Anemia among HIV Infected Children on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy in Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia: a facility based cross sectional study

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We lack adequate evidence on the magnitude of anemia among children on highly active anti retroviral therapy in Ethiopia and particularly in South Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed at determining the proportion and associated factors of anemia among children on highly active anti retroviral therapy in Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia. Method a facility based cross-sectional study has been conducted from November to December 2018 on 256 children 6 months to 14 years of age who were on Anti retroviral therapy. Data were collected through an interview with caregivers and review of medical records. CD4+ cell count was analyzed using FACS caliber and Hemoglobin level was measured with Hem cue 301 analyzer. Stool sample was examined for presence of intestinal parasites by direct wet mount technique. Data analyzed with Stata version 14.0 were conveyed in mean and standard deviation of the mean, median and inter-quartile range. Multivariate analysis was carried out to identify independent predictors of the outcome variable. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval was reported. Results The magnitude of anemia was found to be 38.8%. Taking Co-trimoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis (AOR=.45; 95% CI: .21, .95), caregivers’ not receiving nutritional counseling (AOR=09; 95% CI: .01, .98) and presence of intestinal parasites (AOR=3.10; 95% CI: 1.39, 6.88) were associated with anemia. Conclusion The magnitude of anemia obtained in this study is a moderate public health problem. Health education programs in Anti Retroviral Therapy clinics should be targeted at appropriate dietary practice, and appropriate hand washing and other hygienic practices to prevent intestinal parasitic infections. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis should give given to all eligible children based on the recommendation. Health Policy Anemia Anti retroviral therapy HIV Children Wolaita Ethiopia background Anemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is insufficient to meet the body’s physiologic needs and consequently diminish the oxygen-carrying capacity. In addition to iron deficiency, other nutritional deficiencies, acute and chronic inflammations, parasitic infections, and inherited or acquired disorders that affect hemoglobin synthesis, red blood cell production or survival can cause anemia [1]. Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are exposed to macro and micro nutrient deficiencies; anemia being the commonest [2, 3]. Anemia is a critical health concern affecting growth and energy levels adversely, and it highly damages the immune mechanisms [4, 5]. Anemia affects both developing and developed countries and thus it is a global public health problem [6]. Globally, roughly 1.3 to 2.2 billion people suffer from anemia and in developing countries 50% of women and children are anemic [7]. An estimated 63%–95% of people living with HIV become anemic at some point in the course of the disease [8]. In India the prevalence of anemia among HIV infected children was reported to be 47.1% [9]. A prevalence level of 69.1% was reported among HIV infected children in Democratic Republic of Congo [10]. In Ethiopia the prevalence of anemia among HIV infected children ranges between 16.2% and 39.1% [11, 12, 13]. A combination of environmental and host factors predispose HIV infected children to anemia. We have very limited evidence on the prevalence of anemia among children on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Ethiopia and there is a wide variation in the reported prevalence. Thus the main aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of anemia among HIV infected children on HAART and to identify factors associated with the outcome in Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) clinics of Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia. methods Study Setting A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December 2018 at ART Clinics of Wolaita zone. There are 16 health facilities, 12 health centers and 4 hospitals, which provide ART service. Wolaita zone has a latitude and longitude of 6 0 54’N 37 0 45’E with an average elevation of 1850 meters above sea level. Population and sampling Children, 6 months to 14 years of age, on HAART paired with their mothers/caretakers who lived in the study area for at least half a year were included in this study. Since there are 262 children on HAART attending ART clinics of Wolaita zone, sample size was not calculated and all eligible children were included. Children who were on anemia treatment were excluded from the study. Data Collection A structured and interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Medical records were reviewed and presence of opportunistic infections, baseline CD4+ count and World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage were recorded to complement the primary data. Twenty four hours recall was used to assess dietary diversity. Nurses and laboratory technicians were recruited for interview and laboratory analysis respectively. BSc nurses were recruited for supervision. Two days training was given for data collectors on the art of interviewing. Trained laboratory technicians were employed and additional training was given. The questionnaire was pretested on 5% of the sample size at Shone Primary Hospital which is not part of the actual data collection. Close supervision was under taken during data collection in a way avoiding bias. Standardized operating procedures were strictly followed during blood sample collection, storage and analytical process. Laboratory analysis Three ml of venous blood sample was collected using EDTA anti-coagulated test tube for CD4+ cell count and hemoglobin analyses. CD4+ cell count was analyzed using FACS caliber and Hemoglobin level was measured with Hem cue 301 analyzer, Angelholm, Sweden. Stool sample was taken and examined by direct wet mount technique to detect present of intestinal parasites microscopically. Operational Definitions Anemia: is established if the hemoglobin level is below 11 g/dl for 6–59 months, <11.5g/dl for 5–11years and <12 g/dl for 12–14 years and adjusted for altitude [ 19 ]. Statistical analysis Data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to Stata version 14.0 for analyses. The data were conveyed in mean and standard deviation of the mean, median and inter-quartile range. Normality was checked for all continuous variables. Hosmer-Lemeshow good-of-fit test and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) test were carried out to have confidence in the regression model. Collinearity was diagnosed, and there was no multicollinearity among the exposure variables included in the model. We used logistic regression analysis to identify exposure variables with association to the outcome variable. Exposures and covariates with p <0.25 during the bivariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis to increase the power of the model. Multivariate analysis was carried out to control for potential confounders and identify independent predictors of the outcome variable. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. The level of significance was set at p <0.05. results Socio-Demographic Characteristics Overall, 256 children On HAART participated in the study with a response rate of 97.7%. More than half, 140 (54.7 %) were girls. The median age was 12 (10–14) years, and 144(56.2%) of them were between 12–14 years of age. About three in four, 192 (75.0 %) were rural dwellers. One-third, 85 (33.2%) of the caregivers did not attend formal education and 74 (28.9 %) were employed. About two third, 171 (66.8%) of the households use either pipe or public tap water for drinking (Table 1). Clinical and Immunological Characteristics One hundred seventy one (66.8%) were on HAART for more than 60 months. A lithe higher than half, 132 (51.6 %) were in WHO stage 3 at baseline and nearly all, 251 (98.0%) were in WHO stage T1. Forty two (16.4 %) switched their drug regimen and 44 (17.2%) had some form of opportunistic infection. 