A systematic review of liver disease registries across the globe: design, management and sustainability practices

A systematic review of liver disease registries across the globe: design, management and sustainability practices | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A systematic review of liver disease registries across the globe: design, management and sustainability practices Raymond Francis Sarmiento, Abegail Jayne Amoranto, Wendell Adrian Lim, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7145679/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Liver disease remains a major health concern globally, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, yet many low-income countries lack robust registries to track and manage it effectively. This systematic review analyzed 139 publications covering 62 liver disease registries to assess their structure, data management, quality monitoring, and sustainability, with the goal of informing registry development in low-resource settings like the Philippines. Most registries (72.6%) focused on a single disease, primarily viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and were commonly found in high-income countries. National-level implementation was typical (50%), though only a third had clear governance structures, and nearly half lacked long-term funding. While half employed quality monitoring, data security measures were often unspecified. The findings underscore the vital role of liver disease registries in improving care and informing policy, while highlighting persistent gaps in governance, standardization, and sustainability. Health sciences/Diseases Health sciences/Gastroenterology Health sciences/Health care Registries Liver Diseases Data Management Health Information System Systematic Review Figures Figure 1 BACKGROUND Liver disease is a pressing global health issue, taking more than two million lives each year—around 4% of all deaths worldwide 1 . Yet, its impact often goes overlooked. The burden is especially heavy in the Asia-Pacific region, as it accounts for more than half of all liver disease-related deaths globally 2 , 3 . In addition, high rates of hepatitis B and C infections in this region drive an alarming 75% of liver cancer cases worldwide 1 . As a result, the Asia-Pacific region shoulders over half of all cirrhosis-related deaths and almost three-quarters of deaths from liver cancer, specifically hepatocellular carcinoma 3 . Liver diseases bring a significant burden in several facets. Liver disease not only affects health but also brings a heavy financial strain, especially as the illness advances, leading to increased healthcare costs. Preventing the progression of liver disease can help ease this economic burden. Unfortunately, many cases go undiagnosed or untreated until later stages, often due to a lack of awareness among healthcare providers especially in low-income countries 4 . In an effort to reduce the economic impact of increasing healthcare costs brought about by liver disease, disease registries offer a promising solution 5 , 6 . Disease registries, both hospital and population-based, are responsible for collecting crucial data from patients with specific illnesses or undergoing certain treatments. Data that can be derived from these tools help us track disease trends, evaluate healthcare delivery, and understand how treatments affect real-life health outcomes over time 5 , 7 . Beyond these benefits, registries are central to medical research. They provide a faster, more cost-effective way to run clinical trials and conduct studies that would be challenging through manual methods. For example, registry data can help researchers answer complex or ethically sensitive questions, as well as guide regulatory decisions 5 . Registries also play a key role in raising healthcare quality. They help identify treatment gaps, ensure care aligns with evidence-based standards, and provide detailed insights into clinical practices 6 . Despite their value, disease registries are underused due to issues like data design, quality, and sharing limitations 8 , 9 . Maintaining disease registries is also a meticulous task requiring institutional demands such as long-term management, and continuous funding to sustain their operation 10 – 12 . Addressing these barriers is essential to fully leverage registries to improve health outcomes, establish a more cost-effective healthcare delivery, and support evidence-based clinical decisions 7 . Comprehensive liver disease registries are often absent in low-income countries 13 , resulting in substantial gaps in documenting and managing cases, particularly for viral hepatitis, metabolic liver diseases, and other serious liver complications such as liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. This review aims to evaluate existing liver disease registries through a systematic search and analysis of articles found relevant to the study. Analysis will be focused on the assessment of their technical design, data management or operational practices, quality monitoring strategies, data security measures, and the key data variables they collect. The insights gained will inform the development of a liver disease registry being piloted in the Philippines to help address the paucity of reliable clinical and epidemiological data on the burden of liver diseases in this area 14 . The process aims to address local needs for accurate evidence while providing scalable recommendations for other low- and middle-income countries. Overall, this initiative aims to inform health policy, especially with resource allocation, strengthen disease surveillance for liver diseases, and improve patient health outcomes in underserved settings. RESULTS Study Selection and Characteristics Through a comprehensive database search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus, we identified 31,607 potential records. Following deduplication, which removed 1,066 entries, title and abstract screening was conducted on 30,541 records. This initial screening yielded 420 studies for full-text evaluation, from which 273 were subsequently excluded due to insufficient registry-specific data. We analyzed 139 publications, which discussed the protocols in place and key areas for the design of 62 unique liver disease registries 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 40 , 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 4 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 . Figure 1 illustrates the PRISMA-compliant selection workflow. Table 1 enumerates the characteristics of the 62 unique liver disease registries identified in the systematic literature review. Table 1 Characteristics of the 62 unique liver disease registries identified via the systematic literature review Registry Name [Reference] Disease Scope Year Launched Geographic Coverage Lead/Coordinating Country, Contributing Countries Continental Region Registration Type N (Date) Registry Status Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) NAFLD Registry (17) (18) 154 NAFLD 2009 Global USA, Canada, Israel Americas, Asia Prospective -- Unknown Central Coast Local Health District (CCLHD) Liver Clinic Patient Database (19) Hepatitis C -- Local Australia Oceania Prospective 1,638 (2019) Unknown China Registry of Hepatitis B (CR-HepB) (20) (21) 155 Hepatitis B 2012 National China Asia Mixed 40,431 (2017) Ongoing Chinese Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (CATCH-LIFE) Patient Registry (22) (23) Liver failure 2015 National China Asia Prospective 1,370 (2019) Unknown Danish Database for Hepatitis B and C (DANHEP) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) 156 Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Liver cirrhosis 2002 National Denmark Europe Prospective 6,489 (2009) Ongoing Database of Turkish HCC patients (29) 157 Hepatocellular Carcinoma -- Local Turkey Asia Prospective 1,667 (n.d.) Unknown DELIVER (DEcoding the epidemiology of LIVER disease in sweden) (30) 158 Viral hepatitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, ALD, NAFLD -- National Sweden Europe Retrospective 307,768 (2016) Ongoing DUHS NAFLD Clinical Database and Biorepository (31) NAFLD 2007 Local USA Americas Prospective 713 (2019) Ongoing European NAFLD Registry (32) (33) (34) ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04442334 ) NAFLD 2015 Global UK, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, USA. Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Greece, Finland, Switzerland Europe, Americas Prospective 10,000 (2023) Ongoing European Paediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Registry (EU-PNAFLD) (35) ( https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/application-summaries/research-summaries/european-paediatric-nafld-registry-eu-pnafld/ ) NAFLD 2017 Continental UK, Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Germany, France, Sweden Europe Retrospective -- Ongoing Genetic Repository of Autoimmune Liver Disease and Coexisting Exposures (GRACE) (36) Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Autoimmune Hepatitis 2014 National USA Americas Unknown 350 (2014) Unknown German Hepatitis C-Registry (DHC-R) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55) Hepatitis C 2014 National Germany Europe Prospective 18,400 (2022) Unknown Global Liver Registry™ (GLR) (4) (56) ( https://www.globallivercouncil.org/global-liver-registry/ ) Chronic liver disease 2017 Global USA, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Myanmar, Netherlands, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, UK Americas, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Africa Mixed 17,630 (2024) Ongoing Global NAFLD/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Registry (GNR) (57) ( https://www.globalnashcouncil.org/ ) NAFLD 2017 Global USA, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Myanmar, Netherlands, Oman, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, UK Americas, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Africa Unknown 17,631 (2024) Ongoing GOASIA liver registry (58) NAFLD 2014 Continental India, Singapore, Thailand, China, (+ 5 other countries) Asia Retrospective 1,812 (2019) Unknown Grady Liver Clinic HCV Patient Registry (59) Hepatitis B 2004 Local USA Americas Retrospective 4,224 (2016) Unknown Greenland HBV Registry (60) Hepatitis B 1992 National Greenland (Denmark) Europe Unknown -- Unknown HEGITO7 registry (61) (62) (63) (64) Chronic liver disease 2014 Local Slovakia Europe Prospective 1,004 (2019) Unknown Hepatitis B registry (pilot program) (65) Hepatitis B 2019 Local USA Americas Prospective 4,872 (2019) Unknown HCC database of Parkland Health & Hospital System (PHHS) and University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center (66) 159 Hepatocellular Carcinoma -- Regional USA Americas Prospective -- Unknown HCV-TARGET (Hepatitis C Therapeutic Registry and Research Network) (67) (68) (69) ( https://ctv.veeva.com/study/hcv-target-hepatitis-c-therapeutic-registry-and-research-network ) Hepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis 2011 Global USA, Canada, Germany, Israel Americas, Europe Unknown 13,559 (2022) Stopped HCV testing database of Biolab Diagnostic Laboratories (Biolab) (70) Hepatitis C 2001 National Jordan Asia Unknown 28,798 (2023) Unknown HCV treatment database (Australia) (71) Hepatitis C, Liver cirrhosis -- National Australia Oceania Unknown -- Unknown Irish National HCV Treatment Registry (72) (73) Hepatitis C -- National Ireland Europe Prospective 700 (n.d.) Unknown Italian Liver Cancer database (ITA.LI.CA) (74) (75) (76) (77) (78) (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (84) Hepatocellular Carcinoma, MAFLD, Liver cirrhosis 1987 National Italy Europe Mixed 7,816 (2018) Unknown Japan Study Group of NAFLD Database (JSG-NAFLD Database) (85) 160 NAFLD 2010 National Japan Asia Mixed 1,760 (2020) Unknown Jolimont Hospital outpatient liver clinics - Registry of cirrhotic patients (86) (87) Liver cirrhosis 1995 Local Belgium Europe Unknown 1,090 (2016) Unknown Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital HCC registry 86 87 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2005 Local Taiwan Asia Prospective -- Unknown Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG) random HCC cohort registry based on the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) (90) (91) Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2010 National South Korea Asia Retrospective 4,520 (2010) Ongoing Latin American DILI Network (LATINDILI) (92) 161 Drug-Induced Liver Injury 2011 Global Spain, Latin America Europe, Americas Retrospective 250 (2015) Unknown Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan (LCSGJ) HCC Registry (93) Hepatocellular Carcinoma 1967 National Japan Asia Prospective 173,378 (2005) Unknown Liver cirrhosis clinical registry of Hospital de Santa Maria - Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (94) Liver cirrhosis 2002 Local Portugal Europe Prospective 95 (2017) Unknown LiverMetSurvey Registry (95) (96) 162 Colorectal liver metastasis 2004 Global France, + 70 countries Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania Mixed 16,779 (2011) Ongoing Multi-institutional national database of HCC promoted by the Hepatocarcinoma