What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance

What we know and what should we know about the... | F1000Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://f1000research.com/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'research'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:2318163,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); search file_upload Submit your research search menu close search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit your Research My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines (PSE) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Article Processing Charges Peer Review Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Newsroom Contact My Research Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In file_upload Submit your research { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051" }, "headline": "What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance", "datePublished": "2024-09-12T16:04:27", "dateModified": "2024-09-12T16:04:27", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Shikta Singh" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Rachana Jaiswal" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Shashank Gupta" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Chinmoy Kumar" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background In response to the transformative impact of blockchain technology on economic and financial landscapes, there is a critical need for a review study that analyses the knowledge landscape from diverse perspectives. Methods This research VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix to undertake a bibliometric analysis of the expanding literature related to blockchain technology within the financial sector. Through a examination of 500 published articles, the study identifies insightful trends, patterns, and emerging domains on a global scale. Results The findings highlight the advancing trajectory of blockchain research in finance, with a notable concentration of studies originating from the United States and China, both in terms of total publications and citations. Key thematic clusters identified include “smart contracts,” “financial institutions,” “initial coin offerings,” and “big data analytics.” Intersections with financial risk management, digital transformation, and the integration of big data analytics with artificial intelligence and machine learning are particularly noteworthy, marking focal points of exploration. Conclusions While affirming the potential of blockchain, the analysis also sheds light on persistent impediments hindering its widespread adoption and utilization. This study not only contributes to the current understanding of blockchain in finance but also serves as a valuable resource for future researchers. It guides systematic reviews by pinpointing prominent journals and influential authors within the dynamic field of blockchain finance, thereby fostering a deeper understanding and facilitating further exploration in this evolving field. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051", "name": "What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain..." } } ] } Home Browse What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Singh S, Jaiswal R, Gupta S and Kumar C. What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.153215.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Shikta Singh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-9038 1 , Rachana Jaiswal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-2044 2 , Shashank Gupta 3 , Chinmoy Kumar 4 Shikta Singh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-9038 1 , Rachana Jaiswal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1900-2044 2 , Shashank Gupta 3 , Chinmoy Kumar 4 PUBLISHED 12 Sep 2024 Author details Author details 1 School of Management, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India 2 Department of Business Management, HNB Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, 249161, India 3 Department of Non-Financial Risk Tech, Morgan Stanley Advantage India Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560103, India 4 School of Management, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India Shikta Singh Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Rachana Jaiswal Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Shashank Gupta Roles: Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Review & Editing Chinmoy Kumar Roles: Data Curation, Software, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) collection. Abstract Background In response to the transformative impact of blockchain technology on economic and financial landscapes, there is a critical need for a review study that analyses the knowledge landscape from diverse perspectives. Methods This research VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix to undertake a bibliometric analysis of the expanding literature related to blockchain technology within the financial sector. Through a examination of 500 published articles, the study identifies insightful trends, patterns, and emerging domains on a global scale. Results The findings highlight the advancing trajectory of blockchain research in finance, with a notable concentration of studies originating from the United States and China, both in terms of total publications and citations. Key thematic clusters identified include “smart contracts,” “financial institutions,” “initial coin offerings,” and “big data analytics.” Intersections with financial risk management, digital transformation, and the integration of big data analytics with artificial intelligence and machine learning are particularly noteworthy, marking focal points of exploration. Conclusions While affirming the potential of blockchain, the analysis also sheds light on persistent impediments hindering its widespread adoption and utilization. This study not only contributes to the current understanding of blockchain in finance but also serves as a valuable resource for future researchers. It guides systematic reviews by pinpointing prominent journals and influential authors within the dynamic field of blockchain finance, thereby fostering a deeper understanding and facilitating further exploration in this evolving field. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Blockchain; finance; VOS viewer; networking analysis; literature review. Corresponding Author(s) Shikta Singh ( [email protected] ) Rachana Jaiswal ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Shikta Singh, Rachana Jaiswal Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This research is funded by Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology(KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Orissa vide order no. KIIT-DU/597/24 for publication under F-1000 publications(Taylor & Francis Group). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2024 Singh S et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Singh S, Jaiswal R, Gupta S and Kumar C. What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.153215.1 ) First published: 12 Sep 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.153215.1 ) Latest published: 12 Sep 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.153215.1 ) 1. Introduction Blockchain technology stands at the forefront of problem-solving across various industries, presenting a revolutionary approach to collaboration. This technology fosters trust and collaboration among individuals, replacing traditional formalities and paperwork with teamwork, creativity, and efficiency. Its potential lies in creating a more secure and truthful environment, with the eventual eradication of fraud and crime being a conceivable outcome ( Malik et al., 2022 ). In the realm of finance, blockchain is poised to redefine the rules of the game and reshape the industry’s landscape. Leading financial institutions worldwide are spearheading the adoption of blockchain technology with the aim of enhancing efficiency, creating innovative solutions, deriving tangible business benefits, and ultimately revitalizing the financial sector ( Jaiswal et al., 2022a ; 2024d ) and other sectors ( Jaiswal, 2022 , 2023a , 2023b ; Prakhar et al., 2024b ). Originating as the backbone of the Bitcoin network in response to the 2008 financial crisis, blockchain