73 (28.5 %) were taking co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. The median CD4+ count was 746.5(516–1007) cells/mm 3 currently, and majority of them, 182 (85.8 %) had a CD4+ count of greater than 350 cells/mm 3 (Table 2). Nutritional, Hygienic and Parasitological Characteristics The majority of caregivers, 210 (82%) affirmed getting dietary advice. Nearly two third, 167 (65.2%) of the children often eat less than three meals a day and 115 (44.9%) had dietary diversity of fewer than four. Most, 210 (82.0%) of the children had no intestinal parasitic infection (Table 3). Proportion and factors Associated with Anemia The mean ± (standard deviation) hemoglobin level of the study participants was 12.2 ± (1.4). The proportion of anemia was 38.8%. Children taking co-trimoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis had 55% lower chance of being anemic than those who were not taking Co-trimoxazole (AOR =.45; 95% CI:.21,.95). Children whose caregivers were given nutritional counseling had 91% lesser chance of having anemia (AOR = 09; 95% CI:.01,.98). The odd of being anemic was 3 times higher for children who had intestinal parasitic infection than their counterparts (AOR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.39, 6.88). discussion In this study, the prevalence of anemia among children on HAART was found to be 38.8%. The prevalence of anemia in this study is a moderate public health problem according to the WHO classification of anemia [1]. This finding is comparable with a similar study conducted in different parts of Ethiopia (35%) [14] and 39.1% [15]. However, it is lower compared to a study conducted in southwest Ethiopia (53.1 %) [16]. Lower prevalence was reported in different parts of Ethiopia (16.2 %) [11], (10%) [17] and (22.2%) [12]. This divergence might be due to variation in the culture, dietary practice and socio-economic status across different segments of the population within the country. Children who were taking Co-trimoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis had a lesser odds of being anemic compared to those who did not. This is in agreement with studies from Ethiopia and Gambia [11, 18]. One of the most important mechanisms of anemia in HIV infection is failure of erythropoiesis. Co-trimoxazole may probably reduce the levels of cytokines that impair erythropoiesis, by reducing immune activation as well as by preventing infections [19]. Children whose caregivers did not receive nutritional counseling were more likely to be anemic compared to their counter parts. This finding is in agreement with a study conducted in Hawassa referral hospital where children whose caregivers did not receive nutritional counseling had higher odds of being anemic [20]. Better information on the key dietary recommendations might have improved the caregiver’s practice of child feeding. In consistent with studies from Ethiopia [12] and Tanzania [21], children with intestinal parasitic infections had much higher odds to have anemia compared with those children who were not infected with intestinal parasitic infections. This might possibly be due to the attachment of the worm in the intestine to the intestinal mucosa causing intestinal necrosis and blood loss. Chronic infections may also lead to anemia which results from excessive iron loss [4]. Unlike many other studies, this study did not found an association between lower CD4+ cell count and anemia. This finding disagrees with other similar study from Addis Ababa (Central Ethiopia) [12]. This difference might be due to the less number of children with lower CD4+ count involved in this study. Study limitations Regarding dietary habit, certain level of recall bias was expected; data collectors aware of the cultural issues collected the data to reduce recall bias. Data on the duration of HAART, baseline CD4+ count, WHO stage, drug regimen, taking Co-trimoxazole and presence of opportunistic infections were taken from the patients charts. Since the health facilities record patient’s information consistently and accurately, we believe that the data is unbiased. CD4+ count was not done for 44 children due to lack of reagent. Since the reagent comes as a donation to the country, we couldn’t access it at a market. conclusions The magnitude of anemia among children on HAART in the study area is a moderate public health problem. Anemia was significantly associated with caregivers’ not receiving nutritional counseling and intestinal parasitic infections. Taking Co-trimoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis was protective against anemia. Health education programs in ART clinics should be given with due focus on appropriate dietary practice, appropriate hand washing practice and other hygienic practices to prevent intestinal parasitic infections. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis should give given to all eligible children based on the recommendation. abbreviations ABC: Abacavir, AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio, ART: Anti Retroviral Therapy, AZT: Zidovudine, COR: Crude Odds Ratio, ETB: Ethiopian Birr, HAART: Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy, HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, OI: Opportunistic Infections, ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristics, TDF: Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, WHO: World Health Organization declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical clearance for the study was obtained from the Ethical review committee at College of Health Science and Medicine in Wolaita Sodo University in Ethiopia. The ethical clearance letter was written to Wolaita zone health department which is the highest government body in the area for health and health research conducts. Permission was granted from Wolaita zone health department and its lower health administrative structures to conduct the study. Finally, informed written consent was taken from caregivers since we can’t obtain consent from children under 18 years of age. The data was kept anonymous. Consent for publication- Not applicable Availability of data and materials The dataset analyzed for this study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: This study was financially supported byWolaita Sodo University through graduate level research program. Neither of the parties had role in the design, conduct and decision to publish this research work. Authors’ contributions ML conceived the study, designed the protocol, coordinated data collection, analyzed the data interpreted the findings and reviewed the manuscript. SK contributed in the design, analysis, interpretation of the findings, and drafted the manuscript. FS, EG and FE contributed in design, analysis, interpretation of the findings, and reviewed the progressive draft manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Authors’ information ML is a human nutritionist by training. She studied MSc in human nutrition and currently working as a service quality officer in the College of Health Sciences and Medicine at Wolaita Sodo University in Ethiopia. SK is a human nutritionist by training. He is lecturer at School of Public Health at WSU. FG is a medical microbiologist by training. He is an assistant professor of medical microbiology in the Department of Medical Laboratory at WSU. EG is a human nutritionist by training. She is lecturer at School of Public Health at WSU. FE is a public health nutritionist by training. He is lecturer at School of Public Health at WSU. Acknowledgements We are grateful to Wolaita Sodo University for financially supporting the study. We would like to thank School of Public Health at Wolaita Sodo University for facilitating the research programme. We acknowledge Wolaita zone health department and its lower administrative structures for official permission. We are grateful to the caregivers and children for their consent to participate in the study. We also thank our responsible data collectors. references WHO, Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011 (WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1) (http://www.who.int/vmnis/indicators/haemoglobin.pdf, accessed 15/01/2019). Sireesha, G. and N. Rajani, Nutritional status of Girls through Anthropometric and Dietary Assessment. IOSR J of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2015. 14(11): p. 73–78. Prendergast, A. J. and J. H. Humphrey, The stunting syndrome in developing countries. Paediatrics and international child health, 2014. 34(4): p. 250–265. WHO, Iron deficiency anemia. assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for programme managers. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001: p. 47–62. WHO, The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002. Haas, J. D. and T. Brownlie IV, Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a critical review of the research to determine a causal relationship. The Journal of nutrition, 2001. 131(2): p. 676S–690S. Stevens, G. A., et al., Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health, 2013. 1(1): p. e16-e25. Mehta, S., S. Jutur, and D. Gautam, Hematologic Manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Medicine Update, 2011. 9: p. 484–90. Shet A., et al., Anemia, diet and therapeutic iron among children living with HIV: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr, 2015; 15: 164. Mwadianvita C.K, et al., Study of anemia in HIV positive children naïve to antiretroviral treatment in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. Pan Afr Med J, 2014; 17(46): doi: 10.11604/pamj.2014.17.46.2046. Enawgaw, B., et al., Prevalence and associated risk factors of anemia among HIV infected children attending Gondar university hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC hematology, 2015. 