Characterization of Phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6: K15 and Assessment of the Efficacy in vitro and in vivo

Characterization of Phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6: K15 and Assessment of the Efficacy in vitro and in vivo | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Characterization of Phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6: K15 and Assessment of the Efficacy in vitro and in vivo Aisi Chen, Qianying Jia, Tingting Chen, Youwei Wang, Ruchong Pan, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9207930/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant pathogen responsible for diarrhoea in both humans and neonatal animals. Bacteriophages have emerged as a promising alternative for the effective control of ETEC infections. In the study, a novel lytic phage named phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 was isolated and characterized. Its efficacy was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo . The results indicated that the phage belongs to the short-tailed phage family Podoviridae and is capable of forming clear plaques on its host bacteria strain in the double-layer agar plate with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. One-step growth curve analysis revealed that the phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 has a latent period of 5 min and an average burst size of 510 PFU (plaque-forming units) per infected cell, as well as broad temperature and pH stability ranges. The phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 possesses a circular double-stranded DNA genome with a size of 39,709 bp and a GC content of 48.6%. It contains 54 open reading frames (ORFs) and lacks regions encoding known virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants. When applied at an MOI of 10, 000, phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 resulted in a reduction of ETEC in milk and lettuce by 1.48 log 10 CFU/mL and 1.58 log 10 CFU/cm 2 at 4℃, 4.82 log 10 CFU/mL and 5.28 log 10 CFU/cm 2 at 25℃, respectively. Additionally, the in vivo Galleria mellonella ( G. mellonella ) larvae model suggested the therapeutic potential of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 , with a statistically significant increase in survival compared to non-treated larvae. These results suggest that phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 may be a promising candidate biologic agent for controlling ETEC infections, both in vitro and in vivo . Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Bacteriophage Biological characteristics Genomic analysis Phage therapy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) is a common constituent of the intestinal microbiota but can also function as an opportunistic pathogen, causing gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections in humans. In children under five years of age, an estimated 196 million annual episodes of diarrhoea result from ETEC and Shigella , leading to 3.5 million cases of moderate-to-severe stunting and causing 44 400 deaths from ETEC and 63 100 deaths from Shigella in 2015 [ 1 ]. ETEC serves as a leading enteric pathogen responsible for diarrhoea in children under five and in travellers, contributing substantially to the global public health burden, especially in developing countries [ 2 ]. E. coli infections are primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Contamination of milk, dairy products, and fresh vegetables such as lettuce with antibiotic-resistant E. coli can occur through irrigation with contaminated water or improper storage conditions [ 3 ]. Maintaining food hygiene and safety throughout the farm-to-fork process is essential for preventing foodborne E. coli infections. Current strategies for controlling E. coli in food products include a range of chemical, physical, and biological methods such as antibiotics, disinfectants, irradiation, and pasteurization [ 4 ]. Bacteriophage therapy has attracted increasing interest as an alternative approach for controlling bacterial infections [ 5 ]. As one of the most diverse biological entities on Earth, phages exhibit considerable ecological and therapeutic variety [ 6 ]. Several lytic phages have already gained regulatory approval, for instance, Bacteriophage Listex P100 was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service for controlling Listeria monocytogenes in food products in 2010 [ 7 ]. Another promising candidate, the broad-host-range lytic phage vB _ EcoM _SQ17, can lyse EHEC O157: H7 and ETEC, and has been shown to reduce bacterial counts in milk, raw beef, and fresh lettuce [ 8 ]. Additionally, SalmoFresh™ has been approved for reducing Salmonella in vitro and on chicken breast fillets [ 9 ]. These examples illustrate the significant potential of phages in mitigating food contamination. The present study isolated, identified, and evaluated a novel bacteriophage targeting ETEC. The newly isolated phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615, was characterized and its efficacy against ETEC was assessed using both in vitro and in vivo models. Given its lytic spectrum, lytic efficiency, stability, robust proliferative capacity, and effectiveness in various food matrices and a G. mellonella infection model, phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 demonstrates potential for controlling ETEC in food production and therapeutic applications. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Bacterial strains and culture conditions The sewage samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Linyi City, Shandong Province, China. ETEC O6: K15 served as the host strain for phage isolation and purification. Additional bacterial strains listed in Table 1 were used to determine the phage's host range. All bacterial cultures were grown aerobically in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth at 37℃. To improve plaque visibility, double-layer plates were prepared using LB medium supplemented with 0.75% agar. 2.2. Phage isolation and purification ETEC O6: K15 was incubated in LB liquid media at 37℃ with shaking at 150 r/min. The sewage sample was centrifuged at 4000 r/min for 10 min at 4℃ and then passed through a 0.45 µm filter. Subsequently, 2.5 mL of the filtered sewage was combined with 1.25 mL of bacteria liquid in 5 mL of LB liquid medium, and the mixture was cultured at 37℃ for 12 hours under constant shaking at 150 r/min. The cultures were centrifuged at 4000 r/min for 10 min at 4℃ and filtered through a 0.22 µm filter to obtain the final lysate. The double-layer agar method was used to form and screen phage plaques [ 10 ]. Briefly, 100 µL of bacterial and 100 µL of a 10-fold dilution series of lysate were added to 5 mL of soft agar (LB with 0.75% agar) which was then poured onto an LB plate (with 1.5% agar) and incubated overnight at 37℃. This procedure was repeated three additional times to isolate a pure phage population exhibiting consistent plaque morphology. 2.3. Electron microscopy The purified phage was placed on a copper net for 5–10 min, after which a 2% phosphotungstic acid solution was applied for an additional 3–5 min. Phage morphology was then observed using a transmission electron microscope operating at 80 kV, and images were captured for subsequent analysis. 2.4. Optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) determination The MOI refers the ratio of the number of phage to the number of bacteria during infection [ 11 ]. Combined 200 µL of ETEC culture with 200 µL of serially diluted phage suspensions, yielding MOIs of 0.00001 to 10. After incubating the mixtures at 37℃ for 2 hours, we centrifuged them at 4000 r/min for 5 min. The double-layer agar method was employed to confirm the highest phage titre, which corresponded to the optimal MOI. 2.5. One-step growth curve The one-step growth curve of the phage was measured to calculate the phage incubation period, outbreak period, and platform period [ 12 ]. To achieve this, 500 µL phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 was incubated with 500 µL ETEC O6: K15 at an MOI of 0.1. The mixture was incubated at 37℃ for 15 min to allow the sufficient adsorption, then centrifuged at 8,000×g for 5 min to collect the bacteria. The bacterial cells were washed twice with 1 mL of buffer, resuspended in 9 mL of fresh LB medium, and incubated at 37℃ with shaking at 150 r/min. Aliquots of 600 µL were collected every 5 min for the initial 20 minutes, and subsequently every 20 min until the 140 min endpoint. For each sample, 200 µL supernatant was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 2 min to determine the phage titer, and the one-step growth curve of phage was then generated by plotting the average plaque count against time [ 13 ]. This experiment was repeated three times to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. 2.6. Temperature and pH stability of phage To assess the stability of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 under varied conditions, we exposed it to temperatures of 37℃, 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, and 80℃ for 20, 40, and 60 min, and to a pH range from 1 to 13 for one hour. We then measured the titer of each sample via the double-layer agar plate method. All tests were conducted in triplicate. 2.7. Host range analysis To determine the phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 host range, the remaining six bacterial strains from Table 1 were evaluated using a spot test. Each 100 µL bacterial culture was mixed with 5 mL of soft agar and overlaid onto a solid LB plate, forming a double-layered agar. After allowing the agar to solidify for 5 min, 10 µL of phage vB_EcoM_ CQ615 was spotted onto the surface. The plates were then incubated aerobically overnight at 37℃ and examined for plaque formation. 2.8. Phage DNA isolation, sequencing and genome analysis The genomic DNA of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 was extracted via the protease K/SDS method as an established protocol [ 10 ]. The second-generation sequencing library was constructed with insert sizes between 200 and 500 bp and sequenced using DNA Nanoball Sequencing (DNBSEQ). Raw sequencing data were processed with Fastp to remove adapter sequences [ 14 ], eliminate low-quality reads, and produce clean reads. Prokka annotated the genome, identifying coding genes and tRNA [ 15 ]. Predicted virulence genes were compared against the Virulence Factors Database (VFDB) [ 16 ], while antibiotic resistance was assessed using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD). PHASTER served as the tool for phage classification [ 17 ]. 2.9. Construction of phylogenetic tree Phylogenetic analysis of the phage DNA ligase protein amino acid sequences was conducted using ClustalW in MEGA 6. The amino acid sequence of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 DNA ligase was compared with those of other reference phages available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Evolutionary distances were calculated via the neighbour-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. 