Recurrence in the Liver Study (He.Rc.O.Le.S) (97) (98) Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2007 National Italy Europe Mixed 3,000 (2019) Ongoing National hepatitis C program registry (ELIM C) 97 99) (100) Hepatitis C 2015 National Georgia Europe Unknown 6,828 (2018) Unknown National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) NAFLD Database (101) (102) (103) ( https://gastroenterology.ucsd.edu/research/labs/fatty-liver/research/epidemiology/nash-crn.html ) Liver cirrhosis, NAFLD, Fibrotic liver disease 2004 National USA Americas Unknown 585 (n.d.) Ongoing National Institutes of Health–funded ALFSG registry (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) 163 , 164 ( https://labs.utsouthwestern.edu/acute-liver-failure-study-group/research ) Acute Liver Injury, Acute Liver Failure 1998 National USA Americas Prospective 2,670 (2015) Stopped Ottawa Hospital Viral Hepatitis Program (TOHVHP) database (109) (110) 165 Hepatitis C 2012 Regional Canada Americas Retrospective 1,454 (2016) Stopped Pediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group (PALFSG) Registry (111) ( https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/study/45 ) Liver failure 1999 Global USA, Canada, UK Americas, Europe Prospective 986 (2010) Stopped Real-world Evidence from the Asia Liver consortium for HCV (REAL-C) (112) (113) Hepatitis C -- Global USA, Spain, Romania, Hong Kong, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan Americas, Europe, Asia Unknown 15,837 (2021) Unknown Registry for Advanced Liver Diseases (REAL) (114) (115) Primary liver cancer, Liver cirrhosis 2018 National Japan Asia Retrospective -- Unknown Regional HCC Database in the West of Scotland (116) Hepatocellular Carcinoma -- Local Scotland (UK) Europe Unknown -- Unknown Registry of HCV-infected patients (Atlanta, Georgia) (117) Hepatitis C 2004 Local USA Americas Unknown -- Unknown RESIST HCV (Rete Sicilia Selezione Terapia HCV) (118) 166 , 167 Hepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis 2015 Regional Italy Europe Unknown 9,965 (2016) Unknown Samsung Medical Center (SMC) HCC Registry (119) (120) (121) (122) 168 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2005 Local South Korea Asia Prospective 9,132 (2017) Unknown Scottish Hepatitis C Clinical Database 121 123) (124) (125) (126) (127) (155) ( https://publichealthscotland.scot/resources-and-tools/health-intelligence-and-data-management/national-data-catalogue/national-datasets/search-the-datasets/scottish-hepatitis-c-virus-hcv-clinical-database/ ) Hepatitis C 2003 National Scotland (UK) Europe Mixed 14,298 (2012) Unknown Spanish DILI Registry (128) (129) (130) (178) ( https://www.spanishdili.uma.es/index.php/colaborar/herramientas-para-colaborar ) Drug-Induced Liver Injury 1994 Global Spain Europe, Americas Prospective 843 (2018) Unknown Spanish HEPA-C Registry (131) (132) Hepatitis C -- National Spain Europe Prospective -- Unknown Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center HCC Database (133) Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2007 Local China Asia Unknown 223 (2012) Unknown Swedish National Registry for Cancer in the Biliary Tract and Liver (SweLiv) (134) ( https://cancercentrum.se/samverkan/cancerdiagnoser/lever-och-galla/kvalitetsregister/registergrupp/ ) Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2008 National Sweden Europe Prospective 4,259 (2018) Ongoing Systematic Observatory Liver Disease (SOLID) Registry 133 169 ( https://www.solid-registry.com/home%20from ) Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, NAFLD 2003 Global Saudi Arabia, Canada Asia, Americas Mixed 366 (2008) Ongoing Taiwan HCV Registry (TACR) (136) (137) (138) (139) (140) (141) Hepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis 2020 National Taiwan Asia Mixed 34,301 (n.d.) Unknown Taiwan Liver Cancer Network (142) Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2005 National Taiwan Asia Unknown -- Unknown TARGET-NASH Registry (143) ( https://www.targetrwe.com/unique-data/registries/target-nash/ ) NAFLD 2016 National USA Americas Mixed 1,441 (2017) Ongoing Thai Association for the Study of the Liver (THASL) DILI Registry (144) Drug-Induced Liver Injury 2018 National Thailand Asia Prospective 200 (2020) Ongoing Thai Association for the Study of the Liver (THASL) Hepatitis B Database (145) Hepatitis B -- Local Thailand Asia Unknown -- Unknown The English National Hepatitis C Treatment Registry (146) ( https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hepatitis-c-national-register ) Hepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis 2017 National England (UK) Europe Mixed 37,693 (2019) Unknown US Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) registry (147) 170 (Available from: https://dilin.org/ ) Drug-Induced Liver Injury 1994 National USA Americas Mixed 2,392 (2022) Unknown Veterans Health Administration Hepatitis C Clinical Case Registry (VHA HCV CCR) (148) (149) (149) (150) Hepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis 1999 National USA Americas Unknown 214,674 (2009) Unknown Veterans Outcomes and Costs Associated with Liver Disease (VOCAL) database (151) (152) 171 Alcohol-associated cirrhosis 2017 National USA Americas Retrospective 120,000 (n.d.) Stopped Viral Hepatitis Investigative Unit (VHIU) Database (153) 172 Hepatitis B -- Local Canada Americas Unknown -- Unknown Web-based registry of the National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis (NCCVH) (154) Hepatitis C 2007 National Egypt Africa Mixed 1,500,000 (2016) Stopped [Insert Table 1 here] Geographic Distribution and Disease Coverage The analyzed registries exhibited considerable geographic diversity, although with notable concentration in high-income countries (see Table 2 ). National-level implementation predominated (31/62, 50.0%), followed by local (15/62, 24.2%), global (11/62, 17.7%), and regional (3/62, 4.8%) implementations. Registry participation spanned 65 countries (see supplemental file 1), with the United States contributing the largest proportion (18/62, 29.0%), followed by the United Kingdom (5/62, 8.1%), and equal representation (3/62, 4.8% each) from China, Italy, Spain, Japan, and Taiwan. High-income nations constituted nearly half (31/65, 47.7%) of all participating countries. Table 2 Overview of the 62 liver disease registries identified No. of Registries Percent Share Disease Scope Multiple Diseases 17 27.42% Single Disease 45 72.58% Types of Diseases Covered Acute Liver Injury 5 5.62% Autoimmune Hepatitis 2 2.25% Alcohol-related Liver Disease 2 2.25% Chronic Liver Disease 3 3.37% Liver Cancer 21 23.60% Liver Cirrhosis 13 14.61% Liver Failure 3 3.37% NAFLD/MASLD 12 13.48% Viral Hepatitis 28 31.46% Geographic Coverage/Scale Local 15 24.19% Regional 3 4.84% National 31 50.00% Continental 2 3.23% Global 11 17.74% Lead Coordinating Countries USA 18 29.03% United Kingdom 5 8.06% China 3 4.84% Italy 3 4.84% Spain 3 4.84% Japan 3 4.84% Taiwan 3 4.84% Contributing Countries High Income 31 47.69% Upper-Middle Income 18 27.69% Lower-Middle income 13 20.00% Low Income 3 4.62% Registration Type Prospective 22 35.48% Retrospective 9 14.52% Mixed 13 20.97% Unknown 18 29.03% Details of Informed Consent Procedures Yes 36 58.06% No 7 11.29% Unknown 19 30.65% Collection of Patient Reported Outcomes Yes 14 22.58% No 7 11.29% Unknown 41 66.13% Governance Framework Private organizations/academic institutions 11 17.74% Government bodies 7 11.29% Hospital-based 3 4.84% Unknown 41 66.13% Quality Monitoring Procedure Documented 30 48.38% Unknown 32 51.61% Sustainability Mechanism Documented 33 53.22% Unknown 29 46.77% [Insert Table 2 here] Table 2 shows disease-specific analysis revealing that 72.6% (45/62) of registries focused on single liver conditions, while 27.4% (17/62) encompassed multiple liver diseases. Viral hepatitis represented the most frequently documented condition (28/62, 31.5%), with hepatitis C (19/62, 21.6%) and hepatitis B (8/62, 9.1%) constituting significant subgroups. Additional prevalent focuses included hepatocellular carcinoma (19/62, 21.6%), liver cirrhosis (13/62, 14.6%), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) (12/62, 13.5%). Data Architecture and Collection Methodologies All registries (62/62, 100%) documented their data collection approaches, though with heterogeneous levels of detail. Key data domains consistently captured across registries encompassed: Demographic variables: Patient age, sex, ethnicity, and anthropometric measurements (e.g., BMI, height, weight) Clinical and medical history: Personal behaviors (alcohol consumption, smoking, substance use) and comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, HIV) Disease characterization: Laboratory parameters, diagnostic imaging findings, disease staging algorithms, and clinical scoring systems Treatment protocols and outcomes: Medication history, therapeutic regimens, survival metrics, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) Notably, while 22.6% (14/62) of registries explicitly reported PRO collection, the majority (66.1%) provided insufficient information regarding this increasingly important data domain. Of the 62 analyzed registries, 35.5% (22) enrolled participants prospectively, while 14.5% (9) used retrospective enrollment. Enrollment details were undeclared or unknown for the remaining 18 registries. Furthermore, informed consent procedures were adequately described in 58.1% of registries, with 30.6% failing to document their consent acquisition process. Governance Framework and Data Management Infrastructure Robust governance structures emerged as critical determinants of registry sustainability. Among the analyzed registries, 33.9% (21/62) explicitly identified a governing entity. Leadership distribution comprises: 1) Private organizations and academic institutions (11/62, 17.7%), 2) Government bodies or publicly funded research consortia (7/62, 11.3%) and, 3) Hospital-based management teams (3/62, 4.8%). Several registries demonstrated successful public-private collaborations, exemplified by the Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG) registry—co-managed by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korean Liver Cancer Association—illustrating a potentially sustainable governance model. Quality Assurance and Data Security Protocols Precisely half (30/62, 50%) of the registries implemented documented quality monitoring mechanisms, including multi-tiered verification systems and scheduled audits. Several registries employed independent third-party data verification services, such as the Chinese Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Registry. Data refresh intervals exhibited considerable variation, ranging from quarterly to biennial updates. Security protocols and ethical compliance reporting demonstrated significant inconsistency. Only 5 out of 62 registries explicitly documented adherence to data protection frameworks such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States or local institutional review board (IRB) regulations. Data anonymization strategies were more commonly reported in retrospective registry studies. Sustainability Mechanisms and Funding Models Long-term registry viability remains a persistent challenge, with nearly half (29/62, 46.8%) of registries failing to articulate sustainability strategies. Among those documenting continuity planning, primary funding sources included government grants and national health initiatives (e.g., NIH-funded liver disease registries in the US), academic research grants and institutional funding and industry-sponsored collaborations and partnerships. Integration with existing health information systems emerged as a prevalent sustainability approach. The Swedish DELIVER registry exemplifies this strategy through seamless integration with national electronic health records. In addition, several registries implemented mandatory data submission protocols as prerequisites for treatment authorization, effectively ensuring continued data acquisition. DISCUSSION Global disparities in liver disease registry implementation and infrastructure Our systematic review reveals substantial heterogeneity in the global distribution, governance frameworks, and sustainability mechanisms of liver disease registries. These findings have profound implications for liver disease surveillance, clinical research initiatives, and evidence-based health policy development. The observed patterns of registry implementation reflect broader structural inequities in global health informatics infrastructure that warrant critical examination. The conspicuous concentration of registry systems in high-income countries represents a manifestation of digital health inequality that parallels broader disparities in healthcare access and technology infrastructure. With 47.7% of participating nations classified as high-income countries, our findings corroborate previous observations regarding the disproportionate development of health informatics capabilities in resource-privileged settings 173 . This asymmetry is particularly concerning when juxtaposed against the epidemiological reality that low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionately high burden of liver diseases, with viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma exhibiting significantly higher prevalence and mortality rates in these regions 174 . The predominance of national-level registry implementation (50.0%) in economically advantaged regions suggests that robust healthcare infrastructure and sustained financial resources facilitate comprehensive disease surveillance. Conversely, this pattern also underscores a critical data vacuum in resource-constrained settings where disease burden is highest. This "inverse surveillance law", whereby regions with the most substantial disease burden have the least developed surveillance infrastructure, perpetuates evidence gaps that impede effective health policy formulation and resource allocation 175 . Disease focus alignment with global epidemiological transition The disease-specific emphasis observed across registries warrants contextualization within the evolving global landscape of liver pathology. While viral hepatitis (31.5%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (21.6%) appropriately receive substantial attention, the relatively limited focus on metabolic liver diseases (13.5% for NAFLD/MASLD) appears incongruent with their rapidly increasing global prevalence. This discrepancy potentially reflects a temporal lag between epidemiological transition and corresponding registry development. The contemporary epidemiological shift toward metabolic liver diseases, driven by rising obesity rates, increasing diabetes prevalence, and changing dietary patterns, necessitates corresponding adaptation in registry focus 176 . The relative underrepresentation of NAFLD/MASLD-focused registries suggests a critical surveillance gap that may impede timely policy responses to this emerging public health challenge. Particularly concerning is the absence of comprehensive NAFLD/MASLD registries in many LMICs undergoing rapid nutritional transition, where dual burdens of infectious and metabolic diseases often coexist 177 . Governance architecture and data security paradigms The heterogeneity in governance structures across registries reflects diverse institutional and regulatory environments but also highlights concerning inconsistencies in data management practices. The finding that only one-third (33.9%) of registries explicitly identified a governing entity suggests substantial variability in organizational oversight. Registries with clearly defined governance frameworks, particularly those involving government institutions or public-private partnerships, likely benefit from institutional legitimacy, regulatory compliance mechanisms, and potentially more stable funding arrangements. The marked inconsistency in security protocol implementation and ethical compliance reporting represents a significant vulnerability in the global liver disease registry ecosystem. With only 8.1% of registries explicitly documenting adherence to established data protection frameworks, questions emerge regarding the adequacy of privacy safeguards across the remaining registry systems. This finding acquires particular salience in the context of increasingly stringent international data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR in Europe) and growing public concerns regarding health data sovereignty 178 . Sustainability challenges and strategic imperatives Perhaps most concerning is our finding that nearly half (46.8%) of registries failed to articulate coherent sustainability strategies. This observation aligns with previous research documenting the vulnerability of health information systems to funding discontinuities and organizational transitions 179 . The predominance of grant-based funding models, characterized by inherent temporality and instability, raises serious questions regarding the longitudinal viability of many registry systems. The exemplars of sustainable practice identified in our review, such as integration with existing health information infrastructure (e.g., Sweden's DELIVER registry) and implementation of mandatory data submission protocols, provide valuable models for emulation. Such approaches effectively distribute operational responsibilities, leverage existing digital infrastructure, and create structural incentives for continued data contribution. These strategies exemplify what might be characterized as "sustainability by design" rather than post-hoc sustainability planning 180 . Future directions and policy implications Our findings compel consideration of several strategic imperatives for optimizing the global liver disease registry landscape. First, targeted international funding mechanisms specifically designed to support registry development in LMICs could help address geographic disparities while simultaneously enhancing global surveillance capabilities. Second, standardization of core data elements across registries, particularly for emerging priorities such as patient-reported outcomes, would facilitate cross-registry comparison and meta-analysis. Third, implementation of harmonized data security protocols and transparent governance frameworks would strengthen ethical foundations and foster public trust. Finally, exploration of innovative funding models, including subscription-based access, integration with reimbursement mechanisms, or social impact bonds, could enhance financial sustainability. The limitations inherent in our review, which includes potential publication bias and inconsistent reporting of registry characteristics, underscore the need for standardized registry reporting frameworks and transparent documentation of operational practices. Future research should focus on evaluating the impact of different governance models on registry longevity and data quality, as well as developing validated metrics for assessing registry effectiveness and sustainability. In conclusion, while liver disease registries represent invaluable resources for research, clinical practice, and health policy formulation, significant disparities in their implementation, governance, and sustainability threaten to undermine their potential impact. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated action from funders, policymakers, healthcare institutions, and the global hepatology community to ensure that these critical surveillance tools effectively serve populations where liver disease burden is highest. METHODOLOGY Search strategy and selection criteria Our team conducted a systematic literature review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Model (PRISMA) model 181 .We compiled publications on existing liver disease registries worldwide, focusing on the design, maintenance, and monitoring variables of these registries. We conducted a systematic electronic literature search using Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search included a combination of keywords and MeSH terms related to “liver diseases,” “registries,” “patient registries,” “common data elements,” “hospital information systems,” and “databases.” Table 1 provides details of the different search strings used across all databases. A university librarian has also verified the accuracy and comprehensiveness of these search strings. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Articles published in English Articles published from January 1, 2014 to February 29, 2024 Articles discussing an existing patient registry on any kind of liver disease Registry discussed in the article must collect data from human subjects Study must include a description of a registry component such as the setup or design, maintenance, sustainability, and/or quality monitoring and assurance In an effort to increase the efficiency, two independent reviewers (WAL, JM) conducted a literature search and screening of publications based on title and abstract screening. Any disagreements among the reviewers were resolved by a third reviewer (AJA). After title and abstract screening, the final screening process involved the independent full-text review of articles included by four reviewers (WAL, JM, AJA, AV). Table 3 Search string used across databases Pubmed ("Liver"[Mesh] OR "Liver Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"[Mesh] OR "Liver Diseases, Alcoholic"[Mesh] OR "Carcinoma, Hepatocellular"[Mesh] OR "Liver Cirrhosis"[Mesh] OR "Hepatitis B"[Mesh] OR "Hepatitis C"[Mesh]) AND ("Registries"[Mesh] OR "Routinely Collected Health Data"[Mesh] OR "Database Management Systems"[Mesh] OR "Health Information Systems"[Mesh] OR "Public Health Informatics"[Mesh]) Cochrane Library ("Liver"[Mesh] OR "Liver Diseases"[Mesh] OR "Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"[Mesh] OR "Liver Diseases, Alcoholic"[Mesh] OR "Carcinoma, Hepatocellular"[Mesh] OR "Liver Cirrhosis"[Mesh] OR "Hepatitis B"[Mesh] OR "Hepatitis C"[Mesh]) AND ("Registries"[Mesh] OR "Routinely Collected Health Data"[Mesh] OR "Database Management Systems"[Mesh] OR "Health Information Systems"[Mesh] OR "Public Health Informatics"[Mesh]) Web of Science (TS=((Liver OR "Liver Disease*" OR "Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease" OR "Hepatocellular Carcinoma*" OR "Liver Cirrhosis" OR Hepatitis))) AND TS=((Registr* OR Database* OR "Routinely Collected Health Data" OR "Database Management System*" OR "Health Information System*" OR "Public Health Informatics")) Scopus TITLE-ABS-KEY ( {Liver} OR {Liver Disease*} OR {Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease} OR {Hepatocellular Carcinoma} OR {Liver Cirrhosis} OR {Hepatitis} ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( {Registr*} OR {Routinely Collected Health Data} OR {Database Management System*} OR {Health Information System*} OR {Public Health Informatics} ) [Insert Table 3 here] To further enhance the efficiency of screening and data extraction among team members, the team opted to use Rayyan AI ( www.rayyan.ai ) , a web-based automated screening tool developed by Qatar Computing Research Institute 182 . WAL uploaded the titles and abstracts of all articles retrieved from the four databases. Duplicate articles were automatically identified by Rayyan AI and subsequently endorsed to WAL for human review and confirmation. Data extraction From all pertinent articles, we extracted the authors’ names, year of publication, registry details (registry name, disease scope, year launched, country/region of implementation, target population, ownership, number of registered patients at the time of publication), as well as a comprehensive description of the registry component (registry design, registry maintenance process, and registry quality monitoring and assurance). To supplement the data gathered from the included articles, a Google search was conducted using the name of each registry. The search was limited to the first two pages of results, and only relevant entries were accessed. Registry details were then extracted from the identified sources. Declarations Competing interests The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare in relation to this study. Ethics approval and consent to participate The study obtained ethics clearance from the University of the Philippines Manila - Research Ethics Board (UPMREB) Review Panel 1 (UPMREB 2024-0287-EX). Author Contribution R.F.S. devised the study concept, designed the study, participated in the write-up, and critically revised the manuscript. A.J.A. contributed to the study design, participated in the data collection, performed the analyses, and drafted the manuscript. W.A.L., J.M. and A.Z.V. participated in the data collection, conducted preliminary analyses, drafted and revised the manuscript. J.P.O. contributed to the study concept, reviewed and critically revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Acknowledgement This study was funded by the Philippines’ Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Data Availability The dataset supporting the results and conclusion of the current study is included within the article and its additional files. Access to other materials including the systematic review extraction process and raw datasets is possible and should me requested from the corresponding author. References Devarbhavi, H. et al. Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update. J. Hepatol. 79 , 516–537 (2023). Sarin, S. K. et al. Liver diseases in the Asia-Pacific region: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5 , 167–228 (2020). Sun, J., Tanaka, J. & Valenti, L. The changing epidemiology of liver diseases in Asia. Liver Int. 42 , 1926–1929 (2022). 