employs distributed ledger technology to record the creation, ownership, and sale of valuable assets ( Xu et al., 2019 ). Its unique feature lies in ensuring the privacy of transactions and records while eliminating the need for a trusted third party, such as a bank, by requiring consensus among all network nodes before any transaction can occur. The financial sector’s attention to ledger technology is justified, given its potential to enhance security and efficiency. Blockchain facilitates more open and secure business networks, standardized operating models, streamlined procedures, reduced costs, and the introduction of innovative products and services ( Jaiswal et al., 2023 ; Gupta et al., 2022 ). Notably, digital securities can be issued more rapidly, cost-effectively, and flexibly, catering to the preferences of individual investors and thereby improving investor markets, issuer costs, and counterparty risk ( Patel et al., 2022 ). Amid the proliferation of blockchain research, academic interest has surged due to its global significance, security implications, and potential economic impact ( Jaiswal, 2023a , 2023b ). This investigation aims to provide a clear and systematic overview of blockchain studies, enabling scholars to grasp the unique features and taxonomy of various study fields ( Wang et al., 2021 ). Despite the increase in publications related to blockchain in finance research over the past half-decade, there is a need for more quantitative and qualitative research, particularly in understanding business models ( Jaiswal & Gupta, 2023b ; Holotiuk et al., 2017 ). The ongoing pandemic emphasizes the urgency of digitalization in relocating businesses, highlighting blockchain technology’s role in simplifying the transfer of flexible and resilient financial products and securities, potentially paving the way for contactless connectivity in the near future. As the current economic downturn prompts businesses to leverage cutting-edge technologies, the study acknowledges the transformative potential of blockchain technology. The ongoing COVID-19 crisis has underscored the importance of technology for success and flourishing, resulting in an upward trend in publications. The impact of blockchain on financial institutions, including reducing money laundering, countering terrorism financing, enhancing transaction security, and improving transparency, cannot be overstated. To address the paucity of research on blockchain’s potential applications in the financial industry, this study examines the productivity and competitiveness of the market. Through bibliometric techniques and quantitative tools, the study explores the collaboration between authors, countries, and organizations, building upon previous efforts in the field ( Chen et al., 2021 ; Haghnazar Koochaksaraei et al., 2021 ). The research questions (RQs) guiding this study are as follows: RQ1. What is the current publication trend in blockchain finance research? RQ2. Who are the leading contributors in terms of authors, institutions, and countries in blockchain finance research? RQ3. Which articles and journals have the most significant impact on blockchain finance research? RQ4. What are the predominant themes, hotspots, and potential future research directions in blockchain finance research? In a prior study conducted by Jaiswal et al. (2022a) , the focus was on discerning the fundamental characteristics of published documents within blockchain applications. This was part of the banking industry’s initiative to fortify the digital financial infrastructure. Although that research successfully pinpointed essential services utilizing blockchain technology, it fell short in terms of conducting a thematic analysis and addressing future trends. In contrast, the current study offers a more comprehensive approach by providing a detailed thematic analysis. It not only identifies multiple clusters within the finance sector related to blockchain but also establishes future research agendas. The insights derived from this analysis carry numerous practical applications. For researchers within the financial sector, this review serves as a panoramic overview of the publication trends in blockchain within finance research. It aids in understanding the scientific community’s evolving interest in the topic over time. Moreover, the review is a valuable resource for aspiring authors, helping them identify key literature, including relevant articles and journals, while also pinpointing potential collaborators—be it authors, institutions, or countries—for blockchain finance research. Additionally, for future authors, the review’s identified themes and topics offer a means to distinguish their work from existing blockchain finance literature, emphasizing the uniqueness of their contributions. The identified research directions act as inspiration, encouraging writers to delve into innovative and meaningful projects. Lastly, these perspectives serve as a preview of forthcoming research, offering valuable insights for policymakers and business professionals. The subsequent sections of the paper are structured as follows: Section 2 details the database and methodology, Section 3 provides results encompassing publication and citation patterns, along with profiles of the most prolific and influential contributors. Section 4 delves into major and emerging themes, presenting potential developments. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper and outlines limitations of this study. 2. Methods 2.1 Database & tools The Dimensions database stands out as one of the largest accessible resources within the academic and research community, offering free access to users. In recent years, it has been extensively utilized across various research fields ( Jaiswal et al., 2022a , 2023 , 2024d ; Cortés et al., 2022 ). Its inclusion of the most influential journals and publishing houses across diverse academic disciplines makes the Dimensions database particularly attractive for bibliometric analysis. For the construction and visualization of bibliometric networks involving journals, researchers, citations, bibliographic coupling, co-citation, or co-authorship, we employ two software applications: VOSviewer ( Van Eck & Waltman, 2010 ) and RStudio Bibliometrix ( Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ). These tools offer robust capabilities for visualizing and analyzing bibliometric data ( Jaiswal and Gupta, 2023a , 2023b ; Prakhar et al., 2024a ; Gupta et al., 2024 ; Jaiswal et al., 2022b ). Notably, VOSviewer comes equipped with text mining features, allowing the construction and visualization of co-occurrence networks of keywords extracted from a body of literature ( Jaiswal and Kumar, 2023 ; Jaiswal et al., 2024a , 2024b , 2024c , 2024d ). These applications have gained widespread use in recent bibliometric research studies ( Jaiswal et al., 2022a , 2024a ). Bibliometric Analysis was performed using VOSViewer ( https://www.vosviewer.com/ ) and RStudio Biblioshiny ( https://www.bibliometrix.org/home/index.php/layout/biblioshiny ). 2.2 Article search and selection The first step in retrieving data is identifying the proper collection of blockchain-related articles published in finance research, as outlined in Table 1 . An initial search performed over the period 2018-2022 using the search criteria ((“blockchain” OR “blockchain technology” OR “blockchain technologies”) AND (“finance” OR “banking” OR “financial” OR “bank”)) results in 5,561 documents. These are filtered into the fields “commerce, management and tourism and services” , “business and management” , and “banking, finance, and investment” , producing 1,198 publications. When further screened to exclude conference papers, books, chapter summaries, and other non-articles, the final corpus includes 500 articles, which are examined using bibliometric analysis, which has the capacity to manage vast corpora, to reveal fundamental characteristics, identify publication trends, distinguish advanced topics and construct visualizations of thematic evolution. Both retrospective analysis and future research directions are considered ( Ibrahim & Truby, 2021 ). Table 1. Search criteria and article selection. Filtering criteria Exclusion Inclusion Selection Criteria Search engine: Dimensions Search date: 29 December 2022 Search Criteria: (Include articles "Titles, abstracts, and keywords" only) Search period: 2018-2022 Search term: (("blockchain" OR "blockchain technology" OR "blockchain 5561 technologies") AND ("finance" OR "banking" OR "financial" OR "bank")) Subject area: "Commerce, Management and Tourism and Services," "Business and 4363 1198 Management," "Banking, Finance and Investment," Document type: "Articles" 741 509 Article selection Filter the erroneous records: Only documents with the valid author(s) 5 504 Language filtration: Include only English-language documents 4 500 Tools: VOSViewer, Bibliometrix R package Data can be obtained from the Dimensions AI database or can be directly downloaded from here: FigShare, “Dimensions-Publication-2022-07-09_04-12-30.csv” (Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26364760.v1 ). 