A pharmaco-metabolomics study of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Boswellia sarca, and Acacia nilotica in Acute Allergic Dermatitis

A pharmaco-metabolomics study of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Boswellia sarca, and Acacia nilotica in Acute Allergic Dermatitis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A pharmaco-metabolomics study of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Boswellia sarca, and Acacia nilotica in Acute Allergic Dermatitis Bassant MM Ibrahim, AF Yousuf, MM. El-Shawwa, Mona A. Mohammed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5925903/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 May, 2025 Read the published version in Inflammopharmacology → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background and Aim: Acute allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by swollen, itchy lesions. This study aimed to evaluate the soothing and wound-healing effects of fixed and volatile oils of Boswellia sarca , as well as extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Acacia nilotica , on acute contact dermatitis in rats. Materials and Methods : Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides in Acacia nilotica and, Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts, with Boswellia sarca showing a dominance of volatile oils. The study included a normal group and six acute allergic dermatitis groups induced by subcutaneous histamine injection. One group served as a positive control without treatment, while five groups were treated topically at inflamed sites with Boswellia sarca oils, Glycyrrhiza glabra , and Acacia nilotica extracts, alongside betamethasone as a standard treatment. The effects were evaluated through inspection, serum levels of ICAM-1, LTB4, and ILβ-4, as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Results : GC/MS analysis identified Incensole acetate (50.12%) and Incensole (32.44%) as major compounds in BS fixed oil, with significant terpenoids and volatile components. Metabolomic profiling using LC-MS/MS highlighted diverse secondary metabolites in Acacia nilotica and, Glycyrrhiza glabra , including polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, and amino acids, showcasing their therapeutic potential. All topical treatments reduced ICAM-1 and LTB4 levels to varying degrees and exhibited better histopathological and immunohistochemical results compared to the untreated positive control group. Among the treatments, Boswellia oils and, Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts demonstrated the most effective soothing and curative effects on allergic dermatitis. Conclusion : Boswellia sarca oils and, Glycyrrhiza glabra extract showed the best soothing and curative effects against allergic dermatitis. Acacia nilotica Boswellia sarca Glycyrrhiza glabra acute dermatitis histamine Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 1. Introduction Acute allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by swollen itchy skin lesions, that occur as a result of contact with a chemical (Ali et al. 2024 ). The pathogenesis of dermatitis may include disrupted epidermal barrier function, immune-dysregulation, and IgE-mediated sensitization to food and environmental allergens (Zheng et al. 2011 ). One of the most potent mediators of inflammation is histamine which causes allergic and inflammatory reactions in the form of vasodilation and oedema in addition to high chemoattractant activity. Histamine binds to eosinophil H4R leading to increased expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which enhances eosinophil migration to the inflammation region, together with promotion of rearrangement of actin filament (Branco et al. 2018 ). In addition to emollients and topical hydrating agents (Ali et al. 2024 )., topical corticosteroids are the drugs of choice for treatment of allergic dermatitis during flare ups, this owes to their immunomodulatory anti-inflammatory activity such as betamethasone; which acts as an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and immunosuppressive medication. Despite their common use in treatment of dermatitis, corticosteroids have the risk of triggering hypersensitivity due to their low molecular weight and high lipophilicity which enhance skin penetration and sensitization of T lymphocytes with subsequent development of allergic contact dermatitis (Schimmer and Parker 1996 ). Therefore, natural products as Boswellia sarca volatile and fixed oils, extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) and Acacia nilotica act as a potentially safer alternative to topical steroids, which can be used in cases of inflammation associated with allergy due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects (Ibrahim et al. 2016 ; Leite et al. 2022 ; Rauf et al. 2024 ). Boswellia , recognized for the aromatic resin derived from its trees, possesses diverse pharmacological applications, particularly as agents with anti-inflammatory actions (Taleb et al. 2024 ). In addition, the resin's components, such as boswellic acids, have exhibited encouraging outcomes in the management of allergic conditions due to its anti-leukotriene activity (Ibrahim et al. 2016 ). Licorice is extensively incorporated in clinical formulations. The key bioactive compounds found in licorice comprise triterpenes, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory properties. Acacia nilotica demonstrated inhibitory effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema and yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Furthermore, it elicited a notable enhancement in the hot plate reaction time in mice. The evolution of separation and characterization technologies has provided essential means to identify the active constituents of medicinal plants and specifically isolate the biologically active compounds, thereby making the utilization of the entire plant as a therapeutic drug for treating specific diseases no longer acceptable (Aboul Naser et al. 2024 ; Ellaithy et al. 2022 ; Mohammed et al. 2024a ). Metabolomics stands as the latest and well-integrated discipline that contributes significantly to this domain. The field of metabolomics has rapidly advanced and demonstrated substantial influence on both foundational and applied sciences. The concept of a metabolome was introduced in 1998 by Oliver et al., defining it as the comprehensive collection of low molecular weight compounds within a cell that are necessary for its sustenance, growth, and regular functions, contributing to the metabolic processes of a cell at a given physiological or developmental stage. Since metabolites are products downstream of gene transcription and translation (proteins), metabolomics methodologies can offer a clearer insight into the phenotype of a biological system. However, compared to the genome and proteome, the metabolome is notably intricate; for example, the entire plant kingdom is estimated to harbor 200,000 or more metabolites and phytochemicals, with the human metabolome database currently containing 41,815 metabolite entries (Mohammed et al. 2024b ; Mohammed et al. 2022a ). The distinctive physicochemical characteristics of various categories of metabolites contribute significantly to the intricate nature of metabolomics investigations, which have been pivotal in driving the advancement of diverse methodologies and the utilization of a broad array of analytical platforms. Multiple analytical platforms must be employed in a supplementary fashion to capture the extensive chemical variability. The predominant technologies for metabolite identification, commonly known as "work-horses," involve mass spectrometry (MS). To improve resolution, chromatographic separation methods such as liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) can be combined with MS depending on the complexity of the samples. The present study was designed to investigate the soothing anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of volatile and fixed oils of Boswellia , as well as extracts of Licorice and Acacia nilotica on acute allergic dermatitis due to chemical irritation induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of histamine. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Phytochemical Study 2.1.1. Extraction, determination, identification and analysis of three plants: The three plant species Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG), Boswellia sarca (BS), and Acacia nilotica (AN) were sourced from the Haraz market in Egypt. The leaves and fruits of these plants were dried, and subsequently ground into powder. A total of 500 kg of powdered leaves or fruits from the three plants underwent extraction using ethanol (70%) for GG and AN, while BS was extracted using petroleum ether 40–60 through a soaking process at ambient temperature. Following extraction, the combined alcoholic extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure at 45°C utilizing a rotary evaporator. This process resulted in the production of 70 g, 30 g, and 66 g of residue from GG, BS, and AN respectively (Mohammed et al. 2020 ; Mohammed et al. 2022b ). Chromatographic spectroscopy section 2.1.2. Phytochemical screening of three plant extracts. The identification of various compounds in the extracts was carried out using specific reagents and established methods. A-naphthol sulphuric acid reagent, as described by Lewis and Smith, was used for compound detection(Stephen 1977 ). The presence of tannins was determined using Shellard's method (Shellard 1957 ). To detect alkaloids, 1 mL of the alcoholic extract filtrate was mixed with 2 mL of Dragendoff's reagent, resulting in the development of a turbid orange color, which signified the presence of alkaloids. This result was further confirmed using Mayer's reagent, where the formation of a yellow precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids(Harborne and Harborne 1973 ). The presence of flavonoids was suggested by the appearance of a yellow color, as noted by Trease and Evans (1989). Additionally, when magnesium and HCl were added to a separate portion of the ethanolic extract, the formation of a red color indicated the presence of flavanones and/or flavonols (Shinoda 1928 ). The potential presence of saponins was inferred from the observation of a persistent froth lasting approximately 30 minutes (Shellard 1957 ). Lastly, the detection of steroids and triterpenoids was based on the appearance of a green color in the upper layer and a deep red color in the lower layer, respectively, as per Hanson's method (Hanson 1972 ). 2.1.3. Determination of volatile oil content The fruits of Boswellia sarca sourced from Egyptian markets were utilized for the quantification of volatile oil content. Extraction of the volatile oil from each dried resin specimen was carried out using the water distillation method for duration of 4 hours in a Clevenger's apparatus as described by Guenther (Guenther et al. 1959 ). The resulting essential oil from each treatment underwent dehydration individually with anhydrous sodium sulfate and was stored in a deep freezer until subjected to GC/MS analysis. Each sample was subjected to triplicate analysis, and the average values of the oil content percentage were documented (Rhimi et al. 2022 ). 2.1.4. Sample preparation GC-MS identification of the chemical composition of volatile oils The specimen was dissolved in chloroform and analyzed using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) system. This system, an Agilent Technologies 7890B GC coupled with a 5977A mass spectrometer, was located at the Central Laboratories Network of the National Research Centre in Cairo, Egypt. Chromatographic separation was achieved on HP-5MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm film thickness) using helium as the carrier gas (3.0 mL/min). The temperature program started at 40°C for 1 min, ramped to 200°C at 10°C/min, held for 1 min, then to 220°C at 20°C/min, held for 1 min, and finally to 320°C at 30°C/min, held for 3 min. The injector and detector temperatures were 250°C and 320°C, respectively. Electron ionization (EI) at 70 eV was used for mass spectral acquisition (m/z 30–550), with a solvent delay of 2.5 min. Mass spectrometer conditions were: mass temperature 230°C, quad temperature 150°C. Component identification was performed by comparing the obtained spectra with those in the Wiley and NIST Mass Spectral Libraries (Taleb et al. 2024 ). 2.1.5. Determination of total lipid concentration. Five hundred grams of air-dried Boswellia sarca fruit powder underwent continuous extraction using petroleum ether (40–60°C) in a Soxhlet apparatus until complete extraction was achieved. The solvent was subsequently removed using a rotary evaporator at 40°C to dryness. The resulting extract was then placed in a vacuum desiccator until it reached a constant weight (Ibrahim et al. 2024 ). 2.1.6. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) Fatty acid methyl esters are generated through a reaction catalyzed by alkali, involving fats and methanol, with the addition of 2M potassium hydroxide, and subsequently introduced into hexane(Mohammed et al. 2021 ). 2.1.7. Identification and quantitative determination of fatty acids by GC/MS A GC-MS system (Agilent Technologies 7890B GC/5977A MS) at the Central Labs Network, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, was used. The GC was equipped with an HP-5MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 µm film). Analyses were performed using He as carrier gas (2.0 mL/min) in splitless mode with 1 µL injection. The temperature program was: 50°C (hold 5 min), ramp 5°C/min to 100°C (hold 0 min), ramp 10°C/min to 320°C (hold 10 min). Injector/detector temps: 280/320°C. EI (70 eV) mass spectra (m/z 25–700) were acquired with a 4 min solvent delay. Mass temp: 230°C, Quad: 150°C. Compound identification was based on spectral matching with Wiley and NIST libraries (Mohammed et al. 2021 ). 2.1.8. Chromatographic conditions UPLC-HRMS HPLC: Gradient elution employed a mobile phase of H2O/0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) at 200 µL/min. The gradient: 5% B (1 min), linear to 30% B over 20 min, linear to 98% B over 27 min (hold 3 min), linear to 5% B over 1 min. Detection: 280, 330, and 254 nm(El-Gengaihi et al. 2020 ; Mohammed et al. 2022a ). UPLC-HRMS: Mobile phase flow rate: 400 µL/min. Gradient: 5% B (linear to 20% B in 5 min), linear to 98% B in 8 min (hold 1 min), linear to 5% B in 1 min (Mohammed et al. 2022a ). MS: AIF MS scan (resolution: 70,000), AGC target: 1e6 ions, max IT: 50 ms, m/z 100–1200, microscans: 1. HCD fragmentation at NCE 15.0 eV (z = 1) in the collision cell. (Metabolomics lab, Institute of Plant Genetics, Poznan, Poland)(Mohammed et al. 2021 ). 2.2. In vivo Pharmacological study 2.2.1. Materials 2.2.1.1. Animals Fortythree male Albino Wistar rats (150–175 g body weight), had been obtained from the animal house colony of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, and were housed in sterilized stainless-steel cages in optimum temperature (23 ± 1°C) and artificial illumination (12hour dark/light cycle). All rats were fed standard laboratory diet, and were allowed free access to water. Guidelines of animal ethics : Animal procedures followed the regulations of the “Ethics Committee of the National Research Centre” and the recommendations of the “Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) and the National Regulations of Animal Welfare”, additionally, the results were reported in line with “Animal Research: In-Vivo Experiment Reporting (ARRIVE)”. The experimental ethics approval of the “Ethics Committee of the National Research Centre” was acquired under the number 19/209. 2.2.1.2. Chemicals and drugs 2.2.1.2.a) Histamine, Formaldehyde and Diethyl ether were purchased from “Sigma Aldrich company.” (USA). 2.2.1.2.b) Elisa kits for evaluation of intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and interleukinβ 4 (ILβ4) levels were purchased from Elabscience (USA) . 2.2.1.2.c) betamethasone ( Betaderm ®) cream used as reference treatment, was purchased from the “Egyptian International Pharmaceutical Industries company” (EIPICO) in Egypt. Every gram of Betaderm ® contains betamethasone as betamethasone 17-valerate 0.05% in an aqueous base. 2.2.2. Methods: 2.3.2.1. Induction of dermatitis A pilot study was performed prior to selection of the most suitable dose of histamine which causes local allergic and inflammatory reactions. Eight rats had their dorsal hair shaved, then were subcutaneously injected with histamine in increasing doses starting from 5µg up-till 40µg. After injection of each dose every rat was observed for 30 minutes for the onset of redness or itching. It was observed that the 40 µg dose produced the fastest onset and highest degree of itching. Accordingly, 40µg subcutaneous injection of histamine was selected for induction of chemical dermatitis in the present study. 2.2.2.2. Study design The dorsal aspects of all rats were shaved then the animals were divided into seven groups (n = 5 per group), as follows: Normal group: for which hair shaving only was done. Six groups were subcutaneously injected with 40 µg of histamine. And were classified as follows: Positive control group: was subcutaneously injected with 40 µg of histamine and didn’t receive treatment, reference group treated with betamethasone cream, volatile oil of BS group, fixed oil of BS group, extract of GG group, and extract of AN group. All treated groups were subcutaneously injected with 40 µg of histamine and after that by one hour, thin films of treatment were applied to the animals’ skins at the sites of redness and scratches in all groups. Each 1ml viscid solution contains 5 mg of the extract. 2.2.2.2. Inspection and grading of Allergic reactions Skin redness and pruritus were observed throughout the experiment every 30 minutes for 180 minutes and graded as none (no skin changes), mild (faint redness), moderate (deep redness or superficial scratches or both), severe (deep scratches). 2.2.2.3. Preparation of blood samples and tissue for histo-pathological examination Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus of veins of all rats (Sorg and Buckner 1964 ). Samples were left to clot at room temperature then centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min for serum separation. Serum samples were stored at -20°C for analysis of intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and interleukinβ 4 (ILβ4) levels, which were performed according to manufacturer’s guidelines. All groups were humanely sacrificed 3 hours after last dose treatment. Skin specimens from each animal were prepared and fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution for 24 h, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxin-eosin or toluidine blue stain. Specimens were then evaluated for inflammatory cells, mast cells and degranulation. Mastocyte infiltration was expressed as the number of mastocytes (non-degranulated & ±degranulated) at 400 HPF/group (Drury and Wallington 1980 ). 