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7145679","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":491839106,"identity":"9e00f268-f6a4-4fe3-b7dc-7d057429169c","order_by":0,"name":"Raymond Francis Sarmiento","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACCRDB+ADMPsDAwEycFjYGZgNStDCAtLBJEKXFfPbxh58rcyzkzOWbj1Xz7mCQ47uRwPa4AI8WmXM5xpJnt0kYW7axpd3mPcNgLHkjgd14Bj5P8PAwSDZuk0jccIzH7DZvG0PiBqAt0jx4tbA//gnUUg/SUgzUUk+EFgYzkC0JBkAtzEAtCQaEtfCYWQK1GG44lpYsOfeMhOHMMw/bjQk57Gbjtjp5g8OHD354u8NGnu948rHH+LSgAsYGUNQwthGtAaQFTLGRoGUUjIJRMApGAAAA5G5ELQ55d5UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of the Philippines Manila","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Raymond","middleName":"Francis","lastName":"Sarmiento","suffix":""},{"id":491839107,"identity":"2930db0e-3d7f-4eee-b146-56a00d259613","order_by":1,"name":"Abegail Jayne Amoranto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of the Philippines Manila","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abegail","middleName":"Jayne","lastName":"Amoranto","suffix":""},{"id":491839108,"identity":"727fbc9d-751e-4d6b-9f98-a6e539dd9495","order_by":2,"name":"Wendell Adrian Lim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of the Philippines Manila","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wendell","middleName":"Adrian","lastName":"Lim","suffix":""},{"id":491839109,"identity":"f03c6835-6f9b-4477-b6d2-9ac494d663dd","order_by":3,"name":"Jhaki Mendoza","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of the Philippines Manila","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jhaki","middleName":"","lastName":"Mendoza","suffix":""},{"id":491839110,"identity":"29127d16-4476-4720-ac52-a5216285cfc1","order_by":4,"name":"Aleck Zandria Viray","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of the Philippines Manila","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aleck","middleName":"Zandria","lastName":"Viray","suffix":""},{"id":491839111,"identity":"31190c12-2746-42e4-ad53-ea9ed74ad283","order_by":5,"name":"Janus Ong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Philippine General Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Janus","middleName":"","lastName":"Ong","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-17 06:53:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7145679/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7145679/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87921479,"identity":"7cb8d9d9-dc5f-41ef-8aa7-b299a4bece0f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-30 11:48:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePRISMA flowchart of the selection process to identify unique liver disease registries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7145679/v1/a30da0a678e3e148a1ff71bb.png"},{"id":87922663,"identity":"f8250c64-1c71-4f56-80e4-de15716965b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-30 12:04:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2373593,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7145679/v1/28da57e9-2103-4c78-b5f6-e3469a74cf09.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A systematic review of liver disease registries across the globe: design, management and sustainability practices","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eLiver disease is a pressing global health issue, taking more than two million lives each year\u0026mdash;around 4% of all deaths worldwide \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Yet, its impact often goes overlooked. The burden is especially heavy in the Asia-Pacific region, as it accounts for more than half of all liver disease-related deaths globally \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In addition, high rates of hepatitis B and C infections in this region drive an alarming 75% of liver cancer cases worldwide \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. As a result, the Asia-Pacific region shoulders over half of all cirrhosis-related deaths and almost three-quarters of deaths from liver cancer, specifically hepatocellular carcinoma \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Liver diseases bring a significant burden in several facets. Liver disease not only affects health but also brings a heavy financial strain, especially as the illness advances, leading to increased healthcare costs. Preventing the progression of liver disease can help ease this economic burden. Unfortunately, many cases go undiagnosed or untreated until later stages, often due to a lack of awareness among healthcare providers especially in low-income countries \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn an effort to reduce the economic impact of increasing healthcare costs brought about by liver disease, disease registries offer a promising solution \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Disease registries, both hospital and population-based, are responsible for collecting crucial data from patients with specific illnesses or undergoing certain treatments. Data that can be derived from these tools help us track disease trends, evaluate healthcare delivery, and understand how treatments affect real-life health outcomes over time \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Beyond these benefits, registries are central to medical research. They provide a faster, more cost-effective way to run clinical trials and conduct studies that would be challenging through manual methods. For example, registry data can help researchers answer complex or ethically sensitive questions, as well as guide regulatory decisions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Registries also play a key role in raising healthcare quality. They help identify treatment gaps, ensure care aligns with evidence-based standards, and provide detailed insights into clinical practices \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Despite their value, disease registries are underused due to issues like data design, quality, and sharing limitations \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Maintaining disease registries is also a meticulous task requiring institutional demands such as long-term management, and continuous funding to sustain their operation \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Addressing these barriers is essential to fully leverage registries to improve health outcomes, establish a more cost-effective healthcare delivery, and support evidence-based clinical decisions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComprehensive liver disease registries are often absent in low-income countries \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, resulting in substantial gaps in documenting and managing cases, particularly for viral hepatitis, metabolic liver diseases, and other serious liver complications such as liver cancer and liver cirrhosis. This review aims to evaluate existing liver disease registries through a systematic search and analysis of articles found relevant to the study. Analysis will be focused on the assessment of their technical design, data management or operational practices, quality monitoring strategies, data security measures, and the key data variables they collect. The insights gained will inform the development of a liver disease registry being piloted in the Philippines to help address the paucity of reliable clinical and epidemiological data on the burden of liver diseases in this area \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The process aims to address local needs for accurate evidence while providing scalable recommendations for other low- and middle-income countries. Overall, this initiative aims to inform health policy, especially with resource allocation, strengthen disease surveillance for liver diseases, and improve patient health outcomes in underserved settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Selection and Characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrough a comprehensive database search across PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus, we identified 31,607 potential records. Following deduplication, which removed 1,066 entries, title and abstract screening was conducted on 30,541 records. This initial screening yielded 420 studies for full-text evaluation, from which 273 were subsequently excluded due to insufficient registry-specific data. We analyzed 139 publications, which discussed the protocols in place and key areas for the design of 62 unique liver disease registries \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" 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citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e86\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e87\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e88\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e89\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e90\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e92\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e93\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e94\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e95\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e96\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e97\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" 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class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e134\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR135\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e135\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR136\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e136\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR137\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e137\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR138\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e138\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR139\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e139\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR140\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e140\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR141\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e141\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR142\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e142\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR143\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e143\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR144\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e144\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR145\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e145\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR146\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e146\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR147\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e147\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR148\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e148\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR149\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e149\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR150\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e150\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR151\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e151\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR152\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e152\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR153\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e153\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the PRISMA-compliant selection workflow. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e enumerates the characteristics of the 62 unique liver disease registries identified in the systematic literature review.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the 62 unique liver disease registries identified via the systematic literature review\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegistry Name [Reference]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisease Scope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear Launched\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographic Coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLead/Coordinating Country, Contributing Countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContinental Region\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegistration Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN (Date)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegistry Status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) NAFLD Registry (17) (18) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR154\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e154\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA, Canada, Israel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas, Asia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentral Coast Local Health District (CCLHD) Liver Clinic Patient Database (19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOceania\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,638 (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina Registry of Hepatitis B (CR-HepB) (20) (21) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR155\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e155\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40,431 (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChinese Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (CATCH-LIFE) Patient Registry (22) (23)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,370 (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDanish Database for Hepatitis B and C (DANHEP) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR156\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e156\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDenmark\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,489 (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDatabase of Turkish HCC patients (29) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR157\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e157\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTurkey\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,667 (n.d.