2.10. Assessment of the efficacy of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15 in vitro To evaluate the effect of phage on ETEC O6: K15, 9.8 mL of milk was ultraviolet-irradiated for 30 min, after which 100 µL of ETEC O6: K15 was added to achieve a final concentration of 4 log 10 CFU/mL. Subsequently, 100 µL of phage was introduced individually into 9.8 mL of milk at an MOI of 10,000. The mixtures were incubated at 4℃ and 25℃ for 48 hours. Bacterial growth was assessed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h using the plate colony counting method. Three replicates were performed for each condition. For the experiment with lettuce, the clean inner layer of lettuce leaves were prepared and cut into 1 cm× 1 cm squares, washed once in PBS, and subsequently soaked in 75% ethanol for 10 minutes followed by ultraviolet irradiation for 10 min. The treated lettuce pieces were then placed on LB solid medium to verify the absence of bacterial growth after incubation at 37℃ for 12 h. Clean lettuce leaves were placed in a 12-well plate and each leaf received 10 µL of a 1×10 7 ETEC bacterial suspension. The control group received 10 µL of PBS buffer, while the other two groups were treated with 10 µL of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 to achieve a final MOI of 10,000. All the samples were cultured at 4℃ and 25℃ and washed with 1 mL of PBS after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The experiments were done in triplicate. 2.11. Assessment of the efficacy of phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15 in vivo G. mellonella larvae served as a model to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15. A bacterial concentration of 1×10 6 CFU/mL was selected for phage treatment assessment. 40 larvae were divided into 4 groups: a PBS group injected with 10 µL of PBS, and groups S1–S3 injected with 10 µL of bacterial suspension. After one hour, group S1 received 10 µL of PBS, while groups S2 and S3 were injected with 10 µL of phage at MOIs of 10 and 100, respectively. The treated larvae in all groups were incubated in the dark at 37℃, and their survival was assessed every 12 h over a 48-hour period. Larvae were considered dead if they turned black and displayed no movement upon tactile stimulation. 2.12. Statistical analysis All the experiments were repeated three times. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States). Multiple t- tests were performed to determine differences between groups at a significance level of P < 0.05. 3. Results 3.1. Isolation and morphology of vB_EcoM_CQ615 The phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615, isolated from sewage, can form a broad, semi-transparent halo around its plaques when plated on ETEC O6: K15 (Figuer 1A). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 possesses a head and a short, non-contractile tail (Figuer 1B). Figuer 1. (A) Plaques of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615. (B) The transmission electron micrograph of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 3.2. Biological characterisation of phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 The phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 was mixed with the bacteria at different MOIs (Figuer 2A), the highest titre was achieved at an MOI of 0.1 with ETEC O6: K15. The one-step growth comprises into latent, lysis, and stable period, quantitatively describing phage growth and reflecting characteristics such as the incubation period and burst size. The results indicate that the latent period of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 was 5 min and the stable period began at 100 min (Figuer 2B). Additionally, the average burst size was 510 PFU/infected cell. Figuer 2. (A) The MOI of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 : phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 and ETEC were mixed at different MOI,incubated at 37℃ for 2 h and detected phage titer. (B) One-step growth curve of phage vB_EcoM _CQ615 : The phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 was mixed with ETEC and determined at different time points. 3.3. Stability of phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 at different thermal and pH The titre of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 varied under different temperature and pH conditions. It remained stable after one hour of incubation at 37℃. As the temperature rose, however, the titer gradually declined and dropped to zero following incubation at 80℃ for 60 min (Figuer 3A). The phage also demonstrated good stability across a pH range of 6 to 12 over one hour. Its titer decreased markedly below pH 4 and above pH 11, falling by 5.95 log10 PFU/mL between pH 10 and 11 (Figuer 3B). These results indicate that phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 tolerates normal temperatures and remains viable within a pH range of 6 to 10. Figuer 3. (A) Temperature stability of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 :The titer of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 changes at different temperature and different time points. (B) pH stability of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 : The titer of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 changes at different pH. 3.4. Genome analysis The genome of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 consists of double-stranded DNA spanning 39,709 bp with 48.6% GC content (Figuer 4 ). Genomic analysis calssifed phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 identified 51 encoded ORFs (Table 2 ). Among these, 15 ORFs (29.4%) were annotated as hypothetical proteins, while the remainder were assigned functional roles distributed across five modules: transcription, replication, envelope biogenesis, host lysis, and unknown function. It is noteworthy that the phage lacks tRNA genes, known drug resistance genes and virulence factor genes, indicating its potential suitability as an antibiotic. The phylogenetic tree, constructed from conserved DNA ligase sequences, was used to determine the evolutionary relationships between phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 and other phages (Figuer 5). It revealed a close relationship between phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 and Escherichia phage N30, which the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classifies within the genus Teseptimavirus of the family Autographiviridae . Figuer 4. The genome map of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 Figuer 5. Phylogenetic analysis of the phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 : Construction of phylogenetic tree of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 with DNA ligase. 3.5. Evaluation of phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15 in vitro and in vivo In milk, treatment with phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 at an MOI of 10,000 reduced ETEC viable counts by 1.48 log 10 CFU/mL following 48 hours of incubation at 4℃ (Figuer 6A). At 25℃, the viable count of ETEC in milk fell below the detection limit within 6–12 hours of phage treatment and decreased by 4.82 log10 CFU/mL after 48 h (Figuer 6B). When applied to lettuce at a final MOI of 10,000 and incubated at 25°C for 3–24 h, phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 reduced the viable counts to below the detection limit and achieved a 5.28 log 10 CFU/cm 2 reduction after 48 h of incubation (Figuer 6D). phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 also exhibited significant antibacterial activity on lettuce at 4°C, reducing counts by 1.58 log10 CFU/cm 2 (Figuer 6C). G. mellonella has been widely employed as an alternative model for assessing microbial pathogen virulence in vivo due to their well-characterized innate immune response [ 18 ]. In this study, injection of 10 µL of ETEC O6: K15 bacterial suspension at 1×10 6 CFU/mL resulted in 50% larval mortality within 48. Treatment with phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 at different multiplicities of infection significantly enhanced the survival rate of the larvae after 48 hours (Figuer 7A), reducing mortality from 50% to 10% at an MOI of 100 (B–E). Figuer 6. Effect of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15 in food matrices. Viability of ETEC cells in the milk incubated at 4°C (A) and 25°C (B) and in lettuce incubated at 4°C (C) and 25°C (D). Figuer 7. Phage therapy in the G.mellonella model. Survival curves of G.mellonella injected with PBS and ETEC O6: K15 after culture 48 hours (A) S1: injected with 10 µL PBS, S2–S3: injected with10 µL PBS and phage at MOI 10, 100 after injected with 10 µL 1×10 6 CFU/mL bacteria liquid 1 hour later, respectively. (B)–(E) show the survival results of the phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 treated for 48 hours. Table 2 The host range of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 1 Bacteria type Strain number Serotype Plaque ETEC CICC 24190 O6: K15 + STEC CICC 10670 O157 + EIEC CICC 24188 O143 + E.coli ATCC 25922 - + EPEC CICC 24189 O111:K15 - EAEC CICC 24186 - - EHEC CICC 24187 O157:H7 - Table 3 ORFanalysis of phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 genome ORF start stop Length (AA) Predicted Protein Function Best-match BLASTp Result Query cover E-values Identity Accession MW (kDa) 1 1071 1421 116 ocr-like anti-restriction Escherichia phage N30 100% 4.00E-168 97.72% NC_048078.1 13.6 2 1422 1576 52 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage EG1 100% 2.00E-29 100% YP_009795798.1 5.8 3 1611 1769 53 hypothetical protein Salmonella phage 3A_8767 82% 4.00E-17 93.02% YP_009804751.1 5.2 4 1766 1906 47 hypothetical protein Enterobacter phage vB_SEqdws-315 100% 1.00E-21 89.13% UEW68654.1 5.5 5 1932 2321 130 endonuclease VII Klebsiella phage 31 96% 4.00E-64 76.00% QGH73717.1 14.5 6 2400 3479 360 serine-threonine kinase Escherichia phage EG1 100% 0 93.87% YP_009795803.1 41.3 7 3550 6201 884 RNA polymerase Escherichia phage N30 100% 0 98.53% YP_009813771.1 98.9 8 6387 6515 42 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage T7 100% 1.00E-18 95.24% NP_041961.1 5.1 9 6517 6774 85 host dGTPase inhibitor Shigella phage ESh6 100% 4.00E-46 85.88% URY10867.1 10.2 10 6853 7878 341 DNA ligase Escherichia phage N30 100% 0 92.96% YP_009813773.1 38.9 11 8006 8278 90 HNH endonuclease Yersinia phage phiYeO3-12 95% 2.00E-43 82.56% NP_052076.1 10.1 12 8293 8382 29 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage EG1 100% 1.00E-25 100% YP_009795810.1 3.2 13 8408 8668 86 hypothetical protein Shigella phage ESh6 100% 2.00E-52 97.67% URY10870.1 9.9 14 8669 9009 113 hypothetical protein Salmonella phage JSS2 97% 1.00E-59 77.39% UVK85829.1 13.1 15 8996 9136 46 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage HZP2 100% 2.00E-24 95.65% YP_009820208.1 5.7 16 9138 9332 64 RNA polymerase inhibitor Escherichia phage T7 100% 1.00E-38 98.44% NP_041969.1 7.2 17 9399 10097 232 single-stranded DNA-binding protein Enterobacteria phage T7.1 100% 2.00E-166 98.71% AAZ32836.1 25.8 18 10098 10553 151 endonuclease Escherichia phage 64795_ec1 100% 2.00E-103 98.01% YP_009291490.1 17.3 19 10554 11008 151 lysin Escherichia phage pO111 100% 2.00E-106 97.35% WMM35745.1 17 20 11080 12780 566 DNA primase Enterobacteria phage vB_EcoP_IME390 100% 0 98.76% YP_009814083.1 62.8 21 12866 13078 70 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage T7 100% 5.00E-40 98.57% NP_041979.1 7.9 22 13098 13367 89 inhibitor of host toxin Escherichia phage HZ2R8 100% 2.00E-56 98.88% YP_009798020.1 10.1 23 13442 13849 135 