysis, no significant positive or negative relationship was found between essential oil ratio (EOR) and plant height (PH) or fresh herbage yield (FHY) and chlorophyll content (CC) (R² = 0.0). However, a positive relationship was observed between EOR and CC (R² = 0.06), PH and dry herbage yield (DHY) (R² = 0.19), and FHY and canopy diameter (CD) (R² = 0.42). Additionally, a negative relationship was noted between FHY and EOR (R² = 0.19) and between the number of branches (NB) and EOR (R² = 0.11) (Fig. 7 ). . 3.2. Genetic diversity analysis A total of 25 SCoT primers were initially tested for polymorphism using a single DNA genotype. Out of these, 10 primers (40.00%) produced polymorphic results, generating a total of 382 bands. All primers showed 100% polymorphism, with the number of bands per primer ranging from 21 (SCoT-10) to 50 (SCoT-3), averaging 38.2 bands per primer. On average, each individual exhibited 7.64 bands. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value across all primers was 0.448, with SCoT-3 showing the highest PIC value of 0.480, while SCoT-10 had the lowest value of 0.332 (Table 4 ). Table 4 Genetic features of 25 primers used for assessing genetic diversity in origanum rotundifolium L. genotypes. Primers NPA 1 (number) PPB (%) PIC value SCoT- 1 44 100 0.473 SCoT- 2 47 100 0.477 SCoT- 3 50 100 0.480 SCoT- 4 34 100 0.449 SCoT- 5 45 100 0.475 SCoT- 6 40 100 0.454 SCoT- 7 45 100 0.474 SCoT- 8 29 100 0.426 SCoT- 9 27 100 0.443 SCoT- 10 21 100 0.332 Mean 38.2 100 0.448 NPA; number of polymorphic alleles; PPB; percentage of polymorphism band; PIC; polymorphism information content, respectively. 3.2. Genetic divergence of Origanum rotundifolium L. genotypes Table 5 presents the values for the number of effective alleles (Ne), Nei's genetic diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) for the Origanum rotundifolium L. genotypes. Among the genotypes, G44 exhibited the highest values for Ne (1.8583), H (0.4619), and I (0.6545), whereas G40 showed the lowest values for Ne (1.2487), H (0.1991), and I (0.0351). The average values for Ne, H, and I across all genotypes were 1.5128, 0.3333, and 0.5135, respectively. Several factors, including natural selection, breeding practices, seed dispersal mechanisms, and ecological factors, can influence a species' genetic diversity. The findings from this study suggest that, overall, the genetic diversity of the G40 genotype appears to be slightly broader than that of the G44 genotype, based on all three genetic indices. Table 5 Genetic diversity indices of origanum rotundifolium L. genotypes. Genotype code Ne 1 H I Genotype code Ne H I G1 1.4574 0.3138 0.4933 G26 1.5673 0.3620 0.5479 G2 1.6108 0.3792 0.5669 G27 1.5925 0.3720 0.5591 G3 1.6748 0.4029 0.5926 G28 1.5454 0.3529 0.5378 G4 1.3702 0.2702 0.4414 G29 1.8467 0.4585 0.6510 G5 1.3888 0.2800 0.4532 G30 1.4706 0.3200 0.5004 G6 1.4992 0.3330 0.5153 G31 1.5234 0.3436 0.5273 G7 1.5014 0.3340 0.5164 G32 1.5311 0.3469 0.5311 G8 1.354 0.2615 0.4307 G33 1.4304 0.3009 0.4781 G9 1.6121 0.3797 0.5675 G34 1.6309 0.3868 0.5753 G10 1.5454 0.3529 0.5378 G35 1.4258 0.2986 0.4755 G11 1.8121 0.4481 0.6404 G36 1.4706 0.3200 0.5004 G12 1.523 0.3434 0.5271 G37 1.4459 0.3084 0.4869 G13 1.5743 0.3648 0.5511 G38 1.4902 0.3289 0.5107 G14 1.3081 0.2355 0.3983 G39 1.3006 0.2311 0.3927 G15 1.6575 0.3967 0.5860 G40 1.2487 0.1991 0.3510 G16 1.4516 0.3111 0.4901 G41 1.6298 0.3864 0.5748 G17 1.3927 0.2820 0.4556 G42 1.5939 0.3726 0.5597 G18 1.3918 0.2815 0.4551 G43 1.6423 0.3911 0.5799 G19 1.3487 0.2585 0.4271 G44 1.8583 0.4619 0.6545 G20 1.5234 0.3436 0.5273 G45 1.6794 0.4046 0.5944 G21 1.3918 0.2815 0.4551 G46 1.5201 0.3421 0.5257 G22 1.6537 0.3953 0.5844 G47 1.3243 0.2449 0.4101 G23 1.3062 0.2344 0.3969 G48 1.4213 0.2964 0.4728 G24 1.4136 0.2926 0.4683 G49 1.6897 0.4082 0.5983 G25 1.6715 0.4017 0.5914 G50 1.3278 0.2469 0.4126 Total mean 1.5128 0.3333 0.5135 1 Ne: effective number of alleles, H: Nie’s gene diversity and I: Shannon’s information index, respectively. 3.3. Cluster analysis In this study, three different similarity coefficients (Jaccard, Dice, and Simple Matching) and three distinct clustering methods (UPGMA, Single Linkage, and Complete Linkage) were applied to assess the genetic diversity of the genotypes. The Dice coefficient combined with the UPGMA clustering method produced the highest cophenetic correlation. Based on the SCoT data, clustering analysis grouped the genotypes into two clusters (Fig. 8 ). The first cluster contained only one genotype (G29), while the second cluster included the remaining 49 genotypes (G44, G11, G45, G43, G41, G36, G49, G33, G34, G15, G13, G28, G27, G31, G26, G25, G3, G30, G10, G9, G42, G16, G20, G12, G32, G7, G22, G14, G2, G38, G46, G5, G40, G50, G39, G24, G48, G47, G23, G35, G37, G19, G21, G18, G8, G4, G6, G17, and G1). 3.4. Population genetic structure The genetic structure analysis results are illustrated in Fig. 8 , where ∆K was used to determine the optimal number of genetic clusters (K). The highest value for ∆K was observed at K = 5 (Fig. 3 ). Using a model-based clustering algorithm, the genotypes of 50 Origanum rotundifolium L. plant samples were classified into five distinct populations: red (A), green (B), blue (C), yellow (D), and pink (E), which were primarily associated with the geographical origins of the samples (Fig. 9 ). Interestingly, the results from the genetic structure analysis did not fully align with those from the cluster analysis in this study. The membership coefficients of the genotypes in the five subpopulations are provided in Table 5 , showing that all five populations (A, B, C, D, and E) are genetically admixed, as the membership probability for most individuals was greater than or equal to 0.8 (Table 6 and Fig. 9 ). The expected heterozygosity values across the subpopulations ranged from 0.3291 in sub-population B to 0.3481 in sub-population E, with an average of 0.3369. Population differentiation, as measured by Fst, ranged from 0.0367 (sub-population E) to 0.1281 (sub-population B), with a mean Fst value of 0.0839 (Table 7 ). Table 8 further details the genetic differentiation between the five subpopulations based on the Fst values derived from the population structure analysis (Fig. 10 ). Table 6 Membership coefficient of o riganum rotundifolium L. genotypes in four subpopulations. Genotype Subpopulation I II III IV V G1 0.217 0.198 0.245 0.173 0.167 G2 0.184 0.218 0.147 0.213 0.239 G3 0.167 0.193 0.172 0.227 0.242 G4 0.196 0.190 0.253 0.181 0.180 G5 0.230 0.186 0.267 0.169 0.148 G6 0.209 0.189 0.266 0.172 0.164 G7 0.205 0.217 0.173 0.208 0.198 G8 0.244 0.207 0.245 0.176 0.128 G9 0.185 0.194 0.195 0.210 0.216 G10 0.184 0.185 0.197 0.206 0.229 G11 0.169 0.194 0.190 0.204 0.242 G12 0.206 0.191 0.201 0.201 0.201 G13 0.206 0.202 0.187 0.201 0.203 G14 0.195 0.223 0.196 0.196 0.190 G15 0.204 0.206 0.183 0.211 0.197 G16 0.202 0.207 0.187 0.205 0.198 G17 0.204 0.191 0.266 0.168 0.171 G18 0.213 0.198 0.274 0.173 0.142 G19 0.211 0.229 0.191 0.197 0.173 G20 0.208 0.189 0.203 0.195 0.206 G21 0.210 0.192 0.263 0.168 0.167 G22 0.186 0.228 0.156 0.213 0.218 G23 0.208 0.214 0.215 0.190 0.173 G24 0.205 0.220 0.187 0.201 0.187 G25 0.182 0.187 0.189 0.206 0.237 G26 0.194 0.177 0.205 0.211 0.213 G27 0.182 0.192 0.198 0.203 0.225 G28 0.185 0.185 0.202 0.197 0.232 G29 0.181 0.165 0.189 0.227 0.237 G30 0.198 0.193 0.210 0.197 0.202 G31 0.191 0.191 0.202 0.204 0.212 G32 0.181 0.207 0.180 0.212 0.220 G33 0.220 0.213 0.189 0.207 0.170 G34 0.185 0.180 0.202 0.206 0.226 G35 0.217 0.222 0.183 0.204 0.173 G36 0.203 0.200 0.186 0.207 0.205 G37 0.239 0.217 0.198 0.201 0.145 G38 0.198 0.181 0.203 0.202 0.216 G39 0.224 0.223 0.202 0.200 0.151 G40 0.267 0.221 0.224 0.179 0.110 G41 0.189 0.192 0.189 0.210 0.221 G42 0.184 0.175 0.184 0.222 0.235 G43 0.197 0.183 0.195 0.201 0.223 G44 0.187 0.167 0.193 0.229 0.225 G45 0.192 0.175 0.195 0.215 0.223 G46 0.230 0.203 0.208 0.194 0.166 G47 0.205 0.200 0.189 0.210 0.197 G48 0.235 0.221 0.198 0.190 0.156 G49 0.215 0.205 0.187 0.206 0.187 G50 0.222 0.216 0.206 0.193 0.163 Table 7 Heterozygosity and Fst values of o riganum rotundifolium L. sub-populations. Subpopulation (K) Expected Heterozygosity Fst 1 0.3302 0.1118 2 0.3291 0.1281 3 0.3364 0.0764 4 0.3407 0.0665 5 0.3481 0.0367 Mean 0.3369 0.0839 Discussion Genetic diversity by agromorphological traits In general, research on origanum rotundifolium has predominantly focused on its essential oil content and biological activities (Dadasoglu et al. 2011 ). Also Dadasoglu et al. ( 2011 ) investigated the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of this plant, while Cakmakci et al. (2009) examined its antimicrobial properties. Goze et al. ( 2009 ) explored the antioxidant activity of the essential oils in their study. Consequently, origanum rotundifolium has been suggested as a potential phytochemical agent against pests, bacteria, and fungi that cause significant losses in agricultural fields, as well as a preservative during the storage of agricultural products (Cakmakci et al. 2009). Additionally, the lower essential oil content of o. rotundifolium compared to other oregano species enhances its potential as an herbal tea, as it lacks the bitter taste often found in other varieties. Origanum rotundifolium is a visually appealing plant with a wide crown and striking beauty, featuring flowers in various shades from white to pink. This characteristic makes it a promising candidate for landscaping applications (Karagöz and Sefaoglu 2023). This study is significant as it provides essential insights into the morphological and molecular variation of origanum rotundifolium in a specific region and raises awareness about the plant. The findings reveal considerable variation among the genotypes in terms of FHY, DHY, DLY, LSR, NB, PH, CD, CC, and EOR parameters. Wild species often exhibit significant phenotypic differences in their natural habitats due to environmental influences (Khan et al. 2018 ; Karagöz et al. 2022 ). Additionally, wild species may differentiate because of natural mutations over evolutionary processes (Hoogerheide et al. 2017 ). Indeed, according to PCA analysis, the 50 genotypes in this study were classified into five distinct groups (Fig. 6 ). Similarly, Karagöz et al. ( 2022 ) reported the formation of three variation groups in their study on origanum acutidens from the same region. The study also revealed strong correlation coefficients between measured parameters. Ayanogç et al. (2006) found significant positive correlations between yield, branch number, and crown diameter in capparis spinosa L. Kutlu et al. ( 2019 ) observed positive correlations between FHY and DHY, DLY, PH, CD, CC, and EOR in their work on Izmir oregano. Karagöz et al. (2020, 2022 ) similarly reported significant positive correlations between DHY and DLY, PH, CD, CC, and EOR, as well as between DLY and PH, CD, CC, and EOR, and between CD and CC and EOR. Heatmap grap, ballon bar grap and Circle heatmap (Tang et al. 2023 ) are an analysis method used recently in grouping and interpreting applications or genotypes. In fact, Erduran et al. ( 2023 ) showed in their study on tea that applications were divided into different groups with heatmap graphs, and the results were expressed in a more understandable way. Also, venn graph is an analysis method used in determining the genotypes that stand out in the desired parameters, especially in the field of breeding. Dumlu et al. ( 2024 ) showed that venn graph analysis was used successfully in their study to determine the reactions of different genotypes to the double haploidy method in wheat. As a result, Heatmap graph, ballon bar graph, Circle heatmap, PCA and Venn graph were successfully applied in determining and grouping the prominent genotypes in our study. In addition, these analyzes contributed to the results being more explanatory and effective. In this study, the SCoT molecular marker method was utilized. Start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism markers have gained prominence in plant genetics, genomics, and molecular breeding due to their desirable features. The SCoT marker targets the region flanking the start codon, which is a highly conserved region in plant genes, making it capable of distinguishing genetic variations in specific genes linked to traits of interest. It is a simple, novel, cost-effective, highly polymorphic, and reproducible marker system that requires no prior sequence information (Rai, 2023). The SCoT marker has been successfully applied in previous studies on various oregano species (Azizi et al. 2009 ; Marieschi et al. 2010 ; Azizi et al. 2012 ; Ince et al. 2014 ; Aboukhalid et al. 2017 ; Kaouther et al. 2017 ; Jedrzejczyk and Rewers 2018 ; Taşcıoğlu et al. 2018; Karagöz et al. 2022 ), and it was also effectively employed in the current study. The number of polymorphic loci identified in this study was higher than the value reported by Katsiotis et al. ( 2009 ), Azizi et al. ( 2009 ) for origanum vulgare L. and Karagöz et al. ( 2022 ). These differences can largely be attributed to the specific set of oregano germplasm and the primers used in the respective studies. The variation in genetic diversity observed across different studies is likely due to the distinct genetic makeup of the germplasm collections and the molecular marker techniques applied. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value for the primers was 0.448, with primer SCoT-3 exhibiting the highest value (0.480) and primer SCoT-10 the lowest (0.332). Molecular markers with higher polymorphism information content (PIC) values exhibit a moderate ability to distinguish between varieties. These results are consistent with previous findings by Chesnokov and Artemyeva ( 2015 ), Bhattacharyya et al. ( 2013 ) and Karagöz et al. ( 2022 ). It is well established that loci with PIC values above 0.5 indicate high diversity, those between 0.25 and 0.5 indicate moderate diversity, and those below 0.25 indicate low diversity (Karagöz et al. 2022 ). The highest average number of effective alleles (ne) (1.8583), Nei's genetic diversity index (h) (0.4619), and Shannon's diversity index (I) (0.6545) were found in the G44 genotype. In contrast, the lowest values for ne (1.2487), h (0.1991), and I (0.0351) were recorded in the G40 genotype. On average, the ne was 1.5128, h was 0.3333, and I was 0.5135. Karagöz et al. (2020) demonstrated that the average number of effective alleles (ne) was 1.61, the Nei's index of genetic diversity (h) was 0.37, and the Shannon's diversity index (I) was 0.55 when using the iPBS marker. The present findings revealed that SCoT-based clustering was effective in separating origanum rotundifolium genotypes according to their origins. Similar findings for origanum rotundifolium genotypes were reported by Karagöz et al. ( 2022 ) using ScoT markers. The population structure of 50 origanum rotundifolium genotypes was categorized based on data produced from 10 iPBS markers. The Bayesian clustering method is an effective approach for estimating various features of populations. The STRUCTURE software assigns individuals to different populations and hybrid zones based on allele frequencies of the genotypes. The highest value was observed at K = 5. Consequently, STRUCTURE analysis was also conducted for K = 5. According to our results, all genotypes were assigned to all clusters with a membership probability of less than 0.8. K = 5 was selected because it aligned with Ietswaart’s taxonomy and yielded the highest likelihood value. According to (Ietswaart and Ietswaart 1980 ), hybridization is the key factor in origanum rotundifolium speciation. Conclusion This study investigated the morphological yield parameters, essential oil content, and the application of the SCoT molecular marker system. The results are particularly significant for the conservation of species with restricted distribution areas, helping to prevent their extinction. Ecological factors and threats that diminish genetic diversity pose serious risks to endemic and endangered plant species. Previous research has highlighted that plant species are vulnerable to regional extinction due to unfavorable demographic and environmental conditions. However, if high genetic diversity is present within populations, such species can be preserved with minimal administrative effort and financial investment. In this context, Origanum rotundifolium was found to exhibit relatively high genetic diversity. Notably, high morphological diversity was observed in the natural distribution areas of the Origanum rotundifolium genotypes, raising awareness about this plant and other endemic species. Furthermore, it was noted that understanding the diversity within populations can be effectively applied in both breeding programs and the conservation of endangered species. The findings from this study could contribute to the improvement of breeding programs and the protection of at-risk plant species. As a result, DNA-based molecular markers should be prioritized over morphological and biochemical markers in breeding studies aimed at assessing genetic diversity, as the former are not influenced by environmental variables. In this study, the population structures of 50 thyme genotypes, collected from various provinces in Turkey, were successfully characterized using SCoT markers and model-based clustering techniques. The results indicate that SCoT markers are reliable tools for the genetic diversity assessment and molecular analysis of thyme genotypes. Additionally, the genetic variation within this germplasm can be leveraged for more effective breeding of thyme in the future. Population analysis revealed that the genotypes clustered into five distinct groups, which corresponded with the results of morphological studies. This situation showed that there was a wide variation within the existing population. As a result, according to the venn diagram graph, the prominent genotypes of the study were G1, G2, G3 and G19 genotypes in terms of all parameters. These genotypes can be used in breeding studies on this plant. Declarations Author Contribution This Article was written entirely by H.K. 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Molecular Phylogeny Studies on Species of Republic of Turkey Balikesir University, Institute of Science, Department of Biology, L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Brevifilamentum Ietsw. Balikesir University, Institute of Science, Department of Biology, master's thesis. Yeh FC, Yang R, Boyle TB, Ye Z, Mao JX (1997) PopGene, the user friendly shareware for population genetic analysis. Mol Biol Bio technol Center, University of Alberta, Canada 10:295–301. Zeinalzadehtabrizi H, Hosseinpour A, Aydin M, Haliloglu K (2015) A modified genomic DNA extraction method from leaves of sunflower for PCR based analyzes. J Biol Environ Sci 7:222–225. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5402829","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":377308573,"identity":"5e4223ac-c8a8-42a5-b048-b4a204ae5796","order_by":0,"name":"Halit Karagöz","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"East Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Halit","middleName":"","lastName":"Karagöz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-06 12:38:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5402829/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5402829/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69936845,"identity":"7b22234d-8c9d-4a14-bb14-bfd98ef94e9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:30:00","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176764,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eO. \u003cem\u003erotundifolium\u003c/em\u003ecalyx (A) and flower drawings (B) (drawings: (Yazıcı 2019); Natural plant form of \u003cem\u003eOriganum\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003erotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e Boiss. (Original) (C).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/5fedf080fc1f26c5748b0127.png"},{"id":69936122,"identity":"862c8dad-6dce-4564-a9a2-ddfb9a0d96fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:22:00","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":203725,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmapper grap of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eL. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/a813cabb157060490cd5a94b.png"},{"id":69936120,"identity":"1e54aff1-9094-4227-9136-7396aecd478a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:22:00","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCircle heatmapper grap of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eL. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/bf8bdb3f5a2823ceaba4b5ba.png"},{"id":69937138,"identity":"ef260226-0476-42ac-ae0c-1413a5c6b880","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:38:00","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49742,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVenn grap of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eL. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/5a9bb67764f2d711c4450025.png"},{"id":69936844,"identity":"41a8d483-23a3-4dac-a456-62da13d07957","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:30:00","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBalloon bar of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium \u003c/em\u003eL. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/0847a2bbb89fdbc823a25b51.png"},{"id":69936125,"identity":"649d734c-0a92-4293-8bf7-4fea688bef0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:22:00","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePCA graph of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L.genotypes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/54ed9e8bd22a65020ee27b67.png"},{"id":69936129,"identity":"a81b7750-adcb-48fa-b473-17985d2b2901","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:22:00","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":419222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatter plot of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L.genotypes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/dbf9754563db552997fdcf9f.png"},{"id":69936127,"identity":"fa443892-eb32-4fae-b182-5afed253eb19","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:22:00","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":169001,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDendrogram for \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium \u003c/em\u003eL. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/652ff011e13502d202a65712.png"},{"id":69937139,"identity":"b1f79b20-7b27-4cda-8d75-1626e5048ea9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:38:00","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDelta K values proposing the presence of five populations of o\u003cem\u003eriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003egenotypes using SCoT marker system.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/7b6a2454bfba3664654241f8.png"},{"id":69936847,"identity":"32dcd83b-83b7-418c-bb4c-9d25b43e7642","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-26 19:30:00","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":133153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePopulation structure of o\u003cem\u003eriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eusing SCoT-retrotransposons marker system.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/65906c499916768dd46e1b7d.png"},{"id":75508155,"identity":"30e8baf0-e684-4a3f-822d-f7d4119db69f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-05 10:02:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3073715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5402829/v1/ff41a572-5bf4-4f42-8ab3-6691d741a5f2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of origanum (Origanum rotundifolium L.) genotypes through SCoT marker system","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedicinal and aromatic plants have offered numerous benefits to humanity for alleviating various ailments since ancient times (Kaya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These plants, also referred to as herbal medicines, are botanical raw materials primarily used for therapeutic, aromatic, and/or culinary purposes, often as ingredients in cosmetics, health products, pharmaceuticals, and other natural health products (Bayraktar and Tekce \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Kaya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; \u0026Ouml;zel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The term \"phytotherapy,\" which denotes treatment with plants, was first coined by the French physician Henri Lenclerc (1870\u0026ndash;1953) in the medical journal La Presce Medical. A return to nature, or \"green medicine,\" began to gain traction throughout Europe and America in subsequent periods (\u0026Ouml;zhatay et al. 1997).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, the Lamiaceae family stands out for its significant role in the pharmaceutical industry, with species such as thyme (\u003cem\u003eOriganum\u003c/em\u003e sp.), sage (\u003cem\u003eSalvia officinalis\u003c/em\u003e), mint (Mentha longifolia), and mountain tea (\u003cem\u003eSideritis stricta\u003c/em\u003e) being some prominent examples (Baytop \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). The genus Origanum, belonging to the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family, is recognized as an important gene center, comprising 45 genera, 546 species, and 730 taxa (Başer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The name Origanum originates from the Greek word orosoganos, meaning \"mountain ornament\" (Karag\u0026ouml;z et al., 2020). Origanum species are used not only as spices in food preparation but also as flavor enhancers in various food products and alcoholic beverages due to the pleasant aroma imparted by their rich essential oil content (Karag\u0026ouml;z and Parlakova Karag\u0026ouml;z \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These species exhibit a wide array of applications due to their antimicrobial, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties, as well as their use as ornamental plants due to their aesthetic appeal and antitumor effects (Karag\u0026ouml;z et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). As a result of these properties, Origanum species are widely utilized in traditional medicine across different countries (Ryman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L., a significant member of the Origanum genus, is particularly noteworthy for its role in strengthening the immune system through its antioxidant enzymes, thus proving effective in the treatment of various diseases (Ceker et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, essential oils extracted from O. \u003cem\u003erotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e have been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antibacterial activities, largely due to their thymol, carvacrol, borneol, and terpinene components (Dikbas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; G\u0026ouml;ze et al. 2009). Studies on this plant have generally focused on its chemical compositions. There is no study showing the morphological and molecular characteristics of this plant and its genetic closeness in the growing environment. Therefore, we do not have any information about the breadth of morphological and genetic variation of this important plant. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the genetic and morphological variation of this plant to guide the breeding studies that can be done on this plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on the conservation of endemic and endangered species. Such efforts are crucial for identifying and preserving superior genotypes, ensuring biodiversity, and protecting valuable genetic resources. However, similar studies on Origanum species, particularly regarding their conservation and genetic diversity, remain quite limited (Karag\u0026ouml;z et al. 2020). This emphasizes the need for more in-depth research to protect these species, particularly due to their considerable medicinal, aromatic, and economic value. Understanding differences among origanum species is essential for optimizing the use of it in various sectors and for breeding programs aimed at enhancing desired traits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L., a notable species within the \u003cem\u003eOriganum\u003c/em\u003e genus, is particularly recognized for its role in enhancing the immune system through its antioxidant enzymes, making it effective in treating various diseases (Ceker et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, essential oils extracted from \u003cem\u003eO. rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e have demonstrated significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties, primarily due to the presence of thymol, carvacrol, borneol, and terpinene (Dikbas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; G\u0026ouml;ze et al. 2009). There have been numerous morphological studies conducted on various \u003cem\u003eoriganum\u003c/em\u003e species. For instance, research by Kosakowska et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) explored the morphological traits of different \u003cem\u003eoriganum\u003c/em\u003e species, alongside other related plants such as thyme (\u003cem\u003eThymus vulgaris\u003c/em\u003e L.). While research on \u003cem\u003eO. rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e has predominantly concentrated on its chemical composition, no studies have yet explored its morphological.