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDELIVER (DEcoding the epidemiology of LIVER disease in sweden) (30) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR158\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e158\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViral hepatitis, Autoimmune hepatitis, ALD, NAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSweden\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e307,768 (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDUHS NAFLD Clinical Database and Biorepository (31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e713 (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEuropean NAFLD Registry (32) (33) (34) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04442334\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04442334\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUK, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, USA. Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, Greece, Finland, Switzerland\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope, Americas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10,000 (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEuropean Paediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Registry (EU-PNAFLD) (35) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/application-summaries/research-summaries/european-paediatric-nafld-registry-eu-pnafld/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.hra.nhs.uk/planning-and-improving-research/application-summaries/research-summaries/european-paediatric-nafld-registry-eu-pnafld/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContinental\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUK, Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Germany, France, Sweden\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGenetic Repository of Autoimmune Liver Disease and Coexisting Exposures (GRACE) (36)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma, Autoimmune Hepatitis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e350 (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGerman Hepatitis C-Registry (DHC-R) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) (53) (54) (55)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGermany\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18,400 (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal Liver Registry\u0026trade; (GLR) (4) (56) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.globallivercouncil.org/global-liver-registry/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.globallivercouncil.org/global-liver-registry/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic liver disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Myanmar, Netherlands, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, UK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17,630 (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal NAFLD/Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Registry (GNR) (57) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.globalnashcouncil.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.globalnashcouncil.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Myanmar, Netherlands, Oman, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, UK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Africa\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17,631 (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGOASIA liver registry (58)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContinental\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndia, Singapore, Thailand, China, (+\u0026thinsp;5 other countries)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,812 (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrady Liver Clinic HCV Patient Registry (59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,224 (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenland HBV Registry (60)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1992\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenland (Denmark)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHEGITO7 registry (61) (62) (63) (64)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic liver disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlovakia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,004 (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B registry (pilot program) (65)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,872 (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHCC database of Parkland Health \u0026amp; Hospital System (PHHS) and University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center (66) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR159\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e159\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHCV-TARGET (Hepatitis C Therapeutic Registry and Research Network) (67) (68) (69) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://ctv.veeva.com/study/hcv-target-hepatitis-c-therapeutic-registry-and-research-network\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://ctv.veeva.com/study/hcv-target-hepatitis-c-therapeutic-registry-and-research-network\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA, Canada, Germany, Israel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas, Europe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13,559 (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStopped\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHCV testing database of Biolab Diagnostic Laboratories (Biolab) (70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJordan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28,798 (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHCV treatment database (Australia) (71)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOceania\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIrish National HCV Treatment Registry (72) (73)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIreland\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e700 (n.d.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItalian Liver Cancer database (ITA.LI.CA) (74) (75) (76) (77) (78) (79) (80) (81) (82) (83) (84)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma, MAFLD, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1987\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItaly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7,816 (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan Study Group of NAFLD Database (JSG-NAFLD Database) (85) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR160\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e160\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,760 (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJolimont Hospital outpatient liver clinics - Registry of cirrhotic patients (86) (87)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1995\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelgium\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,090 (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital HCC registry \u003csup\u003e86 87\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaiwan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKorean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG) random HCC cohort registry based on the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) (90) (91)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth Korea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,520 (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatin American DILI Network (LATINDILI) (92) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR161\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e161\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrug-Induced Liver Injury\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpain, Latin America\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope, Americas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e250 (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver Cancer Study Group of Japan (LCSGJ) HCC Registry (93)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1967\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173,378 (2005)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver cirrhosis clinical registry of Hospital de Santa Maria - Centro Hospitalar Universit\u0026aacute;rio Lisboa Norte (94)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePortugal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95 (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiverMetSurvey Registry (95) (96) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR162\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e162\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColorectal liver metastasis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrance, +\u0026thinsp;70 countries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas, Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16,779 (2011)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMulti-institutional national database of HCC promoted by the Hepatocarcinoma Recurrence in the Liver Study (He.Rc.O.Le.S) (97) (98)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItaly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,000 (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational hepatitis C program registry (ELIM C) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e99) (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeorgia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6,828 (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) NAFLD Database (101) (102) (103) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://gastroenterology.ucsd.edu/research/labs/fatty-liver/research/epidemiology/nash-crn.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://gastroenterology.ucsd.edu/research/labs/fatty-liver/research/epidemiology/nash-crn.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver cirrhosis, NAFLD, Fibrotic liver disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e585 (n.d.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational Institutes of Health\u0026ndash;funded ALFSG registry (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR163\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e163\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR164\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e164\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://labs.utsouthwestern.edu/acute-liver-failure-study-group/research\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://labs.utsouthwestern.edu/acute-liver-failure-study-group/research\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcute Liver Injury, Acute Liver Failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1998\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,670 (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStopped\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOttawa Hospital Viral Hepatitis Program (TOHVHP) database (109) (110) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR165\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e165\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCanada\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,454 (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStopped\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePediatric Acute Liver Failure Study Group (PALFSG) Registry (111) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://repository.niddk.nih.gov/study/45\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/study/45\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA, Canada, UK\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas, Europe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e986 (2010)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStopped\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReal-world Evidence from the Asia Liver consortium for HCV (REAL-C) (112) (113)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA, Spain, Romania, Hong Kong, Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas, Europe, Asia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,837 (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegistry for Advanced Liver Diseases (REAL) (114) (115)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary liver cancer, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional HCC Database in the West of Scotland (116)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScotland (UK)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegistry of HCV-infected patients (Atlanta, Georgia) (117)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRESIST HCV (Rete Sicilia Selezione Terapia