Comparative carbonization study of pyrolyzed biomass: New insights into the structure and composition evolution of biochar

Comparative carbonization study of pyrolyzed biomass: New insights into the structure and composition evolution of biochar | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative carbonization study of pyrolyzed biomass: New insights into the structure and composition evolution of biochar Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong, Haiyan Zhang, Fangji Wu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4731569/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in BioEnergy Research → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Biomass, as a renewable resource, has attracted much attention due to its abundant reserves and wide range of applications. In this study, three different biomass feedstocks, eucalyptus wood powder, rice bran and bagasse, were selected, and their structural and morphological evolutions and resistivity changes were analyzed in detail under three pyrolysis conditions, namely, 500℃, 700, ℃ and 900℃. The results showed that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the number of microporous structures of biomass charcoal firstly increased and then collapsed and blocked, and some functional groups on the surface weakened and decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, all of which formed stable aromatic compounds with C = C and C = O as the main structures. From the XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis, It can be seen that the degree of graphitization of biochar increases gradually with the rise of pyrolysis temperature, and the ball milling treatment to a certain extent can change the crystal structure of the charcoal material. meanwhile, the resistivity of the biochar material decreases gradually with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. 900℃pyrolysis of the eucalyptus biochar could reach a resistivity of 0.0196 Ω/cm at 27.3 MPa, which is much better than that of the biochar prepared at low temperature, and the smaller particle size can be obtained under the same ball milling conditions. The current research provides a guidance to facile method to prepare biochar and sustainable utilization of biomass. Biochar Resistivity Pyrolysis Ball Mill Graphitization Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Introduction The increasing depletion of fossil resources and the increasing environmental pollution caused by the large-scale use of fossil fuels necessitate research on renewable energy sources. Biomass, as the only carbon-containing renewable energy source, has become a focus in the current sustainable development discourse, driven by rising energy demand, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, and increasing environmental challenges [ 1 ]. Currently, a large amount of biowaste after harvesting of crop production is disposed of by in situ incineration and landfill, resulting in biomass waste becoming a source of pollution in the atmosphere and soil environment[ 2 , 3 ]. How to effectively dispose of agricultural waste biomass materials and realize the resourceful and green utilization of biomass raw materials is one of the hot issues nowadays. In recent years, a large number of studies have conducted in-depth research on the conversion of biomass into fuels and high-value bio-based materials, mainly including microbial conversion [ 4 , 5 ], thermochemical conversion [ 6 , 7 ] and chemical conversion [ 8 ]. Anaerobic pyrolysis of biomass, as a renewable energy source and waste treatment technology [ 9 , 10 ] has become a mainstream technology for waste treatment with relatively low cost and high efficiency level [ 11 ]. Biochar is formed by high temperature cracking of biomass materials under anaerobic or anoxic conditions. All biomass can be stabilized by pyrolysis process [ 12 ]. Biochar prepared from agricultural biomass materials generally has a large specific surface area, rich pore structure, and good adsorption and stability. Currently, the raw materials for the preparation of biochar are mainly from agricultural and forestry wastes such as straw, rice husk, poultry manure and municipal waste[ 13 ]. Biomass carbonization is essentially a process of dehydration of organic matter, cracking of macromolecules into small molecules, and production of bio-oil and biochar [ 14 ]. In terms of surface morphology and pore structure formation, thermal cracking will cause volatile gases to escape, leading to the formation of high specific surface area and porous structure of biochar. From the viewpoint of biomass elemental composition and functional group structure, thermal cracking will lead to a gradual decrease in the absolute content of organic elements (C, H, O, N), which will lead to changes in the type and content of functional groups on the surface of biochar. After pyrolysis, biomass materials will form porous shaped biochar materials with multi-stage pore structure. The macropores provide the minimum diffusion resistance for electrons, while the micropores and mesopores provide highly active sites, which are favorable for the transport of electrons and ions inside the biochar, so the biochar has good physical adsorption properties and electrochemical adsorption properties [ 15 ]. Biochar is a good material for the preparation of electrodes or supercapacitor materials due to its stable physical and chemical properties, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and small coefficient of thermal expansion [ 16 , 17 ]. Exploring the changing rule of different pyrolysis temperatures on the formation of biochar structure and properties can essentially reveal the microscopic mechanism of the biomass carbonization process, provide scientific theoretical support for the production and optimization of biochar, and at the same time provide a two-pronged solution to the problem of environment and resource utilization. Experimental Section Material Pre-processing The three biomass feedstocks used in this experiment were wood flour (MF), rice bran (DK), and bagasse (ZZ), all of which were obtained from online secondary recycling platforms. After purchasing the raw materials, they were pre-treated with impurities mixed into them, and then dried in an oven at 80°C for 12 hours to remove the water therein, and then packed in sealed bags to wait for the next step. Preparation Methods Take a certain amount of pre-treated biomass raw material into corundum crucible, after compaction, cover the crucible lid and put it into the tube furnace for pyrolysis carbonization. Set five pyrolysis temperatures, respectively, 300℃, 500 ℃, 700 ℃, 900 ℃, 1100℃, first at 30 ℃ through 10min nitrogen to empty the air in the tube, set the heating rate of 5 ℃ / min, holding time of 2h, while isolating the oxygen through the nitrogen protection (25mL / min). After cooling to room temperature, each of them was weighed first to calculate the yield. Then it was loaded into the ball milling tank for 1200rmp ball milling for 4 hours, and the final products obtained were packed in sealed bags labeled as eucalyptus wood flour biochar (MF), rice bran biochar (DK), and sugarcane bagasse biochar (ZZ), with pyrolysis temperatures in parentheses.The macroscopic morphology of the raw material to the finished product is shown in Fig. 1 . Characterization Methods Take a certain amount of MF,DK,ZZ raw material and put it into tube furnace for pyrolytic carbonization, take it out and weigh it after it cools down to room temperature, and the mass ratio before and after is the yield rate of biochar. The formula is as follows: where µ is the biochar yield (%); m 1 is the dry weight of raw material (g); and m 2 is the mass of the sample after carbonization (g). The resistivity of the biochar was measured by ST2722 Semiconductor Powder Resistivity Tester (Suzhou Jingle Electronics Co., Ltd.). The surface functional groups of the biochar were analyzed using a Nicolet 6700 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) in the wavelength range of 500 cm − 1 to 4000 cm − 1 . The microstructures of the biochar samples were investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (S3400-N) manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies, Japan. Changes in the crystal structure of the biochar samples were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer (UItima-IV) from Rigaku, Japan, and LabRAM HR Evolution from HORIBA Jobin Yvon, France. In addition, particle size analysis of ball-milled biochar samples was carried out using a Zetasizer NANO ZS from Malvern, UK. Results and Discussion Yield of Biochar Yields of eucalyptus wood powder, rice bran and bagasse at three pyrolysis temperatures. As shown in Fig. 2 , the temperature of pyrolysis significantly affects the yield of biomass char, and the yields of all three types of biomass char exhibit a decrease with increasing temperature. Pyrolysis of biomass is mainly a depolymerization reaction of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin [ 18 ]. With the increase of temperature, the release of volatile matter will decrease, Condensation reactions dominate, and the rate of mass loss gradually decreases, in general, when the temperature exceeds 500 ℃, the biomass char will form an aromatic structure that is difficult to degrade[ 19 ], and the change of yield tends to be slow. So the decreasing rate of biochar yield tends to slow down. Figure 3 shows the regression line plot of yield change, the general pattern of change is consistent, and it can be more intuitively seen that the change of yield tends to be slow with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. Resistivity of Biochar The resistivity measurements of the three biomass chars are shown in Table 1 , in which HCD is a commercially available conductive carbon black. The resistivity of the eucalyptus and bagasse biomass chars produced by pyrolysis at 300 ℃ is too large, exceeding the range of the instrument, which is evidence of a low degree of graphitization and poor conductivity [ 20 – 22 ]. Under the same pressure test conditions, it can be seen that the resistivity of the three kinds of biomass charcoal decreases exponentially with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, in which the performance of eucalyptus and bagasse biomass charcoal produced by pyrolysis at 700 ℃ is basically comparable to that of the commercially available conductive carbon blacks, which proves that the electrical conductivity of the biomass charcoal prepared by pyrolysis method has already met part of the market demand, and it has the potential to be used as an electrically conductive filler. In conclusion, it can be seen that the resistivity of the biochar material decreases exponentially with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The biochar prepared at 300℃ has a high yield but High resistivity, which is beyond the range of this type of testing instrument, and has little research significance as a conductive filler, and the resistivity of the material basically has no salient changes from 900℃ to 1100℃, but the yield is lower at 1100℃, and comprehensively judged, the biochar prepared under the pyrolysis condition at 900℃ has both good conductivity and yield, and the following section will focus on analyzing the structural evolution of biochar at three temperature gradients: 500, 700, and 900. Table 1 Electrical resistivity of three biomass chars at different pyrolysis temperatures Samples Resistivity (Ω/cm) 500℃ 700℃ 900℃ 1100℃ MF 2.60×10 4 9.56×10 1 1.96×10 − 2 1.94×10 − 2 DK 5.00×10 4 7.39×10 2 2.00×10 − 1 9.50×10 − 1 ZZ 2.31×10 4 3.38×10 1 3.46×10 − 2 2.08×10 − 2 HCD 6.50×10 1 Topography Analysis The scanning electron microscope images of the three biomass carbon feedstocks after pyrolysis are shown in Fig. 4 . It can be seen that eucalyptus powder, like other plant biomass, cellulose was in multilayered bundle structure before pyrolysis, and the surface was relatively smooth, but after decomposition at 500 ℃, the surface became rough, some micropores were produced, some flocculent material was attached, the outer wall was destroyed, and the texture of the inner channel was revealed. the destruction was more obvious after 700 ℃, and the outer channel collapsed, which was due to the fact that as lignin decomposed into volatilization is analyzed, its internal micropores began to appear fusion, the formation of mesopores and macropores. 