3. Results and Discussion In this section, we scrutinize the fundamental attributes of 500 published articles, exploring aspects such as research direction, annual publication presentation, co-author citation, country, organization, and authorship. Additionally, we delve into the interconnections between these various dimensions. 3.1 Publication output and growth trend Blockchain technology has emerged as a recent development in the field of finance. Despite the growing number of financial journal publications, it is noteworthy that only one paper from 2014 has specifically delved into the realm of blockchain within finance literature. Consequently, the analysis primarily focuses on post-2018 publications, as this marks the period when blockchain research in finance began gaining momentum in addressing practical, real-world issues. In 2022, a total of 162 articles were published on the subject, demonstrating a substantial increase in scholarly interest. This trend is consistent with the preceding years, where 2021 saw 158 articles, 2020 had 144, 2019 featured 73, and 2018 recorded 43. The sheer volume of work dedicated to blockchain technology in finance research underscores the escalating interest among researchers, highlighting a growing inclination towards publishing and contributing to the evolving discourse in this domain. 3.2 Productive institutions based on total publications and citations Table 2 compares the top ten affiliations and institutions based on the total number of citations and publications. The Royal Institute of Technology has the most citations (349), and Hong Kong Polytechnic University has the second- most (307), but for total publications, Hong Kong Polytechnic University has the most (7), followed by the University of Luxembourg (6). Table 2. Most productive institutions for blockchain research in finance from 2018 to 2022. Top Institutions based on Total Publications Top Institutions based on Total Citations TP Institution TC TLS TC Institution TP TLS 7 Hong Kong Polytechnic University 307 15 349 Royal Institute of Technology 2 10 5 University of Luxembourg 46 3 307 Hong Kong Polytechnic University 7 15 5 Dublin City University 42 17 238 Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2 11 5 Financial University 13 1 209 Stevens Institute of technology 2 8 4 Amity University 49 4 187 Montpellier Business School 2 2 4 University of Waikato 36 9 161 De Montfort University 3 8 4 Middlesex University 33 3 155 Washington University in St. Louis 3 1 3 De Montfort University 161 8 117 ETH Zurich 3 10 3 Washington University in St. Louis 155 1 109 Illinois Institute of technology 2 0 3 ETH Zurich 117 10 103 Lund University 2 0 The VOSviewer user manual specifies that the strength of a link is consistently positive, with a higher value indicating increased reliability. The Total Link Strength (TLS) is determined by the frequency of a specific combination of items (such as keywords, authors, sources, or institutions) appearing in scholarly articles. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the network visualization of institutions based on their total publications and total citations, respectively. In terms of publications, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University has a Total Link Strength of 15, Dublin City University has a TLS of 17, and ETH Zurich has a TLS of 10. In the context of total citations, the Royal Institute of Technology boasts a TLS of 10, Worcester Polytechnic Institute has a TLS of 11, and Stevens Institute of Technology has a TLS of 8. Figure 1. Collaborative networks of publications with institutions. Figure 2. Collaborative networks of citations with institutions. 3.3 Productive journals, countries, and authors in the field of blockchain technology Table 3 shows that Business Horizons is top of the list for total citations, with 643 citations and 3 publications, followed by Technological Forecasting and Social Change with 512 citations and 14 publications. Notably, the latter journal has a TLS of 40, which is better than any of the journals listed in the top 10. Table 3. Most productive journals for blockchain research in finance from 2018 to 2022. TC Sources TP TLS 643 Business Horizons 3 25 512 Technological Forecasting and Social Change 14 40 365 Logistics 2 10 336 Journal of Management Information Systems 1 3 251 International Journal of Production Economics 4 18 236 International Journal of Production Research 3 5 179 Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 1 11 155 Journal of Management Analytics 2 9 148 Journal of Financial Intermediation 1 1 136 Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 1 3 Loess, which stands for “locally estimated scatterplot smoothing”, is used for multivariate data. Source dynamics apply loess to the number of documents published from 2018 to 2022 ( Table 4 ). The Loess procedure is a robust, nonparametric method for smoothing empirical data that contains outliers, offering flexibility, because no assumptions are made regarding the parametric form of the regression surface ( Cleveland and Devlin, 1988 ). In 2020 and 2021, we observe a sharp increase in the number of publications on blockchain research in finance (see Table 4 and Figure 3 ). However, as we approach 2022, the loess method moderates this anomaly with a gradual decline. Table 4. Source growth of blockchain research in finance (2018-2022). Journal Name 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 TP TC Cluster Link TLS Technological Forecasting and Social Change 0 0 6 6 2 14 512 15 27 45 Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management 0 1 4 1 0 6 111 7 6 6 Journal of Enterprise Information Management 0 0 4 2 0 6 124 11 18 22 Managerial Finance 0 0 6 0 0 6 59 9 4 5 International Journal of Recent Technology And Engineering 0 3 2 0 0 5 11 3 1 1 Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 0 3 2 0 0 5 52 4 3 4 Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 0 0 1 4 0 5 38 9 5 5 Annals of Operations Research 0 0 2 1 1 4 94 7 12 14 Business Inform 0 0 0 3 1 4 3 0 0 0 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 0 2 1 1 0 4 2 19 1 1 International Journal of Production Economics 0 0 0 3 1 4 251 7 15 20 Figure 3. Collaborative networks of productive journals. Gilbert (1977) demonstrates that scientists use citations as a persuasive tool. The age of an article is a factor in its citations ( Dang & Li, 2020 ). According to Schwert (1993) , affiliation with the top contributing institutions and nations positively influences citations. Authors affiliated with the most prolific contributing institutions publish more and cite more of their prior work ( Donthu et al ., 2020 ). Table 5 indicates that the United States is the leading contributor to blockchain research in finance in terms of total citations and total publications, followed by China for total publications and the United Kingdom for total citations. Although the United Kingdom has produced fewer publications (42) than China (55), it has received slightly more citations (1,101 for the United Kingdom versus 1,082 for China). Table 5. Most productive countries for blockchain research in finance from 2018 to 2022. Top countries based on total publications Top countries based on total citations TP Country TC TLS TC Country TP TLS 66 United States 2018 197 2018 United States 66 194 55 China 1082 134 1101 United Kingdom 42 159 42 United Kingdom 1101 165 1082 China 55 132 23 Russia 35 3 503 Sweden 7 26 21 Germany 222 25 387 Australia 10 35 21 India 332 79 370 Switzerland 6 39 16 Italy 128 41 351 