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental factors can significantly influence the morphological and biochemical characteristics of \u003cem\u003eoriganum\u003c/em\u003e species. As a result, DNA-based molecular markers are increasingly used in breeding studies to assess the genetic diversity of these plants, as they are not affected by environmental conditions (Jędrzejczyk and Rewers 2018; Katsiotis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Molecular marker systems have proven valuable for evaluating the genetic diversity and relationships among various \u003cem\u003eoriganum\u003c/em\u003e species, offering a more stable and reliable approach compared to traditional morphological and biochemical markers. Various molecular marker techniques, such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), sequence related amplified polymorphism, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), simple sequence repeats (SSR), expressed sequence tags (EST), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS), inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and start codon targeted (SCoT) have been used to assess genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in \u003cem\u003eOriganum\u003c/em\u003e species (Karag\u0026ouml;z et al. 2020). Some of these methods have proven effective for identifying DNA polymorphisms (Katsiotis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). However, certain techniques are limited by high costs and low repeatability. Retrotransposon markers, known for their simplicity, are frequently preferred in genetic diversity studies (Finnegan, 1989). However, earlier studies were limited by factors such as the type and number of germplasm used and the choice of marker systems, with some methods being hindered by high costs and low repeatability. These limitations highlight the need for a comprehensive study involving a larger number of accessions from the plant's center of origin and domestication to better understand its genetic diversity. Consequently, there is a lack of information regarding the extent of morphological and genetic diversity in this important species. This study aims to assess the genetic and morphological variation in \u003cem\u003eO. rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e to provide valuable insights for future breeding efforts targeting this plant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Plant materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e Boiss. is a bushy plant that typically reaches a height of 30 cm. It features a soft, hairy texture, and its branches can extend up to 5 cm, usually bearing five pairs of leaves (occasionally a single pair) on each stem. The leaves are matte blue-green, nearly sessile, and have an obtuse shape, measuring between 6\u0026ndash;25 mm in length and 4\u0026ndash;20 mm in width, typically appearing cordate or nearly round. The spicules can range from 12\u0026ndash;60 mm in length and 18\u0026ndash;37 mm in width, sometimes exhibiting up to 12 pyramidal structures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bracts, which are obtuse and yellowish-green, measure between 8\u0026ndash;25 mm in length and 7\u0026ndash;27 mm in width, generally appearing wider than they are long. The plant has verticillasters that can contain between two and sixteen flowers. The calyx, measuring 5\u0026ndash;9 mm, may present as broadly ovate or feature wide triangular teeth on the upper lip. The corolla, which can be white or pale pink, varies in length from 9\u0026ndash;16 mm. The lower filaments can extend up to 10 mm, while the upper filaments reach about 2 mm. This species typically blooms in its natural habitat from June to September (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant materials were collected from the counties of Ardanuc, Arhavi, Bor\u0026ccedil;ka, Hopa, Şavşat, and Yusufeli in Artvin province between July 15 and August 15, 2016, coinciding with the peak blooming period. A total of 50 different genotypes were gathered from 50 distinct locations, showcasing morphological variations such as leaf color, leaf shape, plant height, and odor density within their natural growing environment in Artvin province (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The cultivation of the collected \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e seeds was carried out in a controlled greenhouse environment at the Field Crops Department of Atat\u0026uuml;rk University in Turkey.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes used in study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitude (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLatitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitude\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitude (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;18\u0026prime;00\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;44\u0026prime;52\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026deg;50\u0026prime;48\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;32\u0026prime;18\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e625\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;51\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;42\u0026prime;28\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026deg;52\u0026prime;14\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;31\u0026prime;54\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;52\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;42\u0026prime;29\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026deg;53\u0026prime;48\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;31\u0026prime;16\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;36\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;42\u0026prime;38\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026deg;53\u0026prime;48\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;31\u0026prime;16\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;21\u0026prime;25\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;51\u0026prime;28\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;35\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;89\u0026prime;81\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;11\u0026prime;25\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;51\u0026prime;32\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e570\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;39\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;89\u0026prime;80\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;10\u0026prime;12\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;53\u0026prime;25\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;42\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;89\u0026prime;85\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e636\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;10\u0026prime;38\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;53\u0026prime;25\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;45\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;89\u0026prime;96\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e640\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;13\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;03\u0026prime;44\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;65\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;89\u0026prime;90\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;13\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;03\u0026prime;52\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e450\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;60\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;89\u0026prime;65\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e685\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;09\u0026prime;51\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;53\u0026prime;20\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;10\u0026prime;23\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;53\u0026prime;53\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e586\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026deg;91\u0026prime;70\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;51\u0026prime;24\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;57\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;13\u0026prime;32\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026deg;58\u0026prime;26\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;26\u0026prime;24\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;68\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;13\u0026prime;45\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e781\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;51\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;45\u0026prime;44\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;32\u0026prime;59\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;23\u0026prime;45\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e762\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;88\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;45\u0026prime;09\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;15\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;90\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;45\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;15\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;26\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;45\u0026prime;12\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;15\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;96\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;45\u0026prime;22\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e396\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;15\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;59\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;44\u0026prime;50\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;15\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;47\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;43\u0026prime;10\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;24\u0026prime;55\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;16\u0026prime;40\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;95\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;84\u0026prime;41\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;15\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;98\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;84\u0026prime;38\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;19\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;15\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;55\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;84\u0026prime;31\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;16\u0026prime;37\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;23\u0026prime;53\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;17\u0026prime;65\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;84\u0026prime;71\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e980\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;16\u0026prime;11\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;14\u0026prime;34\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;10\u0026prime;69\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;82\u0026prime;90\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e960\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u0026deg;16\u0026prime;14\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u0026deg;26\u0026prime;15\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e628\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Measurement of agro-morphological\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgro-morphological measurements were made according to the method determined by Karag\u0026ouml;z et al. (2020). Data collection was carried out during the vegetative stage, specifically at full flowering, with 10 samples taken from each location.