900 ℃ high-temperature decomposition, can clearly see the original structure of the intermediate fiber is destroyed, the original part of the pore collapse and blocked by ash. Before the pyrolysis of rice bran manifested tile-like laminar structure, 500 ℃ high-temperature decomposition of the outer wall is destroyed, the internal honeycomb structure is clearly visible, 700 ℃ high-temperature decomposition of the laminar structure is further destroyed and curled. 900 ℃ high-temperature decomposition of the original laminar structure due to a strong curled destroyed, part of the original pore structure is blocked by the ash. The microstructure of bagasse before pyrolysis is the same as that of eucalyptus powder long fiber. After decomposition at 500°C, the outer wall was destroyed and the inner tube-like channels were exposed, but the overall structure remained intact, while after decomposition at 700°C and 900°C, the original overall structure was basically destroyed, a large amount of debris was produced, and the pore structure collapsed and blocked.The morphological changes of the three biomasses after high-temperature pyrolysis are basically the same, with the increase of temperature, due to the removal of some volatile substances, the biochar will first form a certain pore structure, and then it will be clogged, destroyed or collapsed by ash, and the specific surface area will be increased [ 23 ], therefore, the appropriate pyrolysis temperatures should be selected for different types of biomasses in order to ensure a larger specific surface area to obtain a better performance. Figure 5 shows the microscopic morphology of the three biomass chars prepared by pyrolysis at 900°C after ball milling. It can be seen that the three biomass chars after ball milling have similar shapes, all of them are spherical particles, and the particle size distribution is between 100–500 nm. For the ball-milled particle size, further analysis was carried out using a nano-particle size analyzer. Nanoparticle Size Analysis Particle size analysis of biomass char after ball milling at different pyrolysis temperatures was carried out to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the particle size of ball milling. The test method was to disperse the biomass char material in an aqueous solution, and then ultrasonic treatment was carried out to obtain a relatively homogeneous dispersed solution, which was put into the instrument to measure the particle size using dynamic light scattering. The test results are shown in Fig. 6 . It can be seen that under the same conditions of ball milling, the particle size of biomass char with high pyrolysis temperature is smaller, among which the particle size of eucalyptus biomass char measured under pyrolysis conditions of 900°C is only one half of that of 500°C. Meanwhile, the particle size of rice husk and bagasse biomass chars decreased to different degrees with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. Figure 7 shows the light intensity distribution of three kinds of biomass charcoal with nano-particle size test, Figure a shows the particle size and light intensity distribution of eucalyptus biochar, it can be seen that there is a small step in the distribution peak of the MF500 sample and there is a clear spacing from the large particle peaks on the right side, it may be due to the low graphitization of the charcoal material of the low-temperature pyrolysis, most of the charcoal is amorphous charcoal, which has a large hardness and wear-resistant, and it is relatively difficult to be ball-milled to refine the charcoal material, and as the temperature is As the temperature increases, the carbon material gradually transforms into SP2 ordered carbon[ 24 ], which is relatively simple to be refined by ball milling, and its particle size distribution gradually tends to be uniform. The smaller peaks on the right side represent the dispersion of some larger particles, which is due to insufficient dispersion of particle agglomerates or charcoal particles that are not fully ball-milled. It is clear from the DK sample plots that as the pyrolysis temperature increases, the particle size distribution of the ball-milled charcoal material becomes more concentrated, with a gradual decrease in the amount of large particles. The peaks on the left side of ZZ500 and ZZ700 have obvious shifts and the surface size distribution is relatively non-uniform, on the contrary, the main peaks on the left side of ZZ900 become relatively centralized, and although they also contain a lot of large particles, there is a gentle transition zone in the middle, which can be improved by increasing the time of ball milling. This situation may also be caused by the different lignin contents in different raw materials and biomasses. Lignin is a biomolecule second only to cellulose in abundance in nature, and it is also the only natural biomolecule that contains a large amount of sp2 carbon (about 2/3) and sp3 carbon (about 1/3) at the same time. Precursors with high sp2 carbon content (e.g., aromatic oils, etc.) form soft carbon with relatively regular structure after carbonization, while precursors with high sp3 carbon content (e.g., cellulose, plastics, etc.) generally form hard carbon with uneven structure after carbonization[ 25 ]. Table 2 shows the polydispersity coefficient (PDI) values of the three biomass charcoals for the nanoparticle size test, which should have a normal value between 0 and 0.7 under the dynamic light test conditions, with smaller values indicating a more homogeneous dispersion of the particles. From the table, it can be seen that the PDI index of all three kinds of biomass chars decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, indicating that the dispersion gradually increased, which laterally reflected that the particle size of biomass chars prepared under high temperature pyrolysis conditions of ball milling was more uniform. Table 2 PDI indices of the three biochars Samples PDI 500℃ 700℃ 900℃ MF 0.418 0.341 0.331 DK 0.409 0.395 0.309 ZZ 0.514 0.406 0.448 FTIR Analysis After the pyrolysis reaction of eucalyptus powder, rice bran and bagasse, most of the functional groups in the biochar were reduced and weakened, and most of the characteristic peaks were weakened or disappeared. There are mainly a few hydrogen bonding -OH free and -OH stretching vibration peaks near 3500 cm − 1 , which are mainly due to the insufficient drying of the samples and the moisture absorption of the samples in contact with air during the experimental process.while the -CH 3 stretching vibration peaks near 2800–2900 cm − 1 , it can be seen that the -CH 3 peaks of the three kinds of biomass charcoal decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which indicates that the cellulose in the biomass, hemicellulose and lignocellulose in biomass are cleaved with the increase of temperature, resulting in the decrease of alkyl groups and the enhancement of aromaticity in biomass char[ 26 , 27 ]. The absorption peaks near 1600 cm − 1 are mainly generated by the stretching vibration of aromatic C = C skeleton and olefinic C = O skeleton. From the infrared spectra of MF biochar, it can be seen that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the unsaturated aromatic C = C and C = O decreased significantly, and the C-O functional group also decreased gradually with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which indicated that the fracture and reorganization took place with the increase of temperature, and volatile gases, such as CO and CO 2 , were formed. The C = C and C = O bonds of DK and ZZ samples were also weakened to some extent with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and the vibrational contraction peaks of the C-O-C bonds were gradually obvious, which indicated that the unsaturated bonds in the biochar were gradually transformed to the saturated bonds with the increase of temperature[ 28 ]. The absorption peaks around 870 − 800 cm-1 are mainly generated by the planar bending vibration of the aromatic ring C-H bonds in biochar. Unlike eucalyptus, the C-O bond functional group of rice bran biochar was basically cleaved completely after pyrolysis at 500 ℃. When the temperature exceeded 500 ℃, the biomass char formed an aromatic structure that was difficult to be degraded, and the continued heating did not have much effect on the functional group, indicating that it was basically charred completely at about 500 ℃. The same with rice bran is bagasse after 500 ℃ pyrolysis infrared spectra and 700 ℃, 900 ℃ difference is very little, indicating that bagasse in about 500 ℃ is basically carbonized complete, continue to heat on its functional groups is not obvious. From the infrared spectral analysis, it can be seen that the types of functional groups contained in the biochar prepared by pyrolysis of different biomasses are not the same. Most of the oxygen-containing functional groups with low bond energies are weakened by pyrolysis, and a large number of C = C or aromatic ring skeletons in olefins are retained in the biochar. At the same time, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the peak intensity of the absorption peaks generated by the aromatic C = C vibrational stretching bands decreases, and we can roughly infer that the increase of pyrolysis temperature leads to the enhancement of the aromaticity of the biochar, and the stability of the char material is also increased [ 29 ], and also cause some of the carbon skeleton to break or be released with volatile components. XRD Analysis The XRD patterns of the three biochars before and after pyrolysis treatment of ball milling are shown below. The biochars obtained from eucalyptus powder, rice bran and bagasse at different pyrolysis temperatures show the same general trend, with two diffraction peaks near 2θ = 23° and 2θ = 44°. The graphite (002) planar diffraction peak at 2θ = 23° is due to the stacking of the graphite planes in the matrix, whereas the (100) planar diffraction peak at 2θ = 44° is caused by the orderly arrangement of the graphite atoms in the individual planes [ 30 ]. It can also be seen that the crystallization planes gradually move to a higher angle as the pyrolysis temperature increases (002), indicating that the regularity of the biomass char becomes better. [ 31 ]The inset in the upper right corner shows the (002) crystal plane spacing values of the charcoal material, and the (d 002 ) value is usually used to estimate the degree of graphitization of charcoal [ 32 ]. As can be seen from the figure, the (d 002 ) values of all three biomass charcoal materials gradually decrease with increasing temperature, which indicates that they gradually become structurally organized and slowly evolve into graphite. It can be clearly seen that the (002) facet of the biochar material was destroyed by ball milling, and the diffraction peaks were greatly weakened. Among them, the graphite (100) facet in eucalyptus and rice bran biochar gradually weakened with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, while the peak intensity of the (101) facet remained basically unchanged. Meanwhile, the (102) facet gradually weakened with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which indicated that the particle size of the material gradually decreased with the increase of temperature, which was consistent with the results of the nano-particle size test. In addition, crystal structures containing elemental calcium appear in the figure. This is mainly due to the fact that the raw material itself is carried in small quantities.The variation is also the same for rice bran biochar, in which the CaCO 3 crystalline peak is around 2θ = 40° and the crystallinity is enhanced with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. Unlike the eucalyptus powder, rice bran and bagasse biochar, the graphite (100) crystalline surface is basically unchanged and (101) crystalline surface is gradually enhanced with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and the overall peak shape of the two is more obvious, which indicates that the graphitization of the biochar is gradually enhanced with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. When the pyrolysis temperature reaches 700℃, the crystalline peak of CaCO 3 also appears near 2θ = 40°, and the crystallinity is gradually enhanced with the increase of temperature, which is mainly related to the formation of calcium salts at high temperature. This is mainly related to the formation of calcium salts at high temperatures. This indicates that during the pyrolysis process, the crystallinity of the inorganic components is gradually enhanced with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature, and the grain size of the material is gradually reduced, and the structural morphology is significantly changed. Raman Spectral Analysis In order to further investigate and discover the changes in the structure of the biomass char material with pyrolysis temperature, the samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The results are shown in the figure below, and it can be clearly seen that two distinct peaks appear at both positions of the wave numbers located at 1350 cm − 1 and 1590 cm − 1 , which correspond to the D and G peaks of the charcoal material, respectively.The D peak corresponds to the degree of disorder of the charcoal material, which is mainly related to the structural defects and atomic doping of the material, while the G peak corresponds to the sp2 hybridized carbon atoms [ 33 ]. Therefore, the ratio of D and G peaks (ID/IG) is often used to indicate the degree of defectivation and graphitization of carbon materials [ 34 , 35 ]. It can be seen that the ID/IG = 2.56 for MF500; the value of 2.35 for MF700; and the value of 1.83 for MF900, which shows that the ID/IG value of eucalyptus wood biochar decreases with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which indicates that the degree of graphitization of the MF biomass char materials increases with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and that the rice bran biomass char materials and bagasse biomass char materials also show the the same pattern, which further confirms this law. The different graphitization degree at each temperature is attributed to the different lignin content in the raw materials, which contains a large amount of sp2 carbon (about 2/3) and sp3 carbon (about 1/3), and the different materials have different responsiveness to pyrolysis under the same pyrolysis conditions. Conclusions In this study, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the biochar will be gradually transformed into an aromatic structure that is difficult to be degraded, and the change of yield tends to level off. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature can increase the microporous structure of biochar to a certain extent, but too high a temperature will destroy the original pore structure, and if porous carbon materials need to be prepared, appropriate pyrolysis temperatures should be formulated for different biomasses in order to ensure a well-developed pore structure. The graphitization degree of biochar is closely related to the pyrolysis temperature, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the graphitization degree also increases. As the graphitization degree increases, the resistivity of the biochar tends to decrease significantly. In addition, the biochar prepared at low temperature is more difficult to be refined by ball milling than the one prepared at high temperature, which is mainly related to the structural type of its charcoal. In this study, it is also found that the crystalline structure of the charcoal material (002) has been damaged and weakened to a certain extent by the ball milling treatment, and the specific mechanism of the effect is still unclear, and further research will be conducted to investigate the mechanism of its effect. Declarations Declarations Competing Interests The authors have no relevant fnancial or nonfnancial interests to disclose. Funding This work is financially supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20134420120009), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong (2014A010105047) and Guangzhou (201707010367). Author Contribution Conceptualization: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong; methodology: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong,Haiyan Zhang,Fangji Wu; investigation: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong; supervision: Haoqun Hong Haiyan Zhang; writing original draft: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong; writing review and editing: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong; funding: Haoqun Hong ,Haiyan Zhang. Data availability The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Liu Q, Sun J, Gu Y et al (2024) Experimental study on CO2 co-gasification characteristics of biomass and waste plastics: Insight into interaction and targeted regulation method. Energy 130509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130509 Posmanik R, Labatut RA, Kim AH et al (2017) Coupling hydrothermal liquefaction and anaerobic digestion for energy valorization from model biomass feedstocks. Bioresour Technol 233:134–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.095 Jin C, Sun S, Yang D et al (2021) Anaerobic digestion: An alternative resource treatment option for food waste in China. Sci Total Environ 779:146397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146397 Ong HC, Chen W-H, Singh Y et al (2020) A state-of-the-art review on thermochemical conversion of biomass for biofuel production: A TG-FTIR approach. Energy Conv Manag 209:112634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112634 Shanmugam S, Sun C, Chen Z, Wu Y-R (2019) Enhanced bioconversion of hemicellulosic biomass by microbial consortium for biobutanol production with bioaugmentation strategy. Bioresour Technol 279:149–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.121 Chormare R, Moradeeya PG, Sahoo TP et al (2023) Conversion of solid wastes and natural biomass for deciphering the valorization of biochar in pollution abatement: A review on the thermo-chemical processes. Chemosphere 339:139760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139760 Agegnehu G, Srivastava AK, Bird MI (2017) The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review. Appl Soil Ecol 119:156–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.008 Zhang L, Yao Z, Zhao L et al (2024) Effects of various pyrolysis temperatures on the physicochemical characteristics of crop straw-derived biochars and their application in tar reforming. Catal Today 433:114663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2024.114663 Romero-Güiza MS, Vila J, Mata-Alvarez J et al (2016) The role of additives on anaerobic digestion: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:1486–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.094 Li Y, Chen Y, Wu J (2019) Enhancement of methane production in anaerobic digestion process: A review. Appl Energy 240:120–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.243 Li Y, Jin Y, Borrion A, Li H (2019) Current status of food waste generation and management in China. Bioresour Technol 273:654–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.083 Ahmad M, Rajapaksha AU, Lim JE et al (2014) Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review. Chemosphere 99:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071 13, Crombie K, Mašek O (2014) Investigating the potential for a self-sustaining slow pyrolysis system under varying operating conditions. Bioresour Technol 162:148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.134 Atinafu DG, Yeol Yun B, Uk Kim Y et al (2021) Introduction of eicosane into biochar derived from softwood and wheat straw: Influence of porous structure and surface chemistry. Chem Eng J 415:128887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128887 Gao F, Zang Y, Wang Y et al (2021) A review of the synthesis of carbon materials for energy storage from biomass and coal/heavy oil waste. New Carbon Mater 36:34–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60003-3 Jiang J, Zhang L, Wang X et al (2013) Highly ordered macroporous woody biochar with ultra-high carbon content as supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim Acta 113:481–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.121 Yang C-S, Jang YS, Jeong HK (2014) Bamboo-based activated carbon for supercapacitor applications. Curr Appl Phys 14:1616–1620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2014.09.021 Atinafu DG, Yeol Yun B, Uk Kim Y et al (2021) Introduction of eicosane into biochar derived from softwood and wheat straw: Influence of porous structure and surface chemistry. Chem Eng J 415:128887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128887 Gabhi R, Tan K, Feng T et al (2024) Intrinsic electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar. Biomass Bioenergy 181:107051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107051 Gabhi R, Basile L, Kirk DW et al (2020) Electrical conductivity of wood biochar monoliths and its dependence on pyrolysis temperature. Biochar 2:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00056-0 Suliman W, Harsh JB, Abu-Lail NI et al (2016) Influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature on biochar bulk and surface properties. Biomass Bioenergy 84:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.11.010 Weber K, Quicker P (2018) Properties of biochar. Fuel 217:240–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054 Ahmad M, Lee SS, Dou X et al (2012) Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water. Bioresour Technol 