2.2.2.4. Statistical analysis Results of biochemical parameters were expressed as means of levels of intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and interleukinβ 4 (ILβ4) ± standard error (SE). Number of samples in each group was 5 (N = 5). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means, followed by the Tukey–Kramer multiple comparisons test. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were done by using “Graph pad prism software, version 8”. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Phytochemical screening The outcomes of the initial phytochemical analysis of extracts from three plants are displayed in Table (1). The findings reveal the existence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, triterpenoids and/or steroids, alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, and saponin in Acacia nilotica and, Glycyrrhiza glabra EtOH extracts(Chauhan et al. 2018 ). These outcomes are consistent with those reported by Byakod, (Byakod 2023 ) for the AN extract and Chauhan et al for the GG extract, although coumarins were identified in our samples. Volatile oil was identified in the extract of Boswellia sarca . These results align with those documented by Hussain et al, who noted the presence of volatile oils (Hussain et al. 2013 ). Table 1 Phytochemical screening of three plant extract and their fractions. Groups BS AN EtOH extract GG EtOH extract Volatile oil Pet. ether Volatile Oils +++ + ˉ - Carbohydrate - +++ +++ +++ Tannins - - +++ +++ Flavonoids, NaOH - - ++ +++ Flavonoids (Shinoda test) - + ++ +++ Saponin - - +++ +++ Sterol and / or triterpenes - +++ + + Coumarins - ++ + +++ Alkaloids - - - + (++), (+) and (-) refer to high, low and absente amount respectively 3.2. Chemical composition of the volatile and fixed oil of Boswellia sarca Resin. The volatile terpenoids and chemical composition of the volatile oil derived from Boswellia sarca resin were analyzed using GC/MS techniques. Key compounds identified include 1-Octanol (5.86%), n-Octyl acetate (37.19%), Nerolidol (13.12%), (S,E)-8,12,15,15-Tetramethyl-4-methylenebicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-7,11-diene (10.71%), Incensole (7.39%), and Incensole acetate (8.09%) as the primary constituents, as shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 . Additionally, GC/MS analysis of the fixed oil revealed that Incensole acetate (32.44%) and Incensole (50.12%) were the dominant compounds, as detailed in Fig. 1 and Table 1 . Table 2 GC/MS of volatile and fixed oil Boswellia sarca . Peak RT Compounds Names Formula Area Sum % BS Volatile oil extract 1 5.24 α-Pinene C 10 H 16 1.16 2 6.73 D-Limonene C 10 H 16 2.9 3 6.783 Eucalyptol C 10 H 18 O 0.39 4 6.861 Trans-β-Ocimene C 10 H 16 0.41 5 7.027 β-Ocimene C 10 H 16 1.56 6 7.395 1-Octanol C 8 H 18 O 5.86 7 7.828 Linalool C 10 H 18 O 1.27 8 8.285 2,3,3-trimethyl-1,4-Pentadiene C 8 H 14 0.95 9 9.537 n-Octyl acetate C 10 H 20 O 2 37.19 10 11.811 Nerol acetate C 12 H 20 O 2 0.57 11 12.137 Decyl acetate C 12 H 24 O 2 0.45 12 14.09 Nerolidol C 15 H 26 O 13.12 13 18.595 (-)-Cembrene A C 20 H 32 5.19 14 18.998 Isoneocembrene A C 20 H 32 0.42 15 19.046 Cembrene C 20 H 32 1.61 16 19.135 (S,E)-8,12,15,15-Tetramethyl-4-methylenebicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-7,11-diene C 20 H 32 10.71 17 20.393 Nephthenol C 20 H 34 O 0.76 18 20.53 Incensole C 20 H 34 O 2 7.39 19 20.72 Incensole, acetate C 22 H 36 O 3 8.09 BS Fixed oil extract 1 26.747 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester C 17 H 34 O 2 1.68 2 27.294 1,5,9-Cyclotetradecatriene C 20 H 32 1.42 3 27.84 (S,E)-8,12,15,15-Tetramethyl-4-methylenebicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-7,11-diene C 20 H 32 3.08 4 28.439 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester C 19 H 36 O 2 0.69 5 29.009 (-)-Nephthenol C 20 H 34 O 3.31 6 29.153 Incensole C 20 H 34 O 2 32.44 7 29.274 Andrographolide C 20 H 30 O 5 1.26 8 29.358 Incensole, acetate C 22 H 36 O 3 50.12 9 30.283 Incensole oxide, acetate C 22 H 36 O 4 2.78 10 30.716 9-(3,3-Dimethyloxiran-2-yl)-2,7-dimethylnona-2,6-dien-1-ol C 15 H 26 O 2 1.55 11 36.157 2(1H)Naphthalenone, 3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4,8a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)- C 15 H 22 O 1.68 3.3. Phytochemical Investigation of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) Ethanol Extract Phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) identified a total of 31 distinct compounds. Among these, key compounds include 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid, Vicenin II, Apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside, Scopoletin, 5-Hydroxycoumarin, and Sophoraflavone B, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Other notable compounds such as Isovitexin, Calycosin 7-O-glucoside, and (2S)-Naringenin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside have been linked to various biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-viral, and cardiovascular benefits. Furthermore, compounds like Isoliquiritigenin 4,4'-diglucoside, Daidzein, and Liquiritinapioside contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of GG by exhibiting immunomodulatory effects. Additional bioactive constituents such as Gancaonin S, Licoriphenone, Glycyrin, and Glyasperin B, along with others, further underscore the ethnomedicinal significance of Glycyrrhiza glabra as a source of natural therapeutic agents. These findings highlight the complex chemical diversity of GG and its potential for further pharmacological applications. 3.5. Phytochemical Profile of Acacia nilotica Extracts Acacia nilotica extracts are rich in a diverse range of 20 primary metabolites, which play essential roles in cell biosynthetic pathways. These primary metabolites were identified using LC-MS, and their mass spectra were compared to databases such as MS-Dial and the Knapsack library, as well as tentative identification methods. In addition to these primary metabolites, a comprehensive analysis revealed a variety of secondary metabolites, including polyphenolic acids, vitamins, amino acids, and other bioactive compounds. Key identified compounds include Gallic acid, Gallic acid hexoside, Leucocyanidin, (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-3,4,5,7,3',4'-hexahydroxyflavan, Gentisic acid 2-beta-D-glucoside, and (+)-Gallocatechin. Other secondary metabolites such as (-)-Epigallocatechin, Tryptophan, Hydroxyferulic acid, Catechin, Dihydroquercetin, Taxifolin, and Isoquercitrin also contribute to the chemical richness of Acacia nilotica . These secondary metabolites are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects, with particular relevance to their potential role in managing conditions such as atopic dermatitis. The chemical profile of Acacia nilotica shares compositional similarities with the findings of Maldini et al., (Maldini et al. 2011 ), further validating its therapeutic potential. Table 3 Profiles of listed compounds by LC-MSMS of AN and GG plants. No RT Compounds Names/ SMILES Chemical formula Mass ∆ ppm PDA Ref. measured &calculated exact mass of [M-H]- AN EtOH extract 1 2.88 Gallic acid O = C(O)c1cc(O)c(O)c(O)c1 C 7 H 6 O 5 169.0132, 169.0131 125.0230[C6H5O3] 0.4711 268, 356 a 2 Gallic acid hexoside C 13 H 16 O 10 331.0670, 331.0660 271.0461[C11H11O8], 241.0347[C10H9O7], 169.0131[C7H5O5] 3.0599 278, 357 d 3 3.73 Leucocyanidin Oc1cc(O)c2c(c1)OC(c1ccc(O)c(O)c1)C(O)C2O C 15 H 14 O 7 305.0672, 305.0656 261.0779[C14H13O5], 219.0779[C12H11O4], 167.0339[C8H7O4], 125.0230[C6H5O3] 5.4120 276, 345 b 4 3.84 Gentisic acid 2-beta-D-glucoside C1 = CC(= C(C = C1O)C(= O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O C 13 H 16 O 9 315.0724, 315.0711 165.0175[C8H5O4], 152.0103[C7H4O4], 108.0201[C6H4O2] 4.1220 279, 345 c 5 4.03 (+)-Gallocatechin Oc1cc(O)c2c(c1)O[C@H](c1cc(O)c(O)c(O)c1)[C@@H](O)C2 C 15 H 14 O 7 305.0664, 305.0656 261.0768[C14H13O5], 219.0657[C12H11O4], 167.0339[C8H7O4], 125.0229[C6H5O3] 2.6110 274, 345 d 6 4.25 (-)-Epigallocatechin Oc1cc(O)c2c(c1)O[C@H](c1cc(O)c(O)c(O)c1)[C@H](O)C2 C 15 H 14 O 7 305.0671, 305.0656 261.0770[C14H13O5], 219.0656[C12H11O4], 167.0338[C8H7O4], 125.0231[C6H5O3] 5.1119 - b 7 4.29 Tryptophan NC(Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(= O)O C 11 H 12 N 2 O2 203.0820, 203.0815 159.0915[C10H11N2], 116.0491[C8H6N] 2.5956 278 a 8 4.67 Hydroxyferulic acid COc1cc(/C = C/C(= O)O)cc(O)c1O C 10 H 10 O 5 209.0449, 209.0444 165.0545[C9H9O3], 121.0642[C8H9O] 2.0389 280, 359 a 9 4.85 Catechin Oc1cc(O)c2c(c1)O[C@H](c1ccc(O)c(O)c1)[C@@H](O)C2 C 15 H 14 O 6 289.0717, 289.0707 245.0818[C14H13O4], 205.0502[C11H9O4], 151.0390[C8H7O3], 109.0280[C6H5O2] 3.8833 279, 374 b 10 5.38 Dihydroquercetin c1(cc(c2c(c1)O[C@@H]([C@H](C2 = O)O)c1cc(c(cc1)O)O)O)O C 15 H 12 O 7 303.0486, 303.0499 285.0407[C15H9O6], 165.0181[C8H5O4], 137.0231[C7H5O3], 125.0229[C6H5O3] -4.3380 280, 346 b 11 5.74 (-)-Epicatechin Oc1cc(O)c2c(c1)O[C@H](c1ccc(O)c(O)c1)[C@H](O)C2 C 15 H 14 O 6 289.0718, 289.0707 245.0820[C14H13O4], 151.0388[C8H7O3], 125.0230[C6H5O3] 4.0605 279, 374 b 12 6.19 I soquercitrin O = c1c(O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C(O)C2O)c(-c2ccc(O)c(O) c2)oc2cc(O)cc(O)c12 C 21 H 20 O 12 463.0887, 463.0871 300.0274[C15H8O7], 271.0251[C14H7O6], 137.0230[C7H5O3] 3.5474 280, 346 b 13 6.83 Genistein O = c1c(-c2ccc(O)cc2)coc2cc(O)cc(O)c12 C 15 H 10 O 5 269.0458, 269.0444 133.0283[C8H5O2] 5.0438 244, 279 a 14 6.89 Quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside c1(cc(c2c(c1)oc(c(c2 = O)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1O)O)O)C)c1ccc(c(c1)O)O)O)O C 21 H 20 O 11 447.0932, 447.0922 313.9644[C14H12O9], 285.0395[C15H9O6] 2.1973 279, 340 b 15 7.26 Phloretin-2'-O-glucoside C1 = CC(= CC = C1CCC(= O)C2 = C(C = C(C = C2O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O C 21 H 24 O 10 435.1295, 435.1286 341.0665[C18H13O7], 273.0770[C15H13O5], 179.0341[C9H7O4], 167.0339[C8H7O4] 2.8692 249, 279 c 16 7.76 Isoliquiritigenin O = C(/C = C/c1ccc(O)cc1)c1ccc(O)cc1O C 15 H 12 O 4 255.0659, 255.0652 153.0182[C7H5O4], 135.0075[C7H3O3], 91.0175[C6H3O] 2.9322 246, 278 d 17 7.93 Kaempferol O = c1c(O)c(-c2ccc(O)cc2)oc2cc(O)cc(O)c12 C 15 H 10 O 6 285.0404, 285.0394 270.0534[C15H10O5], 150.03089[C8H6O3] 175.0392[C10H7O5] 3.7585 - b 18 8.11 Delphinidin C1 = C(C = C(C(= C1O)O)O)C2=[O+]C3 = CC(= CC(= C3C = C2O)O)O C 15 H 10 O 7 + 301.0347, 301.0343 178.9975, 151.0024[C8H7O3] 1.4946 276 c 19 8.39 2-Methoxycinnamic acid COC1 = CC = CC = C1/C = C/C(= O)O C 10 H 10 O 3 177.0547, 177.0546 145.0284[C9H5O2], 121.0280[C7H5O2] 0.6360 246, 276 c 20 8.57 Naringenin O = C1C[C@@H](c2ccc(O)cc2)Oc2cc(O)cc(O)c21 C 15 H 12 O 5 271.0607, 271.0601 177.0187[C9H5O4] 153.0182[C7H5O4], 135.0437[C8H7O2] 2.0992 248 d GG EtOH extract 1 5.08 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid O = C(O)C1 = C(OC(C) = O)C = CC = C1 C 9 H 8 O 4 179.0341, 179.0339 151.0390[C8H7O3], 136.0438[C8H7O2] 1.0482 a 2 5.19 Vicenin c1(c(c(c2c(c1[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)oc(cc2 = O)c1ccc(cc1)O)O)[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O C 27 H 30 O 15 593.1542, 593.1540 473.1076[C23H21O11], 383.0777[C20H15O8], 353.0671[C19H13O7] -0.4046 270, 313 a 3 5.34 Scopoletin C 10 H 8 O 4 191.0340, 191.0339 - 0.4232 - b 4 5.37 5-Hydroxycoumarin c1cc(c2c(c1)oc(= O)cc2)O C 9 H 6 O 3 161.0233, 161.0233 133.0283[C8H5O2], -0.2213 - b 5 5.93 Sophoraflavone B c1(ccc2c(c1)oc(cc2 = O)c1ccc(cc1)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O C 21 H 20 O 9 415.1037, 415.1024 253.0504[C15H9O4] 3.2285 284 d 6 6.07 Isovitexin c1(c(c(c2c(c1)oc(cc2 = O)c1ccc(cc1)O)O)[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O C 21 H 20 O 10 431.0957, 431.0973 341.0670[C18H13O3], 311.0562[C17H11O6], 283.0610[C16H11O5] -3.6420 282, 303 b 7 6.69 Calycosin 7-O-glucoside O(c1cc2c(c(= O)c(co2)c2ccc(c(c2)O)OC)cc1)[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O C 22 H 22 O 10 445.1127, 445.1129 283.0618[C16H11O5], 268.0367[C15H8O5] -0.5669 240, 275 b 8 6.96 Hemiphloin c1(c(c(c2c(c1)O[C@@H](CC2 = O)c1ccc(cc1)O)O)[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O C 2 1H 22 O 10 433.1133, 433.1129 313.0724[C17H13O6], 271.0612[C15H11O5], 151.0024[C7H3O4] 0.8971 278, 311 c 9 7.50 Liquiritinapioside [C@@H]1(Oc2c(C(= O)C1)ccc(c2)O)c1ccc(O[C@@H]2O[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@](CO2)(O)CO)O)O)O)CO)cc1 C 26 H 30 O 13 549.1616, 549.1603 429.1039[C18H21O13], 255.0662[C15H11O4] 2.3541 245, 325 c 10 7.30 Isoliquiritigenin 4,4'-diglucoside c1(cc(c(cc1)C(= O)/C = C/c1ccc(cc1)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1O)O)O)CO)O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O1)CO)O)O)O C 27 H 32 O 14 579.1782, 579.1779 285.0775[C16H13O5], 355.0666[C15H11O4] -0.5180 - b 11 7.33 Daidzein C 15 H 10 O 4 253.0504, 253.0495 253.0609[C12H11O5], 191.0704[C11H11O3], 153.0073[C7H5O4] 3.4767 - b 12 7.51 Pinocembroside c1(cc2c(c(c1)O)C(= O)C[C@H](O2)c1ccccc1)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O C 21 H 22 O 9 417.1182, 417.1180 297.0775[C17H13O5], 255.0662[C15H11O4], 153.0182[C7H5O4], 135.0074[C7H3O3] 0.3726 245, 282 d 13 8.78 Gancaonin S c1(c(cc(c(c1O)CC = C(C)C)O)CCc1ccc(c(c1)O)O)CC = C(C)C C 24 H 3 0O 4 383.1143, 383.1125 368.0894[C20H16O7], 311.0562[C17H11O6] 4.5116 - d 14 10.15 Licoriphenone c1(cc(c(cc1)C(= O)Cc1c(c(c(cc1O)OC)CC = C(C)C)OC)O)O C 21 H 24 O 6 371.1506, 371.1489 339.0865[C19H15O6], 181.0495[C9H9O4] 4.4695 - b 15 11.16 Kanzonol T 5,7,2'-Trihydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':4',3']isoflavone c1(c(c(c2c(c1)occ(c2 = O)c1c(c2c(cc1)OC(C = C2)(C)C)O)O)CCC(O)(C)C)O C 25 H 26 O 7 437.1606, 437.1595 201.0915[C13H13O2] 2.6649 250, 280 d 16 12.38 Glycyrin 3-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-6-prenylcoumarin C 22 H 22 O 6 381.1340, 381.1333 363.0873[C21H15O6], 323.0544[C18H11O6], 161.0230[C9H5O3] 1.8559 256, 280 d 17 12.63 Scanderone 4',5-Dihydroxy-3'-prenyl-2'',2''-dimethylchromeno[7,8:6'',5'']isoflavone c1c2c(c3c(c1O)c(= O)c(co3)c1ccc(c(c1)CC = C(C)C)O)C = CC(O2)(C)C C 25 H 24 O 5 403.1541, 403.1540 335.0925[C20H15O5], 201.0910[C13H13O2], 135.0439[C8H7O2] 0.2058 245, 282 d 18 12.83 Glyinflanin A c1(c(cc(c(c1)O)C(= O)/C = C(/c1cc(c(cc1)O)CC = C(C)C)\O)CC = C(C)C)O C 25 H 28 O 5 407.1859, 407.1853 379.1916[C24H27O4], 310.1205[C19H18O4], 203.0706[C12H11O3], 177.0911[C11H13O2] 1.3548 280, 311 19 12.99 Kanzonol Y 4,2',4',alpha-Tetrahydroxy-3,5'-diprenyldihydrochalcone c1(c(cc(c(c1)C(= O)[C@@H](Cc1cc(c(cc1)O)CC = C(C)C)O)O)O)CC = C(C)C C 25 H 30 O 5 409.2019, 409.2010 235.0972[C13H15O4], 217.0863[C13H13O3], 177.0910[C11H13O2], 135.0437[C8H7O2] 2.2564 268, 280 d 20 13.54 Glyasperin B 5,2',4'-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-prenylisoflavanone c1(c(c(c2c(c1)OC[C@@H](C2 = O)c1c(cc(cc1)O)O)O)CC = C(C)C)OC C 21 H 22 O 6 369.1315, 369.1333 311.0919[C18H15O5], 247.0974[C14H15O4], 207.1018[C12H15O3], 161.0234[C9H5O3] -4.8630 - d 21 13.80 Hirtellanine I OC1 = CC2 = C(C = C1)C(C(C3 = C(OC)C(C = CC(C)(C)O4) = C4C = C3O) = CO2) = O C 21 H 18 O 6 365.1032, 365.1020 347.0932[C21H15O5], 321.1127[C20H17O4], 165.0183[C8H5O4] 3.3284 - d 22 13.91 7-O-Methylluteone 5,2',4'-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-prenylisoflavone c1(c(c(c2c(c1)occ(c2 = O)c1ccc(cc1O)O)O)CC = C(C)C)OC C 21 H 20 O 6 367.1176, 367.1176 321.0768[C19H13O5], 163.0390[C9H7O3] 0.0831 256, 280 d 23 13.95 Gancaonin H 5,7,3'-Trihydroxy-6-prenyl-6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':4',5']isoflavone c1(c(c(c2c(c1)occ(c2 = O)c1cc(c2c(c1)C = CC(O2)(C)C)O)O)CC = C(C)C)O C 25 H 24 O 6 419.1474, 419.1489 351.1222[C21H19O5], 231.1022[C14H15O3], 161.0959[C11H13O] -3.5416 256, 279 d 24 14.13 Xambioona c1cc2c(c3c1OC(C = C3)(C)C)O[C@H](CC2 = O)c1ccc2c(c1)C = CC(O2)(C)C C 25 H 24 O 4 387.1597, 387.1591 161.0443[C6H9O5] 1.6616 254 a 25 14.16 Kanzonol V (5,4'-Dihydroxy-6-prenyl-6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':2',3']-2-arylbenzofuran) c1(c(cc2c(c1)cc(o2)c1c2c(c(cc1)O)C = CC(O2)(C)C)O)CC = C(C)C C 24 H 24 O 4 375.1602, 375.1591 306.0901[C19H14O4] 3.0163 267, 311 d 26 14.30 Hispaglabridin B c12ccc3c(c1C = CC(O2)(C)C)OC[C@@H](C3)c1c(c2c(cc1)OC(C = C2)(C)C)O C 25 H 26 O 4 389.1764, 389.1747 333.1142[C21H17O4], 119.0335[C4H7O4] 4.3332 278 d 27 14.69 Glabraisoflavanone A CC(O1)(C)CCC2 = C1C = CC([C@@]3([H])C(C(C = CC(O) = C4C/C = C(C)/C) = C4OC3) = O) = C2 C 25 H 28 O 4 391.1914, 391.1904 203.1071[C13H15O2] 2.5305 279 d 28 15.86 Liquoric acid C 30 H 44 O 5 483.3121, 483.3105 439.3218[C29H43O3] 3.2523 279 d 29 17.07 Glabranin c1(cc(c2c(c1CC = C(C)C)O[C@@H](CC2 = O)c1ccccc1)O)O C 20 H 20 O 4 323.1284, 323.1278 201.0920[C13H13O2], 135.0436[C8H7O2] 2.0516 - d 30 17.14 Gancaonin U (1,3-Diisopentenyl-2,4,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene) c1(c(cc2c(c1)c1c(CC2)c(c(c(c1O)CC = C(C)C)O)CC = C(C)C)O)O C 24 H 28 O 4 379.1904, 379.1904 311.1689 0.0352 - d 31 17.49 Anaphalisoleanenoic acid O = C(O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]2(C)CC[C@@]3(C)[C@]4(C)CC[C@@]5([H])C(C)(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@]5(C)[C@@]4([H])CC = C3[C@]2([H])C1 C 30 H 48 O 3 455.3522, 455.3520 - 0.5085 270 d * The letter "a" refers to identification using the MS-Dial library, "b" indicates identification using the Knapsack library, and "c" refers to using the PubChem database and "d" denotes tentative identification. 3.1. In vivo Pharmacological Study 3.1.1 Grading of Allergic reactions : In the present study, inspection of skins of 100% of the normal control rats didn’t show any changes throughout the 180 minutes duration of the experiment, and were graded as none (Fig. 3 a). On the other hand, the onset of signs of allergy appeared in all histamine-injected groups after thirty minutes, but their intensity varied after the application of treatment which was done one hour after injection of histamine, the grading was as follows: 60% of the positive control group that didn’t receive treatment, were graded as severe and exhibited deep scratches with surrounding redness, while only 40% were graded as moderate (Figs. 3 b, c). 80% of rats in the groups that were treated with betamethasone, Boswellia volatile and fixed oils were mild, while 20% were graded as moderate and showed deep redness or superficial scratches or both in all three groups (Figs. 3 d-g). 60%, Glycyrrhiza glabra were graded as mild and showed faint redness, while 40% were graded as moderate (Fig. 3 h-i). 40% of the rats in the Acacia nilotica group were graded as mild, while 40% were moderate and 20% were severe (Fig. 3 j-l). 