15(1): p. 12. Mihiretie, H., B. Taye, and A. Tsegaye, Magnitude of anemia and associated factors among pediatric HIV/AIDS patients attending Zewditu Memorial Hospital ART Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Anemia, 2015. Teklemariam, Z., H. Mitiku, and F. Mesfin, Prevalence of anemia and nutritional status among HIV-positive children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Harar, eastern Ethiopa. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ), 2015. 7: p. 191 Ferede, G. and Y. Wondimeneh, Prevalence and related factors of anemia in HAART-naive HIV positive patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Blood Disorders, 2013. 13(1): p. 8 Zelalem T, H. M., Firehiwot M, Prevalence of anemia and nutritional status among HIV-positive children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Harar, eastern Ethiopa. HIV/AIDS—Research and Palliative Care, 2015. 7: p. 191–196 Abebe, M. and F. Alemseged, Hematologic abormalities among children on Haart, in Jimma university specialized hospital, southwestern ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 2009. 19(2) Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist1, Bineyam Taye2, Aster Tsegaye2, Intestinal Parasitosis in Relation to CD4+T Cells Levels and Anemia among HAART Initiated and HAART Naive Pediatric HIV Patients in a Model ART Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 2015. 10.1371: p. 1—14 Prendergast A., et al., Improved growth and anemia in HIV-infeted children taking cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Clin Infec Dis, 2011; 52(7): 953–7 Kreuzer KA, et al., Inadequate erythropoietin response to anemia in HIV patients: relationship to serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin–6 and their soluble receptors. Br J Haematol, 1997; 96:235–9 Wondimu, W. B., Nutritional Status and Associated Factors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Children in Hawassa University Referral Hospital Hawassa City, SNNPR,Ethiopia. 2nd National Nutrition Research Dissemination Conference, 2014 Makubi, A. N., et al., Risk factors for anaemia among HIV infected children attending care and treatment clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 2012; 14(1) tables Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of children and caregivers involved in this study at Wolaita zone in South Ethiopia, December 2018 Variables (n=256) Frequency Percent Sex Male 116 45.3 Female 140 54.7 Age (months) 6month to 11 years 112 43.75 12-14 years 144 56.2 Residence Rural 192 75.0 Urban 64 25.0 Educational status of care giver No formal education 85 33.2 Primary (1-8) 87 34.0 Secondary (9-12) 23 9.0 Above secondary 61 23.8 Occupation of caregiver Unemployed 46 18.0 Government /NGO employee 74 28.9 Merchant 60 23.4 Daily laborer 44 17.2 Farmer 32 12.5 Monthly income of household ≤2000 ETB 138 53.9 2001-4000 ETB 73 28.5 >4000 ETB 45 17.6 Source of drinking water Pipe/tap 171 66.8 Protected well/spring 69 27.0 Unprotected well/spring/river 16 12.9 Ways of treating water Boiling 31 12.1 Using chemicals 192 75.0 Filtration 33 12.9 Table 2 Clinical and immunological characteristics of children involved in this study at Wolaita zone in South Ethiopia, December 2018 Variables (n=256) Frequency Percent Duration of HAART <60 months 85 33.2 ≥60 months 171 66.8 Baseline WHO stage Stage 1 51 19.9 Stage 2 49 19.1 Stage 3 132 51.6 Stage 4 24 9.4 Current WHO stage T1 b 251 98.0 T2/T3 c 5 2.0 Current drug regimen TDF based 18 7.0 AZT based 225 87.9 ABC based 13 5.1 Opportunistic infections Yes 44 17.2 No 212 82.8 Taking Co-trimoxazole Yes 73 28.5 No 183 71.5 Baseline CD4 count (n=240) ≤200 31 12.9 201-350 34 14.2 >350 175 72.9 Current CD4 count (n=212) ≤200 9 4.3 201-350 21 9.9 >350 182 85.8 b on treatment stage 1, c on treatment stage 2/3 Table 3 Dietary, hygienic and parasitological characteristics of children and caregivers involved in this study at Wolaita zone in South Ethiopia, December 2018 Variables (n=256) Frequency Percent Dietary counseling for care giver Yes 252 98.4 No 4 1.6 Receiving nutritional support Yes 143 55.9 No 113 44.1 Number of meals per day ≤ three 129 50.4 >three 127 49.6 Skip regular meals Yes 127 49.9 No 129 50.4 Dietary diversity <4 115 44.9 ³ 4 141 55.1 Intestinal parasitic infection Yes 45 17.6 No 211 82.4 Table 4 Factors associated with anemia among children involved in this study at Wolaita zone in South Ethiopia, December 2018 Variable (n=256) Anemic Non-anemic COR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) Age 6month to 11 years 37(33.04%) 75(66.96%) .67(.40, 1.12) 1.08(.56, 2.12) 12-14 years 61(42.36%) 83(57.64%) 1 1 Occupation Unemployed 14(30.43) 32(69.57%) .35(.16, .77) .31(.09, 1.10) Employed 41(55.41%) 33(44.59%) 1 1 Merchant 17(28.33%) 43(71.73%) .31(.15, .66) .63(.21, 1.86) Daily laborer 12(27.27%) 32(72.73%) .30(.13, .68) .45(.14, 1.49) Farmer 14(43.75%) 18(56.25%) .62(.27, 1.44) 1.05(.26, 4.29) Education No formal education 33(38.82%) 52(61.18%) 1 Primary (1-8) 26(29.89%) 61(70.11%) .67(.36, 1.27) .60(.25, 1.40) Secondary (9-12) 4(17.39%) 19(82.61%) .33(.10, 1.06) .27(.06, 1.18) Above secondary 35(57.38%) 26(42.62%) 2.12(1.08, 4.14) .98(.29, 3.29) Water treatment Boiling 10(32.26%) 21(67.74%) .68(.30, 1.53) .66(.24, 1.82) Chemicals 79(41.15%) 113(58.85%) 1 1 Filtration 9(27.27%) 24(72.73%) .54(.24, 1.22) .43(.16, 1.18) Duration of HAART <60 months 27(31.76%) 58(68.24%) .66(.38, 1.13) .92(.46, 1.83) ≥60 months 71(41.52%) 100(58.48%) 1 Baseline WHO stage Stage 1 13(25.49%) 38(74.51%) .60(.29, 1.23) .63(.26, 1.49) Stage 2 22(44.90%) 27(55.10%) 1.43(.73, 2.77) 1.49(.64, 3.44) Stage 3 48(36.36%) 84(63.64%) 1 Stage 4 15(62.50%) 9(37.50%) 2.92(1.19, 7.17) 2.15(.73, 6.30) Opportunistic infections Yes 14(56.00%) 11(44.00%) 2.23(.97, 5.13) 2.47(.88, 6.97) No 84(36.36%) 147(63.64%) 1 Taking Co-trimoxazole Yes 22(38.28%) 51(69.86%) .61(.34, 1.08) .45(.21, .95)* No 76(41.53%) 107(58.47%) 1 Nutritional counseling Yes 95(37.70%) 157(62.30%) .20(.02, 1.97) .09(.01, .98)* No 3(75.00%) 1(25.00%) 1 Dietary diversity <4 39(34.21%) 75(65.79%) .73(.44, 1.22) .64(.35, 1.15) ≥4 59(41.55%) 83(58.45%) 1 Intestinal parasite Yes 23(51.11%) 22(48.89%) 1.90(.99, 3.63) 3.10(1.39, 6.88)* No 75(35.55%) 136(64.45%) 1 *statistically significant at p -Value <0.05 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6133","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":171298,"identity":"557be222-cca3-483c-9923-009ab140e435","order_by":1,"name":"Mesay Lema Geleta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolaita Sodo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mesay","middleName":"Lema","lastName":"Geleta","suffix":""},{"id":171299,"identity":"5467608e-50e5-4d7a-93ef-79f298a21649","order_by":2,"name":"Fithamlak Bisetegn Solomon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolaita Sodo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fithamlak","middleName":"Bisetegn","lastName":"Solomon","suffix":""},{"id":171300,"identity":"a1c14d1b-688f-4946-946a-0624ebc228e3","order_by":3,"name":"Efrata Girma Tufa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolaita Sodo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Efrata","middleName":"Girma","lastName":"Tufa","suffix":""},{"id":171301,"identity":"5d9edb04-05dc-4933-8f65-442dc454aacb","order_by":4,"name":"Fekadu Elias Sadamo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wolaita Sodo University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fekadu","middleName":"Elias","lastName":"Sadamo","suffix":""},{"id":171302,"identity":"37a001c5-f58c-414d-a3a9-429c93f02b76","order_by":5,"name":"Samson Kastro","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAz0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAD9gYgYWBBWCEPgnUApEWCFC0SCWCSsBZ79uMPP934Y5PHP/P51Q0/CiQY+Nu7E/DbwpNjLJ3bllYscTun7GYP0GESZ85uIOCwHAbp3IbDiQ23c9Ju8AC1GEjkEtDC//zx75w/hxPn3zyTdvMPUVokEsykc9gOJ264wX7sNnG23HhjZg30S+LGMzlst2UMJHgI+oW9P/3x7Zw/Nonzjh9/dvPNHxs5/vZe/FqQLTQAk8QqB1v4gBTVo2AUjIJRMIIAAGVjSHNvyApPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7687-4674","institution":"Wolaita Sodo University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samson","middleName":"","lastName":"Kastro","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2019-09-26 14:08:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.15468/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.15468/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13475000,"identity":"6e570e3f-b0d9-481c-a8d5-2f727cd2f10e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 21:23:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":408702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6133/v1/ae896d90-89c9-43e0-90e2-96274245df8f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Anemia among HIV Infected Children on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy in Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia: a facility based cross sectional study","fulltext":[{"header":"background","content":"\n\u003cp\u003eAnemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells is insufficient to meet the body’s physiologic needs and consequently diminish the oxygen-carrying capacity. In addition to iron deficiency, other nutritional deficiencies, acute and chronic inflammations, parasitic infections, and inherited or acquired disorders that affect hemoglobin synthesis, red blood cell production or survival can cause anemia [1].