118:536–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.042 Gabhi R, Tan K, Feng T et al (2024) Intrinsic electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar. Biomass Bioenergy 181:107051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107051 Wang H, Fu F, Huang M (2023) Lignin-based materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. Photo Electrochem Mater Devices 5:141–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2022.01.002 Nguyen T-B, Truong Q-M, Chen C-W et al (2022) Mesoporous and adsorption behavior of algal biochar prepared via sequential hydrothermal carbonization and ZnCl2 activation. Bioresour Technol 346:126351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126351 Lu H, Zhang W, Yang Y et al (2012) Relative distribution of Pb2 + sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar. Water Res 46:854–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.058 Sun Y, Zhu D, Liang Z et al (2020) Facile renewable synthesis of nitrogen/oxygen co-doped graphene-like carbon nanocages as general lithium-ion and potassium-ion batteries anode. Carbon 167:685–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.06.046 Yang Y, Sun K, Han L et al (2018) Effect of minerals on the stability of biochar. Chemosphere 204:310–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.057 Yoshizawa N (2000) XRD evaluation of CO2 activation process of coal- and coconut shell-based carbons. Fuel 79:1461–1466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00011-9 Byrne CE, Nagle DC (1997) Carbonized wood monoliths—Characterization. Carbon 35:267–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00135-2 Cuesta A, Dhamelincourt P, Laureyns J et al (1998) Comparative performance of X-ray diffraction and Raman microprobe techniques for the study of carbon materials. J Mater Chem 8:2875–2879. https://doi.org/10.1039/a805841e Li G, Chen S, Wang Y et al (2023) N, S co-doped porous graphene-like carbon synthesized by a facile coal tar pitch-blowing strategy for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Phys Lett 827:140712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140712 Long C, Chen X, Jiang L et al (2015) Porous layer-stacking carbon derived from in-built template in biomass for high volumetric performance supercapacitors. Nano Energy 12:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.014 Perazzolo V, Durante C, Pilot R et al (2015) Nitrogen and sulfur doped mesoporous carbon as metal-free electrocatalysts for the in situ production of hydrogen peroxide. Carbon 95:949–963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.002 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Jan, 2025 Read the published version in BioEnergy Research → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 30 Jul, 2024 Editor invited by journal 23 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 16 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 16 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4731569","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":333806464,"identity":"6742c0b2-de87-462b-9dda-90b0f6183b30","order_by":0,"name":"Tao Wei","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACeWbmAwc+GNjI8fM3HyBOi2F7W+LDGQVpxpIzjiUQac2ZM8bGPB8OJ244kGNAnA7GGTlmkjMMgLY0nPl44w2DnZxuAwEt7BJpZRJgvzD3bracw5BsbHaAoC3J26C2nN0mzcNwIHEbIS0MNxLMpHkMwH55RqSWM0eA3odoYSNOCySQDcCBbGw5x4AIv0Ci8g84Kh/eeFNhJ0dQCwqQ4CEyapC1kKpjFIyCUTAKRgQAADvjSK9TzN4GAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8562-1151","institution":"Guangdong University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tao","middleName":"","lastName":"Wei","suffix":""},{"id":333806465,"identity":"48a7adda-461d-467b-9aaf-30959ebafeb8","order_by":1,"name":"Haoqun Hong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangdong University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haoqun","middleName":"","lastName":"Hong","suffix":""},{"id":333806466,"identity":"baa9c93c-960a-4865-9716-3dfc48519746","order_by":2,"name":"Haiyan Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangdong University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haiyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":333806467,"identity":"20338699-0820-48ae-bf89-e68dacb3b426","order_by":3,"name":"Fangji Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guangdong University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fangji","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-12 16:23:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4731569/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4731569/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-025-10819-x","type":"published","date":"2025-01-20T15:57:44+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63389751,"identity":"5144eccc-8cbe-40ea-87d9-92aa99820191","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2598902,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e. Eucalyptus wood flour before and after pyrolysis treatment \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e. Rice bran \u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e. Sugarcane bagasse\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/0b166b5b6923842e052257e4.png"},{"id":63389745,"identity":"442835f5-3774-45d2-b0d8-8edc049f6199","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":126192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic diagram of the yield of the three biomass charcoals\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/f9f814d2cfa52eeaeebde603.png"},{"id":63389743,"identity":"edf092a4-d5a0-4828-b57e-8132f32c9551","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:28","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":104744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExample of regression lines for the change in yield of three types of biomass charcoal\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/ed0cbffb5e297efbb34cc65e.png"},{"id":63389750,"identity":"775e833a-7e79-4a4e-99a0-b233a62c6608","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1236448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScanning electron microscopy of three biomass chars with different pyrolysis temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/4d45d5dadb8e08fbda43373e.png"},{"id":63389748,"identity":"a8d60921-525d-45d4-99c7-0bfa9aee2102","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":437877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eElectron microscopy of biomass char prepared at 900°C after ball milling\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/e603426ba12f9b36dada9979.jpeg"},{"id":63389744,"identity":"6a6d6ee9-7db7-4066-84ff-9990160034ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBall milled particle size plots of three biomass chars with different pyrolysis temperatures\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/28e82892ec43d44145b71fab.png"},{"id":63389746,"identity":"ac77c813-85b3-4cfe-921a-355ac60d6963","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":448114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e) Schematic light intensity distribution of MF nanoparticle size, (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e) DK, (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e) ZZ\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/1c19b91bfa63b5214ce4b50b.jpeg"},{"id":63389752,"identity":"cc93ad44-9325-4595-9457-c72845c42f55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":387706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe FTIR spectrum of biomass and biochar. (\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e) MF; (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e) DK; (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e ) ZZ\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/95e95d16cd4cfc24219930b5.jpeg"},{"id":63389749,"identity":"0675afef-255a-4f91-9424-c5cc2184ade6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":482196,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e) XRD diffraction schematic of MF before ball milling, (\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e) DK, (\u003cstrong\u003ec\u003c/strong\u003e) ZZ; (\u003cstrong\u003ed\u003c/strong\u003e) XRD diffraction schematic of MF after ball milling, (\u003cstrong\u003ee\u003c/strong\u003e) DK, (\u003cstrong\u003ef\u003c/strong\u003e) ZZ.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/299e7e396e93d7252159b0e9.jpeg"},{"id":63389753,"identity":"e7bf212e-aa2a-4c22-9829-32bdd381f517","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-27 15:19:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":587175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(\u003cstrong\u003ea-c\u003c/strong\u003e) MF Raman scattering schematic, (\u003cstrong\u003ed-f\u003c/strong\u003e) DK, (\u003cstrong\u003eg-i\u003c/strong\u003e) ZZ\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/0ccdac16073a118025ecf00f.jpeg"},{"id":74858443,"identity":"cc32173e-d44c-49ae-a4bd-9ade6969aecb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-01-27 16:09:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6973098,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4731569/v1/c7d01fdf-5eec-4167-80fc-2106d914c7fc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Comparative carbonization study of pyrolyzed biomass: New insights into the structure and composition evolution of biochar","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing depletion of fossil resources and the increasing environmental pollution caused by the large-scale use of fossil fuels necessitate research on renewable energy sources. Biomass, as the only carbon-containing renewable energy source, has become a focus in the current sustainable development discourse, driven by rising energy demand, dwindling fossil fuel reserves, and increasing environmental challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Currently, a large amount of biowaste after harvesting of crop production is disposed of by in situ incineration and landfill, resulting in biomass waste becoming a source of pollution in the atmosphere and soil environment[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. How to effectively dispose of agricultural waste biomass materials and realize the resourceful and green utilization of biomass raw materials is one of the hot issues nowadays. In recent years, a large number of studies have conducted in-depth research on the conversion of biomass into fuels and high-value bio-based materials, mainly including microbial conversion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], thermochemical conversion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] and chemical conversion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Anaerobic pyrolysis of biomass, as a renewable energy source and waste treatment technology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] has become a mainstream technology for waste treatment with relatively low cost and high efficiency level [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiochar is formed by high temperature cracking of biomass materials under anaerobic or anoxic conditions. All biomass can be stabilized by pyrolysis process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Biochar prepared from agricultural biomass materials generally has a large specific surface area, rich pore structure, and good adsorption