3.3.2. Results of allergic and inflammatory biomarkers illustrated in Figs. 4–6, showed that histamine subcutaneous injection significantly elevated the allergic biomarv0 + kers ICAM − 1and Leukotriene B4, as well as the inflammatory biomarker interleukin β4 in all groups, when compared to the normal control group. Treatment with the standard medication betamethasone cream, as well as volatile and fixed oils of Boswellia , extract of, Glycyrrhiza glabra , and extract of Acacia nilotica ; significantly reduced the allergic biomarkers ICAM-1 and leukotriene B4 in all groups when compared to the untreated positive control group. Yet, the results of the measured biochemical parameters of the treated groups, were significantly higher than the negative control group, except for the ICAM-1 level of the group treated volatile oil of Boswellia , as treatment with this natural product exhibited the lowest level of ICAM-1 which was insignificantly different from the negative control group. Regarding the level of ICAM-1, the effect of treatment with volatile and fixed oils of Boswellia was better than the standard medication betamethasone, and showed significant lower levels of ICAM-1, on the other hand, the levels of leukotriene B4 were significantly higher in groups treated with both oils, when compared to the standard medication. The groups treated with, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Acacia nilotica extracts, showed significantly higher levels of ICAM-1 when compared to the groups that were treated with volatile and fixed oils of Boswellia , yet the same groups showed significant lower levels of leukotriene B4, when compared to the groups that were treated with volatile and fixed oils of Boswellia. All treated groups showed significant higher levels of Ilβ4, when compared to the negative control group, and non-significant difference from the positive control group. Additionally, the level of Ilβ4 was significantly higher in the group treated with Acacia nilotica extract than the groups treated with both Boswellia oils. 3.3.3. Histopathologic and Immuno-histochemical results : The results of the biochemical parameters were consistent with the results of the histopathologic examination where specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), the results were illustrated in Figs. 7– 13 , and were confirmed with immune-histochemical staining with toluidine illustrated in Figs. 14–20. High power examination of normal group skin specimens stained with H & E, showed average keratinized epidermis, pilo-sebaceous units, collagen distribution, pilo-sebaceous units, collagen distribution, muscles, average muscles, average subcutis and average blood vessels (Figs. 7a, b, c). On the other hand, high power examination of the positive control group skin specimens stained with H & E, showed markedly dilated congested deep blood vessel with deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells, mild peri-vascular edema, and moderate peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (Figs. 8 a, b, c). While, high power examination of betamethasone group skin specimens stained with H & E, showed average keratinized epidermis with moderate superficial and mild deep inflammatory infiltrates composed mainly of mast cells, mildly dilated congested deep blood vessel and mild edema (Figs. 9 a-b). High power examination of Boswellia volatile oil group skin specimens stained with H & E, showed intact keratinized epidermis with mild superficial and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells, and average deep blood vessel (Figs. 10 a-b). Also high power examination of Boswellia fixed oil group skin specimens stained with H & E, showed intact keratinized epidermis, mild superficial, peri-adnexal and deep inflammatory infiltrates composed mainly of mast cells, but with markedly dilated congested deep blood vessels with mild perivascular edema (Figs. 11 a-b). High power examination of, Glycyrrhiza glabra group skin specimens stained with H & E, showed intact keratinized epidermis, mild superficial and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate, and mild deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (Figs. 12 a-b). High power examination of Acacia group skin specimens stained with H & E, showed intact keratinized epidermis, moderate superficial and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate, deep intra-muscular inflammatory infiltrate with mildly dilated congested blood vessel (Figs. 13 a-b). Additional immuno-histochemical examination with toluidine blue stain of skin specimens in all group, showed no mast cells in and 2 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area in the normal control group (Fig. 14), on the other hand, the positive control group skin specimens showed 7 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area and 6 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis area (Fig. 15). While the group treated with betamethasone showed 3 mast cells/HPF in superficial dermis and 3 in peri-adnexal area (Fig. 16), that was treated with Boswellia sarca volatile oil showed 1 mast cells/HPF in superficial dermis and 2 in peri-adnexal area (Fig. 17), and that was treated with Boswellia fixed oil showed 2 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area and 4 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis area (Fig. 18). The group treated with, Glycyrrhiza glabra extract showed no mast cells in superficial dermis, and 4 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area (Fig. 19), and the group treated with Acacia nilotica extract showed 5 mast cells/ HPF in peri-adnexal area, and 2 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis area (Fig. 20). There are two hypotheses for the incidence of allergic dermatitis, which are as follows: the first hypothesis is that the inflammatory and allergy-triggers cause dys-functioning and weakness of the skin barrier, a process that enhances the introduction and presentation of allergens and high penetration of microorganisms causing the incidence of allergic and inflammatory reactions. The other hypothesis is that compromised skin barrier is followed by immune dysregulation so allergic dermatitis occurs easily (Leung et al. 2020 ). In the current study the results of gross visual inspection and scoring of allergic reaction were consistent with the results of the biochemical assay of allergic and inflammatory markers as well as the results of histopathologic and immune-histochemical examination. In the present study histamine subcutaneous injection in rats, induced allergic dermatitis in the form of itching, scratches, elevated allergic biomarkers ICAM-1 and leukotriene B4, elevated inflammatory biomarker Ilβ4, as well as histopathologic and immune-histochemical changes in the form markedly dilated congested deep blood vessel with deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells with peri-vascular edema and inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells. The effects of histamine in this study, are explained by the fact that activation of mast cells is mediated by histamine, that leads to an inflammatory cascade, which enhances the pathogenesis of IgE-mediated allergic reaction. Moreover, histamine enhances the secretion IL-4, that plays an important role in the immunological pathways causing allergic dermatitis incidence and occurrence of itching (Kowalska and Narbutt 2024 ). The majority of allergic dermatitis cases are children with extrinsic phenotype, that occurs as result of sensitization with high high IgE levels and dysfunction of skin barrier (Wollenberg et al. 2021 ). Patients usually suffer from erythema, mainly in the face with rash and severe itching (Hrubisko et al. 2021 ). Since management of dermatitis is achieved by the use of intermediate to high doses of topical corticosteroids for a short duration (Tramontana et al. 2023 ), that’s why in the current study, we used betamethasone that caused significant amelioration of the signs of allergy that induced by histamine injection in rats, within 120 minutes. Boswellia extracts, owing to their contents of boswellic acid (Iram et al. 2017 ), stabilize the lysosomal membranes, which is a vital process in controlling inflammation through inhibition of releasing lysosomal constituents of activated neutrophils, it also protects against protein denaturation that occurs in inflammation (Obiștioiu et al. 2023 ). Boswellia volatile and fixed oils, in the present study significantly reduced the allergic activity of histamine, this is consistent with the results of Tsai et al, (Tsai et al. 2022 ), who stated in their study that α-boswellic acid improved erythema, abrasion, and skin desquamation, it also repair the dysfunctional skin barrier, additionally, it reduced mast cell infiltration, decreased MAP kinase expression, and blocked the NF-κB pathway thus reduced inflammation and epidermal thickening and redness, in dermatitis mouse model. The results of the current study proved that licorice had anti-allergic activity and anti-inflammatory activity as it reduced both LTB4 and ICAM-1 significantly compared to the untreated positive control group. This effect is due to its content of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Also,dipotassium glycyrrhizinate which is a salt of glycyrrhetinic acid, was used as a skin conditioning agent that exhibited anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities, via inhibition of leukotriene (Leite et al. 2022 ). Acacia nilotica possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as it reduced the levels of cytokines in the study of Khalaf et al, (Khalaf et al. 2023 ) However, in the current study it exhibited the least curative effect among all tested agents, as grading of allergic reactions were the worst among all treatments, together with level of ICAM-1 as well as histopathologic and immune-histochemical profiles. This effect is most probably due to its poor skin barrier penetrating power ICAM-1 is a marker of vascular inflammation that is inducible by exposure to inflammatory mediators (Witkowska 2005 ). It is highly expressed in dermatitis lesions and vascular endothelial cells of dermatitis patients (Wolkerstorfer et al. 2003 ). It is very important in the process of migration of leukocytes from blood vessels to tissues and increases due to pro-inflammatory cytokines (Marinović Kulišić et al. 2023 ).. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), which is a lipid mediator possesses a potent chemoattractant properties and is highly produced from activated innate immune cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells. High level of LTB 4 is detected in allergic dermatitis as it plays an important role in its pathogenesis (Ohnishi et al. 2008 ). It plays a very important role in cases of acute inflammation as it attracts lymphocytes, it attracts macrophages as well as neutrophils, and promotes adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium(Abeles et al. 2015 ). There is a correlation in the protective mechanism against inflammatory diseases that are induced due to initiated expression of LTB4 or high ICAM-1 levels, as it was reported by Aiello et al (Aiello et al. 2002 ), that protection against atherosclerosis was achieved by antagonizing LTB4 via modulation of the interaction of CD11b with ICAM-1(Aiello et al. 2002 ). This correlation was clear in the present study, as all tested topical agents significantly reduced the levels of both ICAM-1 and LTB4 in rat’s serum when compared to the untreated positive control group. This explains the healing of scratches that resulted from itching due to histamine injection, as reduced levels of ICAM-1 and LTB4 reduced itching and inflammation. Interleukin β-4 expression increases in extrinsic dermatitis (Tokura 2010 ). Medications that inhibit IL-4 expression can be used for treatment of atopic dermatitis (Gärtner et al. 2023 ). Unlike their effects on ICAM-1 and leukotriene B4 in the current study, the used topical agents didn’t affect its level significantly compared to the positive control group. This weak anti-interleukin β-4 effect may be because topically applied agents have insufficient capability of reaching the systemic circulation and poor systemic penetration which isn’t enough to inhibit interleukin β-4 expression. Conclusion Since most of the assessment parameters in the current experimental work, were in harmony with each other, it can be deuced that Boswellia sarca oils as well as, Glycyrrhiza glabra extract can provide promising soothing and curative agents against allergic dermatitis, that will achieve better patient’s compliance, when compared to the conventional therapy with corticosteroids, putting in mind that they are natural products that are cheaper, more available and have less side effects. Also, the effect of Acacia nilotica can’t be denied, yet further studies regarding the route of administration, suitable dose and modification of the delivery system are required to improve its activity. Abbreviations AIF All-ion fragmentation AN Acacia nilotica BS Boswellia sarca EIPICO Egyptian International Pharmaceutical Industries company ESI Electrospray Ionization GG Glycyrrhiza glabra HCD higher-energy collision dissociation HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography ICAM-1 intracellular adhesion molecule-1 ILβ4 Interleukinβ-4 LC/MS/MS Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry LTB4 Leukotriene B4 MS Mass Spectrometry QC Quality Control UPLC-HRMS Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Declarations Funding The authors declare that the phytochemical & the pharmacological studies were self-funded. Data availability statement: Data are available on reasonable request. References Abeles AM, Pillinger MH, Abramson SB (2015) Inflammation and its mediators Rheumatology. Elsevier, p 169-182 Aboul Naser AF, Ahmed YR, Mohammed MA, et al. 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Food Science & Nutrition 12(5):3483-3491 Rhimi W, Mohammed MA, Zarea AAK, et al. (2022) Antifungal, antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of essential oils of Cymbopogon spp. Antibiotics 11(6):829 Schimmer B, Parker K (1996) Hormônio adrenocorticotrófico; esteróides adrenocorticais e seus análogos sintéticos; inibidores da síntese e das ações dos hormônios adrenocorticais. Goodman & Gilman’s: as bases farmacológicas da terapêutica 9a ed Rio de Janeiro: McGraw-Hill:1082-1102 Shellard EJ (1957) Practical plant chemistry for pharmacy students. Pitman Medical Shinoda J (1928) A new biologically active flavone glycoside from the roots of Cassia fistula Linn. J Pharm Soc Jpn 48:214-220 Sorg DA, Buckner B (1964) A simple method of obtaining venous blood from small laboratory animals. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 115(4):1131-1132 Stephen W (1977) Historical survey of the uses of organic compounds as reagents in analytical chemistry. 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Allergy, asthma & immunology research 3(2):67-73 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 May, 2025 Read the published version in Inflammopharmacology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 04 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Mar, 2025 Editor invited by journal 12 Feb, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Feb, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Feb, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5925903","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":431265803,"identity":"ef4680aa-ef66-42d1-adf0-388e5caaf157","order_by":0,"name":"Bassant MM Ibrahim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyA+zGBgU9/Y3gDiWhCrpSCNsbnnAIgrQZwWZoYPhxnbZySA+ERoMRc7nXi4wOAwM+/M51c3/CiQYOBv707Aq8Vydu6GwzMM0tkkZ+eU3ewBOkzizNkN+B12G6iFx8Cax3B2TtoNHqAWA4lcorQwS9jfPJN28w8JWpwNGGewH7tNlC1gv/AYpCUw9uSw3ZYxkOAh6Bdz6dzNn3n+2CQwth9/dvPNHxs5/vZe/FqQAI8BmCRWOQiwPyBF9SgYBaNgFIwgAAAHxUtr2uDswQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-9811","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bassant","middleName":"MM","lastName":"Ibrahim","suffix":""},{"id":431265804,"identity":"09fcca4e-643a-4ed0-8a21-ddc15507fd94","order_by":1,"name":"AF Yousuf","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Azhar University Faculty of Medicine","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"AF","middleName":"","lastName":"Yousuf","suffix":""},{"id":431265805,"identity":"e96a28de-c70c-45e6-8dea-71c71484232c","order_by":2,"name":"MM. 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\u003c/strong\u003eHigh power view showing \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e markedly dilated congested deep blood vessel (black arrow) with deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (blue arrow), \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e markedly dilated congested deep blood vessel (blue arrow) with mild peri-vascular edema (red arrow) and inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (green arrow), \u003cstrong\u003e(c)\u003c/strong\u003e moderate peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate (black arrow) composed mainly of mast cells (blue arrow) (H\u0026amp;E X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/74de8a7e4e8be94a8ce3f673.png"},{"id":79447465,"identity":"df1f59ed-708b-47b7-b392-f693ed17eb37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:22:59","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":522194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBetamethasone group: \u003c/strong\u003eHigh power view showing \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e average keratinized epidermis (black arrow), with moderate superficial inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (blue arrows), \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e mildly dilated congested deep blood vessel (blue arrow), mild edema (red arrow), and mild deepinflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (green arrows) (H\u0026amp;E X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/d1022651ef2fbd1986c4403e.png"},{"id":79447460,"identity":"778489e1-51a0-49c1-9646-e385c3264b4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:22:59","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":470726,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBS volatile oil: \u003c/strong\u003eHigh power view showing \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003eintact keratinized epidermis (black arrow), with mild superficial (blue arrows) and peri-adnexal (red arrow) inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (green arrow), \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e mild peri-adnexal(blue) and deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (red arrow), and average deep blood vessel (green arrow) (H\u0026amp;E X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/60ed5ad961d73c5fe8f488bb.png"},{"id":79448482,"identity":"13eb458b-078d-4988-bc1b-fed44237b668","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:30:59","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":543979,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBS fixed oil: \u003c/strong\u003eHigh power view showing \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e intact keratinized epidermis (black arrow), with mild superficial (blue arrows) and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate (red arrow), \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003e mildly dilated congested deep blood vessel (blue arrow) with peri-vascular inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (red arrow) (H\u0026amp;E X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/37427b33f65dad004472689b.png"},{"id":79447475,"identity":"47a41a7a-9ec3-4c1e-8ec0-c337b9df5642","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:23:00","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":519444,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGG extract: \u003c/strong\u003eHigh power view showing \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e intact keratinized epidermis (black arrow), mild superficial (blue arrows) and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate (red arrow)\u003cstrong\u003e, (b) \u003c/strong\u003emild deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (blue arrows) (H\u0026amp;E X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/6d5599bdbf37c5a1de1be119.png"},{"id":79447455,"identity":"9c4c7967-99e3-4e8c-ae12-cf266021cacc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:22:59","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":521490,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAN extract: \u003c/strong\u003eHigh power view showing \u003cstrong\u003e(a)\u003c/strong\u003e intact keratinized epidermis (black arrow), moderate superficial (blue arrow) and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate (red arrow), \u003cstrong\u003e(b)\u003c/strong\u003emoderate peri-adnexal(blue arrow) and deep intra-muscular inflammatory infiltrate (red arrow) with mildly dilated congested blood vessel (green arrow) (H\u0026amp;E X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/624bf8787a633cd0fb0950e4.png"},{"id":79447479,"identity":"87df5306-a86f-4f31-a49b-b26a42dd8959","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:23:00","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":259931,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormal Control:\u003c/strong\u003e Skin showing o mast cells in superficial dermis, and 2 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area (red arrows) (Toluidine blue stain X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/8f27addcaa616ed284210e6b.png"},{"id":79448486,"identity":"67e3cd10-8d1f-4dc0-a541-27aec21d0cbb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:31:00","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":327205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive Control: \u003c/strong\u003eSkin showing 7 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area (red arrows) and 6 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis are (yellow arrows) (Toluidine blue stain X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/94d6ffd28c150765d2cc7c87.png"},{"id":79447495,"identity":"64483705-ac4d-4a71-abfc-014e8490dd54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:23:01","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":359145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBetamethasone group: \u003c/strong\u003eSkin showing 3 mast cells/HPF in superficial dermis (red arrow) and 3 in peri-adnexal area (yellow arrows) (Toluidine blue stain X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/927ee1cbc3fbf53f2521941b.png"},{"id":79449438,"identity":"06078fd3-526a-4431-b076-effbe09f10ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:39:00","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":365588,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003evolatile oil:\u003c/strong\u003e Skin showing 1 mast cells/HPF in superficial dermis (red arrow) and 2 in peri-adnexal area (black arrow) (Toluidine blue stain X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/77e6756fcb72a125c2e532ed.png"},{"id":79448487,"identity":"f7267496-d72a-4181-9d09-780fc71f6915","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:31:00","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":213233,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBS \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efixed oil:\u003c/strong\u003e Skin showing 2 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area (red arrow) and 4 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis area (black arrow) (Toluidine blue stain X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/609fc7be473cc450d28f0657.png"},{"id":79447487,"identity":"3e75a1cd-f0cd-4839-ad4c-03d28b5bc18f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:23:01","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":287868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGG extract:\u003c/strong\u003e Skin showing no mast cells in superficial dermis, and 4 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area (red arrows) (Toluidine blue stain X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/c54b1a2bc5c8cfffa8905949.png"},{"id":79447489,"identity":"a4a16b9b-1ae1-4bf5-a890-e408142e9ecf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-28 14:23:01","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":254045,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAN extract:\u003c/strong\u003e Skin showing 5 mast cells/ HPF in peri-adnexal area (red arrows), and 2 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis area (black arrows) (Toluidine blue stain X 400)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/0ab59a50c9ba5e5d50eed742.png"},{"id":83460060,"identity":"ade40816-0071-4a1f-a49e-28f116badc85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-26 16:09:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":10079175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5925903/v1/da2f22b4-168d-4b77-abd6-32982083d42d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"A pharmaco-metabolomics study of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Boswellia sarca, and Acacia nilotica in Acute Allergic Dermatitis","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcute allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by swollen itchy skin lesions, that occur as a result of contact with a chemical (Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The pathogenesis of dermatitis may include disrupted epidermal barrier function, immune-dysregulation, and IgE-mediated sensitization to food and environmental allergens (Zheng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). One of the most potent mediators of inflammation is histamine which causes allergic and inflammatory reactions in the form of vasodilation and oedema in addition to high chemoattractant activity. Histamine binds to eosinophil H4R leading to increased expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which enhances eosinophil migration to the inflammation region, together with promotion of rearrangement of actin filament (Branco et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to emollients and topical hydrating agents (Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)., topical corticosteroids are the drugs of choice for treatment of allergic dermatitis during flare ups, this owes to their immunomodulatory anti-inflammatory activity such as betamethasone; which acts as an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and immunosuppressive medication. Despite their common use in treatment of dermatitis, corticosteroids have the risk of triggering hypersensitivity due to their low molecular weight and high lipophilicity which enhance skin penetration and sensitization of T lymphocytes with subsequent development of allergic contact dermatitis (Schimmer and Parker \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, natural products as \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e volatile and fixed oils, extract of \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e (Licorice) and \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e act as a potentially safer alternative to topical steroids, which can be used in cases of inflammation associated with allergy due to their anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects (Ibrahim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Leite et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Rauf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e, recognized for the aromatic resin derived from its trees, possesses diverse pharmacological applications, particularly as agents with anti-inflammatory actions (Taleb et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the resin's components, such as boswellic acids, have exhibited encouraging outcomes in the management of allergic conditions due to its anti-leukotriene activity (Ibrahim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Licorice is extensively incorporated in clinical formulations. The key bioactive compounds found in licorice comprise triterpenes, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory properties. \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated inhibitory effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema and yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Furthermore, it elicited a notable enhancement in the hot plate reaction time in mice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe evolution of separation and characterization technologies has provided essential means to identify the active constituents of medicinal plants and specifically isolate the biologically active compounds, thereby making the utilization of the entire plant as a therapeutic drug for treating specific diseases no longer acceptable (Aboul Naser et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Ellaithy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e). Metabolomics stands as the latest and well-integrated discipline that contributes significantly to this domain. The field of metabolomics has rapidly advanced and demonstrated substantial influence on both foundational and applied sciences. The concept of a metabolome was introduced in 1998 by Oliver et al., defining it as the comprehensive collection of low molecular weight compounds within a cell that are necessary for its sustenance, growth, and regular functions, contributing to the metabolic processes of a cell at a given physiological or developmental stage. Since metabolites are products downstream of gene transcription and translation (proteins), metabolomics methodologies can offer a clearer insight into the phenotype of a biological system. However, compared to the genome and proteome, the metabolome is notably intricate; for example, the entire plant kingdom is estimated to harbor 200,000 or more metabolites and phytochemicals, with the human metabolome database currently containing 41,815 metabolite entries (Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024b\u003c/span\u003e; Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e). The distinctive physicochemical characteristics of various categories of metabolites contribute significantly to the intricate nature of metabolomics investigations, which have been pivotal in driving the advancement of diverse methodologies and the utilization of a broad array of analytical platforms. Multiple analytical platforms must be employed in a supplementary fashion to capture the extensive chemical variability. The predominant technologies for metabolite identification, commonly known as \"work-horses,\" involve mass spectrometry (MS). To improve resolution, chromatographic separation methods such as liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC) can be combined with MS depending on the complexity of the samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study was designed to investigate the soothing anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of volatile and fixed oils of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e, as well as extracts of \u003cem\u003eLicorice\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e on acute allergic dermatitis due to chemical irritation induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of histamine.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Phytochemical Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. Extraction, determination, identification and analysis of three plants:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe three plant species \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e (GG), \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e (BS), and \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e (AN) were sourced from the Haraz market in Egypt. The leaves and fruits of these plants were dried, and subsequently ground into powder. A total of 500 kg of powdered leaves or fruits from the three plants underwent extraction using ethanol (70%) for GG and AN, while BS was extracted using petroleum ether 40\u0026ndash;60 through a soaking process at ambient temperature. Following extraction, the combined alcoholic extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure at 45\u0026deg;C utilizing a rotary evaporator. This process resulted in the production of 70 g, 30 g, and 66 g of residue from GG, BS, and AN respectively (Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eChromatographic spectroscopy section\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2. Phytochemical screening of three plant extracts.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe identification of various compounds in the extracts was carried out using specific reagents and established methods. A-naphthol sulphuric acid reagent, \u003cb\u003eas\u003c/b\u003e described by Lewis and Smith, was used for compound detection(Stephen \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of tannins was determined using Shellard's method (Shellard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e). To detect alkaloids, 1 mL of the alcoholic extract filtrate was mixed with 2 mL of Dragendoff's reagent, resulting in the development of a turbid orange color, which signified the presence of alkaloids. This result was further confirmed using Mayer's reagent, where the formation of a yellow precipitate indicated the presence of alkaloids(Harborne and Harborne \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of flavonoids was suggested by the appearance of a yellow color, as noted by Trease and Evans (1989). Additionally, when magnesium and HCl were added to a separate portion of the ethanolic extract, the formation of a red color indicated the presence of flavanones and/or flavonols (Shinoda \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1928\u003c/span\u003e). The potential presence of saponins was inferred from the observation of a persistent froth lasting approximately 30 minutes (Shellard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e). Lastly, the detection of steroids and triterpenoids was based on the appearance of a green color in the upper layer and a deep red color in the lower layer, respectively, as per Hanson's method (Hanson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.3. Determination of volatile oil content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fruits of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e sourced from Egyptian markets were utilized for the quantification of volatile oil content. Extraction of the volatile oil from each dried resin specimen was carried out using the water distillation method for duration of 4 hours in a Clevenger's apparatus as described by Guenther (Guenther et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1959\u003c/span\u003e). The resulting essential oil from each treatment underwent dehydration individually with anhydrous sodium sulfate and was stored in a deep freezer until subjected to GC/MS analysis. Each sample was subjected to triplicate analysis, and the average values of the oil content percentage were documented (Rhimi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.4. Sample preparation GC-MS identification of the chemical composition of volatile oils\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe specimen was dissolved in chloroform and analyzed using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) system. This system, an Agilent Technologies 7890B GC coupled with a 5977A mass spectrometer, was located at the Central Laboratories Network of the National Research Centre in Cairo, Egypt. Chromatographic separation was achieved on HP-5MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 \u0026micro;m film thickness) using helium as the carrier gas (3.0 mL/min). The temperature program started at 40\u0026deg;C for 1 min, ramped to 200\u0026deg;C at 10\u0026deg;C/min, held for 1 min, then to 220\u0026deg;C at 20\u0026deg;C/min, held for 1 min, and finally to 320\u0026deg;C at 30\u0026deg;C/min, held for 3 min. The injector and detector temperatures were 250\u0026deg;C and 320\u0026deg;C, respectively. Electron ionization (EI) at 70 eV was used for mass spectral acquisition (m/z 30\u0026ndash;550), with a solvent delay of 2.5 min. Mass spectrometer conditions were: mass temperature 230\u0026deg;C, quad temperature 150\u0026deg;C. Component identification was performed by comparing the obtained spectra with those in the Wiley and NIST Mass Spectral Libraries (Taleb et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.5. Determination of total lipid concentration.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive hundred grams of air-dried \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e fruit powder underwent continuous extraction using petroleum ether (40\u0026ndash;60\u0026deg;C) in a Soxhlet apparatus until complete extraction was achieved. The solvent was subsequently removed using a rotary evaporator at 40\u0026deg;C to dryness. The resulting extract was then placed in a vacuum desiccator until it reached a constant weight (Ibrahim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.6. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid methyl esters are generated through a reaction catalyzed by alkali, involving fats and methanol, with the addition of 2M potassium hydroxide, and subsequently introduced into hexane(Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.7. Identification and quantitative determination of fatty acids by GC/MS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA GC-MS system (Agilent Technologies 7890B GC/5977A MS) at the Central Labs Network, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, was used. The GC was equipped with an HP-5MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25 \u0026micro;m film). Analyses were performed using He as carrier gas (2.0 mL/min) in splitless mode with 1 \u0026micro;L injection. The temperature program was: 50\u0026deg;C (hold 5 min), ramp 5\u0026deg;C/min to 100\u0026deg;C (hold 0 min), ramp 10\u0026deg;C/min to 320\u0026deg;C (hold 10 min). Injector/detector temps: 280/320\u0026deg;C. EI (70 eV) mass spectra (m/z 25\u0026ndash;700) were acquired with a 4 min solvent delay. Mass temp: 230\u0026deg;C, Quad: 150\u0026deg;C. Compound identification was based on spectral matching with Wiley and NIST libraries (Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1.8. Chromatographic conditions UPLC-HRMS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHPLC: Gradient elution employed a mobile phase of H2O/0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B) at 200 \u0026micro;L/min. The gradient: 5% B (1 min), linear to 30% B over 20 min, linear to 98% B over 27 min (hold 3 min), linear to 5% B over 1 min. Detection: 280, 330, and 254 nm(El-Gengaihi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e). UPLC-HRMS: Mobile phase flow rate: 400 \u0026micro;L/min. Gradient: 5% B (linear to 20% B in 5 min), linear to 98% B in 8 min (hold 1 min), linear to 5% B in 1 min (Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e). MS: AIF MS scan (resolution: 70,000), AGC target: 1e6 ions, max IT: 50 ms, m/z 100\u0026ndash;1200, microscans: 1. HCD fragmentation at NCE 15.0 eV (z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1) in the collision cell. (Metabolomics lab, Institute of Plant Genetics, Poznan, Poland)(Mohammed et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. \u003cem\u003eIn vivo\u003c/em\u003e Pharmacological study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1.1. Animals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFortythree male Albino Wistar rats (150\u0026ndash;175 g body weight), had been obtained from the animal house colony of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, and were housed in sterilized stainless-steel cages in optimum temperature (23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg;C) and artificial illumination (12hour dark/light cycle). All rats were fed standard laboratory diet, and were allowed free access to water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGuidelines of animal ethics\u003c/b\u003e: Animal procedures followed the regulations of the \u0026ldquo;Ethics Committee of the National Research Centre\u0026rdquo; and the recommendations of the \u0026ldquo;Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) and the National Regulations of Animal Welfare\u0026rdquo;, additionally, the results were reported in line with \u0026ldquo;Animal Research: In-Vivo Experiment Reporting (ARRIVE)\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The experimental ethics approval of the \u0026ldquo;Ethics Committee of the National Research Centre\u0026rdquo; was acquired under the number 19/209.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1.2. Chemicals and drugs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.2.1.2.a)\u003c/em\u003e Histamine, Formaldehyde and Diethyl ether were purchased from \u0026ldquo;Sigma Aldrich company.\u0026rdquo; (USA).\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e2.2.1.2.b)\u003c/em\u003e Elisa kits for evaluation of intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and interleukinβ 4 (ILβ4) levels were purchased from Elabscience (USA) .\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e2.2.1.2.c)\u003c/em\u003e betamethasone (\u003cem\u003eBetaderm\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg;) cream used as reference treatment, was purchased from the \u0026ldquo;Egyptian International Pharmaceutical Industries company\u0026rdquo; (EIPICO) in Egypt. Every gram of \u003cem\u003eBetaderm\u003c/em\u003e\u0026reg; contains betamethasone as betamethasone 17-valerate 0.05% in an aqueous base.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Methods:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3.2.1. Induction of dermatitis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA pilot study was performed prior to selection of the most suitable dose of histamine which causes local allergic and inflammatory reactions. Eight rats had their dorsal hair shaved, then were subcutaneously injected with histamine in increasing doses starting from 5\u0026micro;g up-till 40\u0026micro;g. After injection of each dose every rat was observed for 30 minutes for the onset of redness or itching. It was observed that the 40 \u0026micro;g dose produced the fastest onset and highest degree of itching. Accordingly, 40\u0026micro;g subcutaneous injection of histamine was selected for induction of chemical dermatitis in the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2.2. Study design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dorsal aspects of all rats were shaved then the animals were divided into seven groups (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5 per group), as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal group: for which hair shaving only was done.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSix groups were subcutaneously injected with 40 \u0026micro;g of histamine. And were classified as follows: Positive control group: was subcutaneously injected with 40 \u0026micro;g of histamine and didn\u0026rsquo;t receive treatment, reference group treated with betamethasone cream, volatile oil of BS group, fixed oil of BS group, extract of GG group, and extract of AN group. All treated groups were subcutaneously injected with 40 \u0026micro;g of histamine and after that by one hour, thin films of treatment were applied to the animals\u0026rsquo; skins at the sites of redness and scratches in all groups. Each 1ml viscid solution contains 5 mg of the extract.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2.2. Inspection and grading of Allergic reactions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin redness and pruritus were observed throughout the experiment every 30 minutes for 180 minutes and graded as none (no skin changes), mild (faint redness), moderate (deep redness or superficial scratches or both), severe (deep scratches).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2.3. Preparation of blood samples and tissue for histo-pathological examination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus of veins of all rats (Sorg and Buckner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1964\u003c/span\u003e). Samples were left to clot at room temperature then centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min for serum separation. Serum samples were stored at -20\u0026deg;C for analysis of intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and interleukinβ 4 (ILβ4) levels, which were performed according to manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll groups were humanely sacrificed 3 hours after last dose treatment. Skin specimens from each animal were prepared and fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution for 24 h, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxin-eosin or toluidine blue stain. Specimens were then evaluated for inflammatory cells, mast cells and degranulation. Mastocyte infiltration was expressed as the number of mastocytes (non-degranulated \u0026amp; \u0026plusmn;degranulated) at 400 HPF/group (Drury and Wallington \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2.4. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of biochemical parameters were expressed as means of levels of intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and interleukinβ 4 (ILβ4)\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;standard error (SE). Number of samples in each group was 5 (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means, followed by the Tukey\u0026ndash;Kramer multiple comparisons test. P value\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analyses were done by using \u0026ldquo;Graph pad prism software, version 8\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Phytochemical screening\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcomes of the initial phytochemical analysis of extracts from three plants are displayed in Table\u0026nbsp;(1). The findings reveal the existence of flavonoids, carbohydrates, tannins, triterpenoids and/or steroids, alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, and saponin in \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e and, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e EtOH extracts(Chauhan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). These outcomes are consistent with those reported by Byakod, (Byakod \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) for the AN extract and Chauhan et al for the GG extract, although coumarins were identified in our samples. Volatile oil was identified in the extract of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e. These results align with those documented by Hussain et al, who noted the presence of volatile oils (Hussain et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical screening of \u003cem\u003ethree plant extract\u003c/em\u003e and their fractions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAN\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEtOH extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGG\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEtOH extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolatile oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePet. ether\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVolatile Oils\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+++\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eˉ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTannins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFlavonoids, NaOH\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFlavonoids (Shinoda test)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSaponin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSterol and / or triterpenes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCoumarins\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+++\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlkaloids\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e+\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(++), (+) and (-) refer to high, low and absente amount respectively\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Chemical composition of the volatile and fixed oil of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e Resin.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe volatile terpenoids and chemical composition of the volatile oil derived from \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e resin were analyzed using GC/MS techniques. Key compounds identified include 1-Octanol (5.86%), n-Octyl acetate (37.19%), Nerolidol (13.12%), (S,E)-8,12,15,15-Tetramethyl-4-methylenebicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-7,11-diene (10.71%), Incensole (7.39%), and Incensole acetate (8.09%) as the primary constituents, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Additionally, GC/MS analysis of the fixed oil revealed that Incensole acetate (32.44%) and Incensole (50.12%) were the dominant compounds, as detailed in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC/MS of volatile and fixed oil \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds Names\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea Sum %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS \u003cem\u003eVolatile oil extract\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-Pinene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-Limonene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEucalyptol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrans-β-Ocimene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ-Ocimene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Octanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinalool\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,3,3-trimethyl-1,4-Pentadiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.537\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-Octyl acetate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37.19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNerol acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.09\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNerolidol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e26\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Cembrene A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoneocembrene A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCembrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.135\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(S,E)-8,12,15,15-Tetramethyl-4-methylenebicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-7,11-diene\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eH\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e32\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.71\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNephthenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncensole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncensole, acetate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBS\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eFixed oil extract\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexadecanoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.294\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,5,9-Cyclotetradecatriene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(S,E)-8,12,15,15-Tetramethyl-4-methylenebicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-7,11-diene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)-Nephthenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncensole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e32.44\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAndrographolide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncensole, acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.12\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.283\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncensole oxide, acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e36\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9-(3,3-Dimethyloxiran-2-yl)-2,7-dimethylnona-2,6-dien-1-ol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2(1H)Naphthalenone, 3,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4,8a-dimethyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Phytochemical Investigation of \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e (GG) Ethanol Extract\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e (GG) identified a total of 31 distinct compounds. Among these, key compounds include 2-Acetoxybenzoic acid, Vicenin II, Apigenin 6,8-di-C-glucoside, Scopoletin, 5-Hydroxycoumarin, and Sophoraflavone B, which are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Other notable compounds such as Isovitexin, Calycosin 7-O-glucoside, and (2S)-Naringenin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside have been linked to various biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-viral, and cardiovascular benefits. Furthermore, compounds like Isoliquiritigenin 4,4'-diglucoside, Daidzein, and Liquiritinapioside contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of GG by exhibiting immunomodulatory effects. Additional bioactive constituents such as Gancaonin S, Licoriphenone, Glycyrin, and Glyasperin B, along with others, further underscore the ethnomedicinal significance of \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e as a source of natural therapeutic agents. These findings highlight the complex chemical diversity of GG and its potential for further pharmacological applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Phytochemical Profile of \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e Extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e extracts are rich in a diverse range of 20 primary metabolites, which play essential roles in cell biosynthetic pathways. These primary metabolites were identified using LC-MS, and their mass spectra were compared to databases such as MS-Dial and the Knapsack library, as well as tentative identification methods. In addition to these primary metabolites, a comprehensive analysis revealed a variety of secondary metabolites, including polyphenolic acids, vitamins, amino acids, and other bioactive compounds. Key identified compounds include Gallic acid, Gallic acid hexoside, Leucocyanidin, (+)-2,3-trans-3,4-cis-3,4,5,7,3',4'-hexahydroxyflavan, Gentisic acid 2-beta-D-glucoside, and (+)-Gallocatechin. Other secondary metabolites such as (-)-Epigallocatechin, Tryptophan, Hydroxyferulic acid, Catechin, Dihydroquercetin, Taxifolin, and Isoquercitrin also contribute to the chemical richness of \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e. These secondary metabolites are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects, with particular relevance to their potential role in managing conditions such as atopic dermatitis. The chemical profile of \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e shares compositional similarities with the findings of Maldini et al., (Maldini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), further validating its therapeutic potential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfiles of listed compounds by LC-MSMS of AN and\u003c/b\u003e GG \u003cb\u003eplants.