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are exposed to macro and micro nutrient deficiencies; anemia being the commonest [2, 3]. Anemia is a critical health concern affecting growth and energy levels adversely, and it highly damages the immune mechanisms [4, 5].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnemia affects both developing and developed countries and thus it is a global public health problem [6]. Globally, roughly 1.3 to 2.2 billion people suffer from anemia and in developing countries 50% of women and children are anemic [7]. An estimated 63%–95% of people living with HIV become anemic at some point in the course of the disease [8]. In India the prevalence of anemia among HIV infected children was reported to be 47.1% [9]. A prevalence level of 69.1% was reported among HIV infected children in Democratic Republic of Congo [10]. In Ethiopia the prevalence of anemia among HIV infected children ranges between 16.2% and 39.1% [11, 12, 13]. A combination of environmental and host factors predispose HIV infected children to anemia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe have very limited evidence on the prevalence of anemia among children on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) in Ethiopia and there is a wide variation in the reported prevalence. Thus the main aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of anemia among HIV infected children on HAART and to identify factors associated with the outcome in Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) clinics of Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"methods","content":"\n\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eStudy Setting\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December 2018 at ART Clinics of Wolaita zone. There are 16 health facilities, 12 health centers and 4 hospitals, which provide ART service. Wolaita zone has a latitude and longitude of 6\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e54’N 37\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e45’E with an average elevation of 1850 meters above sea level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003ePopulation and sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren, 6 months to 14 years of age, on HAART paired with their mothers/caretakers who lived in the study area for at least half a year were included in this study. Since there are 262 children on HAART attending ART clinics of Wolaita zone, sample size was not calculated and all eligible children were included. Children who were on anemia treatment were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eData Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA structured and interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Medical records were reviewed and presence of opportunistic infections, baseline CD4+ count and World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage were recorded to complement the primary data. Twenty four hours recall was used to assess dietary diversity. Nurses and laboratory technicians were recruited for interview and laboratory analysis respectively. BSc nurses were recruited for supervision. Two days training was given for data collectors on the art of interviewing. Trained laboratory technicians were employed and additional training was given. The questionnaire was pretested on 5% of the sample size at Shone Primary Hospital which is not part of the actual data collection. Close supervision was under taken during data collection in a way avoiding bias. Standardized operating procedures were strictly followed during blood sample collection, storage and analytical process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLaboratory analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree ml of venous blood sample was collected using EDTA anti-coagulated test tube for CD4+ cell count and hemoglobin analyses. CD4+ cell count was analyzed using FACS caliber and Hemoglobin level was measured with Hem cue 301 analyzer, Angelholm, Sweden. Stool sample was taken and examined by direct wet mount technique to detect present of intestinal parasites microscopically.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eOperational Definitions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnemia:\u003c/em\u003e is established if the hemoglobin level is below 11 g/dl for 6–59 months, \u0026lt;11.5g/dl for 5–11years and \u0026lt;12 g/dl for 12–14 years and adjusted for altitude [\u003ca\u003e19\u003c/a\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and exported to Stata version 14.0 for analyses. The data were conveyed in mean and standard deviation of the mean, median and inter-quartile range. Normality was checked for all continuous variables. Hosmer-Lemeshow good-of-fit test and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) test were carried out to have confidence in the regression model. Collinearity was diagnosed, and there was no multicollinearity among the exposure variables included in the model. We used logistic regression analysis to identify exposure variables with association to the outcome variable. Exposures and covariates with \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.25 during the bivariate analysis were included in multivariate analysis to increase the power of the model. Multivariate analysis was carried out to control for potential confounders and identify independent predictors of the outcome variable. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. The level of significance was set at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"results","content":"\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eSocio-Demographic Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, 256 children On HAART participated in the study with a response rate of 97.7%. More than half, 140 (54.7 %) were girls. The median age was 12 (10–14) years, and 144(56.2%) of them were between 12–14 years of age. About three in four, 192 (75.0 %) were rural dwellers. One-third, 85 (33.2%) of the caregivers did not attend formal education and 74 (28.9 %) were employed. About two third, 171 (66.8%) of the households use either pipe or public tap water for drinking (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eClinical and Immunological Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne hundred seventy one (66.8%) were on HAART for more than 60 months. A lithe higher than half, 132 (51.6 %) were in WHO stage 3 at baseline and nearly all, 251 (98.0%) were in WHO stage T1. Forty two (16.4 %) switched their drug regimen and 44 (17.2%) had some form of opportunistic infection. 73 (28.5 %) were taking co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. The median CD4+ count was 746.5(516–1007) cells/mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e currently, and majority of them, 182 (85.8 %) had a CD4+ count of greater than 350 cells/mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eNutritional, Hygienic and Parasitological Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of caregivers, 210 (82%) affirmed getting dietary advice. Nearly two third, 167 (65.2%) of the children often eat less than three meals a day and 115 (44.9%) had dietary diversity of fewer than four. Most, 210 (82.0%) of the children had no intestinal parasitic infection (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eProportion and factors Associated with Anemia\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean ± (standard deviation) hemoglobin level of the study participants was 12.2 ± (1.4). The proportion of anemia was 38.8%. Children taking co-trimoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis had 55% lower chance of being anemic than those who were not taking Co-trimoxazole (AOR =.45; 95% CI:.21,.95). Children whose caregivers were given nutritional counseling had 91% lesser chance of having anemia (AOR = 09; 95% CI:.01,.98). The odd of being anemic was 3 times higher for children who had intestinal parasitic infection than their counterparts (AOR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.39, 6.88).