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage T7 100% 7.00E-93 100.00% NP_041981.1 15.2 24 13868 15982 704 DNA polymerase Escherichia phage N30 100% 0 99.57% YP_009813785.1 79.7 25 16002 16232 76 putative homing endonuclease Escherichia phage ErnstBeyeler 97% 2.00E-20 54.05% QXV78423.1 9.3 26 16246 16545 99 hypothetical protein Phage PhiI 100% 6.00E-65 97.98% AAV53691.1 11.2 27 16545 16754 69 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage T7 98% 2.00E-43 100.00% NP_041984.1 7.4 28 16754 16912 52 inihibitor of RecBCD nuclease Escherichia phage CICC 80001 98% 5.00E-29 100.00% YP_009152484.1 6.0 29 16899 17801 300 exonuclease Escherichia phage NC-A 100% 0 99.33% YP_009820174.1 34.5 30 18000 18254 84 domain-containing protein Salmonella phage 3A_8767 100% 2.00E-53 96.43% YP_009804775.1 9.5 31 18259 18525 88 family protein Escherichia phage N30 98% 8.00E-54 98.86% YP_009813791.1 9.3 32 18525 18926 133 host range and adsorption protein Escherichia phage NC-A 99% 9.00E-93 98.50% YP_009820177.1 15.4 33 18930 19232 100 host range and adsorption protein Escherichia phage N30 99% 3.00E-58 100.00% YP_009813793.1 10.2 34 19247 20857 536 head-to-tail connector Escherichia phage N30 99% 0 99.63% YP_009813794.1 59.1 35 20955 21878 307 capsid assembly scaffolding protein Cedecea phage Yanou 99% 0 98.70% UTQ78073.1 33.9 36 21977 23011 344 capsid and scaffold Escherichia phage 64795_ec1 99% 0 97.67% YP_009291509.1 36.2 37 23011 23169 52 minor capsid protein Serratia phage Pila 98% 2.00E-19 86.54% QFG06807.1 5.3 38 23240 23830 196 tail tubular protein A Serratia phage Pila 99% 1.00E-140 99.49% QFG06808.1 22.3 39 23851 26241 796 tail tubular protein Escherichia phage C5 99% 0 98.62% YP_009813844.1 88.9 40 26322 26738 138 internal virion protein Escherichia phage N30 99% 1.00E-99 100.00% YP_009813800.1 15.9 41 26743 27333 196 internal virion protein Escherichia phage HZ2R8 99% 1.00E-134 97.45% YP_009798037.1 20.9 42 27340 29583 747 DNA injection protein B Escherichia phage N30 99% 0 98.80% YP_009813802.1 84.3 43 29610 33566 1318 internal virion protein Escherichia phage N30 99% 0 99.32% YP_009813803.1 143.8 44 33639 35300 553 tail fiber protein Escherichia phage N30 99% 0 92.95% YP_009813804.1 61.1 45 35310 35687 125 hypothetical protein Serratia phage Pila 99% 5.00E-72 85.60% QFG06815.1 14.5 46 35705 35947 80 class II holin Escherichia phage pO111 82% 1.00E-38 98.51% WMM35716.1 8.8 47 35953 36222 89 DNA packaging protein Escherichia coli 98% 6.00E-54 95.51% WP_113998050.1 10.1 48 36317 36736 148 endopeptidase Klebsiella phage AmPh_EK52 95% 7.00E-52 58.22% QFR57268.1 16.8 49 36760 38523 590 terminase large subunit Escherichia phage HZ2R8 99% 0 98.81% YP_009798006.1 66.7 50 38570 39013 147 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage pO111 99% 7.00E-103 97.96% WMM35712.1 16.9 51 39179 39128 49 hypothetical protein Escherichia phage HZP2 98% 1.00E-23 97.96% YP_009820199.1 5.4 4. Discussion Foodborne and intestinal diseases caused by ETEC have become a significant challenge for developing countries. The use of bacteriophages to control pathogens in food is a promising and realistic antimicrobial approach. In the study, a phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 was isolated, and characterized, and the effectiveness of phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 was evaluated. The phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 belongs to the Teseptimavirus genus under [ 19 ] the Autographiviridae family and shows a high lytic efficiency on ETEC O6: K15. The survival of phage in different environments is critical for their application. Different phages behaved differently at a dynamic range of temperature. Our phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 was stable between 37–50°C and the viability was compromised when the temperature became higher. pH is another factor that affects phage stability. Our study found that pH values between 6 and 10 had minimal effect on the titre of phage, the phage lost its function at pH values of 1–3 and 12–14. Therefore, when using phage therapy to control foodborne disease and bacterial infection, environmental factors like temperature and pH should be taken into consideration. Milk and lettuce are common food models to evaluate the effectiveness of phage therapy [ 20 ]. Therefore, we evaluated the potential use and efficacy of CQ615 in controlling ETEC in these foods by cell counting. The results showed that phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 had a strong bactericidal ability in both milk and lettuce. We found the efficacy of phage in milk and lettuce was decreased by 1.48 log 10 CFU/mL and 1.58 log 10 CFU/cm 2 at 4℃ for culture 48 h, while 4.82 log 10 CFU/mL and 5.28 log 10 CFU/cm 2 at 25℃, respectively. It demonstrated that phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 had good lysis activity at room temperature. G.mellonella was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of phage in vivo . The bacteria (1×10 6 CFU/10 µL) resulted in the 50% death of all larvaes in the infected untreated group 48 hours post-inoculation. Treatment with phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 at different MOIs significantly increased the survival rate of G. mellonella , which was positively correlated with the concentration of the phage. Compared with the PBS group, the same survival rate of larvae indicated that phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 does not possess toxic factors and is highly safe. 5. Conclusions In this study, we isolated the phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 from a water source and demonstrated its lytic activity against ETEC. The phage exhibited broad pH and thermal stability alongside robust reproductive characteristics, including a distinct latent period and a defined burst size. The phage significantly reduced viable E. coli counts in both milk and lettuce without affecting sensory quality, and it also showed efficacy in controlling E. coli infections in G. mellonella . These findings indicate that phage vB _ EcoM _CQ615 possesses strong lytic capability against E. coli both i n vitro and in vivo . Declarations Author Contributions: Aisi Chen: Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Investigation, Writing-original draft and Funding acquisition. Qianying Jia: Resources, Writing-review & editing. Youwei Wang, Ruchong Pan: Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing-review & editing. Tingting Chen: Methodology, Writing-review & editing. Zeng TU, Po Hao : Conceptualization, Resources, Project administration, Writing-review & editing.All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by Chongqing Three Gorgeous Medical College ( Grant No.XJ2025004004 and XJZK 2025020) Data Availability Statement: The genome sequence of the phage can be obtained from GenBank (GenBank: PQ010280). All data and materials in the study are available. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. 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Gut Microbes, 2022. 14 (1): p. 2113717. Soni, K.A., R. Nannapaneni, and S. Hagens, Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of fresh channel catfish fillets by bacteriophage Listex P100. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2010. 7 (4): p. 427-34. Zhou, Y., et al., Application of a novel lytic phage vB_EcoM_SQ17 for the biocontrol of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Enterotoxigenic E. coli in food matrices. Front Microbiol, 2022. 13 (0): p. 929005. Sukumaran, A.T., et al., Reduction of Salmonella on chicken meat and chicken skin by combined or sequential application of lytic bacteriophage with chemical antimicrobials. Int J Food Microbiol, 2015. 207 : p. 8-15. Li, F., et al., Isolation and characterization of the novel bacteriophage vB_SmaS_BUCT626 against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Virus Genes, 2022. 58 (5): p. 458-466. Kong, X., et al., Duck sewage source coliphage P762 can lyse STEC and APEC. Virus Genes, 2022. 58 (5): p. 436-447. Li, P., et al., Characteristics of a Bacteriophage, vB_Kox_ZX8, Isolated From Clinical Klebsiella oxytoca and Its Therapeutic Effect on Mice Bacteremia. Front Microbiol, 2021. 12 : p. 763136. Han, P., et al., Characterization of bacteriophage BUCT631 lytic for K1 Klebsiella pneumoniae and its therapeutic efficacy in Galleria mellonella larvae. Virol Sin, 2023. 38 (5): p. 801-812. Chen, S., et al., fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor. Bioinformatics, 2018. 34 (17): p. i884-i890. Seemann, T., Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics, 2014. 30 (14): p. 2068-9. Liu, B., et al., VFDB 2022: a general classification scheme for bacterial virulence factors. Nucleic Acids Res, 2022. 50 (D1): p. D912-D917. Arndt, D., et al., PHAST, PHASTER and PHASTEST: Tools for finding prophage in bacterial genomes. Brief Bioinform, 2019. 20 (4): p. 1560-1567. Kaczorowska, J., et al., In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Potential of Escherichia coli Phages to Treat Infections and Survive Gastric Conditions. Microorganisms, 2021. 9 (9): p. 1869. Gambino, M. and L. Brndsted, Looking into the future of phage-based control of zoonotic pathogens in food and animal production. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2021. 68 : p. 96-103. Park, D.-W. and J.-H. Park, Characterization and Food Application of the Novel Lytic Phage BECP10: Specifically Recognizes the O-polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Viruses, 2021. 13 (8): p. 1469. Table 1 Table 1 is not available with this version. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 14 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 03 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 24 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9207930","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":627276022,"identity":"1c3fd7cb-68ce-4085-a51e-8fe635e059a2","order_by":0,"name":"Aisi Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Medical Technology, Chongqing Three Gorgeous Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aisi","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":627276023,"identity":"f2acc8e2-55d2-4537-a713-b7c21e02f795","order_by":1,"name":"Qianying Jia","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qianying","middleName":"","lastName":"Jia","suffix":""},{"id":627276024,"identity":"9e3a3471-9160-4f9d-9b3b-a1548ee11fae","order_by":2,"name":"Tingting Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Medical Technology, Chongqing Three Gorgeous Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tingting","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":627276025,"identity":"4aeb6950-e607-47ea-b49e-438c9439bc6c","order_by":3,"name":"Youwei Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Medical Technology, Chongqing Three Gorgeous Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Youwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":627276026,"identity":"d3bcfc2a-a83e-41e5-962e-168ef9f53eb2","order_by":4,"name":"Ruchong Pan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Medical Technology, Chongqing Three Gorgeous Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ruchong","middleName":"","lastName":"Pan","suffix":""},{"id":627276027,"identity":"246575fd-a530-40ba-b7da-40e33f043cf5","order_by":5,"name":"Po