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompounds Names/ SMILES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical formula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e∆ ppm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emeasured \u0026amp;calculated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eexact mass of [M-H]-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAN EtOH extract\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGallic acid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(O)c1cc(O)c(O)c(O)c1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169.0132,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e169.0131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.0230[C6H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268, 356\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGallic acid hexoside\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e331.0670,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e331.0660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.0461[C11H11O8],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.0347[C10H9O7],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e169.0131[C7H5O5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0599\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278, 357\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeucocyanidin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOc1cc(O)c2c(c1)OC(c1ccc(O)c(O)c1)C(O)C2O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.0672,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.0656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261.0779[C14H13O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.0779[C12H11O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.0339[C8H7O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.0230[C6H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGentisic acid 2-beta-D-glucoside\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(=\u0026thinsp;C(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C1O)C(=\u0026thinsp;O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e315.0724,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e315.0711\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.0175[C8H5O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.0103[C7H4O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e108.0201[C6H4O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1220\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(+)-Gallocatechin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOc1cc(O)c2c(c1)O[C@H](c1cc(O)c(O)c(O)c1)[C@@H](O)C2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.0664,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.0656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261.0768[C14H13O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.0657[C12H11O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.0339[C8H7O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.0229[C6H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(-)-Epigallocatechin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOc1cc(O)c2c(c1)O[C@H](c1cc(O)c(O)c(O)c1)[C@H](O)C2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.0671,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e305.0656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261.0770[C14H13O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.0656[C12H11O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.0338[C8H7O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.0231[C6H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTryptophan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNC(Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)C(=\u0026thinsp;O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.0820,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.0815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.0915[C10H11N2],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.0491[C8H6N]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5956\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHydroxyferulic acid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOc1cc(/C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C/C(=\u0026thinsp;O)O)cc(O)c1O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209.0449,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e209.0444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.0545[C9H9O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.0642[C8H9O]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0389\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCatechin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOc1cc(O)c2c(c1)O[C@H](c1ccc(O)c(O)c1)[C@@H](O)C2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289.0717,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e289.0707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245.0818[C14H13O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e205.0502[C11H9O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.0390[C8H7O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.0280[C6H5O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8833\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279, 374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDihydroquercetin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(cc(c2c(c1)O[C@@H]([C@H](C2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)O)c1cc(c(cc1)O)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e303.0486,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e303.0499\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.0407[C15H9O6],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.0181[C8H5O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.0231[C7H5O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.0229[C6H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.3380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e(-)-Epicatechin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOc1cc(O)c2c(c1)O[C@H](c1ccc(O)c(O)c1)[C@H](O)C2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e289.0718,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e289.0707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245.0820[C14H13O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.0388[C8H7O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.0230[C6H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279, 374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003cb\u003esoquercitrin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;c1c(O[C@@H]2O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)C(O)C2O)c(-c2ccc(O)c(O) c2)oc2cc(O)cc(O)c12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e463.0887,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e463.0871\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300.0274[C15H8O7],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.0251[C14H7O6],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.0230[C7H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e346\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGenistein\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;c1c(-c2ccc(O)cc2)coc2cc(O)cc(O)c12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269.0458,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e269.0444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.0283[C8H5O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(cc(c2c(c1)oc(c(c2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1O)O)O)C)c1ccc(c(c1)O)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e447.0932,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e447.0922\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313.9644[C14H12O9],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.0395[C15H9O6]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhloretin-2'-O-glucoside\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(=\u0026thinsp;CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C1CCC(=\u0026thinsp;O)C2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C2O[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O3)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e435.1295,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e435.1286\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e341.0665[C18H13O7],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e273.0770[C15H13O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.0341[C9H7O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.0339[C8H7O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8692\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIsoliquiritigenin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(/C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C/c1ccc(O)cc1)c1ccc(O)cc1O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.0659,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.0652\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.0182[C7H5O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.0075[C7H3O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.0175[C6H3O]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9322\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKaempferol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;c1c(O)c(-c2ccc(O)cc2)oc2cc(O)cc(O)c12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.0404,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.0394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270.0534[C15H10O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e150.03089[C8H6O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e175.0392[C10H7O5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDelphinidin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C(=\u0026thinsp;C1O)O)O)C2=[O+]C3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(=\u0026thinsp;CC(=\u0026thinsp;C3C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C2O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e301.0347,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e301.0343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.9975,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.0024[C8H7O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4946\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2-Methoxycinnamic acid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOC1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C1/C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C/C(=\u0026thinsp;O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.0547,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.0546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.0284[C9H5O2],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.0280[C7H5O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6360\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNaringenin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C1C[C@@H](c2ccc(O)cc2)Oc2cc(O)cc(O)c21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.0607,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.0601\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.0187[C9H5O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.0182[C7H5O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.0437[C8H7O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGG EtOH extract\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2-Acetoxybenzoic acid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(O)C1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(OC(C)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.0341,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.0339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.0390[C8H7O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.0438[C8H7O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVicenin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(c(c2c(c1[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)oc(cc2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1ccc(cc1)O)O)[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e593.1542,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e593.1540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e473.1076[C23H21O11],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e383.0777[C20H15O8],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e353.0671[C19H13O7]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.4046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eScopoletin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e191.0340,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e191.0339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5-Hydroxycoumarin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1cc(c2c(c1)oc(=\u0026thinsp;O)cc2)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.0233,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.0233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.0283[C8H5O2],\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.2213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSophoraflavone B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(ccc2c(c1)oc(cc2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1ccc(cc1)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e415.1037,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e415.1024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.0504[C15H9O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2285\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIsovitexin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(c(c2c(c1)oc(cc2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1ccc(cc1)O)O)[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e431.0957,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e431.0973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e341.0670[C18H13O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e311.0562[C17H11O6],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e283.0610[C16H11O5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.6420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e282,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCalycosin 7-O-glucoside\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO(c1cc2c(c(=\u0026thinsp;O)c(co2)c2ccc(c(c2)O)OC)cc1)[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445.1127,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e445.1129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283.0618[C16H11O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e268.0367[C15H8O5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.5669\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e240,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHemiphloin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(c(c2c(c1)O[C@@H](CC2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1ccc(cc1)O)O)[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e1H\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e433.1133,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e433.1129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e313.0724[C17H13O6],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.0612[C15H11O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e151.0024[C7H3O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8971\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiquiritinapioside\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[C@@H]1(Oc2c(C(=\u0026thinsp;O)C1)ccc(c2)O)c1ccc(O[C@@H]2O[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O[C@H]2[C@H]([C@@](CO2)(O)CO)O)O)O)CO)cc1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e13\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e549.1616,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e549.1603\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e429.1039[C18H21O13],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.0662[C15H11O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3541\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIsoliquiritigenin 4,4'-diglucoside\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(cc(c(cc1)C(=\u0026thinsp;O)/C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C/c1ccc(cc1)O[C@@H]1O[C@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1O)O)O)CO)O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H](O1)CO)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e27\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e32\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e579.1782,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e579.1779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e285.0775[C16H13O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e355.0666[C15H11O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.5180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDaidzein\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.0504,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.0495\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e253.0609[C12H11O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e191.0704[C11H11O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.0073[C7H5O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4767\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePinocembroside\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(cc2c(c(c1)O)C(=\u0026thinsp;O)C[C@H](O2)c1ccccc1)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO)O)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e417.1182,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e417.1180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e297.0775[C17H13O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.0662[C15H11O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e153.0182[C7H5O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.0074[C7H3O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGancaonin S\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(cc(c(c1O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)O)CCc1ccc(c(c1)O)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e0O\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383.1143,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e383.1125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e368.0894[C20H16O7],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e311.0562[C17H11O6]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLicoriphenone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(cc(c(cc1)C(=\u0026thinsp;O)Cc1c(c(c(cc1O)OC)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)OC)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e371.1506,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e371.1489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e339.0865[C19H15O6],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e181.0495[C9H9O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKanzonol T\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,7,2'-Trihydroxy-6-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':4',3']isoflavone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(c(c2c(c1)occ(c2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1c(c2c(cc1)OC(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C2)(C)C)O)O)CCC(O)(C)C)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e437.1606,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e437.1595\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201.0915[C13H13O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlycyrin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-6-prenylcoumarin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e381.1340,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e381.1333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e363.0873[C21H15O6],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e323.0544[C18H11O6],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.0230[C9H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8559\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eScanderone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4',5-Dihydroxy-3'-prenyl-2'',2''-dimethylchromeno[7,8:6'',5'']isoflavone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1c2c(c3c(c1O)c(=\u0026thinsp;O)c(co3)c1ccc(c(c1)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)O)C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(O2)(C)C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e403.1541,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e403.1540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e335.0925[C20H15O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e201.0910[C13H13O2],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.0439[C8H7O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlyinflanin A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(cc(c(c1)O)C(=\u0026thinsp;O)/C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(/c1cc(c(cc1)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)\\O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e407.1859,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e407.1853\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e379.1916[C24H27O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e310.1205[C19H18O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.0706[C12H11O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.0911[C11H13O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3548\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKanzonol Y\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4,2',4',alpha-Tetrahydroxy-3,5'-diprenyldihydrochalcone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(cc(c(c1)C(=\u0026thinsp;O)[C@@H](Cc1cc(c(cc1)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)O)O)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e409.2019,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e409.2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235.0972[C13H15O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.0863[C13H13O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.0910[C11H13O2],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.0437[C8H7O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2564\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlyasperin B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,2',4'-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-prenylisoflavanone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(c(c2c(c1)OC[C@@H](C2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1c(cc(cc1)O)O)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)OC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e369.1315,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e369.1333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311.0919[C18H15O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e247.0974[C14H15O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.1018[C12H15O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.0234[C9H5O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-4.8630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHirtellanine I\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C1)C(C(C3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(OC)C(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(C)(C)O4)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C4C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C3O)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CO2)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e365.1032,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e365.1020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e347.0932[C21H15O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e321.1127[C20H17O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.0183[C8H5O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3284\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7-O-Methylluteone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,2',4'-Trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6-prenylisoflavone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(c(c2c(c1)occ(c2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1ccc(cc1O)O)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)OC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e21\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367.1176,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e367.1176\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e321.0768[C19H13O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.0390[C9H7O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGancaonin H\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,7,3'-Trihydroxy-6-prenyl-6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':4',5']isoflavone\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(c(c2c(c1)occ(c2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1cc(c2c(c1)C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(O2)(C)C)O)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419.1474,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e419.1489\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e351.1222[C21H19O5],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e231.1022[C14H15O3],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.0959[C11H13O]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.5416\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eXambioona\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1cc2c(c3c1OC(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C3)(C)C)O[C@H](CC2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1ccc2c(c1)C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(O2)(C)C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e387.1597,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e387.1591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.0443[C6H9O5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKanzonol V\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5,4'-Dihydroxy-6-prenyl-6'',6''-dimethylpyrano[2'',3'':2',3']-2-arylbenzofuran)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(cc2c(c1)cc(o2)c1c2c(c(cc1)O)C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(O2)(C)C)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.1602,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.1591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306.0901[C19H14O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHispaglabridin B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec12ccc3c(c1C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(O2)(C)C)OC[C@@H](C3)c1c(c2c(cc1)OC(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C2)(C)C)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e389.1764,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e389.1747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e333.1142[C21H17O4],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.0335[C4H7O4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlabraisoflavanone A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCC(O1)(C)CCC2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C1C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC([C@@]3([H])C(C(C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CC(O)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C4C/C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)/C)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C4OC3)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e391.1914,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e391.1904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.1071[C13H15O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiquoric acid\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e483.3121,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e483.3105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e439.3218[C29H43O3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2523\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlabranin\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(cc(c2c(c1CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)O[C@@H](CC2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O)c1ccccc1)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e323.1284,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e323.1278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201.0920[C13H13O2],\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.0436[C8H7O2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGancaonin U\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1,3-Diisopentenyl-2,4,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ec1(c(cc2c(c1)c1c(CC2)c(c(c(c1O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)O)CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(C)C)O)O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e24\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e379.1904,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e379.1904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e311.1689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnaphalisoleanenoic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C(O)[C@@]1(C)CC[C@]2(C)CC[C@@]3(C)[C@]4(C)CC[C@@]5([H])C(C)(C)[C@@H](O)CC[C@]5(C)[C@@]4([H])CC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C3[C@]2([H])C1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e48\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e455.3522,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e455.3520\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e The letter \"a\" refers to identification using the MS-Dial library, \"b\" indicates identification using the Knapsack library, and \"c\" refers to using the PubChem database and \"d\" denotes tentative identification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. \u003cem\u003eIn vivo\u003c/em\u003e Pharmacological Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e3.1.1 Grading of Allergic reactions\u003c/em\u003e: In the present study, inspection of skins of 100% of the normal control rats didn\u0026rsquo;t show any changes throughout the 180 minutes duration of the experiment, and were graded as none (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the onset of signs of allergy appeared in all histamine-injected groups after thirty minutes, but their intensity varied after the application of treatment which was done one hour after injection of histamine, the grading was as follows: 60% of the positive control group that didn\u0026rsquo;t receive treatment, were graded as severe and exhibited deep scratches with surrounding redness, while only 40% were graded as moderate (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb, c). 80% of rats in the groups that were treated with betamethasone, \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e volatile and fixed oils were mild, while 20% were graded as moderate and showed deep redness or superficial scratches or both in all three groups (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ed-g). 60%, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e were graded as mild and showed faint redness, while 40% were graded as moderate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eh-i). 40% of the rats in the \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e group were graded as mild, while 40% were moderate and 20% were severe (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ej-l).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e3.3.2. Results of allergic and inflammatory biomarkers\u003c/em\u003e illustrated in Figs.\u0026nbsp;4\u0026ndash;6, showed that histamine subcutaneous injection significantly elevated the allergic biomarv0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;kers ICAM \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1and Leukotriene B4, as well as the inflammatory biomarker interleukin β4 in all groups, when compared to the normal control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment with the standard medication betamethasone cream, as well as volatile and fixed oils of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e, extract of, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e, and extract of \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e; significantly reduced the allergic biomarkers ICAM-1 and leukotriene B4 in all groups when compared to the untreated positive control group. Yet, the results of the measured biochemical parameters of the treated groups, were significantly higher than the negative control group, except for the ICAM-1 level of the group treated volatile oil of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e, as treatment with this natural product exhibited the lowest level of ICAM-1 which was insignificantly different from the negative control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the level of ICAM-1, the effect of treatment with volatile and fixed oils of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e was better than the standard medication betamethasone, and showed significant lower levels of ICAM-1, on the other hand, the levels of leukotriene B4 were significantly higher in groups treated with both oils, when compared to the standard medication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe groups treated with, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e extracts, showed significantly higher levels of ICAM-1 when compared to the groups that were treated with volatile and fixed oils of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e, yet the same groups showed significant lower levels of leukotriene B4, when compared to the groups that were treated with volatile and fixed oils of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll treated groups showed significant higher levels of Ilβ4, when compared to the negative control group, and non-significant difference from the positive control group. Additionally, the level of Ilβ4 was significantly higher in the group treated with \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e extract than the groups treated with both \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e oils.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003e3.3.3. Histopathologic and Immuno-histochemical results\u003c/em\u003e: The results of the biochemical parameters were consistent with the results of the histopathologic examination where specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H\u0026amp;E), the results were illustrated in Figs.\u0026nbsp;7\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, and were confirmed with immune-histochemical staining with toluidine illustrated in Figs.\u0026nbsp;14\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh power examination of normal group skin specimens stained with H \u0026amp; E, showed average keratinized epidermis, pilo-sebaceous units, collagen distribution, pilo-sebaceous units, collagen distribution, muscles, average muscles, average subcutis and average blood vessels (Figs.\u0026nbsp;7a, b, c). On the other hand, high power examination of the positive control group skin specimens stained with H \u0026amp; E, showed markedly dilated congested deep blood vessel with deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells, mild peri-vascular edema, and moderate peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea, b, c).\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile, high power examination of betamethasone group skin specimens stained with H \u0026amp; E, showed average keratinized epidermis with moderate superficial and mild deep inflammatory infiltrates composed mainly of mast cells, mildly dilated congested deep blood vessel and mild edema (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003ea-b).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh power examination of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e volatile oil group skin specimens stained with H \u0026amp; E, showed intact keratinized epidermis with mild superficial and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells, and average deep blood vessel (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ea-b). Also high power examination of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e fixed oil group skin specimens stained with H \u0026amp; E, showed intact keratinized epidermis, mild superficial, peri-adnexal and deep inflammatory infiltrates composed mainly of mast cells, but with markedly dilated congested deep blood vessels with mild perivascular edema (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003ea-b).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh power examination of, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e group skin specimens stained with H \u0026amp; E, showed intact keratinized epidermis, mild superficial and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate, and mild deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003ea-b).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh power examination of \u003cem\u003eAcacia\u003c/em\u003e group skin specimens stained with H \u0026amp; E, showed intact keratinized epidermis, moderate superficial and peri-adnexal inflammatory infiltrate, deep intra-muscular inflammatory infiltrate with mildly dilated congested blood vessel (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003ea-b).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditional immuno-histochemical examination with toluidine blue stain of skin specimens in all group, showed no mast cells in and 2 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area in the normal control group (Fig.\u0026nbsp;14), on the other hand, the positive control group skin specimens showed 7 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area and 6 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;15). While the group treated with betamethasone showed 3 mast cells/HPF in superficial dermis and 3 in peri-adnexal area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;16), that was treated with \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e volatile oil showed 1 mast cells/HPF in superficial dermis and 2 in peri-adnexal area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;17), and that was treated with \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e fixed oil showed 2 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area and 4 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;18). The group treated with, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e extract showed no mast cells in superficial dermis, and 4 mast cells/HPF in peri-adnexal area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;19), and the group treated with \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e extract showed 5 mast cells/ HPF in peri-adnexal area, and 2 mast cells/HPF in deep subcutis area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;20).