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. DNA Extraction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDNA isolation was performed according to Zeinalzadehtabrizi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and to evaluate the quality of the extracted DNA Haliloğlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. SCoT amplification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, 25 SCoT primers were initially tested, from which 10 primers demonstrating higher levels of polymorphism were selected for further analysis. The sequence details for these primers are provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The PCR reactions were set up protocol described by T\u0026uuml;rkoğlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023a\u003c/span\u003e). The PCR program described by T\u0026uuml;rkoğlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT primer sequences used for assessing genetic diversity in 50 \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimer Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSequence (5\u0026prime;-3\u0026prime;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTm (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCACCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCACCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCACCG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCACCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCACGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCACGC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCACGG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCACGT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCAGCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCAACAATGGCTACCAGCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Data scoring and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amplicons in each sample were classified as either present (1) or absent (0), and this information was used to create a binary matrix using TotalLab TL120 software. Genetic similarity between samples was determined using the Dice similarity coefficient (Dice \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1945\u003c/span\u003e) and analyzed with the NTSYSpc software (version 2.0). The same software was employed for both Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) clustering (Rohlf \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The polymorphism information content (PIC) for each SCoT marker was calculated using the formula: PIC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u0026minus;\u0026sum;(pij)2PIC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 - \\sum (p_{ij})^2PIC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u0026minus;\u0026sum;(pij​)2 where pijp_{ij}pij​ represents the frequency of the j-th pattern for each i-th marker (Anderson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Genetic distances were computed using POPGEN1.32 software (Yeh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), which provided values for the number of effective alleles (Ne), Nei's genetic diversity (H), and Shannon\u0026rsquo;s information index (I). To investigate the genetic structure of the genotypes, a model-based clustering approach was applied using STRUCTURE v. 2.2 (Pritchard et al. 2000). For each population, the number of clusters (K) was tested from 2 to 10, with ten independent runs for each K. This method assigns individuals to one of the K clusters, based on distinct allele frequencies at each locus. Posterior probabilities were estimated through Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations, which consisted of a 10,000-iteration burn-in period followed by 100,000 iterations, using a model that incorporated both admixture and correlated allele frequencies. The most likely value for K was determined using Evanno's ∆K method (Evanno et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), implemented in STRUCTURE HARVESTER (Earl \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Earl and VonHoldt 2012). Genetic differentiation among populations was assessed using Fst, based on Wright's F-statistics. An Fst value of 0 indicates no differentiation between subpopulations, while a value of 1 indicates complete differentiation (Bird et al. 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Morphological diversity analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the genotypes analyzed in the study, the highest weights for fresh herbage yield (FHY), dry herbage yield (DHY), and dry leaf yield (DLY) were recorded in genotype G1, with values of 428.6 g/plant, 136.3 g/plant, and 64.2 g/plant, respectively. In contrast, genotype G43 exhibited the lowest weights for FHY, DHY, and DLY, measuring 38.6 g/plant, 12.5 g/plant, and 8.6 g/plant, respectively. The average weights for FHY, DHY, and DLY across all genotypes were found to be 121.3 g/plant, 37.9 g/plant, and 20.8 g/plant, respectively. The average leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR) for the genotypes was determined to be 59.8%. The highest LSR was observed in genotype G11 (78.5%), while the lowest was found in genotype G6 (35.4%). The number of branches (NB) varied among genotypes, ranging from 4 to 17, with the highest number of branches recorded in genotypes G3 and G36, and the lowest in genotype G38. The average number of branches across genotypes was 9.2. Regarding canopy diameter (CD), the overall average was measured at 38.4 cm. The largest CD was found in genotype G1 (58 cm), while the smallest was recorded in genotype G27 (20 cm). The tallest genotype in the study was G3, measuring 58 cm, followed closely by G19 at 57 cm. The shortest genotype was G11, at 26 cm, with an average plant height of 40 cm across all genotypes. The essential oil ratio (EOR) varied among genotypes, ranging from 1.115–0.285%. The highest EOR was measured in genotype G35, while the lowest was noted in genotype G19. The average EOR for the genotypes was found to be 0.576%. In terms of chlorophyll content, indicated by the SPAD value, genotype G43 exhibited the highest SPAD value at 59.9, whereas genotype G30 had the lowest SPAD value at 30.6. The average SPAD value across genotypes was 46.5 (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean comparison of diferent agro-morphological traits of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFHY\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e (g/ plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDHY\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/ plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDLY\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/ plant)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChlorophyll content (SPAD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e428,6a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136,3a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64,2a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47,1p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,367y\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47,3no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303,6d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96,6cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45,4cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47,1p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,393x\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42,8uv\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105,6b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49,7b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47,1p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,445u\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44,8qr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e108,4m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,5ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,5l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62,3h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,409w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42,1wx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128,7k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,4ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,6m\u003c/p\u003e 