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n"},{"header":"discussion ","content":"\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the prevalence of anemia among children on HAART was found to be 38.8%. The prevalence of anemia in this study is a moderate public health problem according to the WHO classification of anemia [1]. This finding is comparable with a similar study conducted in different parts of Ethiopia (35%) [14] and 39.1% [15]. However, it is lower compared to a study conducted in southwest Ethiopia (53.1 %) [16]. Lower prevalence was reported in different parts of Ethiopia (16.2 %) [11], (10%) [17] and (22.2%) [12]. This divergence might be due to variation in the culture, dietary practice and socio-economic status across different segments of the population within the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren who were taking Co-trimoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis had a lesser odds of being anemic compared to those who did not. This is in agreement with studies from Ethiopia and Gambia [11, 18]. One of the most important mechanisms of anemia in HIV infection is failure of erythropoiesis. Co-trimoxazole may probably reduce the levels of cytokines that impair erythropoiesis, by reducing immune activation as well as by preventing infections [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChildren whose caregivers did not receive nutritional counseling were more likely to be anemic compared to their counter parts. This finding is in agreement with a study conducted in Hawassa referral hospital where children whose caregivers did not receive nutritional counseling had higher odds of being anemic [20]. Better information on the key dietary recommendations might have improved the caregiver’s practice of child feeding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn consistent with studies from Ethiopia [12] and Tanzania [21], children with intestinal parasitic infections had much higher odds to have anemia compared with those children who were not infected with intestinal parasitic infections. This might possibly be due to the attachment of the worm in the intestine to the intestinal mucosa causing intestinal necrosis and blood loss. Chronic infections may also lead to anemia which results from excessive iron loss [4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnlike many other studies, this study did not found an association between lower CD4+ cell count and anemia. This finding disagrees with other similar study from Addis Ababa (Central Ethiopia) [12]. This difference might be due to the less number of children with lower CD4+ count involved in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eStudy limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding dietary habit, certain level of recall bias was expected; data collectors aware of the cultural issues collected the data to reduce recall bias. Data on the duration of HAART, baseline CD4+ count, WHO stage, drug regimen, taking Co-trimoxazole and presence of opportunistic infections were taken from the patients charts. Since the health facilities record patient’s information consistently and accurately, we believe that the data is unbiased. CD4+ count was not done for 44 children due to lack of reagent. Since the reagent comes as a donation to the country, we couldn’t access it at a market.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"conclusions ","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe magnitude of anemia among children on HAART in the study area is a moderate public health problem. Anemia was significantly associated with caregivers’ not receiving nutritional counseling and intestinal parasitic infections. Taking Co-trimoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis was protective against anemia. Health education programs in ART clinics should be given with due focus on appropriate dietary practice, appropriate hand washing practice and other hygienic practices to prevent intestinal parasitic infections. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis should give given to all eligible children based on the recommendation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"abbreviations ","content":"\n\n\u003cp\u003eABC: Abacavir, AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio, ART: Anti Retroviral Therapy, AZT: Zidovudine, COR: Crude Odds Ratio, ETB: Ethiopian Birr, HAART: Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy, HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, OI: Opportunistic Infections, ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristics, TDF: Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, WHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"declarations ","content":"\u003ch2 data-xsweet-outline-level=\"1\"\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance for the study was obtained from the Ethical review committee at College of Health Science and Medicine in Wolaita Sodo University in Ethiopia. The ethical clearance letter was written to Wolaita zone health department which is the highest government body in the area for health and health research conducts. Permission was granted from Wolaita zone health department and its lower health administrative structures to conduct the study. Finally, informed written consent was taken from caregivers since we can’t obtain consent from children under 18 years of age. The data was kept anonymous.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication-\u003c/em\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset analyzed for this study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding: \u003c/em\u003eThis study was financially supported byWolaita Sodo University through graduate level research program. Neither of the parties had role in the design, conduct and decision to publish this research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors’ contributions\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eML conceived the study, designed the protocol, coordinated data collection, analyzed the data interpreted the findings and reviewed the manuscript. SK contributed in the design, analysis, interpretation of the findings, and drafted the manuscript. FS, EG and FE contributed in design, analysis, interpretation of the findings, and reviewed the progressive draft manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthors’ information\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eML is a human nutritionist by training. She studied MSc in human nutrition and currently working as a service quality officer in the College of Health Sciences and Medicine at Wolaita Sodo University in Ethiopia. SK is a human nutritionist by training. He is lecturer at School of Public Health at WSU. FG is a medical microbiologist by training. He is an assistant professor of medical microbiology in the Department of Medical Laboratory at WSU. EG is a human nutritionist by training. She is lecturer at School of Public Health at WSU. FE is a public health nutritionist by training. He is lecturer at School of Public Health at WSU.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are grateful to Wolaita Sodo University for financially supporting the study. We would like to thank School of Public Health at Wolaita Sodo University for facilitating the research programme. We acknowledge Wolaita zone health department and its lower administrative structures for official permission. We are grateful to the caregivers and children for their consent to participate in the study. We also thank our responsible data collectors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"references","content":"\n\n\u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003eWHO, Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011 (WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1) (http://www.who.int/vmnis/indicators/haemoglobin.pdf, accessed 15/01/2019).\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eSireesha, G. and N. Rajani, Nutritional status of Girls through Anthropometric and Dietary Assessment. IOSR J of Dental and Medical Sciences, 2015. 14(11): p. 73–78.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ePrendergast, A. J. and J. H. Humphrey, The stunting syndrome in developing countries. Paediatrics and international child health, 2014. 34(4): p. 250–265.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eWHO, Iron deficiency anemia. assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for programme managers. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001: p. 47–62.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eWHO, The world health report 2002: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eHaas, J. D. and T. Brownlie IV, Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a critical review of the research to determine a causal relationship. The Journal of nutrition, 2001. 131(2): p. 676S–690S.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eStevens, G. A., et al., Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health, 2013. 