France 11 48 11 France 351 50 332 India 21 79 10 Spain 39 9 233 Belgium 5 10 10 Australia 387 35 222 Germany 21 21 Figure 4 provides insight into clusters of countries. China, the United States, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, South Korea, Malaysia, and Canada fall into the same cluster, shown in red, while the United Kingdom, India, France, and Turkey belong to the cluster shown in blue. The third cluster, in green, consists of Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and Belgium. Figure 4. Collaborative networks of countries for blockchain research in finance. Lotka (1926) uses a variation of the inverse square law to describe the publication frequency of researchers in a specific field. As a general rule, according to this law, the number of authors who make multiple contributions during a given period is smaller than the number of authors who make just one. The actual number of publications in a given period is compared to the theoretical Lotka curve for the same field to determine an author’s productivity. The author productivity for blockchain research in finance is shown in Table 6 , which shows that the blockchain research corpus is dominated by occasional authors with less than five publications, as opposed to core authors who each contribute multiple papers to the body of knowledge. The Lotka curve theory supports this. Table 6. Author productivity based on total publications (2018-2022). Author 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 TP TC Choi, Tsan-ming 0 0 4 2 0 6 301 Safiullin, MR 0 0 5 0 0 5 3 Stein smith, S. 1 3 0 1 0 5 19 Abdukaeva, A.A. 0 0 4 0 0 4 3 Devi, N.Chitra 0 0 0 1 3 4 1 Kumar, A. 0 1 1 1 1 4 111 Kumari, A. 0 0 0 1 3 4 1 Liu, J. 0 0 1 1 2 4 49 Owen, Robyn 0 3 1 0 0 4 33 Wang, L. 0 0 0 3 1 4 9 An author may produce less influential work but cite the work of authors from other countries, thereby indirectly increasing the citation score of locally cited documents in the corpus. Table 7 lists the 15 most-cited articles from 2018 to 2022, while Figure 5 provides the network collaboration among the top documents. Supply chain, the fintech revolution, and financial services are the most frequently cited study areas in the blockchain research in finance ( Moosavi et al ., 2021 ). Most of these studies are published by Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer, and MDPI. Logistics, Journal of Management and Information Systems, Business Horizons, International Journal of Production Economics, Journal of Financial Intermediation, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Journal of Business Venturing, and The Electricity Journal are among the leading journals that publish such articles. Table 7. Most global cited documents for blockchain research in finance for the period 2018-2022. Paper Paper Title Journal name Publisher DOI TC TCpY Normalized TC Cluster Link Francisco & Swanson (2018) The Supply Chain Has No Clothes: Technology Adoption of Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency Logistics MDPI https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics2010002 359 71.8 10.216 2 7 Gomber et al. (2018) On the fintech revolution: Interpreting the forces of innovation, disruption, and transformation in financial services. Journal of management information systems Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1440766 336 67.2 9.5619 6 4 Min et al. (2016) Blockchain technology for enhancing supply chain resilience Business Horizons Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.012 294 73.5 12.051 18 10 Morkunas et al. (2019) How blockchain technologies impact your business model. Business Horizons Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.009 227 56.8 9.3043 16 14 Kouhizadeh et al. (2021) Blockchain technology and the sustainable supply chain: Theoretically exploring adoption barriers International journal of production economics Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107831 225 113 46.229 2 10 Dutta et al. (2020) Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: Applications, challenges and research opportunities. Transportation research part e: Logistics and transportation review Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.102067 179 59.7 12.292 7 10 Dubey et al. (2020) Blockchain technology for enhancing swift-trust, collaboration and resilience within a humanitarian supply chain setting International journal of Production research Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1722860 166 55.3 11.399 17 3 Thakor(2020) Fintech and banking: What do we know?. Journal of financial intermediation Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2019.100833 148 49.3 10.163 4 2 Radanović & Likić (2018) Opportunities for use of blockchain technology in medicine. Applied health economics and health policy Springer https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-018-0412-8 136 27.2 3.8703 7 3 Angelis & Da Silva (2019) Blockchain adoption: A value driver perspective Business Horizons Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.12.001 122 30.5 5.0006 2 7 Su et al. (2020) Financial implications of fourth industrial revolution: Can bitcoin improve prospects of energy investment? Technological Forecasting and Social Change Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120178 115 38.3 7.897 20 1 Chang et al. (2020) How Blockchain can impact financial services–The overview, challenges and recommendations from expert interviewees. Technological Forecasting and Social Change Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120166 113 37.7 7.7597 5 11 Chen & Bellavitis (2020) Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models Journal of Business Venturing Insights Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00151 110 36.7 7.5536 5 7 Li et al. (2019) Blockchain for decentralized transactive energy management system in networked microgrids The Electricity Journal Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2019.03.008 103 25.8 4.2218 3 6 Du et al. (2019) Affordances, experimentation and actualization of FinTech: A blockchain implementation study. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems Elsevier https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2018.10.002 100 25 4.0988 6 1 Figure 5. Network collaboration among the top documents. 4. Emerging themes and potential developments 4.1 Document-level analysis of blockchain research in finance According to the existing literature, a scientific document’s topicality, methodological rigor, design, core content, and quality should be the primary determinants of citations rather than the individual authors. It is often argued that the contents and quality of an article affect its citations. Valtakoski (2020) refers to scholarly content in a piece of literature, whereas Stremersch et al . (2007) argue that longer articles tend to receive more citations. Furthermore, it seems easier to track down an article with more keywords, leading to more citations ( Valtakoski, 2020 ), whereas it is difficult to search for a lengthy title, which can hurt citations. When analysing the corpus, we consider three elements: trends in the words used, a word tree map, and a word cloud. Trending topics based on bigrams applied to the abstracts reveal that Islamic fintech, fintech companies, collaborative innovation, smart contract, and financial innovations are top trending topics for blockchain research in finance. Researchers frequently include a variety of keywords, each of which has the potential to be incorporated into a graphical illustration of the data. The results of applying a tree map to the top fifty keywords in the extracted corpus to construct a proportional map are displayed in Figure 6 . The term “blockchain” is by far the most common, but the research is heavily influenced by concepts such as supply chain, initial coin offering (ICO), and financial services. Figure 6. Word tree map based on title frequency using bigrams. The title and abstract unigram frequency distribution of the corpus is used to generate a word cloud (see Figure 7 ). The word “blockchain” is used most frequently (title 996, abstract 1,514), followed by “financial” (title 108, abstract 1,058), “technology” (title 104, abstract 978), and “finance” (title 104, abstract 978), as highlighted with thick font densities. Figure 7. Word cloud based on title and abstract frequency. 