Hao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Medical Technology, Chongqing Three Gorgeous Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Po","middleName":"","lastName":"Hao","suffix":""},{"id":627276028,"identity":"635b6f09-e5d9-43a7-99a5-63b0752d01ec","order_by":6,"name":"Zeng Tu","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAv0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGyjNRoRaHgiVRrqWwyRosZdIf/i44Nd5eb5rZwwYPpQdZuCf3UDAFomEZOOZfbcNZ97OMWCcce4wg8SdAwS1HJPm7bmdYADUwszbdpjBQCKBkJbE9t+8PecgWv4SpyWZjZnnxwGIFkaitJx5xizN25AM9EtawcGec+k8EjcIaGFvT3/4meePnTzf7eSND36UWcvxzyCgBQwY24DEATCCRRRB8AeiZRSMglEwCkYBVgAAQKdBPP2sWTIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Tu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-24 07:08:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9207930/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9207930/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108009616,"identity":"4ef88603-4cf4-4ce8-8885-f76eb78c650e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:10:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":242140,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) Plaques of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 . (B) Thetransmission electron micrograph of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9207930/v1/fbc824b44e419704b6c240a6.png"},{"id":108009380,"identity":"b3a47862-ff77-4c2d-b0dd-b5c1749ea30f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:10:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) The MOI of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 : phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 and ETEC were mixed at different MOI,incubated at 37℃ for 2 h and detected phage titer. (B) One-step growth curve of phage \u003cem\u003evB_EcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 : The phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was mixed with ETEC and determined at different time points.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9207930/v1/cd5e4e0cfedb90f5073d13d2.png"},{"id":108009351,"identity":"2ebb9440-ecc4-47dd-a6c9-acc363e11286","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:10:06","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61779,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(A) Temperature stability of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 :The titer of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 changes at different temperature and different time points. (B) pH stability of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 : The titer of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 changes at different pH.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9207930/v1/68818757a3ebed47229dfeb1.png"},{"id":108009362,"identity":"d5310e67-26c7-42c3-8c1a-d338089130d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:10:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":469285,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe genome map of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9207930/v1/041ac94b26a1963e66254da5.png"},{"id":108009353,"identity":"4c205c2b-460b-40b0-8779-5d8331d2b598","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:10:07","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":287776,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic analysis of the phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 : Construction of phylogenetic tree of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 with DNA ligase.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9207930/v1/19a6147766f12e17f8f3a247.png"},{"id":108009363,"identity":"bb596f3e-24bd-4ced-b255-405124f68973","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:10:09","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108760,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 \u0026nbsp;against ETEC O6: K15 in food matrices. Viability of ETEC cells in the milk incubated at 4°C (A) and 25°C (B) and in lettuce incubated at 4°C (C) and 25°C (D).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9207930/v1/fbbeb0827bc9aec51e757996.png"},{"id":108009379,"identity":"7ad07e23-27e8-48ae-9d7c-9a410c71df84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:10:11","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":712768,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePhage therapy in the \u003cem\u003eG.mellonella\u003c/em\u003e model. Survival curves of \u003cem\u003eG.mellonella \u003c/em\u003einjected with PBS and ETEC O6: K15 after culture 48 hours (A) S1: injected with 10 μL PBS, S2–S3: injected with10 μL PBS and phage at MOI 10, 100 after injected with 10 μL 1×10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL bacteria liquid 1 hour later, respectively. (B)–(E) show the survival results of the phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 treated for 48 hours.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9207930/v1/95fc46e3b81cb6abfd8a980e.png"},{"id":108010864,"identity":"2bf2882e-2a05-4eeb-a230-7591f266c6c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:14:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2599458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9207930/v1/520ea9a3-7ec8-4a3e-870d-7c47258b055c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Characterization of Phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6: K15 and Assessment of the Efficacy in vitro and in vivo","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e) is a common constituent of the intestinal microbiota but can also function as an opportunistic pathogen, causing gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections in humans. In children under five years of age, an estimated 196\u0026nbsp;million annual episodes of diarrhoea result from ETEC and \u003cem\u003eShigella\u003c/em\u003e, leading to 3.5\u0026nbsp;million cases of moderate-to-severe stunting and causing 44 400 deaths from ETEC and 63 100 deaths from \u003cem\u003eShigella\u003c/em\u003e in 2015 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. ETEC serves as a leading enteric pathogen responsible for diarrhoea in children under five and in travellers, contributing substantially to the global public health burden, especially in developing countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infections are primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Contamination of milk, dairy products, and fresh vegetables such as lettuce with antibiotic-resistant \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e can occur through irrigation with contaminated water or improper storage conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Maintaining food hygiene and safety throughout the farm-to-fork process is essential for preventing foodborne \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infections. Current strategies for controlling \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e in food products include a range of chemical, physical, and biological methods such as antibiotics, disinfectants, irradiation, and pasteurization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacteriophage therapy has attracted increasing interest as an alternative approach for controlling bacterial infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. As one of the most diverse biological entities on Earth, phages exhibit considerable ecological and therapeutic variety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Several lytic phages have already gained regulatory approval, for instance, Bacteriophage Listex P100 was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service for controlling Listeria monocytogenes in food products in 2010 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Another promising candidate, the broad-host-range lytic phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_SQ17, can lyse EHEC O157: H7 and ETEC, and has been shown to reduce bacterial counts in milk, raw beef, and fresh lettuce [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, SalmoFresh\u0026trade; has been approved for reducing \u003cem\u003eSalmonella in vitro\u003c/em\u003e and on chicken breast fillets [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. These examples illustrate the significant potential of phages in mitigating food contamination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study isolated, identified, and evaluated a novel bacteriophage targeting ETEC. The newly isolated phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615, was characterized and its efficacy against ETEC was assessed using both \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e models. Given its lytic spectrum, lytic efficiency, stability, robust proliferative capacity, and effectiveness in various food matrices and a \u003cem\u003eG. mellonella\u003c/em\u003e infection model, phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 demonstrates potential for controlling ETEC in food production and therapeutic applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Bacterial strains and culture conditions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sewage samples were collected from a wastewater treatment plant in Linyi City, Shandong Province, China. ETEC O6: K15 served as the host strain for phage isolation and purification. Additional bacterial strains listed in \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e were used to determine the phage's host range. All bacterial cultures were grown aerobically in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth at 37℃. To improve plaque visibility, double-layer plates were prepared using LB medium supplemented with 0.75% agar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Phage isolation and purification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETEC O6: K15 was incubated in LB liquid media at 37℃ with shaking at 150 r/min. The sewage sample was centrifuged at 4000 r/min for 10 min at 4℃ and then passed through a 0.45 \u0026micro;m filter. Subsequently, 2.5 mL of the filtered sewage was combined with 1.25 mL of bacteria liquid in 5 mL of LB liquid medium, and the mixture was cultured at 37℃ for 12 hours under constant shaking at 150 r/min. The cultures were centrifuged at 4000 r/min for 10 min at 4℃ and filtered through a 0.22 \u0026micro;m filter to obtain the final lysate. The double-layer agar method was used to form and screen phage plaques [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Briefly, 100 \u0026micro;L of bacterial and 100 \u0026micro;L of a 10-fold dilution series of lysate were added to 5 mL of soft agar (LB with 0.75% agar) which was then poured onto an LB plate (with 1.5% agar) and incubated overnight at 37℃. This procedure was repeated three additional times to isolate a pure phage population exhibiting consistent plaque morphology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Electron microscopy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe purified phage was placed on a copper net for 5\u0026ndash;10 min, after which a 2% phosphotungstic acid solution was applied for an additional 3\u0026ndash;5 min. Phage morphology was then observed using a transmission electron microscope operating at 80 kV, and images were captured for subsequent analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MOI refers the