and stability. Currently, the raw materials for the preparation of biochar are mainly from agricultural and forestry wastes such as straw, rice husk, poultry manure and municipal waste[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomass carbonization is essentially a process of dehydration of organic matter, cracking of macromolecules into small molecules, and production of bio-oil and biochar [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In terms of surface morphology and pore structure formation, thermal cracking will cause volatile gases to escape, leading to the formation of high specific surface area and porous structure of biochar. From the viewpoint of biomass elemental composition and functional group structure, thermal cracking will lead to a gradual decrease in the absolute content of organic elements (C, H, O, N), which will lead to changes in the type and content of functional groups on the surface of biochar. After pyrolysis, biomass materials will form porous shaped biochar materials with multi-stage pore structure. The macropores provide the minimum diffusion resistance for electrons, while the micropores and mesopores provide highly active sites, which are favorable for the transport of electrons and ions inside the biochar, so the biochar has good physical adsorption properties and electrochemical adsorption properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Biochar is a good material for the preparation of electrodes or supercapacitor materials due to its stable physical and chemical properties, good electrical and thermal conductivity, and small coefficient of thermal expansion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Exploring the changing rule of different pyrolysis temperatures on the formation of biochar structure and properties can essentially reveal the microscopic mechanism of the biomass carbonization process, provide scientific theoretical support for the production and optimization of biochar, and at the same time provide a two-pronged solution to the problem of environment and resource utilization.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental Section","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eMaterial Pre-processing\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe three biomass feedstocks used in this experiment were wood flour (MF), rice bran (DK), and bagasse (ZZ), all of which were obtained from online secondary recycling platforms. After purchasing the raw materials, they were pre-treated with impurities mixed into them, and then dried in an oven at 80°C for 12 hours to remove the water therein, and then packed in sealed bags to wait for the next step.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePreparation Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTake a certain amount of pre-treated biomass raw material into corundum crucible, after compaction, cover the crucible lid and put it into the tube furnace for pyrolysis carbonization. Set five pyrolysis temperatures, respectively, 300℃, 500 ℃, 700 ℃, 900 ℃, 1100℃, first at 30 ℃ through 10min nitrogen to empty the air in the tube, set the heating rate of 5 ℃ / min, holding time of 2h, while isolating the oxygen through the nitrogen protection (25mL / min). After cooling to room temperature, each of them was weighed first to calculate the yield. Then it was loaded into the ball milling tank for 1200rmp ball milling for 4 hours, and the final products obtained were packed in sealed bags labeled as eucalyptus wood flour biochar (MF), rice bran biochar (DK), and sugarcane bagasse biochar (ZZ), with pyrolysis temperatures in parentheses.The macroscopic morphology of the raw material to the finished product is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eCharacterization Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTake a certain amount of MF,DK,ZZ raw material and put it into tube furnace for pyrolytic carbonization, take it out and weigh it after it cools down to room temperature, and the mass ratio before and after is the yield rate of biochar. The formula is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere µ is the biochar yield (%); m\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e is the dry weight of raw material (g); and m\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is the mass of the sample after carbonization (g).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe resistivity of the biochar was measured by ST2722 Semiconductor Powder Resistivity Tester (Suzhou Jingle Electronics Co., Ltd.). The surface functional groups of the biochar were analyzed using a Nicolet 6700 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) in the wavelength range of 500 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e to 4000 cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. The microstructures of the biochar samples were investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (S3400-N) manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies, Japan. Changes in the crystal structure of the biochar samples were analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer (UItima-IV) from Rigaku, Japan, and LabRAM HR Evolution from HORIBA Jobin Yvon, France. In addition, particle size analysis of ball-milled biochar samples was carried out using a Zetasizer NANO ZS from Malvern, UK.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eYield of Biochar\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eYields of eucalyptus wood powder, rice bran and bagasse at three pyrolysis temperatures. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the temperature of pyrolysis significantly affects the yield of biomass char, and the yields of all three types of biomass char exhibit a decrease with increasing temperature. Pyrolysis of biomass is mainly a depolymerization reaction of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. With the increase of temperature, the release of volatile matter will decrease, Condensation reactions dominate, and the rate of mass loss gradually decreases, in general, when the temperature exceeds 500 ℃, the biomass char will form an aromatic structure that is difficult to degrade[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], and the change of yield tends to be slow. So the decreasing rate of biochar yield tends to slow down. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the regression line plot of yield change, the general pattern of change is consistent, and it can be more intuitively seen that the change of yield tends to be slow with the increase of pyrolysis temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResistivity of Biochar\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resistivity measurements of the three biomass chars are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, in which HCD is a commercially available conductive carbon black. The resistivity of the eucalyptus and bagasse biomass chars produced by pyrolysis at 300 ℃ is too large, exceeding the range of the instrument, which is evidence of a low degree of graphitization and poor conductivity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Under the same pressure test conditions, it can be seen that the resistivity of the three kinds of biomass charcoal decreases exponentially with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, in which the performance of eucalyptus and bagasse biomass charcoal produced by pyrolysis at 700 ℃ is basically comparable to that of the commercially available conductive carbon blacks, which proves that the electrical conductivity of the biomass charcoal prepared by pyrolysis method has already met part of the market demand, and it has the potential to be used as an electrically conductive filler. In conclusion, it can be seen that the resistivity of the biochar material decreases exponentially with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The biochar prepared at 300℃ has a high yield but High resistivity, which is beyond the range of this type of testing instrument, and has little research significance as a conductive filler, and the resistivity of the material basically has no salient changes from 900℃ to 1100℃, but the yield is lower at 1100℃, and comprehensively judged, the biochar prepared under the pyrolysis condition at 900℃ has both good conductivity and yield, and the following section will focus on analyzing the structural evolution of biochar at three temperature gradients: 500, 700, and 900.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical resistivity of three biomass chars at different pyrolysis temperatures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistivity (Ω/cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e900℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1100℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMF\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.60\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.56\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.94\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDK\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.39\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.50\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZZ\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.46\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHCD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTopography Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scanning electron microscope images of the three biomass carbon feedstocks after pyrolysis are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. It can be seen that eucalyptus powder, like other plant biomass, cellulose was in multilayered bundle structure before pyrolysis, and the surface was relatively smooth, but after decomposition at 500 ℃, the surface became rough, some micropores were produced, some flocculent material was attached, the outer wall was destroyed, and the texture of the inner channel was revealed. the destruction was more obvious after 700 ℃, and the outer channel collapsed, which was due to the fact that as lignin decomposed into volatilization is analyzed, its internal micropores began to appear fusion, the formation of mesopores and macropores. 900 ℃ high-temperature decomposition, can clearly see the original structure of the intermediate fiber is destroyed, the original part of the pore collapse and blocked by ash. Before the pyrolysis of rice bran manifested tile-like laminar structure, 500 ℃ high-temperature decomposition of the outer wall is destroyed, the internal honeycomb structure is clearly visible, 700 ℃ high-temperature decomposition of the laminar structure is further destroyed and curled. 