1(1): p. e16-e25.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eMehta, S., S. Jutur, and D. Gautam, Hematologic Manifestations of HIV/AIDS. Medicine Update, 2011. 9: p. 484–90.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eShet A., et al., Anemia, diet and therapeutic iron among children living with HIV: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr, 2015; 15: 164.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eMwadianvita C.K, et al., Study of anemia in HIV positive children naïve to antiretroviral treatment in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. Pan Afr Med J, 2014; 17(46): doi: 10.11604/pamj.2014.17.46.2046.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eEnawgaw, B., et al., Prevalence and associated risk factors of anemia among HIV infected children attending Gondar university hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC hematology, 2015. 15(1): p. 12.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eMihiretie, H., B. Taye, and A. Tsegaye, Magnitude of anemia and associated factors among pediatric HIV/AIDS patients attending Zewditu Memorial Hospital ART Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Anemia, 2015.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eTeklemariam, Z., H. Mitiku, and F. Mesfin, Prevalence of anemia and nutritional status among HIV-positive children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Harar, eastern Ethiopa. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ), 2015. 7: p. 191\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eFerede, G. and Y. Wondimeneh, Prevalence and related factors of anemia in HAART-naive HIV positive patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Blood Disorders, 2013. 13(1): p. 8\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eZelalem T, H. M., Firehiwot M, Prevalence of anemia and nutritional status among HIV-positive children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Harar, eastern Ethiopa. HIV/AIDS—Research and Palliative Care, 2015. 7: p. 191–196\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAbebe, M. and F. Alemseged, Hematologic abormalities among children on Haart, in Jimma university specialized hospital, southwestern ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 2009. 19(2)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eHylemariam Mihiretie Mengist1, Bineyam Taye2, Aster Tsegaye2, Intestinal Parasitosis in Relation to CD4+T Cells Levels and Anemia among HAART Initiated and HAART Naive Pediatric HIV Patients in a Model ART Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 2015. 10.1371: p. 1—14\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ePrendergast A., et al., Improved growth and anemia in HIV-infeted children taking cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Clin Infec Dis, 2011; 52(7): 953–7\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eKreuzer KA, et al., Inadequate erythropoietin response to anemia in HIV patients: relationship to serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin–6 and their soluble receptors. Br J Haematol, 1997; 96:235–9\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eWondimu, W. B., Nutritional Status and Associated Factors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Children in Hawassa University Referral Hospital Hawassa City, SNNPR,Ethiopia. 2nd National Nutrition Research Dissemination Conference, 2014\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eMakubi, A. N., et al., Risk factors for anaemia among HIV infected children attending care and treatment clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 2012; 14(1)\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"tables","content":"\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in .2in .0001pt .1in;\"\u003eTable 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of children and caregivers involved in this study at Wolaita zone in South Ethiopia, December 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 4.45in; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"427\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables (n=256)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e45.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eAge (months)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e6month to 11 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e43.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e12-14 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e56.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e25.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eEducational status of care giver\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003ePrimary (1-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eSecondary (9-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eAbove secondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eOccupation of caregiver\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eGovernment /NGO employee\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eDaily laborer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eMonthly income of\u0026nbsp; household\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026le;2000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e2001-4000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026gt;4000 ETB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eSource of drinking water\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003ePipe/tap\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eProtected well/spring\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eUnprotected well/spring/river\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eWays of treating water\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eBoiling\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eUsing chemicals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e75.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 162.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"217\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 157.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"210\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eFiltration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.0pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"108\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 77.4pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"103\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 0in;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: -45.0pt; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in .2in .0001pt 45.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; color: windowtext;\"\u003eTable 2 Clinical and immunological characteristics of children involved in this study at Wolaita zone in South Ethiopia, December 2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 297.9pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"397\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables (n=256)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eDuration of HAART\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026lt;60 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026ge;60 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e66.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eBaseline WHO stage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eStage 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e19.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eStage 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eStage 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e51.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eStage 4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eCurrent WHO stage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eT1 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e251\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e98.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eT2/T3 \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eCurrent drug regimen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eTDF based\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eAZT based\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e225\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e87.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eABC based\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eOpportunistic infections \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eTaking Co-trimoxazole\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 33.95pt;\"\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e71.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eBaseline CD4 count (n=240)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026le;200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e201-350\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e14.