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\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,9\\\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,5r\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8,6]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68,8b-d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25v\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,547r\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,9a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55,9vx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,4o\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,6v-y\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68,5cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25v\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27t\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,477t\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,3z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71,6qr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23,6lm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,3p-r\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64,6f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35r\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,909f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56,4c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198,6h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65,4g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39,3f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60,1J\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,396x\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52,3fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110,5lm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,4ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21,9kl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60,1J\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7J\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,607p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,9z\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60,1uv\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19,8no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13,5t-w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68,2d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30q\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,735k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,1_\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61,5u\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18,4o\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12,6v-y\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68,5cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,619o\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33,9^\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129,1k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36,5ı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22,6Jk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61,9hı\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35o\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,297]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48,3kl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121,3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37,9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59,8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9,2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,576\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eFHY (fresh herbage yield), DHY (dry herbage yield), DLY (dry leaf yield), LSR (leaf-to-stem ratio), NB (number of branches), CD (canopy diameter ), plant height (PH), EOR (essential oil ratio), and CC (relative chlorophyll content; SPAD index).**Signifcant diferences at P \u0026lt; 0.01;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the Heatmapper chart, values increase from red to green, with black representing average values. In terms of parameters directly related to plant yield, such as dry leaf yield (DLY), fresh herbage yield (FHY), dry herbage yield (DHY), and canopy diameter (CD), the genotypes G1, G2, G3, G14, G15, G16, G17, G19, G20, and G46 emerged as the most prominent. Regarding essential oil ratio (EOR), genotypes G9, G21, G22, G25, G29, G33, G34, G37, G38, G41, G42, G45, and G48 exhibited higher EOR rates compared to the other genotypes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e According to the circular heatmap graph, genotypes G1, G2, G3, G14, G15, G16, G17, G19, G20, and G46 were identified as distinct and prominent compared to the other genotypes concerning dry herbage yield (DHY), dry leaf yield (DLY), leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR), number of branches (NB), canopy diameter (CD), plant height (PH), and chlorophyll content (CC). These genotypes stood out as promising candidates based on their favorable vegetative parameters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVenn charts serve as effective tools for visualizing selection criteria based on the breeder's preferences. In this study, when using dry herbage yield (DHY), dry leaf yield (DLY), number of branches (NB), canopy diameter (CD), plant height (PH), and chlorophyll content (CC) as selection criteria according to the Venn chart, genotypes G1, G2, G3, and G19 emerged as the most prominent based on these parameters. In the context of medicinal plants, it is generally observed that plants yield parameters and essential oil rates exhibit an inverse relationship. However, when plant height (PH) was excluded from the selection criteria, genotype G15 was identified as the standout genotype, excelling in terms of DHY, DLY, NB, CD, CC, and essential oil ratio (EOR) parameters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the balloon bar chart, each balloon represents the value of a genotype for the specified parameter. According to this graph, the balloon's volume increases with higher values, and its color darkens correspondingly. The study found that genotypes G1, G2, G3, and G19 distinguished themselves in terms of dry herbage yield (DHY) and dry leaf yield (DLY) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the PCA (Principal Component Analysis) results, the 50 genotypes were categorized into five distinct groups. The first group includes genotypes G1, G2, G3, G14, G15, G16, G17, G19, G20, and G46. The second group consists of genotypes G4, G5, G6, G10, G18, G26, G36, G47, and G50. The third group is comprised of genotypes G7, G11, G27, G28, G30, G32, G40, G44, G48, and G49. The fourth group contains genotypes G8, G9, G21, G22, G23, G24, G25, G31, G33, G34, G35, G37, G41, G42, and G45. Finally, the fifth group consists of genotypes G12, G13, G38, G39, and G43 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e According to the scatter plot analysis, no significant positive or negative relationship was found between essential oil ratio (EOR) and plant height (PH) or fresh herbage yield (FHY) and chlorophyll content (CC) (R² = 0.0). However, a positive relationship was observed between EOR and CC (R² = 0.06), PH and dry herbage yield (DHY) (R² = 0.19), and FHY and canopy diameter (CD) (R² = 0.42). Additionally, a negative relationship was noted between FHY and EOR (R² = 0.19) and between the number of branches (NB) and EOR (R² = 0.11) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Genetic diversity analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 25 SCoT primers were initially tested for polymorphism using a single DNA genotype. Out of these, 10 primers (40.00%) produced polymorphic results, generating a total of 382 bands. All primers showed 100% polymorphism, with the number of bands per primer ranging from 21 (SCoT-10) to 50 (SCoT-3), averaging 38.2 bands per primer. On average, each individual exhibited 7.64 bands. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value across all primers was 0.448, with SCoT-3 showing the highest PIC value of 0.480, while SCoT-10 had the lowest value of 0.332 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic features of 25 primers used for assessing genetic diversity in \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPA\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e (number)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPB (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePIC value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.449\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCoT- 10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNPA; number of polymorphic alleles; PPB; percentage of polymorphism band; PIC; polymorphism information content, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Genetic divergence of \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents the values for the number of effective alleles (Ne), Nei's genetic diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) for the \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes. Among the genotypes, G44 exhibited the highest values for Ne (1.8583), H (0.4619), and I (0.6545), whereas G40 showed the lowest values for Ne (1.2487), H (0.1991), and I (0.0351). The average values for Ne, H, and I across all genotypes were 1.5128, 0.3333, and 0.5135, respectively. Several factors, including natural selection, breeding practices, seed dispersal mechanisms, and ecological factors, can influence a species' genetic diversity. The findings from this study suggest that, overall, the genetic diversity of the G40 genotype appears to be slightly broader than that of the G44 genotype, based on all three genetic indices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenetic diversity indices of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNe\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4574\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5673\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5479\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6748\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3888\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.354\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2615\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4307\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4304\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4781\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3797\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3868\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5753\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5454\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4258\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e 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colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6575\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1991\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e 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colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6545\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5234\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3436\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5273\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5944\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e 