HCV) (118) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR166\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e166\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR167\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e167\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItaly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,965 (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSamsung Medical Center (SMC) HCC Registry (119) (120) (121) (122) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR168\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e168\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSouth Korea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9,132 (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScottish Hepatitis C Clinical Database \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR121\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e121\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e123) (124) (125) (126) (127) (155) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://publichealthscotland.scot/resources-and-tools/health-intelligence-and-data-management/national-data-catalogue/national-datasets/search-the-datasets/scottish-hepatitis-c-virus-hcv-clinical-database/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://publichealthscotland.scot/resources-and-tools/health-intelligence-and-data-management/national-data-catalogue/national-datasets/search-the-datasets/scottish-hepatitis-c-virus-hcv-clinical-database/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScotland (UK)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14,298 (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish DILI Registry (128) (129) (130) (178) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.spanishdili.uma.es/index.php/colaborar/herramientas-para-colaborar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.spanishdili.uma.es/index.php/colaborar/herramientas-para-colaborar\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrug-Induced Liver Injury\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1994\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope, Americas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e843 (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpanish HEPA-C Registry (131) (132)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center HCC Database (133)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223 (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSwedish National Registry for Cancer in the Biliary Tract and Liver (SweLiv) (134) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://cancercentrum.se/samverkan/cancerdiagnoser/lever-och-galla/kvalitetsregister/registergrupp/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://cancercentrum.se/samverkan/cancerdiagnoser/lever-och-galla/kvalitetsregister/registergrupp/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSweden\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,259 (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSystematic Observatory Liver Disease (SOLID) Registry \u003csup\u003e133 169\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.solid-registry.com/home%20from\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.solid-registry.com/home%20from\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, NAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaudi Arabia, Canada\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia, Americas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e366 (2008)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaiwan HCV Registry (TACR) (136) (137) (138) (139) (140) (141)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaiwan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34,301 (n.d.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaiwan Liver Cancer Network (142)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatocellular Carcinoma\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaiwan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTARGET-NASH Registry (143) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.targetrwe.com/unique-data/registries/target-nash/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.targetrwe.com/unique-data/registries/target-nash/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,441 (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThai Association for the Study of the Liver (THASL) DILI Registry (144)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrug-Induced Liver Injury\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200 (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOngoing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThai Association for the Study of the Liver (THASL) Hepatitis B Database (145)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe English National Hepatitis C Treatment Registry (146) (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hepatitis-c-national-register\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hepatitis-c-national-register\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngland (UK)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37,693 (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUS Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) registry (147) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR170\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e170\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://dilin.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://dilin.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrug-Induced Liver Injury\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1994\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,392 (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVeterans Health Administration Hepatitis C Clinical Case Registry (VHA HCV CCR) (148) (149) (149) (150)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C, Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Liver cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1999\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214,674 (2009)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVeterans Outcomes and Costs Associated with Liver Disease (VOCAL) database (151) (152) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR171\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e171\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol-associated cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120,000 (n.d.)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStopped\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViral Hepatitis Investigative Unit (VHIU) Database (153) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR172\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e172\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis B\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCanada\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmericas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeb-based registry of the National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis (NCCVH) (154)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHepatitis C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrica\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,500,000 (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStopped\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[Insert\u003c/b\u003e Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeographic Distribution and Disease Coverage\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analyzed registries exhibited considerable geographic diversity, although with notable concentration in high-income countries (see Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). National-level implementation predominated (31/62, 50.0%), followed by local (15/62, 24.2%), global (11/62, 17.7%), and regional (3/62, 4.8%) implementations. Registry participation spanned 65 countries (see supplemental file 1), with the United States contributing the largest proportion (18/62, 29.0%), followed by the United Kingdom (5/62, 8.1%), and equal representation (3/62, 4.8% each) from China, Italy, Spain, Japan, and Taiwan. High-income nations constituted nearly half (31/65, 47.7%) of all participating countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverview of the 62 liver disease registries identified\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. of Registries\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercent Share\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisease Scope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiple Diseases\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.42%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle Disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.58%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTypes of Diseases Covered\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcute Liver Injury\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.62%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutoimmune Hepatitis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlcohol-related Liver Disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChronic Liver Disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.37%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver Cancer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.60%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver Cirrhosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.61%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiver Failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.37%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNAFLD/MASLD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.48%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViral Hepatitis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.46%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGeographic Coverage/Scale\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.19%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegional\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNational\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.00%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContinental\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.23%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.74%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLead Coordinating Countries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.03%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.06%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItaly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJapan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaiwan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eContributing Countries\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh Income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.69%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper-Middle Income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.69%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower-Middle income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.00%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow Income\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.62%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegistration Type\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProspective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.48%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRetrospective\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.52%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.97%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.03%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDetails of Informed Consent Procedures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.06%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.29%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCollection of Patient Reported Outcomes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.58%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.29%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.13%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGovernance Framework\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate organizations/academic institutions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.74%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment bodies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.29%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital-based\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.84%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.13%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuality Monitoring Procedure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDocumented\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.38%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.61%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSustainability Mechanism\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDocumented\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.22%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.77%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[Insert\u003c/b\u003e Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows disease-specific analysis revealing that 72.6% (45/62) of registries focused on single liver conditions, while 27.4% (17/62) encompassed multiple liver diseases. Viral hepatitis represented the most frequently documented condition (28/62, 31.5%), with hepatitis C (19/62, 21.6%) and hepatitis B (8/62, 9.1%) constituting significant subgroups. Additional prevalent focuses included hepatocellular carcinoma (19/62, 21.6%), liver cirrhosis (13/62, 14.6%), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) (12/62, 13.5%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Architecture and Collection Methodologies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll registries (62/62, 100%) documented their data collection approaches, though with heterogeneous levels of detail. Key data domains consistently captured across registries encompassed:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographic variables: Patient age, sex, ethnicity, and anthropometric measurements (e.g., BMI, height, weight)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eClinical and medical history: Personal behaviors (alcohol consumption, smoking, substance use) and comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, HIV)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisease characterization: Laboratory parameters, diagnostic imaging findings, disease staging algorithms, and clinical scoring systems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eTreatment protocols and outcomes: Medication history, therapeutic regimens, survival metrics, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNotably, while 22.6% (14/62) of registries explicitly reported PRO collection, the majority (66.1%) provided insufficient information regarding this increasingly important data domain. Of the 62 analyzed registries, 35.5% (22) enrolled participants prospectively, while 14.5% (9) used retrospective enrollment. Enrollment details were undeclared or unknown for the remaining 18 registries. Furthermore, informed consent procedures were adequately described in 58.1% of registries, with 30.6% failing to document their consent acquisition process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGovernance Framework and Data Management Infrastructure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRobust governance structures emerged as critical determinants of registry sustainability. Among the analyzed registries, 33.9% (21/62) explicitly identified a governing entity. Leadership distribution comprises: 1) Private organizations and academic institutions (11/62, 17.7%), 2) Government bodies or publicly funded research consortia (7/62, 11.3%) and, 3) Hospital-based management teams (3/62, 4.8%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral registries demonstrated successful public-private collaborations, exemplified by the Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG) registry\u0026mdash;co-managed by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Korean Liver Cancer Association\u0026mdash;illustrating a potentially sustainable governance model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eQuality Assurance and Data Security Protocols\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrecisely half (30/62, 50%) of the registries implemented documented quality monitoring mechanisms, including multi-tiered verification systems and scheduled audits. Several registries employed independent third-party data verification services, such as the Chinese Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure Registry. Data refresh intervals exhibited considerable variation, ranging from quarterly to biennial updates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecurity protocols and ethical compliance reporting demonstrated significant inconsistency. Only 5 out of 62 registries explicitly documented adherence to data protection frameworks such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States or local institutional review board (IRB) regulations. Data anonymization strategies were more commonly reported in retrospective registry studies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSustainability Mechanisms and Funding Models\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong-term registry viability remains a persistent challenge, with nearly half (29/62, 46.8%) of registries failing to articulate sustainability strategies. Among those documenting continuity planning, primary funding sources included government grants and national health initiatives (e.g., NIH-funded liver disease registries in the US), academic research grants and institutional funding and industry-sponsored collaborations and partnerships.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntegration with existing health information systems emerged as a prevalent sustainability approach. The Swedish DELIVER registry exemplifies this strategy through seamless integration with national electronic health records. In addition, several registries implemented mandatory data submission protocols as prerequisites for treatment authorization, effectively ensuring continued data acquisition.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGlobal disparities in liver disease registry implementation and infrastructure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur systematic review reveals substantial heterogeneity in the global distribution, governance frameworks, and sustainability mechanisms of liver disease registries. These findings have profound implications for liver disease surveillance, clinical research initiatives, and evidence-based health policy development. The observed patterns of registry implementation reflect broader structural inequities in global health informatics infrastructure that warrant critical examination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe conspicuous concentration of registry systems in high-income countries represents a manifestation of digital health inequality that parallels broader disparities in healthcare access and technology infrastructure. With 47.7% of participating nations classified as high-income countries, our findings corroborate previous observations regarding the disproportionate development of health informatics capabilities in resource-privileged settings \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR173\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e173\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This asymmetry is particularly concerning when juxtaposed against the epidemiological reality that low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionately high burden of liver diseases, with viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma exhibiting significantly higher prevalence and mortality rates in these regions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR174\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e174\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe predominance of national-level registry implementation (50.0%) in economically advantaged regions suggests that robust healthcare infrastructure and sustained financial resources facilitate comprehensive disease surveillance. Conversely, this pattern also underscores a critical data vacuum in resource-constrained settings where disease burden is highest. This \"inverse surveillance law\", whereby regions with the most substantial disease burden have the least developed surveillance infrastructure, perpetuates evidence gaps that impede effective health policy formulation and resource allocation \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR175\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e175\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDisease focus alignment with global epidemiological transition\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe disease-specific emphasis observed across registries warrants contextualization within the evolving global landscape of liver pathology. While viral hepatitis (31.5%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (21.6%) appropriately receive substantial attention, the relatively limited focus on metabolic liver diseases (13.5% for NAFLD/MASLD) appears incongruent with their rapidly increasing global prevalence. This discrepancy potentially reflects a temporal lag between epidemiological transition and corresponding registry development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe contemporary epidemiological shift toward metabolic liver diseases, driven by rising obesity rates, increasing diabetes prevalence, and changing dietary patterns, necessitates corresponding adaptation in registry focus \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR176\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e176\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The relative underrepresentation of NAFLD/MASLD-focused registries suggests a critical surveillance gap that may impede timely policy responses to this emerging public health challenge. Particularly concerning is the absence of comprehensive NAFLD/MASLD registries in many LMICs undergoing rapid nutritional transition, where dual burdens of infectious and metabolic diseases often coexist \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR177\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e177\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGovernance architecture and data security paradigms\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe heterogeneity in governance structures across registries reflects diverse institutional and regulatory environments but also highlights concerning inconsistencies in data management practices. The finding that only one-third (33.9%) of registries explicitly identified a governing entity suggests substantial variability in organizational oversight. Registries with clearly defined governance frameworks, particularly those involving government institutions or public-private partnerships, likely benefit from institutional legitimacy, regulatory compliance mechanisms, and potentially more stable funding arrangements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe marked inconsistency in security protocol implementation and ethical compliance reporting represents a significant vulnerability in the global liver disease registry ecosystem. With only 8.1% of registries explicitly documenting adherence to established data protection frameworks, questions emerge regarding the adequacy of privacy safeguards across the remaining registry systems. This finding acquires particular salience in the context of increasingly stringent international data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR in Europe) and growing public concerns regarding health data sovereignty \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR178\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e178\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSustainability challenges and strategic imperatives\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePerhaps most concerning is our finding that nearly half (46.8%) of registries failed to articulate coherent sustainability strategies. This observation aligns with previous research documenting the vulnerability of health information systems to funding discontinuities and organizational transitions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR179\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e179\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The predominance of grant-based funding models, characterized by inherent temporality and instability, raises serious questions regarding the longitudinal viability of many registry systems.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe exemplars of sustainable practice identified in our review, such as integration with existing health information infrastructure (e.g., Sweden's DELIVER registry) and implementation of mandatory data submission protocols, provide valuable models for emulation. Such approaches effectively distribute operational responsibilities, leverage existing digital infrastructure, and create structural incentives for continued data contribution. These strategies exemplify what might be characterized as \"sustainability by design\" rather than post-hoc sustainability planning \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR180\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e180\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFuture directions and policy implications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings compel consideration of several strategic imperatives for optimizing the global liver disease registry landscape. First, targeted international funding mechanisms specifically designed to support registry development in LMICs could help address geographic disparities while simultaneously enhancing global surveillance capabilities. Second, standardization of core data elements across registries, particularly for emerging priorities such as patient-reported outcomes, would facilitate cross-registry comparison and meta-analysis. Third, implementation of harmonized data security protocols and transparent governance frameworks would strengthen ethical foundations and foster public trust. Finally, exploration of innovative funding models, including subscription-based access, integration with reimbursement mechanisms, or social impact bonds, could enhance financial sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe limitations inherent in our review, which includes potential publication bias and inconsistent reporting of registry characteristics, underscore the need for standardized registry reporting frameworks and transparent documentation of operational practices. Future research should focus on evaluating the impact of different governance models on registry longevity and data quality, as well as developing validated metrics for assessing registry effectiveness and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, while liver disease registries represent invaluable resources for research, clinical practice, and health policy formulation, significant disparities in their implementation, governance, and sustainability threaten to undermine their potential impact. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated action from funders, policymakers, healthcare institutions, and the global hepatology community to ensure that these critical surveillance tools effectively serve populations where liver disease burden is highest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSearch strategy and selection criteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur team conducted a systematic literature review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Model (PRISMA) model \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR181\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e181\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.We compiled publications on existing liver disease registries worldwide, focusing on the design, maintenance, and monitoring variables of these registries. We conducted a systematic electronic literature search using Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search included a combination of keywords and MeSH terms related to “liver diseases,” “registries,” “patient registries,” “common data elements,” “hospital information systems,” and “databases.” Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides details of the different search strings used across all databases. A university librarian has also verified the accuracy and comprehensiveness of these search strings. The inclusion criteria were as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eArticles published in English\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eArticles published from January 1, 2014 to February 29, 2024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eArticles discussing an existing patient registry on any kind of liver disease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegistry discussed in the article must collect data from human subjects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy must include a description of a registry component such as the setup or design, maintenance, sustainability, and/or quality monitoring and assurance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn an effort to increase the efficiency, two independent reviewers (WAL, JM) conducted a literature search and screening of publications based on title and abstract screening. Any disagreements among the reviewers were resolved by a third reviewer (AJA). After title and abstract screening, the final screening process involved the independent full-text review of articles included by four reviewers (WAL, JM, AJA, AV).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSearch string used across databases\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePubmed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\"Liver\"[Mesh] OR \"Liver Diseases\"[Mesh] OR \"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\"[Mesh] OR \"Liver Diseases, Alcoholic\"[Mesh] OR \"Carcinoma, Hepatocellular\"[Mesh] OR \"Liver Cirrhosis\"[Mesh] OR \"Hepatitis B\"[Mesh] OR \"Hepatitis C\"[Mesh]) AND (\"Registries\"[Mesh] OR \"Routinely Collected Health Data\"[Mesh] OR \"Database Management Systems\"[Mesh] OR \"Health Information Systems\"[Mesh] OR \"Public Health Informatics\"[Mesh])\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCochrane Library\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\"Liver\"[Mesh] OR \"Liver Diseases\"[Mesh] OR \"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\"[Mesh] OR \"Liver Diseases, Alcoholic\"[Mesh] OR \"Carcinoma, Hepatocellular\"[Mesh] OR \"Liver Cirrhosis\"[Mesh] OR \"Hepatitis B\"[Mesh] OR \"Hepatitis C\"[Mesh]) AND (\"Registries\"[Mesh] OR \"Routinely Collected Health Data\"[Mesh] OR \"Database Management Systems\"[Mesh] OR \"Health Information Systems\"[Mesh] OR \"Public Health Informatics\"[Mesh])\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeb of Science\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(TS=((Liver OR \"Liver Disease*\" OR \"Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\" OR \"Hepatocellular Carcinoma*\" OR \"Liver Cirrhosis\" OR Hepatitis))) AND TS=((Registr* OR Database* OR \"Routinely Collected Health Data\" OR \"Database Management System*\" OR \"Health Information System*\" OR \"Public Health Informatics\"))\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eScopus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTITLE-ABS-KEY ( {Liver} OR {Liver Disease*} OR {Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease} OR {Hepatocellular Carcinoma} OR {Liver Cirrhosis} OR {Hepatitis} ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( {Registr*} OR {Routinely Collected Health Data} OR {Database Management System*} OR {Health Information System*} OR {Public Health Informatics} )\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e[Insert\u003c/b\u003e Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003ehere]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo further enhance the efficiency of screening and data extraction among team members, the team opted to use Rayyan AI (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ewww.rayyan.ai\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.rayyan.ai\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e, a web-based automated screening tool developed by Qatar Computing Research Institute \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR182\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e182\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. WAL uploaded the titles and abstracts of all articles retrieved from the four databases. Duplicate articles were automatically identified by Rayyan AI and subsequently endorsed to WAL for human review and confirmation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData extraction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom all pertinent articles, we extracted the authors’ names, year of publication, registry details (registry name, disease scope, year launched, country/region of implementation, target population, ownership, number of registered patients at the time of publication), as well as a comprehensive description of the registry component (registry design, registry maintenance process, and registry quality monitoring and assurance).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo supplement the data gathered from the included articles, a Google search was conducted using the name of each registry. The search was limited to the first two pages of results, and only relevant entries were accessed. Registry details were then extracted from the identified sources.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interests to declare in relation to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study obtained ethics clearance from the University of the Philippines Manila - Research Ethics Board (UPMREB) Review Panel 1 (UPMREB 2024-0287-EX).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eR.F.S. devised the study concept, designed the study, participated in the write-up, and critically revised the manuscript. A.J.A. contributed to the study design, participated in the data collection, performed the analyses, and drafted the manuscript. W.A.L., J.M. and A.Z.V. participated in the data collection, conducted preliminary analyses, drafted and revised the manuscript. J.P.O. contributed to the study concept, reviewed and critically revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study was funded by the Philippines\u0026rsquo; Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dataset supporting the results and conclusion of the current study is included within the article and its additional files. Access to other materials including the systematic review extraction process and raw datasets is possible and should me requested from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevarbhavi, H. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Global burden of liver disease: 2023 update. \u003cem\u003eJ. Hepatol.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e79\u003c/strong\u003e, 516\u0026ndash;537 (2023).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSarin, S. K. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Liver diseases in the Asia-Pacific region: a Lancet Gastroenterology \u0026amp; Hepatology Commission. \u003cem\u003eLancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e, 167\u0026ndash;228 (2020).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSun, J., Tanaka, J. \u0026amp; Valenti, L. 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Methodol.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e, 160 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-digital-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [npj Digital Public Health](https://www.nature.com/npjdigipubhealth/)","snPcode":"44482","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44482/3?","title":"npj Digital Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"NPJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Registries, Liver Diseases, Data Management, Health Information System, Systematic Review","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7145679/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7145679/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLiver disease remains a major health concern globally, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, yet many low-income countries lack robust registries to track and manage it effectively. This systematic review analyzed 139 publications covering 62 liver disease registries to assess their structure, data management, quality monitoring, and sustainability, with the goal of informing registry development in low-resource settings like the Philippines. Most registries (72.6%) focused on a single disease, primarily viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and were commonly found in high-income countries. National-level implementation was typical (50%), though only a third had clear governance structures, and nearly half lacked long-term funding. While half employed quality monitoring, data security measures were often unspecified. The findings underscore the vital role of liver disease registries in improving care and informing policy, while highlighting persistent gaps in governance, standardization, and sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A systematic review of liver disease registries across the globe: design, management and sustainability practices","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-30 11:48:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7145679/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-11T13:26:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T14:44:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-18T15:43:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"173391641947750890419868410879480077184","date":"2025-08-16T12:12:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"304290659067507943627108042817329694455","date":"2025-08-01T08:04:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-28T08:52:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-24T14:33:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-24T14:08:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"npj Digital Public Health","date":"2025-07-17T06:43:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-digital-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [npj Digital Public Health](https://www.nature.com/npjdigipubhealth/)","snPcode":"44482","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44482/3?","title":"npj Digital Public Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"NPJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8617488a-214a-4fe0-896d-2b53161202cb","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":52214289,"name":"Health sciences/Diseases"},{"id":52214290,"name":"Health sciences/Gastroenterology"},{"id":52214291,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-18T01:23:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-30 11:48:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7145679","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7145679","identity":"rs-7145679","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}