ratio of the number of phage to the number of bacteria during infection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Combined 200 \u0026micro;L of ETEC culture with 200 \u0026micro;L of serially diluted phage suspensions, yielding MOIs of 0.00001 to 10. After incubating the mixtures at 37℃ for 2 hours, we centrifuged them at 4000 r/min for 5 min. The double-layer agar method was employed to confirm the highest phage titre, which corresponded to the optimal MOI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. One-step growth curve\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe one-step growth curve of the phage was measured to calculate the phage incubation period, outbreak period, and platform period [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. To achieve this, 500 \u0026micro;L phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was incubated with 500 \u0026micro;L ETEC O6: K15 at an MOI of 0.1. The mixture was incubated at 37℃ for 15 min to allow the sufficient adsorption, then centrifuged at 8,000\u0026times;g for 5 min to collect the bacteria. The bacterial cells were washed twice with 1 mL of buffer, resuspended in 9 mL of fresh LB medium, and incubated at 37℃ with shaking at 150 r/min. Aliquots of 600 \u0026micro;L were collected every 5 min for the initial 20 minutes, and subsequently every 20 min until the 140 min endpoint. For each sample, 200 \u0026micro;L supernatant was centrifuged at 10,000\u0026times;g for 2 min to determine the phage titer, and the one-step growth curve of phage was then generated by plotting the average plaque count against time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. This experiment was repeated three times to ensure accuracy and reproducibility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Temperature and pH stability of phage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the stability of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 under varied conditions, we exposed it to temperatures of 37℃, 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, and 80℃ for 20, 40, and 60 min, and to a pH range from 1 to 13 for one hour. We then measured the titer of each sample via the double-layer agar plate method. All tests were conducted in triplicate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7. Host range analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 host range, the remaining six bacterial strains from \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e were evaluated using a spot test. Each 100 \u0026micro;L bacterial culture was mixed with 5 mL of soft agar and overlaid onto a solid LB plate, forming a double-layered agar. After allowing the agar to solidify for 5 min, 10 \u0026micro;L of phage \u003cem\u003evB_EcoM_\u003c/em\u003eCQ615 was spotted onto the surface. The plates were then incubated aerobically overnight at 37℃ and examined for plaque formation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8. Phage DNA isolation, sequencing and genome analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genomic DNA of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was extracted via the protease K/SDS method as an established protocol [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The second-generation sequencing library was constructed with insert sizes between 200 and 500 bp and sequenced using DNA Nanoball Sequencing (DNBSEQ). Raw sequencing data were processed with Fastp to remove adapter sequences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], eliminate low-quality reads, and produce clean reads. Prokka annotated the genome, identifying coding genes and tRNA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Predicted virulence genes were compared against the Virulence Factors Database (VFDB) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], while antibiotic resistance was assessed using the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD). PHASTER served as the tool for phage classification [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.9. Construction of phylogenetic tree\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhylogenetic analysis of the phage DNA ligase protein amino acid sequences was conducted using ClustalW in MEGA 6. The amino acid sequence of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 DNA ligase was compared with those of other reference phages available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. Evolutionary distances were calculated via the neighbour-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.10. Assessment of the efficacy of phage vB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 \u003cem\u003eagainst ETEC O6: K15 in vitro\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the effect of phage on ETEC O6: K15, 9.8 mL of milk was ultraviolet-irradiated for 30 min, after which 100 \u0026micro;L of ETEC O6: K15 was added to achieve a final concentration of 4 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/mL. Subsequently, 100 \u0026micro;L of phage was introduced individually into 9.8 mL of milk at an MOI of 10,000. The mixtures were incubated at 4℃ and 25℃ for 48 hours. Bacterial growth was assessed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h using the plate colony counting method. Three replicates were performed for each condition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the experiment with lettuce, the clean inner layer of lettuce leaves were prepared and cut into 1 cm\u0026times; 1 cm squares, washed once in PBS, and subsequently soaked in 75% ethanol for 10 minutes followed by ultraviolet irradiation for 10 min. The treated lettuce pieces were then placed on LB solid medium to verify the absence of bacterial growth after incubation at 37℃ for 12 h. Clean lettuce leaves were placed in a 12-well plate and each leaf received 10 \u0026micro;L of a 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e ETEC bacterial suspension. The control group received 10 \u0026micro;L of PBS buffer, while the other two groups were treated with 10 \u0026micro;L of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 to achieve a final MOI of 10,000. All the samples were cultured at 4℃ and 25℃ and washed with 1 mL of PBS after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. The experiments were done in triplicate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.11. Assessment of the efficacy of phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15 in vivo\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eG. mellonella\u003c/em\u003e larvae served as a model to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15. A bacterial concentration of 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL was selected for phage treatment assessment. 40 larvae were divided into 4 groups: a PBS group injected with 10 \u0026micro;L of PBS, and groups S1\u0026ndash;S3 injected with 10 \u0026micro;L of bacterial suspension. After one hour, group S1 received 10 \u0026micro;L of PBS, while groups S2 and S3 were injected with 10 \u0026micro;L of phage at MOIs of 10 and 100, respectively. The treated larvae in all groups were incubated in the dark at 37℃, and their survival was assessed every 12 h over a 48-hour period. Larvae were considered dead if they turned black and displayed no movement upon tactile stimulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.12. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the experiments were repeated three times. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States). Multiple t- tests were performed to determine differences between groups at a significance level of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Isolation and morphology of vB_EcoM_CQ615\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615, isolated from sewage, can form a broad, semi-transparent halo around its plaques when plated on ETEC O6: K15 (Figuer 1A). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 possesses a head and a short, non-contractile tail (Figuer 1B).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiguer 1. (A) Plaques of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615. (B) The transmission electron micrograph of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.2. Biological characterisation of\u003c/em\u003e phage \u003cem\u003evB_EcoM_CQ615\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was mixed with the bacteria at different MOIs (Figuer 2A), the highest titre was achieved at an MOI of 0.1 with ETEC O6: K15. The one-step growth comprises into latent, lysis, and stable period, quantitatively describing phage growth and reflecting characteristics such as the incubation period and burst size. The results indicate that the latent period of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was 5 min and the stable period began at 100 min (Figuer 2B). Additionally, the average burst size was 510 PFU/infected cell.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiguer 2. (A) The MOI of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 : phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 and ETEC were mixed at different MOI,incubated at 37℃ for 2 h and detected phage titer. (B) One-step growth curve of phage \u003cem\u003evB_EcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 : The phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was mixed with ETEC and determined at different time points.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.3. Stability of\u003c/em\u003e phage \u003cem\u003evB_EcoM_CQ615 at different thermal and pH\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe titre of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 varied under different temperature and pH conditions. It remained stable after one hour of incubation at 37℃. As the temperature rose, however, the titer gradually declined and dropped to zero following incubation at 80℃ for 60 min (Figuer 3A). The phage also demonstrated good stability across a pH range of 6 to 12 over one hour. Its titer decreased markedly below pH 4 and above pH 11, falling by 5.95 log10 PFU/mL between pH 10 and 11 (Figuer 3B). These results indicate that phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 tolerates normal temperatures and remains viable within a pH range of 6 to 10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiguer 3. (A) Temperature stability of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 :The titer of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 changes at different temperature and different time points. (B) pH stability of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 : The titer of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 changes at different pH.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Genome analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe genome of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 consists of double-stranded DNA spanning 39,709 bp with 48.6% GC content (Figuer 4 ). Genomic analysis calssifed phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 identified 51 encoded ORFs (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Among these, 15 ORFs (29.4%) were annotated as hypothetical proteins, while the remainder were assigned functional roles distributed across five modules: transcription, replication, envelope biogenesis, host lysis, and unknown function. It is noteworthy that the phage lacks tRNA genes, known drug resistance genes and virulence factor genes, indicating its potential suitability as an antibiotic.