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\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4728\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2926\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6897\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5983\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6715\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2469\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal mean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e \u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eNe: effective number of alleles, H: Nie’s gene diversity and I: Shannon’s information index, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Cluster analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, three different similarity coefficients (Jaccard, Dice, and Simple Matching) and three distinct clustering methods (UPGMA, Single Linkage, and Complete Linkage) were applied to assess the genetic diversity of the genotypes. The Dice coefficient combined with the UPGMA clustering method produced the highest cophenetic correlation. Based on the SCoT data, clustering analysis grouped the genotypes into two clusters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The first cluster contained only one genotype (G29), while the second cluster included the remaining 49 genotypes (G44, G11, G45, G43, G41, G36, G49, G33, G34, G15, G13, G28, G27, G31, G26, G25, G3, G30, G10, G9, G42, G16, G20, G12, G32, G7, G22, G14, G2, G38, G46, G5, G40, G50, G39, G24, G48, G47, G23, G35, G37, G19, G21, G18, G8, G4, G6, G17, and G1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Population genetic structure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genetic structure analysis results are illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, where ∆K was used to determine the optimal number of genetic clusters (K). The highest value for ∆K was observed at K = 5 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Using a model-based clustering algorithm, the genotypes of 50 \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. plant samples were classified into five distinct populations: red (A), green (B), blue (C), yellow (D), and pink (E), which were primarily associated with the geographical origins of the samples (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Interestingly, the results from the genetic structure analysis did not fully align with those from the cluster analysis in this study. The membership coefficients of the genotypes in the five subpopulations are provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, showing that all five populations (A, B, C, D, and E) are genetically admixed, as the membership probability for most individuals was greater than or equal to 0.8 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The expected heterozygosity values across the subpopulations ranged from 0.3291 in sub-population B to 0.3481 in sub-population E, with an average of 0.3369. Population differentiation, as measured by Fst, ranged from 0.0367 (sub-population E) to 0.1281 (sub-population B), with a mean Fst value of 0.0839 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Table\u0026nbsp;8 further details the genetic differentiation between the five subpopulations based on the Fst values derived from the population structure analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMembership coefficient of o\u003cem\u003eriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes in four subpopulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubpopulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.186\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.173\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG14\u003c/p\u003e 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\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.167\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.222\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeterozygosity and Fst values of o\u003cem\u003eriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. sub-populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubpopulation (K)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected Heterozygosity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFst\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3302\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0764\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0665\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0839\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGenetic diversity by agromorphological traits\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn general, research on \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e has predominantly focused on its essential oil content and biological activities (Dadasoglu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Also Dadasoglu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the antibacterial activity of the essential oils of this plant, while Cakmakci et al. (2009) examined its antimicrobial properties. Goze et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) explored the antioxidant activity of the essential oils in their study. Consequently, \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e has been suggested as a potential phytochemical agent against pests, bacteria, and fungi that cause significant losses in agricultural fields, as well as a preservative during the storage of agricultural products (Cakmakci et al. 2009). Additionally, the lower essential oil content of \u003cem\u003eo. rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e compared to other oregano species enhances its potential as an herbal tea, as it lacks the bitter taste often found in other varieties. \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e is a visually appealing plant with a wide crown and striking beauty, featuring flowers in various shades from white to pink. This characteristic makes it a promising candidate for landscaping applications (Karagöz and Sefaoglu 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is significant as it provides essential insights into the morphological and molecular variation of \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e in a specific region and raises awareness about the plant. The findings reveal considerable variation among the genotypes in terms of FHY, DHY, DLY, LSR, NB, PH, CD, CC, and EOR parameters. Wild species often exhibit significant phenotypic differences in their natural habitats due to environmental influences (Khan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Karagöz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, wild species may differentiate because of natural mutations over evolutionary processes (Hoogerheide et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, according to PCA analysis, the 50 genotypes in this study were classified into five distinct groups (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, Karagöz et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported the formation of three variation groups in their study on \u003cem\u003eoriganum acutidens\u003c/em\u003e from the same region. The study also revealed strong correlation coefficients between measured parameters. Ayanogç et al. (2006) found significant positive correlations between yield, branch number, and crown diameter in \u003cem\u003ecapparis spinosa\u003c/em\u003e L. Kutlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) observed positive correlations between FHY and DHY, DLY, PH, CD, CC, and EOR in their work on Izmir oregano. Karagöz et al. (2020, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) similarly reported significant positive correlations between DHY and DLY, PH, CD, CC, and EOR, as well as between DLY and PH, CD, CC, and EOR, and between CD and CC and EOR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeatmap grap, ballon bar grap and Circle heatmap (Tang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) are an analysis method used recently in grouping and interpreting applications or genotypes. In fact, Erduran et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) showed in their study on tea that applications were divided into different groups with heatmap graphs, and the results were expressed in a more understandable way. Also, venn graph is an analysis method used in determining the genotypes that stand out in the desired parameters, especially in the field of breeding. Dumlu et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) showed that venn graph analysis was used successfully in their study to determine the reactions of different genotypes to the double haploidy method in wheat. As a result, Heatmap graph, ballon bar graph, Circle heatmap, PCA and Venn graph were successfully applied in determining and grouping the prominent genotypes in our study. In addition, these analyzes contributed to the results being more explanatory and effective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the SCoT molecular marker method was utilized. Start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism markers have gained prominence in plant genetics, genomics, and molecular breeding due to their desirable features. The SCoT marker targets the region flanking the start codon, which is a highly conserved region in plant genes, making it capable of distinguishing genetic variations in specific genes linked to traits of interest. It is a simple, novel, cost-effective, highly polymorphic, and reproducible marker system that requires no prior sequence information (Rai, 2023).