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026gt;350\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e72.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eCurrent CD4 count (n=212)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026le;200\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e201-350\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 171.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"229\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.75in; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"168\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026gt;350\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 94.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"126\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.2in; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"115\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e85.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left; line-height: 115%; margin: 12.0pt 0in 12.0pt 0in;\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e on treatment stage 1, \u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e on treatment stage 2/3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 0in .2in .0001pt 0in;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: normal; margin: 0in .2in .0001pt 0in;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in .2in .0001pt 0in;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in .2in .0001pt 0in;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 115%; margin: 0in .2in .0001pt 0in;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc6126300\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; color: windowtext;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc7336182\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-indent: -45.0pt; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in .2in .0001pt 45.0pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; color: windowtext;\"\u003eTable 3 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; color: windowtext;\"\u003eDietary, hygienic and parasitological characteristics of children and caregivers involved in this study at Wolaita zone in South Ethiopia, December 2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 311.4pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"415\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc6126302\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables (n=256)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eDietary counseling for care giver\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e98.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eReceiving nutritional support\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e113\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e44.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eNumber of meals per day\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026le; three\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026gt;three\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eSkip regular meals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e49.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003eDietary diversity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026lt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Symbol;\"\u003e\u0026sup3;\u003c/span\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e55.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eIntestinal parasitic infection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 207.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"277\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 103.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"138\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: 115%;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 85.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"114\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 81.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"109\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: 115%;\"\u003e82.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 150%; margin: 12.0pt .2in .0001pt .1in;\"\u003e\u003ca name=\"_Toc7336183\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; color: windowtext;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: 150%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; color: windowtext;\"\u003eTable 4 Factors associated with anemia among \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; color: windowtext;\"\u003echildren involved in this study at Wolaita zone in South Ethiopia, December 2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable (n=256)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnemic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-anemic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border-top: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e6month to 11 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e37(33.04%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e75(66.96%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.67(.40, 1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1.08(.56, 2.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e12-14 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e61(42.36%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e83(57.64%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOccupation\u0026nbsp; \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e14(30.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e32(69.57%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.35(.16, .77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.31(.09, 1.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eEmployed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e41(55.41%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e33(44.59%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eMerchant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e17(28.33%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e43(71.73%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.31(.15, .66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.63(.21, 1.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eDaily laborer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e12(27.27%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e32(72.73%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.30(.13, .68)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.45(.14, 1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e14(43.75%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e18(56.25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.62(.27, 1.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1.05(.26, 4.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e33(38.82%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e52(61.18%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003ePrimary (1-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e26(29.89%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e61(70.11%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.67(.36, 1.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.60(.25, 1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eSecondary (9-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e4(17.39%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e19(82.61%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.33(.10, 1.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.27(.06, 1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eAbove secondary\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e35(57.38%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e26(42.62%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e2.12(1.08, 4.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.98(.29, 3.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eBoiling\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e10(32.26%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e21(67.74%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.68(.30, 1.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.66(.24, 1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eChemicals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e79(41.15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e113(58.85%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eFiltration \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e9(27.27%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e24(72.73%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.54(.24, 1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.43(.16, 1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 179.