900 ℃ high-temperature decomposition of the original laminar structure due to a strong curled destroyed, part of the original pore structure is blocked by the ash. The microstructure of bagasse before pyrolysis is the same as that of eucalyptus powder long fiber. After decomposition at 500\u0026deg;C, the outer wall was destroyed and the inner tube-like channels were exposed, but the overall structure remained intact, while after decomposition at 700\u0026deg;C and 900\u0026deg;C, the original overall structure was basically destroyed, a large amount of debris was produced, and the pore structure collapsed and blocked.The morphological changes of the three biomasses after high-temperature pyrolysis are basically the same, with the increase of temperature, due to the removal of some volatile substances, the biochar will first form a certain pore structure, and then it will be clogged, destroyed or collapsed by ash, and the specific surface area will be increased [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], therefore, the appropriate pyrolysis temperatures should be selected for different types of biomasses in order to ensure a larger specific surface area to obtain a better performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the microscopic morphology of the three biomass chars prepared by pyrolysis at 900\u0026deg;C after ball milling. It can be seen that the three biomass chars after ball milling have similar shapes, all of them are spherical particles, and the particle size distribution is between 100\u0026ndash;500 nm. For the ball-milled particle size, further analysis was carried out using a nano-particle size analyzer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNanoparticle Size Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticle size analysis of biomass char after ball milling at different pyrolysis temperatures was carried out to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the particle size of ball milling. The test method was to disperse the biomass char material in an aqueous solution, and then ultrasonic treatment was carried out to obtain a relatively homogeneous dispersed solution, which was put into the instrument to measure the particle size using dynamic light scattering. The test results are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. It can be seen that under the same conditions of ball milling, the particle size of biomass char with high pyrolysis temperature is smaller, among which the particle size of eucalyptus biomass char measured under pyrolysis conditions of 900\u0026deg;C is only one half of that of 500\u0026deg;C. Meanwhile, the particle size of rice husk and bagasse biomass chars decreased to different degrees with the increase of pyrolysis temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the light intensity distribution of three kinds of biomass charcoal with nano-particle size test, Figure a shows the particle size and light intensity distribution of eucalyptus biochar, it can be seen that there is a small step in the distribution peak of the MF500 sample and there is a clear spacing from the large particle peaks on the right side, it may be due to the low graphitization of the charcoal material of the low-temperature pyrolysis, most of the charcoal is amorphous charcoal, which has a large hardness and wear-resistant, and it is relatively difficult to be ball-milled to refine the charcoal material, and as the temperature is As the temperature increases, the carbon material gradually transforms into SP2 ordered carbon[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], which is relatively simple to be refined by ball milling, and its particle size distribution gradually tends to be uniform. The smaller peaks on the right side represent the dispersion of some larger particles, which is due to insufficient dispersion of particle agglomerates or charcoal particles that are not fully ball-milled. It is clear from the DK sample plots that as the pyrolysis temperature increases, the particle size distribution of the ball-milled charcoal material becomes more concentrated, with a gradual decrease in the amount of large particles. The peaks on the left side of ZZ500 and ZZ700 have obvious shifts and the surface size distribution is relatively non-uniform, on the contrary, the main peaks on the left side of ZZ900 become relatively centralized, and although they also contain a lot of large particles, there is a gentle transition zone in the middle, which can be improved by increasing the time of ball milling. This situation may also be caused by the different lignin contents in different raw materials and biomasses. Lignin is a biomolecule second only to cellulose in abundance in nature, and it is also the only natural biomolecule that contains a large amount of sp2 carbon (about 2/3) and sp3 carbon (about 1/3) at the same time. Precursors with high sp2 carbon content (e.g., aromatic oils, etc.) form soft carbon with relatively regular structure after carbonization, while precursors with high sp3 carbon content (e.g., cellulose, plastics, etc.) generally form hard carbon with uneven structure after carbonization[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the polydispersity coefficient (PDI) values of the three biomass charcoals for the nanoparticle size test, which should have a normal value between 0 and 0.7 under the dynamic light test conditions, with smaller values indicating a more homogeneous dispersion of the particles. From the table, it can be seen that the PDI index of all three kinds of biomass chars decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, indicating that the dispersion gradually increased, which laterally reflected that the particle size of biomass chars prepared under high temperature pyrolysis conditions of ball milling was more uniform.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDI indices of the three biochars\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePDI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e500℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e700℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e900℃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFTIR Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the pyrolysis reaction of eucalyptus powder, rice bran and bagasse, most of the functional groups in the biochar were reduced and weakened, and most of the characteristic peaks were weakened or disappeared. There are mainly a few hydrogen bonding -OH free and -OH stretching vibration peaks near 3500 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which are mainly due to the insufficient drying of the samples and the moisture absorption of the samples in contact with air during the experimental process.while the -CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e stretching vibration peaks near 2800\u0026ndash;2900 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, it can be seen that the -CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e peaks of the three kinds of biomass charcoal decrease with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which indicates that the cellulose in the biomass, hemicellulose and lignocellulose in biomass are cleaved with the increase of temperature, resulting in the decrease of alkyl groups and the enhancement of aromaticity in biomass char[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The absorption peaks near 1600 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e are mainly generated by the stretching vibration of aromatic C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C skeleton and olefinic C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O skeleton. From the infrared spectra of MF biochar, it can be seen that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the unsaturated aromatic C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C and C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O decreased significantly, and the C-O functional group also decreased gradually with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which indicated that the fracture and reorganization took place with the increase of temperature, and volatile gases, such as CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, were formed. The C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C and C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O bonds of DK and ZZ samples were also weakened to some extent with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and the vibrational contraction peaks of the C-O-C bonds were gradually obvious, which indicated that the unsaturated bonds in the biochar were gradually transformed to the saturated bonds with the increase of temperature[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. The absorption peaks around 870\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;800 cm-1 are mainly generated by the planar bending vibration of the aromatic ring C-H bonds in biochar. Unlike eucalyptus, the C-O bond functional group of rice bran biochar was basically cleaved completely after pyrolysis at 500 ℃. When the temperature exceeded 500 ℃, the biomass char formed an aromatic structure that was difficult to be degraded, and the continued heating did not have much effect on the functional group, indicating that it was basically charred completely at about 500 ℃. The same with rice bran is bagasse after 500 ℃ pyrolysis infrared spectra and 700 ℃, 900 ℃ difference is very little, indicating that bagasse in about 500 ℃ is basically carbonized complete, continue to heat on its functional groups is not obvious. From the infrared spectral analysis, it can be seen that the types of functional groups contained in the biochar prepared by pyrolysis of different biomasses are not the same. Most of the oxygen-containing functional groups with low bond energies are weakened by pyrolysis, and a large number of C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C or aromatic ring skeletons in olefins are retained in the biochar. At the same time, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the peak intensity of the absorption peaks generated by the aromatic C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C vibrational stretching bands decreases, and we can roughly infer that the increase of pyrolysis temperature leads to the enhancement of the aromaticity of the biochar, and the stability of the char material is also increased [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], and also cause some of the carbon skeleton to break or be released with volatile components.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eXRD Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe XRD patterns of the three biochars before and after pyrolysis treatment of ball milling are shown below. The biochars obtained from eucalyptus powder, rice bran and bagasse at different pyrolysis temperatures show the same general trend, with two diffraction peaks near 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23\u0026deg; and 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44\u0026deg;. The graphite (002) planar diffraction peak at 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23\u0026deg; is due to the stacking of the graphite planes in the matrix, whereas the (100) planar diffraction peak at 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;44\u0026deg; is caused by the orderly arrangement of the graphite atoms in the individual planes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. It can also be seen that the crystallization planes gradually move to a higher angle as the pyrolysis temperature increases (002), indicating that the regularity of the biomass char becomes better. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]The inset in the upper right corner shows the (002) crystal plane spacing values of the charcoal material, and the (d\u003csub\u003e002\u003c/sub\u003e) value is usually used to estimate the degree of graphitization of charcoal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. As can be seen from the figure, the (d\u003csub\u003e002\u003c/sub\u003e) values of all three biomass charcoal materials gradually decrease with increasing temperature, which indicates that they gradually become structurally organized and slowly evolve into graphite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be clearly seen that the (002) facet of the biochar material was destroyed by ball milling, and the diffraction peaks were greatly weakened. Among them, the graphite (100) facet in eucalyptus and rice bran biochar gradually weakened with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, while the peak intensity of the (101) facet remained basically unchanged. Meanwhile, the (102) facet gradually weakened with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which indicated that the particle size of the material gradually decreased with the increase of temperature, which was consistent with the results of the nano-particle size test. In addition, crystal structures containing elemental calcium appear in the figure. This is mainly due to the fact that the raw material itself is carried in small quantities.The variation is also the same for rice bran biochar, in which the CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e crystalline peak is around 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40\u0026deg; and the crystallinity is enhanced with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. Unlike the eucalyptus powder, rice bran and bagasse biochar, the graphite (100) crystalline surface is basically unchanged and (101) crystalline surface is gradually enhanced with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and the overall peak shape of the two is more obvious, which indicates that the graphitization of the biochar is gradually enhanced with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. When the pyrolysis temperature reaches 700℃, the crystalline peak of CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e also appears near 2θ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40\u0026deg;, and the crystallinity is gradually enhanced with the increase of temperature, which is mainly related to the formation of calcium salts at high temperature. This is mainly related to the formation of calcium salts at high temperatures. This indicates that during the pyrolysis process, the crystallinity of the inorganic components is gradually enhanced with the increase of the pyrolysis temperature, and the grain size of the material is gradually reduced, and the structural morphology is significantly changed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRaman Spectral Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to further investigate and discover the changes in the structure of the biomass char material with pyrolysis temperature, the samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The results are shown in the figure below, and it can be clearly seen that two distinct peaks appear at both positions of the wave numbers located at 1350 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1590 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which correspond to the D and G peaks of the charcoal material, respectively.The D peak corresponds to the degree of disorder of the charcoal material, which is mainly related to the structural defects and atomic doping of the material, while the G peak corresponds to the sp2 hybridized carbon atoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the ratio of D and G peaks (ID/IG) is often used to indicate the degree of defectivation and graphitization of carbon materials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. It can be seen that the ID/IG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.56 for MF500; the value of 2.35 for MF700; and the value of 1.83 for MF900, which shows that the ID/IG value of eucalyptus wood biochar decreases with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, which indicates that the degree of graphitization of the MF biomass char materials increases with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, and that the rice bran biomass char materials and bagasse biomass char materials also show the the same pattern, which further confirms this law. The different graphitization degree at each temperature is attributed to the different lignin content in the raw materials, which contains a large amount of sp2 carbon (about 2/3) and sp3 carbon (about 1/3), and the different materials have different responsiveness to pyrolysis under the same pyrolysis conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the biochar will be gradually transformed into an aromatic structure that is difficult to be degraded, and the change of yield tends to level off. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature can increase the microporous structure of biochar to a certain extent, but too high a temperature will destroy the original pore structure, and if porous carbon materials need to be prepared, appropriate pyrolysis temperatures should be formulated for different biomasses in order to ensure a well-developed pore structure. The graphitization degree of biochar is closely related to the pyrolysis temperature, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the graphitization degree also increases. As the graphitization degree increases, the resistivity of the biochar tends to decrease significantly. In addition, the biochar prepared at low temperature is more difficult to be refined by ball milling than the one prepared at high temperature, which is mainly related to the structural type of its charcoal. In this study, it is also found that the crystalline structure of the charcoal material (002) has been damaged and weakened to a certain extent by the ball milling treatment, and the specific mechanism of the effect is still unclear, and further research will be conducted to investigate the mechanism of its effect.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eDeclarations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors have no relevant fnancial or nonfnancial interests to disclose.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work is financially supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20134420120009), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong (2014A010105047) and Guangzhou (201707010367).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConceptualization: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong; methodology: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong,Haiyan Zhang,Fangji Wu; investigation: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong; supervision: Haoqun Hong Haiyan Zhang; writing original draft: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong; writing review and editing: Tao Wei, Haoqun Hong; funding: Haoqun Hong ,Haiyan Zhang.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu Q, Sun J, Gu Y et al (2024) Experimental study on CO2 co-gasification characteristics of biomass and waste plastics: Insight into interaction and targeted regulation method. Energy 130509. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130509\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.energy.2024.130509\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePosmanik R, Labatut RA, Kim AH et al (2017) Coupling hydrothermal liquefaction and anaerobic digestion for energy valorization from model biomass feedstocks. Bioresour Technol 233:134\u0026ndash;143. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.095\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.095\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJin C, Sun S, Yang D et al (2021) Anaerobic digestion: An alternative resource treatment option for food waste in China. Sci Total Environ 779:146397. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146397\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146397\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOng HC, Chen W-H, Singh Y et al (2020) A state-of-the-art review on thermochemical conversion of biomass for biofuel production: A TG-FTIR approach. Energy Conv Manag 209:112634. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112634\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112634\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShanmugam S, Sun C, Chen Z, Wu Y-R (2019) Enhanced bioconversion of hemicellulosic biomass by microbial consortium for biobutanol production with bioaugmentation strategy. Bioresour Technol 279:149\u0026ndash;155. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.121\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.121\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChormare R, Moradeeya PG, Sahoo TP et al (2023) Conversion of solid wastes and natural biomass for deciphering the valorization of biochar in pollution abatement: A review on the thermo-chemical processes. Chemosphere 339:139760. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139760\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139760\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAgegnehu G, Srivastava AK, Bird MI (2017) The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review. Appl Soil Ecol 119:156\u0026ndash;170. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.008\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.06.008\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang L, Yao Z, Zhao L et al (2024) Effects of various pyrolysis temperatures on the physicochemical characteristics of crop straw-derived biochars and their application in tar reforming. Catal Today 433:114663. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2024.114663\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cattod.2024.114663\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRomero-G\u0026uuml;iza MS, Vila J, Mata-Alvarez J et al (2016) The role of additives on anaerobic digestion: A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58:1486\u0026ndash;1499. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.094\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.094\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi Y, Chen Y, Wu J (2019) Enhancement of methane production in anaerobic digestion process: A review. Appl Energy 240:120\u0026ndash;137. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.243\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.243\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi Y, Jin Y, Borrion A, Li H (2019) Current status of food waste generation and management in China. Bioresour Technol 273:654\u0026ndash;665. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.083\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.083\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmad M, Rajapaksha AU, Lim JE et al (2014) Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review. Chemosphere 99:19\u0026ndash;33. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e13, Crombie K, Mašek O (2014) Investigating the potential for a self-sustaining slow pyrolysis system under varying operating conditions. Bioresour Technol 162:148\u0026ndash;156. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.134\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.134\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAtinafu DG, Yeol Yun B, Uk Kim Y et al (2021) Introduction of eicosane into biochar derived from softwood and wheat straw: Influence of porous structure and surface chemistry. Chem Eng J 415:128887. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128887\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cej.2021.128887\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGao F, Zang Y, Wang Y et al (2021) A review of the synthesis of carbon materials for energy storage from biomass and coal/heavy oil waste. New Carbon Mater 36:34\u0026ndash;48. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60003-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S1872-5805(21)60003-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJiang J, Zhang L, Wang X et al (2013) Highly ordered macroporous woody biochar with ultra-high carbon content as supercapacitor electrodes. Electrochim Acta 113:481\u0026ndash;489. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.121\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.121\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang C-S, Jang YS, Jeong HK (2014) Bamboo-based activated carbon for supercapacitor applications. Curr Appl Phys 14:1616\u0026ndash;1620. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2014.09.021\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cap.2014.09.021\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAtinafu DG, Yeol Yun B, Uk Kim Y et al (2021) Introduction of eicosane into biochar derived from softwood and wheat straw: Influence of porous structure and surface chemistry. Chem Eng J 415:128887. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.128887\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cej.2021.128887\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGabhi R, Tan K, Feng T et al (2024) Intrinsic electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar. Biomass Bioenergy 181:107051. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107051\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107051\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGabhi R, Basile L, Kirk DW et al (2020) Electrical conductivity of wood biochar monoliths and its dependence on pyrolysis temperature. Biochar 2:369\u0026ndash;378. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00056-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s42773-020-00056-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuliman W, Harsh JB, Abu-Lail NI et al (2016) Influence of feedstock source and pyrolysis temperature on biochar bulk and surface properties. Biomass Bioenergy 84:37\u0026ndash;48. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.11.010\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.11.010\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWeber K, Quicker P (2018) Properties of biochar. Fuel 217:240\u0026ndash;261. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.fuel.2017.12.054\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhmad M, Lee SS, Dou X et al (2012) Effects of pyrolysis temperature on soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water. Bioresour Technol 118:536\u0026ndash;544. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.042\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.042\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGabhi R, Tan K, Feng T et al (2024) Intrinsic electrical conductivity of monolithic biochar. Biomass Bioenergy 181:107051. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107051\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107051\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang H, Fu F, Huang M (2023) Lignin-based materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. Photo Electrochem Mater Devices 5:141\u0026ndash;160. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoms.2022.01.002\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.nanoms.2022.01.002\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNguyen T-B, Truong Q-M, Chen C-W et al (2022) Mesoporous and adsorption behavior of algal biochar prepared via sequential hydrothermal carbonization and ZnCl2 activation. Bioresour Technol 346:126351. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126351\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126351\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLu H, Zhang W, Yang Y et al (2012) Relative distribution of Pb2\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar. Water Res 46:854\u0026ndash;862. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.058\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.058\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSun Y, Zhu D, Liang Z et al (2020) Facile renewable synthesis of nitrogen/oxygen co-doped graphene-like carbon nanocages as general lithium-ion and potassium-ion batteries anode. Carbon 167:685\u0026ndash;695. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.06.046\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.carbon.2020.06.046\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYang Y, Sun K, Han L et al (2018) Effect of minerals on the stability of biochar. Chemosphere 204:310\u0026ndash;317. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.057\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.057\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYoshizawa N (2000) XRD evaluation of CO2 activation process of coal- and coconut shell-based carbons. Fuel 79:1461\u0026ndash;1466. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00011-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00011-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eByrne CE, Nagle DC (1997) Carbonized wood monoliths\u0026mdash;Characterization. Carbon 35:267\u0026ndash;273. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00135-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00135-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCuesta A, Dhamelincourt P, Laureyns J et al (1998) Comparative performance of X-ray diffraction and Raman microprobe techniques for the study of carbon materials. J Mater Chem 8:2875\u0026ndash;2879. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1039/a805841e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1039/a805841e\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi G, Chen S, Wang Y et al (2023) N, S co-doped porous graphene-like carbon synthesized by a facile coal tar pitch-blowing strategy for high-performance supercapacitors. Chem Phys Lett 827:140712. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140712\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140712\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLong C, Chen X, Jiang L et al (2015) Porous layer-stacking carbon derived from in-built template in biomass for high volumetric performance supercapacitors. Nano Energy 12:141\u0026ndash;151. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.014\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.014\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePerazzolo V, Durante C, Pilot R et al (2015) Nitrogen and sulfur doped mesoporous carbon as metal-free electrocatalysts for the in situ production of hydrogen peroxide. Carbon 95:949\u0026ndash;963. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.002\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.carbon.2015.09.002\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bioenergy-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bere","sideBox":"Learn more about [BioEnergy Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/12155)","snPcode":"12155","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12155/3","title":"BioEnergy Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Biochar, Resistivity, Pyrolysis, Ball Mill, Graphitization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4731569/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4731569/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBiomass, as a renewable resource, has attracted much attention due to its abundant reserves and wide range of applications. In this study, three different biomass feedstocks, eucalyptus wood powder, rice bran and bagasse, were selected, and their structural and morphological evolutions and resistivity changes were analyzed in detail under three pyrolysis conditions, namely, 500℃, 700, ℃ and 900℃. The results showed that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the number of microporous structures of biomass charcoal firstly increased and then collapsed and blocked, and some functional groups on the surface weakened and decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, all of which formed stable aromatic compounds with C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C and C\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;O as the main structures. From the XRD and Raman spectroscopy analysis, It can be seen that the degree of graphitization of biochar increases gradually with the rise of pyrolysis temperature, and the ball milling treatment to a certain extent can change the crystal structure of the charcoal material. meanwhile, the resistivity of the biochar material decreases gradually with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. 900℃pyrolysis of the eucalyptus biochar could reach a resistivity of 0.0196 Ω/cm at 27.3 MPa, which is much better than that of the biochar prepared at low temperature, and the smaller particle size can be obtained under the same ball milling conditions. The current research provides a guidance to facile method to prepare biochar and sustainable utilization of biomass.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative carbonization study of pyrolyzed biomass: New insights into the structure and composition evolution of biochar","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-27 15:19:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4731569/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-08-20T08:00:10+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-07-30T14:30:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"BioEnergy Research","date":"2024-07-23T22:23:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-07-17T00:13:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BioEnergy Research","date":"2024-07-16T04:51:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bioenergy-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bere","sideBox":"Learn more about [BioEnergy Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/12155)","snPcode":"12155","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12155/3","title":"BioEnergy Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a28b0ce-382b-4033-97d1-ea81a7dc77d8","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-27T16:02:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4731569","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-025-10819-x","journal":{"identity":"bioenergy-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BioEnergy Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-01-20 15:57:44","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 20th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-27 15:19:24","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s12155-025-10819-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-025-10819-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4731569","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4731569","identity":"rs-4731569","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}