4.2 Conceptual knowledge structure To decipher the data contained within a body of accumulated literature, bibliometrics are used, most frequently based on citations. However, new studies having low citations does not necessarily indicate that they are without significance ( Bhukya et al ., 2022 ). When new conceptual knowledge structures (CKSs) are researched in the context of their temporal evolution, as cited events, it is much simpler to comprehend the beginnings and development of these structures over time. In order to locate the CKS within this corpus, we make use of a topic dendrogram. This section deals with topic grouping and clustering. We analyse the network diagram with blockchain as the central theme. The surrounding clusters give us an idea of blockchain research in finance. We identify eight distinct clusters with simple manual interpretation and analysis of the dendrogram ( Figure 8 ). These 8 clusters are labelled ( Table 8 ) smart contracts, supply chain, financial services, financial institutions, financial market, financial technologies, initial coin offerings, and business model. We provide notable publications with more than 50 citations. It is evident that most of the work is in the area of smart contracts, followed by supply chain, and financial institutions. Figure 8. Clustering of blockchain research in finance for topic grouping (Generated using RStudio – Biblioshiny). Table 8. Topic grouping for blockchain research in finance. Cluster TA ATC50 smart contracts 364 Francisco & Swanson (2018) ; Min (2016) ; Dutta et al. (2020) ; Dubey et al. (2020) ; Thakor (2020) ; Radanović & Likić (2018) ; Angelis & Da Silva (2019) ; Su et al. (2020) ; Li et al. (2019) ; Du et al. (2019) ; Kumar et al. (2020) ; Hassani et al. (2018) ; Cai (2018) ; Moll & Yigitbasioglu (2019) ; Choi (2023) ; Veuger et al. (2018) ; Khan et al. (2021) ; Tribis et al. (2018) ; Block et al. (2021) ; Liu et al. (2019) ; Demirkan et al. (2020) ; Kouhizadeh et al. (2021) ; Kurpjuweit et al. (2021) supply chain 2 financial services 4 financial institutions 70 Gomber et al. (2018) ; Morkunas et al. (2019) ; Chang et al. (2020) ; Chen & Bellavitis (2020) big data analytics 10 financial technologies 3 initial coin offerings 4 business model 3 After compiling the content of the existing literature and organizing the data from the clusters, we find that the most active areas of blockchain research are in the following two domains: financial risk management and digital transformation; and big data analytics, coupled with machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI). 4.2.1 Financial risk management and digital transformation The financial sector pioneered and ultimately made the most effective use of blockchain technology. Many academics study the blockchain for its possible financial uses ( Ali et al ., 2020 ; Osmani et al ., 2020 ). For example, Cong et al . (2021) argue that centralized mining pools for risk sharing would not disrupt decentralized mining based on blockchain technology due to cost settings and energy consumption, providing valuable insight into other consensus protocols and organizations. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) and smart contracts are cited by Pal et al . (2021) as the two main aspects of blockchain that can streamline banking and corporate operations. Blockchain technology’s rapid development and updates are set to profoundly impact the nature of businesses and economic and social progress. Blockchain could damage the traditional and centralized business management and organization model because it could lower transaction costs and make it easier to acquire external resources. Treiblmaier (2018) develops a research framework based on four economic theories (principal-agent theory, transaction cost analysis, resource-based view, and network theory) to investigate how blockchain has modified supply chain management. 4.2.2 Big data analytics coupled with artificial intelligence and machine learning The theory and technology behind machine learning and its potential uses have advanced rapidly since its inception ( Jaiswal and Gupta, 2024 ; Jaiswal et al., 2023 ; Jaiswal and Kumar, 2023 ; Jaiswal and Medhavi, 2018 ). Much research attention is focused on the intersection of machine learning, AI, and blockchain technology. Tanwar et al . (2019) combine machine learning algorithms with blockchain to ensure accurate data analysis results. Outchakoucht et al . (2017) propose a distributed and dynamic policy to control access to the internet of things (IoT). Meanwhile, dynamic optimization and self-adjustment of policy are made possible by the combination of machine learning and reinforcement learning algorithms. A blockchain and AI-based architecture for the IoT has been developed by Singh et al . (2020) , representing a powerful approach to integrating the two technologies. The authors conduct a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the proposed architecture, showing that it is superior to current IoT architectures. There are several challenges to the adoption of blockchain in finance, including regulatory challenges ( Guo & Liang, 2016 ), security and privacy of data ( Deshpande et al ., 2017 ), interoperability ( Kshetri, 2018 ), the energy cost of the technology ( Hassani et al ., 2018 ), uncertainty about how to govern technology ( Attaran & Gunasekaran, 2019 ), and technical and scalability challenges. 4.3 Future research avenues In this section, while briefly discussing the eight thematic clusters, we provide some future research questions (FRQs) based on the content analysis of the articles in each cluster. 4.3.1 Smart contracts Smart contracts can help with finance in a variety of ways. They facilitate secure and automated transactions, reduce costs and paperwork, streamline processes, and make payments more efficient ( Rozario & Thomas, 2019 ). Smart contracts can also be used for the digital tokenization of assets such as stocks, bonds, and real estate as well as for automated loan management, escrow services, and trading ( Cai, 2018 ). Additionally, smart contracts can facilitate payment processing, verify identity, and authenticate documents ( Dubey et al ., 2020 ). Future research should explore the following FRQs: FRQ1. How can smart contracts be utilized to increase financial inclusion and accessibility for underbanked populations? FRQ2. What are the potential risks and limitations of using smart contracts in finance and how can they be mitigated? FRQ3. How can smart contracts be integrated with existing financial systems and regulations to ensure compliance and stability? FRQ4. Can smart contracts enhance transparency and accountability in financial transactions and institutions? FRQ5. How can smart contracts be developed and improved to support more complex financial instruments and transactions? 4.3.2 Supply chains Blockchain technology can revolutionize the way supply chain finance is conducted. By using a distributed ledger system, businesses can securely and transparently track the movement of goods and money through the supply chain. This would allow for improved visibility and streamline the process of financial transactions. Blockchain technology could also be used to securely store data related to invoices, payments, and contracts, making it easier to access and update information in real- time. This would help improve efficiency and reduce the costs associated with supply chain finance ( Kurpjuweit et al ., 2021 ). Furthermore, blockchain technology can facilitate the emergence of decentralized, peer-to-peer financing models, which could open the door to more efficient and cost- effective financing options ( Kouhizadeh et al ., 2021 ; Dubey et al ., 2020 ). Future research should explore the following FRQs: FRQ6. How can blockchain technology be used to enhance transparency and trust in supply chain finance? FRQ7. How can blockchain technology be integrated with existing supply chain systems and technologies to maximize benefits? FRQ8. What are the potential risks and limitations of using blockchain in supply chain finance, and how can they be addressed? FRQ9. Can blockchain technology facilitate the development of new, more inclusive, and sustainable financing models in the supply chain? FRQ10. How can blockchain technology be used to improve the speed and efficiency of supply chain finance transactions? 