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe phylogenetic tree, constructed from conserved DNA ligase sequences, was used to determine the evolutionary relationships between phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 and other phages (Figuer 5). It revealed a close relationship between phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 and \u003cem\u003eEscherichia\u003c/em\u003e phage N30, which the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classifies within the genus \u003cem\u003eTeseptimavirus\u003c/em\u003e of the family \u003cem\u003eAutographiviridae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiguer 4. The genome map of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiguer 5. Phylogenetic analysis of the phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 : Construction of phylogenetic tree of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 with DNA ligase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Evaluation of phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15 in vitro and in vivo\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn milk, treatment with phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 at an MOI of 10,000 reduced ETEC viable counts by 1.48 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/mL following 48 hours of incubation at 4℃ (Figuer 6A). At 25℃, the viable count of ETEC in milk fell below the detection limit within 6\u0026ndash;12 hours of phage treatment and decreased by 4.82 log10 CFU/mL after 48 h (Figuer 6B).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhen applied to lettuce at a final MOI of 10,000 and incubated at 25\u0026deg;C for 3\u0026ndash;24 h, phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 reduced the viable counts to below the detection limit and achieved a 5.28 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e reduction after 48 h of incubation (Figuer 6D). phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 also exhibited significant antibacterial activity on lettuce at 4\u0026deg;C, reducing counts by 1.58 log10 CFU/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Figuer 6C).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eG. mellonella\u003c/em\u003e has been widely employed as an alternative model for assessing microbial pathogen virulence \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e due to their well-characterized innate immune response [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, injection of 10 \u0026micro;L of ETEC O6: K15 bacterial suspension at 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL resulted in 50% larval mortality within 48. Treatment with phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 at different multiplicities of infection significantly enhanced the survival rate of the larvae after 48 hours (Figuer 7A), reducing mortality from 50% to 10% at an MOI of 100 (B\u0026ndash;E).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiguer 6. Effect of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 against ETEC O6: K15 in food matrices. Viability of ETEC cells in the milk incubated at 4\u0026deg;C (A) and 25\u0026deg;C (B) and in lettuce incubated at 4\u0026deg;C (C) and 25\u0026deg;C (D).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiguer 7. Phage therapy in the \u003cem\u003eG.mellonella\u003c/em\u003e model. Survival curves of \u003cem\u003eG.mellonella\u003c/em\u003e injected with PBS and ETEC O6: K15 after culture 48 hours (A) S1: injected with 10 \u0026micro;L PBS, S2\u0026ndash;S3: injected with10 \u0026micro;L PBS and phage at MOI 10, 100 after injected with 10 \u0026micro;L 1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL bacteria liquid 1 hour later, respectively. (B)\u0026ndash;(E) show the survival results of the phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 treated for 48 hours.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe host range of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBacteria type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrain number\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlaque\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eETEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCICC 24190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO6: K15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCICC 10670\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEIEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCICC 24188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eATCC 25922\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEPEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCICC 24189\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO111:K15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEAEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCICC 24186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEHEC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCICC 24187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO157:H7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eORFanalysis of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 genome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eORF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estart\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003estop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength (AA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredicted Protein Function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBest-match BLASTp Result\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuery cover\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE-values\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIdentity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kDa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eocr-like anti-restriction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00E-168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.72%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNC_048078.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1576\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage EG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009795798.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1611\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1769\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalmonella phage 3A_8767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00E-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.02%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009804751.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1766\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnterobacter phage vB_SEqdws-315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.13%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUEW68654.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eendonuclease VII\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKlebsiella phage 31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00E-64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQGH73717.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eserine-threonine kinase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage EG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.87%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009795803.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRNA polymerase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.53%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813771.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage T7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.24%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNP_041961.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehost dGTPase inhibitor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShigella phage ESh6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.00E-46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.88%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eURY10867.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6853\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDNA ligase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.96%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813773.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHNH endonuclease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYersinia phage phiYeO3-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.56%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNP_052076.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage EG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009795810.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShigella phage ESh6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.67%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eURY10870.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalmonella phage JSS2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.39%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUVK85829.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage HZP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.65%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009820208.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRNA polymerase inhibitor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage T7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.44%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNP_041969.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esingle-stranded DNA-binding protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnterobacteria phage T7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.71%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAAZ32836.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eendonuclease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage 64795_ec1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.01%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009291490.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003elysin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage pO111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWMM35745.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12780\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDNA primase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnterobacteria phage vB_EcoP_IME390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.76%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009814083.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage T7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00E-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.57%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNP_041979.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einhibitor of host toxin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage HZ2R8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.88%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009798020.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage T7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00E-93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNP_041981.