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are two hypotheses for the incidence of allergic dermatitis, which are as follows: the first hypothesis is that the inflammatory and allergy-triggers cause dys-functioning and weakness of the skin barrier, a process that enhances the introduction and presentation of allergens and high penetration of microorganisms causing the incidence of allergic and inflammatory reactions. The other hypothesis is that compromised skin barrier is followed by immune dysregulation so allergic dermatitis occurs easily (Leung et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study the results of gross visual inspection and scoring of allergic reaction were consistent with the results of the biochemical assay of allergic and inflammatory markers as well as the results of histopathologic and immune-histochemical examination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study histamine subcutaneous injection in rats, induced allergic dermatitis in the form of itching, scratches, elevated allergic biomarkers ICAM-1 and leukotriene B4, elevated inflammatory biomarker Ilβ4, as well as histopathologic and immune-histochemical changes in the form markedly dilated congested deep blood vessel with deep inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells with peri-vascular edema and inflammatory infiltrate composed mainly of mast cells. The effects of histamine in this study, are explained by the fact that activation of mast cells is mediated by histamine, that leads to an inflammatory cascade, which enhances the pathogenesis of IgE-mediated allergic reaction. Moreover, histamine enhances the secretion IL-4, that plays an important role in the immunological pathways causing allergic dermatitis incidence and occurrence of itching (Kowalska and Narbutt \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of allergic dermatitis cases are children with extrinsic phenotype, that occurs as result of sensitization with high high IgE levels and dysfunction of skin barrier (Wollenberg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Patients usually suffer from erythema, mainly in the face with rash and severe itching (Hrubisko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince management of dermatitis is achieved by the use of intermediate to high doses of topical corticosteroids for a short duration (Tramontana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), that\u0026rsquo;s why in the current study, we used betamethasone that caused significant amelioration of the signs of allergy that induced by histamine injection in rats, within 120 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e extracts, owing to their contents of boswellic acid (Iram et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), stabilize the lysosomal membranes, which is a vital process in controlling inflammation through inhibition of releasing lysosomal constituents of activated neutrophils, it also protects against protein denaturation that occurs in inflammation (Obiștioiu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e volatile and fixed oils, in the present study significantly reduced the allergic activity of histamine, this is consistent with the results of Tsai et al, (Tsai et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who stated in their study that α-boswellic acid improved erythema, abrasion, and skin desquamation, it also repair the dysfunctional skin barrier, additionally, it reduced mast cell infiltration, decreased MAP kinase expression, and blocked the NF-κB pathway thus reduced inflammation and epidermal thickening and redness, in dermatitis mouse model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the current study proved that licorice had anti-allergic activity and anti-inflammatory activity as it reduced both LTB4 and ICAM-1 significantly compared to the untreated positive control group. This effect is due to its content of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid. Also,dipotassium glycyrrhizinate which is a salt of glycyrrhetinic acid, was used as a skin conditioning agent that exhibited anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory activities, via inhibition of leukotriene (Leite et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects as it reduced the levels of cytokines in the study of Khalaf et al, (Khalaf et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) However, in the current study it exhibited the least curative effect among all tested agents, as grading of allergic reactions were the worst among all treatments, together with level of ICAM-1 as well as histopathologic and immune-histochemical profiles. This effect is most probably due to its poor skin barrier penetrating power\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eICAM-1 is a marker of vascular inflammation that is inducible by exposure to inflammatory mediators (Witkowska \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). It is highly expressed in dermatitis lesions and vascular endothelial cells of dermatitis patients (Wolkerstorfer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). It is very important in the process of migration of leukocytes from blood vessels to tissues and increases due to pro-inflammatory cytokines (Marinović Kulišić et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)..\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeukotriene B4 (LTB4), which is a lipid mediator possesses a potent chemoattractant properties and is highly produced from activated innate immune cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells. High level of LTB\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is detected in allergic dermatitis as it plays an important role in its pathogenesis (Ohnishi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). It plays a very important role in cases of acute inflammation as it attracts lymphocytes, it attracts macrophages as well as neutrophils, and promotes adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium(Abeles et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere is a correlation in the protective mechanism against inflammatory diseases that are induced due to initiated expression of LTB4 or high ICAM-1 levels, as it was reported by Aiello et al (Aiello et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), that protection against atherosclerosis was achieved by antagonizing LTB4 via modulation of the interaction of CD11b with ICAM-1(Aiello et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). This correlation was clear in the present study, as all tested topical agents significantly reduced the levels of both ICAM-1 and LTB4 in rat\u0026rsquo;s serum when compared to the untreated positive control group. This explains the healing of scratches that resulted from itching due to histamine injection, as reduced levels of ICAM-1 and LTB4 reduced itching and inflammation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterleukin β-4 expression increases in extrinsic dermatitis (Tokura \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Medications that inhibit IL-4 expression can be used for treatment of atopic dermatitis (G\u0026auml;rtner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Unlike their effects on ICAM-1 and leukotriene B4 in the current study, the used topical agents didn\u0026rsquo;t affect its level significantly compared to the positive control group. This weak anti-interleukin β-4 effect may be because topically applied agents have insufficient capability of reaching the systemic circulation and poor systemic penetration which isn\u0026rsquo;t enough to inhibit interleukin β-4 expression.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSince most of the assessment parameters in the current experimental work, were in harmony with each other, it can be deuced that \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e oils as well as, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e extract can provide promising soothing and curative agents against allergic dermatitis, that will achieve better patient\u0026rsquo;s compliance, when compared to the conventional therapy with corticosteroids, putting in mind that they are natural products that are cheaper, more available and have less side effects. Also, the effect of \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e can\u0026rsquo;t be denied, yet further studies regarding the route of administration, suitable dose and modification of the delivery system are required to improve its activity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":" \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAIF\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eAll-ion fragmentation\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eEIPICO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eEgyptian International Pharmaceutical Industries company\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eESI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eElectrospray Ionization\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHCD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003ehigher-energy collision dissociation\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eHPLC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eHigh Performance Liquid Chromatography\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eICAM-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eintracellular adhesion molecule-1\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eILβ4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eInterleukinβ-4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eLC/MS/MS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLiquid Chromatography\u0026ndash;Electrospray Ionization\u0026ndash;Tandem Mass Spectrometry\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eLTB4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eLeukotriene B4\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eMS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eMass Spectrometry\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eQC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eQuality Control\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Bold\" class=\"Bold\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eUPLC-HRMS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"SimplePara\"\u003eUltra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray High Resolution Mass Spectrometry\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cbr/\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the phytochemical \u0026amp; the pharmacological studies were self-funded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability statement:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData are available on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbeles AM, Pillinger MH, Abramson SB (2015) Inflammation and its mediators Rheumatology. 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Pharmaceuticals 17(1):103 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohammed MA, Hamed MA, El-Gengaihi SE, Enein AMA, Kachlicki P, Hassan EM (2022a) Profiling of secondary metabolites and DNA typing of three different Annona cultivars grown in Egypt. Metabolomics 18(7):49 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohammed MA, Ibrahim BM, Abdel-Latif Y, et al. (2022b) Pharmacological and metabolomic profiles of Musa acuminata wastes as a new potential source of anti-ulcerative colitis agents. Scientific Reports 12(1):10595 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eObiștioiu D, Hulea A, Cocan I, et al. (2023) Boswellia Essential Oil: Natural Antioxidant as an Effective Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agent. Antioxidants 12(10):1807 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOhnishi H, Miyahara N, Gelfand EW (2008) The role of leukotriene B4 in allergic diseases. Allergology International 57(4):291-298 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRauf A, Ibrahim M, Alomar TS, et al. (2024) Hypoglycemic, anti‐inflammatory, and neuroprotective potentials of crude methanolic extract from Acacia nilotica L.\u0026ndash;results of an in vitro study. Food Science \u0026amp; Nutrition 12(5):3483-3491 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRhimi W, Mohammed MA, Zarea AAK, et al. (2022) Antifungal, antioxidant and antibiofilm activities of essential oils of Cymbopogon spp. Antibiotics 11(6):829 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchimmer B, Parker K (1996) Horm\u0026ocirc;nio adrenocorticotr\u0026oacute;fico; ester\u0026oacute;ides adrenocorticais e seus an\u0026aacute;logos sint\u0026eacute;ticos; inibidores da s\u0026iacute;ntese e das a\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es dos horm\u0026ocirc;nios adrenocorticais. Goodman \u0026amp; Gilman\u0026rsquo;s: as bases farmacol\u0026oacute;gicas da terap\u0026ecirc;utica 9a ed Rio de Janeiro: McGraw-Hill:1082-1102 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShellard EJ (1957) Practical plant chemistry for pharmacy students. Pitman Medical\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShinoda J (1928) A new biologically active flavone glycoside from the roots of Cassia fistula Linn. J Pharm Soc Jpn 48:214-220 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSorg DA, Buckner B (1964) A simple method of obtaining venous blood from small laboratory animals. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 115(4):1131-1132 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStephen W (1977) Historical survey of the uses of organic compounds as reagents in analytical chemistry. Analyst 102(1220):793-803 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaleb SA, Ibrahim BM, Mohammed MA, et al. (2024) Development and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of a nanosponge formulation loaded with Boswellia carterii oil extracts for the enhanced anti-inflammatory activity for the management of respiratory allergies. Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation:1-23 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTokura Y (2010) Extrinsic and intrinsic types of atopic dermatitis. Journal of dermatological science 58(1):1-7 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTramontana M, Hansel K, Bianchi L, Sensini C, Malatesta N, Stingeni L (2023) Advancing the understanding of allergic contact dermatitis: From pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Frontiers in Medicine 10:1184289 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTsai Y-C, Chang H-H, Chou S-C, et al. (2022) Evaluation of the anti-atopic dermatitis effects of \u0026alpha;-boswellic acid on Tnf-\u0026alpha;/Ifn-\u0026gamma;-Stimulated HaCat Cells and DNCB-Induced BALB/c Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(17):9863 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWitkowska AM (2005) Soluble ICAM-1: a marker of vascular inflammation and lifestyle. Cytokine 31(2):127-134 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWolkerstorfer A, Savelkoul HF, De Waard van der Spek FB, Neijens HJ, Meurs Tv, Oranje AP (2003) Soluble E‐selectin and soluble ICAM‐1 levels as markers of the activity of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatric allergy and immunology 14(4):302-306 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWollenberg A, Thomsen SF, Lacour J-P, Jaumont X, Lazarewicz S (2021) Targeting immunoglobulin E in atopic dermatitis: a review of the existing evidence. World Allergy Organization Journal 14(3):100519 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZheng T, Yu J, Oh MH, Zhu Z (2011) The atopic march: progression from atopic dermatitis to allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergy, asthma \u0026amp; immunology research 3(2):67-73 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"inflammopharmacology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"iphm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Inflammopharmacology](https://www.springer.com/journal/10787)","snPcode":"10787","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10787/3","title":"Inflammopharmacology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Acacia nilotica, Boswellia sarca, Glycyrrhiza glabra, acute dermatitis, histamine","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5925903/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5925903/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground and Aim: \u003c/strong\u003eAcute allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition characterized by swollen, itchy lesions. This study aimed to evaluate the soothing and wound-healing effects of fixed and volatile oils of \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e, as well as extracts of \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e, on acute contact dermatitis in rats.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides in \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e and, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e extracts, with \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e showing a dominance of volatile oils. The study included a normal group and six acute allergic dermatitis groups induced by subcutaneous histamine injection. One group served as a positive control without treatment, while five groups were treated topically at inflamed sites with \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e oils, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e extracts, alongside betamethasone as a standard treatment. The effects were evaluated through inspection, serum levels of ICAM-1, LTB4, and ILβ-4, as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: GC/MS analysis identified Incensole acetate (50.12%) and Incensole (32.44%) as major compounds in \u003cem\u003eBS\u003c/em\u003e fixed oil, with significant terpenoids and volatile components. Metabolomic profiling using LC-MS/MS highlighted diverse secondary metabolites in \u003cem\u003eAcacia nilotica\u003c/em\u003e and, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e, including polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, and amino acids, showcasing their therapeutic potential. All topical treatments reduced ICAM-1 and LTB4 levels to varying degrees and exhibited better histopathological and immunohistochemical results compared to the untreated positive control group. Among the treatments, \u003cem\u003eBoswellia\u003c/em\u003e oils and, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e extracts demonstrated the most effective soothing and curative effects on allergic dermatitis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cem\u003eBoswellia sarca\u003c/em\u003e oils and, \u003cem\u003eGlycyrrhiza glabra\u003c/em\u003e extract showed the best soothing and curative effects against allergic dermatitis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A pharmaco-metabolomics study of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Boswellia sarca, and Acacia nilotica in Acute Allergic Dermatitis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-28 14:22:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5925903/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revisions","date":"2025-04-04T06:50:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T23:26:00+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-19T23:04:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Inflammopharmacology","date":"2025-02-12T22:45:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-02-12T05:14:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Inflammopharmacology","date":"2025-02-10T15:40:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"inflammopharmacology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"iphm","sideBox":"Learn more about [Inflammopharmacology](https://www.springer.com/journal/10787)","snPcode":"10787","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10787/3","title":"Inflammopharmacology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fa6c0a1e-795c-40a8-bf91-afc6f30c2bdf","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-26T16:02:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5925903","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-025-01761-7","journal":{"identity":"inflammopharmacology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Inflammopharmacology"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-19 15:57:05","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 19th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-28 14:22:53","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10787-025-01761-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-025-01761-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5925903","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5925903","identity":"rs-5925903","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}