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SCoT marker has been successfully applied in previous studies on various oregano species (Azizi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Marieschi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Azizi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Ince et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Aboukhalid et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kaouther et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jedrzejczyk and Rewers \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Taşcıoğlu et al. 2018; Karagöz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), and it was also effectively employed in the current study. The number of polymorphic loci identified in this study was higher than the value reported by Katsiotis et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), Azizi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) for \u003cem\u003eoriganum vulgare\u003c/em\u003e L. and Karagöz et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). These differences can largely be attributed to the specific set of oregano germplasm and the primers used in the respective studies. The variation in genetic diversity observed across different studies is likely due to the distinct genetic makeup of the germplasm collections and the molecular marker techniques applied. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value for the primers was 0.448, with primer SCoT-3 exhibiting the highest value (0.480) and primer SCoT-10 the lowest (0.332). Molecular markers with higher polymorphism information content (PIC) values exhibit a moderate ability to distinguish between varieties. These results are consistent with previous findings by Chesnokov and Artemyeva (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), Bhattacharyya et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and Karagöz et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It is well established that loci with PIC values above 0.5 indicate high diversity, those between 0.25 and 0.5 indicate moderate diversity, and those below 0.25 indicate low diversity (Karagöz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe highest average number of effective alleles (ne) (1.8583), Nei's genetic diversity index (h) (0.4619), and Shannon's diversity index (I) (0.6545) were found in the G44 genotype. In contrast, the lowest values for ne (1.2487), h (0.1991), and I (0.0351) were recorded in the G40 genotype. On average, the ne was 1.5128, h was 0.3333, and I was 0.5135. Karagöz et al. (2020) demonstrated that the average number of effective alleles (ne) was 1.61, the Nei's index of genetic diversity (h) was 0.37, and the Shannon's diversity index (I) was 0.55 when using the iPBS marker. The present findings revealed that SCoT-based clustering was effective in separating \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e genotypes according to their origins. Similar findings for \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e genotypes were reported by Karagöz et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) using ScoT markers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe population structure of 50 \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e genotypes was categorized based on data produced from 10 iPBS markers. The Bayesian clustering method is an effective approach for estimating various features of populations. The STRUCTURE software assigns individuals to different populations and hybrid zones based on allele frequencies of the genotypes. The highest value was observed at K = 5. Consequently, STRUCTURE analysis was also conducted for K = 5. According to our results, all genotypes were assigned to all clusters with a membership probability of less than 0.8. K = 5 was selected because it aligned with Ietswaart’s taxonomy and yielded the highest likelihood value. According to (Ietswaart and Ietswaart \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e), hybridization is the key factor in \u003cem\u003eoriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e speciation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the morphological yield parameters, essential oil content, and the application of the SCoT molecular marker system. The results are particularly significant for the conservation of species with restricted distribution areas, helping to prevent their extinction. Ecological factors and threats that diminish genetic diversity pose serious risks to endemic and endangered plant species. Previous research has highlighted that plant species are vulnerable to regional extinction due to unfavorable demographic and environmental conditions. However, if high genetic diversity is present within populations, such species can be preserved with minimal administrative effort and financial investment. In this context, \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e was found to exhibit relatively high genetic diversity. Notably, high morphological diversity was observed in the natural distribution areas of the \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e genotypes, raising awareness about this plant and other endemic species. Furthermore, it was noted that understanding the diversity within populations can be effectively applied in both breeding programs and the conservation of endangered species. The findings from this study could contribute to the improvement of breeding programs and the protection of at-risk plant species. As a result, DNA-based molecular markers should be prioritized over morphological and biochemical markers in breeding studies aimed at assessing genetic diversity, as the former are not influenced by environmental variables. In this study, the population structures of 50 thyme genotypes, collected from various provinces in Turkey, were successfully characterized using SCoT markers and model-based clustering techniques. The results indicate that SCoT markers are reliable tools for the genetic diversity assessment and molecular analysis of thyme genotypes. Additionally, the genetic variation within this germplasm can be leveraged for more effective breeding of thyme in the future. Population analysis revealed that the genotypes clustered into five distinct groups, which corresponded with the results of morphological studies. This situation showed that there was a wide variation within the existing population. As a result, according to the venn diagram graph, the prominent genotypes of the study were G1, G2, G3 and G19 genotypes in terms of all parameters. These genotypes can be used in breeding studies on this plant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis Article was written entirely by H.K.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAboukhalid K, Machon N, Lambourdie`re J, Abdelkrim J, Bakha M, Douaik A, Al Faiz C (2017) Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered Origanum compactum from Morocco, using SSR markers: implication for conservation. 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Balikesir University, Institute of Science, Department of Biology, master\u0026apos;s thesis.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYeh FC, Yang R, Boyle TB, Ye Z, Mao JX (1997) PopGene, the user friendly shareware for population genetic analysis. Mol Biol Bio technol Center, University of Alberta, Canada 10:295\u0026ndash;301.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZeinalzadehtabrizi H, Hosseinpour A, Aydin M, Haliloglu K (2015) A modified genomic DNA extraction method from leaves of sunflower for PCR based analyzes. J Biol Environ Sci 7:222\u0026ndash;225.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Origanum rotundifolium, Fst, PIC, Scot, UPGMA","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5402829/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5402829/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. is a type of \u003cem\u003eoriganum\u003c/em\u003e that has been used in folk medicine since ancient times due to its immune system strengthening effect thanks to the antioxidant enzymes it contains. This study was carried out to determine the molecular and morphological variation of \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e. According to the results of this study, the findings reveal considerable variation among the genotypes in terms of FHY, DHY, DLY, LSR, NB, PH, CD, CC, and EOR parameters. It was determined that the genotypes G1, G2, G3 and G19 had superior properties compared to other genotypes. This study also explores the genetic diversity among 50 \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e L. genotypes using start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism markers. Of the 25 SCoT primers tested, 10 successfully produced a total of 382 distinct and scorable bands. The number of bands generated per primer ranged from 21 to 50, with an average of 38.2 bands per primer. The average number of bands per individual was found to be 7.64. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value across the primers was 0.448. Additionally, the average effective number of alleles (ne), gene diversity (h), and Shannon\u0026rsquo;s information index (I) were 1.5128, 0.3333, and 0.5135, respectively. Cluster analysis was conducted using Dice's genetic distance and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), which grouped the genotypes into two main clusters. Genetic structure analysis further divided the \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e genotypes into five subpopulations, with an average expected heterozygosity of 0.3369. The population differentiation index (Fst) ranged from 0.0367 to 0.1281, with a mean value of 0.0839. This study is the first to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e germplasm using the SCoT-retrotransposon marker system. The results highlight the effectiveness of SCoT markers in accurately assessing the genetic diversity of \u003cem\u003eOriganum rotundifolium\u003c/em\u003e genotypes, offering an essential resource for future breeding and conservation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of origanum (Origanum rotundifolium L.) genotypes through SCoT marker system","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-26 19:21:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5402829/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1b930a50-a7f5-40d7-aa46-d7b16070434a","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-01T02:38:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-26 19:21:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5402829","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5402829","identity":"rs-5402829","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}