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15982\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e704\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDNA polymerase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.57%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813785.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eputative homing endonuclease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage ErnstBeyeler\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.05%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQXV78423.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhage PhiI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00E-65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAAV53691.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage T7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNP_041984.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einihibitor of RecBCD nuclease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage CICC 80001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00E-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009152484.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16899\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eexonuclease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage NC-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009820174.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edomain-containing protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalmonella phage 3A_8767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.43%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009804775.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efamily protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00E-54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.86%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813791.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehost range and adsorption protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage NC-A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00E-93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009820177.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18930\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehost range and adsorption protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00E-58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813793.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehead-to-tail connector\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.63%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813794.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecapsid assembly scaffolding protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCedecea phage Yanou\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUTQ78073.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e344\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecapsid and scaffold\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage 64795_ec1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.67%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009291509.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eminor capsid protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerratia phage Pila\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00E-19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.54%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQFG06807.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etail tubular protein A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerratia phage Pila\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.49%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQFG06808.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etail tubular protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage C5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.62%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813844.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einternal virion protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813800.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einternal virion protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage HZ2R8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.45%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009798037.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e747\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDNA injection protein B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813802.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einternal virion protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.32%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813803.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33639\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etail fiber protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage N30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009813804.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSerratia phage Pila\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00E-72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQFG06815.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eclass II holin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage pO111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.51%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWMM35716.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDNA packaging protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.00E-54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.51%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWP_113998050.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eendopeptidase\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKlebsiella phage AmPh_EK52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00E-52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.22%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQFR57268.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eterminase large subunit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage HZ2R8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.81%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009798006.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage pO111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.00E-103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.96%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWMM35712.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehypothetical protein\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEscherichia phage HZP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00E-23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.96%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYP_009820199.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoodborne and intestinal diseases caused by ETEC have become a significant challenge for developing countries. The use of bacteriophages to control pathogens in food is a promising and realistic antimicrobial approach. In the study, a phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was isolated, and characterized, and the effectiveness of phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 was evaluated. The phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 belongs to the \u003cem\u003eTeseptimavirus\u003c/em\u003e genus under [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] the \u003cem\u003eAutographiviridae\u003c/em\u003e family and shows a high lytic efficiency on ETEC O6: K15.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe survival of phage in different environments is critical for their application. Different phages behaved differently at a dynamic range of temperature. Our phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was stable between 37\u0026ndash;50\u0026deg;C and the viability was compromised when the temperature became higher. pH is another factor that affects phage stability. Our study found that pH values between 6 and 10 had minimal effect on the titre of phage, the phage lost its function at pH values of 1\u0026ndash;3 and 12\u0026ndash;14. Therefore, when using phage therapy to control foodborne disease and bacterial infection, environmental factors like temperature and pH should be taken into consideration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilk and lettuce are common food models to evaluate the effectiveness of phage therapy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, we evaluated the potential use and efficacy of CQ615 in controlling ETEC in these foods by cell counting. The results showed that phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 had a strong bactericidal ability in both milk and lettuce. We found the efficacy of phage in milk and lettuce was decreased by 1.48 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/mL and 1.58 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 4℃ for culture 48 h, while 4.82 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/mL and 5.28 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 25℃, respectively. It demonstrated that phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 had good lysis activity at room temperature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eG.mellonella\u003c/em\u003e was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of phage \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e. The bacteria (1\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/10 \u0026micro;L) resulted in the 50% death of all larvaes in the infected untreated group 48 hours post-inoculation. Treatment with phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 at different MOIs significantly increased the survival rate of \u003cem\u003eG. mellonella\u003c/em\u003e, which was positively correlated with the concentration of the phage. Compared with the PBS group, the same survival rate of larvae indicated that phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 does not possess toxic factors and is highly safe.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we isolated the phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 from a water source and demonstrated its lytic activity against ETEC. The phage exhibited broad pH and thermal stability alongside robust reproductive characteristics, including a distinct latent period and a defined burst size. The phage significantly reduced viable \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e counts in both milk and lettuce without affecting sensory quality, and it also showed efficacy in controlling \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infections in \u003cem\u003eG. mellonella\u003c/em\u003e. These findings indicate that phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 possesses strong lytic capability against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e both i\u003cem\u003en vitro\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e Aisi Chen: Methodology, Formal analysis, Data curation, Investigation, Writing-original draft\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;Funding acquisition.