4.3.3 Financial services Blockchain technology can improve many aspects of the financial services industry by providing more transparency and faster, more secure, efficient, and cheaper transactions, including international payments ( Meng & Du, 2021 ). Blockchain can also reduce the risk of fraud and help combat money laundering ( Chang et al ., 2020 ). Additionally, it can provide access to financial services to those who previously did not have access. Blockchain can facilitate the transfer of assets, such as stocks and bonds, and the trading of digital assets, such as cryptocurrencies. Future research should explore the following FRQs: FRQ11. How can blockchain technology be used to increase financial inclusion and accessibility for underbanked populations? FRQ12. What are the potential risks and limitations of using blockchain in finance, and how can they be mitigated? FRQ13. How can blockchain technology be integrated with existing financial systems and regulations to ensure compliance and stability? FRQ14. Can blockchain technology enhance transparency and accountability in financial transactions and institutions? FRQ15. How can blockchain technology be developed and improved to support more complex financial instruments and transactions? 4.3.4 Financial institutions Blockchain technology has the potential to provide financial institutions with a variety of benefits, including improved security, lower costs, faster transactions, and greater transparency ( Sun et al ., 2021 ). With blockchain, financial institutions can increase the security of their transactions by using distributed ledgers and smart contracts that are cryptographically secure. This technology can also reduce the costs associated with verifying transactions, since a network of computers automatically validates them. Blockchain transactions are faster than traditional methods, as they are conducted directly between two parties in a matter of minutes, compared to days or weeks with traditional methods ( Basori & Ariffin, 2022 ). Notably, blockchain technology can increase transparency by providing an immutable record of all transactions that can be accessed by all parties, allowing for greater trust in the system. Future research should explore the following FRQs: FRQ16. How can blockchain technology be used to improve the efficiency and scalability of financial institutions? FRQ17. What are the potential risks and limitations of using blockchain in the financial industry, and how can they be addressed? FRQ18. How can blockchain technology be integrated with existing financial systems and regulations to ensure compliance and stability? FRQ19. Can blockchain technology help financial institutions to provide a higher level of customer service and satisfaction? FRQ20. How can blockchain technology be used to increase transparency and accountability in financial transactions and institutions? 4.3.5 Financial market Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the financial market. It can be used to store and share data, facilitate transactions, and provide access to financial services for individuals and businesses. Blockchain technology can also improve transparency and security in the financial market by providing a secure, distributed ledger that records all transactions. This can help reduce the risk of fraud and cyber threats ( Somin et al ., 2020 ). Blockchain technology can also be used to develop new products and services, such as smart contracts and decentralized exchanges, that benefit investors and other market participants ( Gorkhali & Chowdhury, 2022 ). Future research should explore the following FRQs: FRQ21. How can blockchain technology be used to improve the accessibility and affordability of financial services for individuals and businesses? FRQ22. What are the potential risks and limitations of using blockchain in the financial market, and how can they be mitigated? FRQ23. How can blockchain technology be integrated with existing financial systems and regulations to ensure compliance and stability? FRQ24. Can blockchain technology enhance the transparency and accountability of financial transactions and institutions? FRQ25. How can blockchain technology be developed and improved to support more complex financial instruments and transactions? 4.3.6 Financial technologies Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the financial services industry by providing a secure, efficient, and cost-effective way to move money, store data, and facilitate transactions between parties ( Bataev et al ., 2020 ). Blockchain allows for high levels of transparency and trust as all records are immutable, meaning they cannot be changed or altered in any way. This technology can also offer greater security for financial transactions as all records are stored on a distributed ledger that is viewable by all participants. Blockchain can also streamline processes such as digital payments, smart contracts, and more. By leveraging blockchain, financial institutions can reduce costs, increase efficiency, and open up new business opportunities. It can revolutionize financial services by enabling transactions to be processed more quickly and securely, with higher transparency and traceability ( Sun et al ., 2022 ). Companies are already using blockchain technology to improve the efficiency of payments, transfers, and other financial processes. Blockchain can also be used to facilitate faster and more secure access to financial data, as well as to provide more efficient recordkeeping for financial institutions. Additionally, blockchain could be used to build digital currencies, such as cryptocurrencies, that could be used for payments and other financial activities ( Brus, 2020 ). Future research should explore the following FRQs: FRQ26. What are blockchain technology’s specific applications and use cases in the financial services industry? FRQ27. How can blockchain technology be integrated into existing financial systems and processes? FRQ28. What are the potential challenges and barriers to adopting blockchain technology in the financial services industry? FRQ29. How can blockchain technology be used to enhance the security and privacy of financial transactions? FRQ30. What are the benefits and drawbacks of decentralized financial systems enabled by blockchain technology? FRQ31. How can blockchain technology be used to improve access to financial services for underbanked populations? FRQ32. What are blockchain technology’s regulatory and legal implications in the financial services industry? 4.3.7 Initial coin offerings Blockchain technology can be used for initial coin offering (ICO) fundraising. ICOs are a form of crowdfunding that involves the sale of digital tokens, usually based on blockchain technology. Using blockchain technology, ICOs can provide investors with a more secure, transparent, and efficient way to participate in fundraising. This can be done by providing a platform for project creators to issue digital tokens and for investors to purchase them using cryptocurrency ( Momtaz, 2021 ). Once the tokens are issued, the proceeds from the sale can be used for project development, marketing, and other related expenses. Additionally, blockchain technology can provide an immutable ledger to track the ownership of the tokens and facilitate the transfer of tokens between investors ( Colombo et al ., 2022 ). Future research should explore the following FRQs: FRQ33. How effective are ICOs compared to traditional forms of fundraising, such as equity and debt financing? FRQ34. What impact does the use of blockchain technology have on the security and transparency of ICOs? FRQ35. How can blockchain be used to improve the regulatory compliance of ICOs and protect investors from fraud? FRQ36. What role do smart contracts play in the ICO process, and how can they be used to automate and streamline the process? FRQ37. How can the use of ICOs and blockchain technology change the fundraising landscape for startups and emerging businesses? 