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"240\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of HAART\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026lt;60 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e27(31.76%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e58(68.24%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.66(.38, 1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.92(.46, 1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026ge;60 months\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e71(41.52%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e100(58.48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 179.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"240\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline WHO stage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eStage 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e13(25.49%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e38(74.51%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.60(.29, 1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.63(.26, 1.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eStage 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e22(44.90%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e27(55.10%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1.43(.73, 2.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1.49(.64, 3.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eStage 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e48(36.36%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e84(63.64%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eStage 4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e15(62.50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e9(37.50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e2.92(1.19, 7.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e2.15(.73, 6.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 179.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"240\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpportunistic infections\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e14(56.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e11(44.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e2.23(.97, 5.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e2.47(.88, 6.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: 3.5pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 3.5pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 3.5pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e84(36.36%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 3.5pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e147(63.64%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 3.5pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: 3.5pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 179.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"240\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTaking Co-trimoxazole\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e22(38.28%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e51(69.86%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.61(.34, 1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.45(.21, .95)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e76(41.53%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e107(58.47%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 179.75pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"240\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutritional counseling \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e95(37.70%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e157(62.30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.20(.02, 1.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.09(.01, .98)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e3(75.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1(25.00%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDietary diversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; 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text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.73(.44, 1.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e.64(.35, 1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026ge;4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e59(41.55%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e83(58.45%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntestinal parasite \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e23(51.11%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e22(48.89%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1.90(.99, 3.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e3.10(1.39, 6.88)*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.95pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"149\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: left; line-height: normal;\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.8pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e75(35.55%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 73.8pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e136(64.45%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 114.35pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"152\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 110.9pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"148\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: center; line-height: normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-top: 0in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: white;\"\u003e*statistically significant at \u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Value \u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anemia, Anti retroviral therapy, HIV, Children, Wolaita, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.15468/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.15468/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground Anemia is a global public health problem and most of the HIV positive people become anemic at some point in the course of the disease. We lack adequate evidence on the magnitude of anemia among children on highly active anti retroviral therapy in Ethiopia and particularly in South Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed at determining the proportion and associated factors of anemia among children on highly active anti retroviral therapy in Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethod a facility based cross-sectional study has been conducted from November to December 2018 on 256 children 6 months to 14 years of age who were on Anti retroviral therapy. Data were collected through an interview with caregivers and review of medical records. CD4+ cell count was analyzed using FACS caliber and Hemoglobin level was measured with Hem cue 301 analyzer. Stool sample was examined for presence of intestinal parasites by direct wet mount technique. Data analyzed with Stata version 14.0 were conveyed in mean and standard deviation of the mean, median and inter-quartile range. Multivariate analysis was carried out to identify independent predictors of the outcome variable. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval was reported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults The magnitude of anemia was found to be 38.8%. Taking Co-trimoxazole antibiotic prophylaxis (AOR=.45; 95% CI: .21, .95), caregivers’ not receiving nutritional counseling (AOR=09; 95% CI: .01, .98) and presence of intestinal parasites (AOR=3.10; 95% CI: 1.39, 6.88) were associated with anemia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion The magnitude of anemia obtained in this study is a moderate public health problem. Health education programs in Anti Retroviral Therapy clinics should be targeted at appropriate dietary practice, and appropriate hand washing and other hygienic practices to prevent intestinal parasitic infections. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis should give given to all eligible children based on the recommendation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Anemia among HIV Infected Children on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy in Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia: a facility based cross sectional study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2019-10-01 23:47:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.15468/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fd9c1c86-e6b1-482d-860a-820c80006d86","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 1st, 2019","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29494,"name":"Health Policy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2019-10-01 23:47:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6133","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-6133","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"rHA-KDH7Qsr4HCuvH75dn","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}