\u0026nbsp;Qianying Jia: Resources, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing. Youwei Wang, Ruchong Pan: Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing. Tingting Chen: Methodology, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing. Zeng TU,\u0026nbsp;Po Hao : Conceptualization, Resources, Project administration, Writing-review \u0026amp; editing.All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research was funded by\u0026nbsp;Chongqing Three Gorgeous Medical College\u0026nbsp;( Grant No.XJ2025004004 and XJZK 2025020)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e The genome sequence of the phage can be obtained from GenBank (GenBank: PQ010280). All data and materials in the study are available.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, L., et al., \u003cem\u003eGlobal, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals.\u003c/em\u003e Lancet, 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e388\u003c/strong\u003e(10063): p. 3027-3035.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhalil, I., et al., \u003cem\u003eCapturing the true burden of Shigella and ETEC: The way forward.\u003c/em\u003e Vaccine, 2019. \u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e(34): p. 4784-4786.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuc, H.M., et al., \u003cem\u003eIsolation, characterization and application of a polyvalent phage capable of controlling Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in different food matrices.\u003c/em\u003e Food Res Int, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e131\u003c/strong\u003e(0): p. 108977.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuo, Y., et al., \u003cem\u003eApplication of a novel phage vB_SalS-LPSTLL for the biological control of Salmonella in foods.\u003c/em\u003e Food Research International, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e147\u003c/strong\u003e(0): p. 110492.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGencay, Y.E., et al., \u003cem\u003eEngineered phage with antibacterial CRISPR-Cas selectively reduce E. coli burden in mice.\u003c/em\u003e Nat Biotechnol, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 265-274.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShuwen, H. and D. Kefeng, \u003cem\u003eIntestinal phages interact with bacteria and are involved in human diseases.\u003c/em\u003e Gut Microbes, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 2113717.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoni, K.A., R. Nannapaneni, and S. Hagens, \u003cem\u003eReduction of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of fresh channel catfish fillets by bacteriophage Listex P100.\u003c/em\u003e Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2010. \u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 427-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou, Y., et al., \u003cem\u003eApplication of a novel lytic phage vB_EcoM_SQ17 for the biocontrol of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Enterotoxigenic E. coli in food matrices.\u003c/em\u003e Front Microbiol, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(0): p. 929005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSukumaran, A.T., et al., \u003cem\u003eReduction of Salmonella on chicken meat and chicken skin by combined or sequential application of lytic bacteriophage with chemical antimicrobials.\u003c/em\u003e Int J Food Microbiol, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e207\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 8-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, F., et al., \u003cem\u003eIsolation and characterization of the novel bacteriophage vB_SmaS_BUCT626 against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.\u003c/em\u003e Virus Genes, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e58\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 458-466.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKong, X., et al., \u003cem\u003eDuck sewage source coliphage P762 can lyse STEC and APEC.\u003c/em\u003e Virus Genes, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e58\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 436-447.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi, P., et al., \u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of a Bacteriophage, vB_Kox_ZX8, Isolated From Clinical Klebsiella oxytoca and Its Therapeutic Effect on Mice Bacteremia.\u003c/em\u003e Front Microbiol, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 763136.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHan, P., et al., \u003cem\u003eCharacterization of bacteriophage BUCT631 lytic for K1 Klebsiella pneumoniae and its therapeutic efficacy in Galleria mellonella larvae.\u003c/em\u003e Virol Sin, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e38\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 801-812.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, S., et al., \u003cem\u003efastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor.\u003c/em\u003e Bioinformatics, 2018. \u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e(17): p. i884-i890.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeemann, T., \u003cem\u003eProkka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation.\u003c/em\u003e Bioinformatics, 2014. \u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e(14): p. 2068-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, B., et al., \u003cem\u003eVFDB 2022: a general classification scheme for bacterial virulence factors.\u003c/em\u003e Nucleic Acids Res, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e(D1): p. D912-D917.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArndt, D., et al., \u003cem\u003ePHAST, PHASTER and PHASTEST: Tools for finding prophage in bacterial genomes.\u003c/em\u003e Brief Bioinform, 2019. \u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 1560-1567.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaczorowska, J., et al., \u003cem\u003eIn Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Potential of Escherichia coli Phages to Treat Infections and Survive Gastric Conditions.\u003c/em\u003e Microorganisms, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(9): p. 1869.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGambino, M. and L. Brndsted, \u003cem\u003eLooking into the future of phage-based control of zoonotic pathogens in food and animal production.\u003c/em\u003e Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e68\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 96-103.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePark, D.-W. and J.-H. Park, \u003cem\u003eCharacterization and Food Application of the Novel Lytic Phage BECP10: Specifically Recognizes the O-polysaccharide of Escherichia coli O157:H7.\u003c/em\u003e Viruses, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e(8): p. 1469.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"current-microbiology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Current Microbiology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Bacteriophage, Biological characteristics, Genomic analysis, Phage therapy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9207930/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9207930/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (ETEC) is a significant pathogen responsible for diarrhoea in both humans and neonatal animals. Bacteriophages have emerged as a promising alternative for the effective control of ETEC infections. In the study, a novel lytic phage named\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003ephage\u003cem\u003e vB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 was isolated and characterized. Its efficacy was evaluated both \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that the phage belongs to the short-tailed phage family \u003cem\u003ePodoviridae\u003c/em\u003e and is capable of forming clear plaques on its host bacteria strain in the double-layer agar plate with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1. One-step growth curve analysis revealed that the phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 has a latent period of 5 min and an average burst size of 510 PFU (plaque-forming units) per infected cell, as well as broad temperature and pH stability ranges. The phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 possesses a circular double-stranded DNA genome with a size of 39,709 bp and a GC content of 48.6%. It contains 54 open reading frames (ORFs) and lacks regions encoding known virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinants. When applied at an MOI of 10, 000, phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 resulted in a reduction of ETEC in milk and lettuce by 1.48 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/mL and 1.58 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 4℃, 4.82 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/mL and 5.28 log\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e CFU/cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at 25℃, respectively. Additionally, the\u003cem\u003e in vivo \u003c/em\u003eGalleria mellonella (\u003cem\u003eG. mellonella\u003c/em\u003e) larvae model suggested the therapeutic potential of phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 , with a statistically significant increase in survival compared to non-treated larvae.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese results suggest that phage \u003cem\u003evB\u003c/em\u003e_\u003cem\u003eEcoM\u003c/em\u003e_CQ615 may be a promising candidate biologic agent for controlling ETEC infections, both\u003cem\u003e in vitro\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ein vivo\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Characterization of Phage vB_EcoM_CQ615 for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O6: K15 and Assessment of the Efficacy in vitro and in vivo","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-28 12:55:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9207930/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-14T19:57:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-03T19:08:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"148676859478709076451482679546607153984","date":"2026-04-21T19:45:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"14284774077764325593743355483031169890","date":"2026-04-19T06:33:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-19T00:56:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-27T11:02:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T09:00:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Current Microbiology","date":"2026-03-24T06:57:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"current-microbiology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Current Microbiology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"08cbbec3-4523-460f-b774-9daf2111af99","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-14T19:57:03+00:00","index":24,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-03T19:08:06+00:00","index":23,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-28T12:55:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-28 12:55:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9207930","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9207930","identity":"rs-9207930","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}