4.3.8 Business models Blockchain technology has become a significant focus of business-minded individuals due to its potential to revolutionize business operations. The technology can create new business models and transform existing ones ( Ioannou & Demirel, 2022 ). For example, it can create a secure and transparent transaction environment and provide a shared data record across multiple organizations ( Suwanposri et al ., 2021 ). It also has the potential to automate processes such as payments, contracts, and other transactions. Using blockchain technology, businesses can benefit from cost savings, improved efficiency, and enhanced trust and security. Additionally, the technology can create new business models based on a distributed ledger, allowing multiple parties to participate in transactions without needing a centralized authority ( Baba et al ., 2021 ; Khan et al ., 2021 ). Future research should explore the following FRQs: FRQ38. How can businesses implement blockchain technology to realize its full potential for transforming operations? FRQ39. What are the challenges and limitations of using blockchain technology in business, and how can they be addressed? FRQ40. How can blockchain technology be used to create new business models and revenue streams for businesses? FRQ41. What is the impact of blockchain technology on existing business models, such as supply chain management, and how can it be optimized? FRQ42. How can blockchain technology increase trust, security, and transparency in business transactions? 5. Conclusion This paper combines science mapping and bibliometric analysis to explore the antecedents of blockchain technology research in the finance domain using the Dimensions database. It draws on the top productive journals, countries, institutions, authors, and network collaborations to identify linkages in the blockchain technology field and reveal the foundational themes of blockchain research. The results show a growing trend in research publications for blockchain technology and its application in the financial sector, particularly in the United States, China, and the United Kingdom, which are the most productive and cited countries. There is a growing trend for blockchain research among journals, and Technological Forecasting and Social Change is the most productive journal in this field with the highest number of links, total link strength, and second highest number of citations after Business Horizons. The study highlights the top- cited documents and hence the most influential titles. A word tree map and word cloud show the focus areas of blockchain technology and its applications in finance. The results indicate that blockchain technology has expanded into supply chains, ICOs, and financial services, and has the potential to develop broader applications in asset tokenization, cryptocurrencies, and decentralized finance. Dendrograms are used to cluster topics and their current statuses, identifying two hotspot trends: financial risk management and digital transformation; and big data analytics coupled with AI and machine learning. While blockchain has proved capable of making the payment process more efficient, with faster transaction settlements and financial institutions saving on international transactions, this study finds multiple roadblocks to the use of blockchain technology in finance, such as regulation, interoperability, energy costs, uncertainty about how to govern it, and technical and scalability problems. Future research could address some of the limitations of this study, although it provides several valuable insights into blockchain technology in finance. Future studies could apply the same methodology but focus on other industries harnessing a single dataset (Scopus, IEEE, or Web of Science) or a hybrid dataset (a combination of Scopus, Dimensions, Web of Science, etc.). There is room for further investigation into blockchain’s role in the reinvention of other financing, such as trade finance, letters of credit, and invoice factoring. This study uncovers several avenues for future study. The financial sector is rife with regulations, but banks and other financial institutions are beginning to see the potential of blockchain and digital currencies. Exploring how businesses use blockchain-based solutions for open, accessible, and trustworthy financial transactions will be fascinating, as the major players in these sectors experiment to uncover novel use cases and opportunities. In addition, researchers may want to zero in on how blockchain has enhanced transaction processing and interoperability to demonstrate its value to the financial sector. Ethics and consent This study did not involve human participants or animals, and thus did not require informed consent. The analysis was conducted using publicly available data from published articles in the Dimensions database. All sources of data are properly cited, and no personal or sensitive information was used. The study adheres to the ethical standards of research integrity and academic honesty. All data sources are publicly accessible and properly cited. Data availability statement Data is available and can be downloaded from here: FigShare, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26364760.v1 ( Jaiswal, 2024 ). This project contains the following underlying data: 1. Dimensions-Publication-2022-07-09_04-12-30.csv Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Reporting guidelines This study followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines where applicable to ensure comprehensive and transparent reporting of the bibliometric analysis. Detailed steps were taken to systematically search, select, and analyze the literature using robust analytical tools such as the Dimensions database, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix. Please see PRISMA Checklist for article “What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance”. figshare. Figure. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26805244.v1 References Ali O, Ally M, Dwivedi Y: The state of play of blockchain technology in the financial services sector: A systematic literature review. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2020; 54 : 102199. Publisher Full Text Angelis J, Da Silva ER: Blockchain adoption: A value driver perspective.Bus. Horiz.2019; 62 (3): 307–314. Publisher Full Text Aria M, Cuccurullo C: bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J. Informet. 2017; 11 (4): 959–975. Publisher Full Text Attaran M, Gunasekaran A: Applications of blockchain technology in business: challenges and opportunities.2019. Baba AI, Neupane S, Wu F, et al. : Blockchain in accounting: challenges and future prospects. International Journal of Blockchains and Cryptocurrencies. 2021; 2 (1): 44–67. Publisher Full Text Basori AA, Ariffin NHM: The Adoption Factors of Two-Factors Authentication in Blockchain Technology for Banking and Financial Institutions. Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. 2022; 26 (3): 1758–1764. Publisher Full Text Bataev A, Plotnikova E, Lukin G, et al. : Evaluation of the Economic Efficiency of Blockchain for Customer Identification by Financial Institutions. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing; 2020, September; Vol. 940 (1): p. 012038. Bhukya R, Paul J, Kastanakis M, et al. : Forty years of European Management Journal: A bibliometric overview. Eur. Manag. J. 2022; 40 (1): 10–28. Publisher Full Text Block JH, Groh A, Hornuf L, et al. : The entrepreneurial finance markets of the future: a comparison of crowdfunding and initial coin offerings. Small Bus. Econ. 2021; 57 : 865–882. Publisher Full Text Brus S: Transformation of the financial services industry under the influence of fintech: global and regional dimensions. Econ. Forecast. 2020; 2020 : 34–46. Publisher Full Text Cai CW: Disruption of financial intermediation by FinTech: a review on crowdfunding and Blockchain. Account. Finance. 2018; 58 (4): 965–992. Publisher Full Text Chang V, Baudier P, Zhang H, et al. : How Blockchain can impact financial services– The overview, challenges and recommendations from expert interviewees. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2020; 158 : 120166. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Chen X, Zou D, Xie H, et al. : Past, present, and future of smart learning: a topic-based bibliometric analysis. Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ. 2021; 18 (1): 1–29. Publisher Full Text Chen Y, Bellavitis C: Blockchain disruption and decentralized finance: The rise of decentralized business models. J. Bus. Ventur. Insights. 2020; 13 : e00151. Publisher Full Text Choi TM: Supply chain financing using blockchain: Impacts on supply chains selling fashionable products. Ann. Oper. Res. 2023; 331 (1): 393–415. Publisher Full Text Cleveland WS, Devlin SJ: Locally weighted regression: an approach to regression analysis by local fitting. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1988; 83 (403): 596–610. Publisher Full Text Colombo MG, Fisch C, Momtaz PP, et al. : The CEO beauty premium: Founder CEO attractiveness and firm valuation in initial coin offerings. Strateg. Entrep. J. 2022; 16 (3): 491–521. Publisher Full Text Cong LW, He Z, Li J: Decentralized mining in centralized pools. Rev. Financ. Stud. 2021; 34 (3): 1191–1235. Publisher Full Text Cortés JD, Lin X, Xun X: Research on innovation in business and management about China and Latin America: bibliometric insights using Google scholar, Dimensions and Microsoft academic. Chin. Econ. 2022; 55 (3): 208–226. Publisher Full Text Dang C, Li Z: Drivers of research impact: Evidence from the top three finance journals. Account. Finance. 2020; 60 (3): 2759–2809. Publisher Full Text Demirkan S, Demirkan I, McKee A: Blockchain technology in the future of business cyber security and accounting. Journal of Management Analytics. 2020; 7 (2): 189–208. Publisher Full Text Deshpande A, Stewart K, Lepetit L, et al. : Distributed Ledger Technologies/Blockchain: Challenges, opportunities and the prospects for standards. Overview Report The British Standards Institution (BSI). 2017; 40 : 40. Donthu N, Kumar S, Pattnaik D: Forty-five years of journal of business research: a bibliometric analysis. J. Bus. Res. 2020; 109 : 1–14. Publisher Full Text Du WD, Pan SL, Leidner DE, et al. : Affordances, experimentation and actualization of FinTech: A blockchain implementation study. J. Strateg. Inf. Syst. 2019; 28 (1): 50–65. Publisher Full Text Dubey R, Gunasekaran A, Bryde DJ, et al. : Blockchain technology for enhancing swift-trust, collaboration and resilience within a humanitarian supply chain setting. Int. J. Prod. Res. 2020; 58 (11): 3381–3398. Publisher Full Text Dutta P, Choi TM, Somani S, et al. : Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: Applications, challenges and research opportunities. Transp. Res. E Logist. Transp. Rev. 2020; 142 : 102067. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Francisco K, Swanson D: The supply chain has no clothes: Technology adoption of blockchain for supply chain transparency. Logistics. 2018; 2 (1): 2. Publisher Full Text Gilbert G: Referencing as persuasion. Soc. Stud. Sci. 1977; 7 (1): 113–122. Publisher Full Text Gomber P, Kauffman RJ, Parker C, et al. : On the fintech revolution: Interpreting the forces of innovation, disruption, and transformation in financial services. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 2018; 35 (1): 220–265. Publisher Full Text Gorkhali A, Chowdhury R: Blockchain and the evolving financial market: A literature review. J. Ind. Integr. Manag. 2022; 07 (01): 47–81. Publisher Full Text Guo Y, Liang C: Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financ. Innov. 2016; 2 (1): 1–12. Publisher Full Text Gupta S, Ghardallou W, Pandey DK, et al. : Artificial intelligence adoption in the insurance industry: Evidence using the technology–organization–environment framework. Res. Int. Bus. Financ. 2022; 63 : 101757. Publisher Full Text Gupta S, Jaiswal R, Gupta SK: Digital nomads: a systematic literature review and future research agenda. Tour. Rev. 2024. Publisher Full Text Haghnazar Koochaksaraei R, Gadelha Guimarães F, Hamidzadeh B, et al. : Visualization Method for Decision-Making: A Case Study in Bibliometric Analysis. Mathematics. 2021; 9 (9): 940. Publisher Full Text Hassani H, Huang X, Silva E: Banking with blockchain-ed big data. J. Manag. Anal. 2018; 5 (4): 256–275. Publisher Full Text Holotiuk F, Pisani F, Moormann J: The impact of blockchain technology on business models in the payments industry.2017. Ibrahim IA, Truby J: Governance in the era of Blockchain technology in Qatar: a roadmap and a manual for Trade Finance. J. Bank. Regul. 2021; 1–20. Ioannou I, Demirel G: Blockchain and supply chain finance: a critical literature review at the intersection of operations, finance and law. J. Bank. Financ. Technol. 2022; 6 (1): 83–107. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Medhavi S: Human capital: Is the balance sheet missing long term asset. J. Acc. Rev. 2018; 22 (1): 57–66. Jaiswal R: Machine learning to evaluate important human capital (HC) determinants impacting IT compensation. Ramanujan Int. J. Bus. Res. 2022; 7 (2): 16–25. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Gupta S, Tiwari AK: Delineation of blockchain technology in finance: A scientometric view. Anna. Financ. Econ. 2022a; 17 (04): 2250025. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Kumar D, Sharma VD: Bibliometric retrospection of the literature on India’s export promotion program (1964-2022). BHU Manag. Rev. 2022b; 9 (2): 40–53. Jaiswal R, Gupta S, Tiwari AK: Dissecting the compensation conundrum: a machine learning-based prognostication of key determinants in a complex labor market. Manag. Decis. 2023; 61 (8): 2322–2353. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R: Demystifying the Impact of Export Promotion Programme on Export Performance of SMEs: A SEM Approach. Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal. 2023a; 50 (4): 315–336. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R: From humble beginnings to a global economic powerhouse: A comprehensive study of india’s economic development through the lens of selected macroeconomic indicators (1990–2020). Anna. Financ. Econ. 2023b; 18 (03): 2350003. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Gupta S: Decoding Blockchain Contribution in achieving Sustainable development goals (SDGS) and identifying future research agenda. Ind. Eng. J. 2023a; 16 (08): 32–39. Jaiswal R, Gupta S: Global research trends on blockchain technology in finance: Past, present and future. Int. J. Electron. Finance 2023b; 1 . Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Kumar D: Quality Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Past, Present and Future. Nat. J. Educ. 2023; 18 (2): 127–141. Jaiswal R: Dimensions-Publication-2022-07-09_04-12-30.csv. figshare. Dataset. 2024. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Gupta S: Money talks, happiness walks: dissecting the secrets of global bliss with machine learning. J. Chin. Econ. Bus. Stud. 2024; 22 (1): 1–48. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Gupta SK, Gupta S: Current Trends and Future Research Agenda on Climate-Resilient Infrastructure in Developing Sustainable Tourist Destinations. Achieving Sustainable Transformation in Tourism and Hospitality Sectors. 2024a; pp. 16–35. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Gupta S, Gupta SK: The impending disruption of digital nomadism: opportunities, challenges, and research agenda. World Leis. J. 2024b; 1–31. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Gupta S, Tiwari AK: Decoding mood of the Twitterverse on ESG investing: opinion mining and key themes using machine learning. Manag. Res. Rev. 2024c; 47 (8): 1221–1252. Publisher Full Text Jaiswal R, Khan MIA, Kumar M: Charting the course: Exploring the changing terrain of online shopping and future directions for research. Int. J. Electron. Bus. 2024d; 19 (1): 56–79. Publisher Full Text Khan N, Kchouri B, Yatoo NA, et al. : Tokenization of sukuk: Ethereum case study. Glob. Fin. J. 2022; 51 : 100539. Publisher Full Text Khan SAR, Razzaq A, Yu Z, et al. : Industry 4.0 and circular economy practices: A new era business strategies for environmental sustainability. Bus. Strateg. Environ. 2021; 30 (8): 4001–4014. Publisher Full Text Kouhizadeh M, Saberi S, Sarkis J: Blockchain technology and the sustainable supply chain: Theoretically exploring adoption barriers. Int. J. Prod. Econ. 2021; 231 : 107831. Publisher Full Text Kshetri N: 1 Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 2018; 39 : 80–89. Publisher Full Text Kumar A, Liu R, Shan Z: Is blockchain a silver bullet for supply chain management? Technical challenges and research opportunities. Decis. Sci. 2020; 51 (1): 8–37. Publisher Full Text Kurpjuweit S, Schmidt CG, Klöckner M, et al. : Blockchain in additive manufacturing and its impact on supply chains. J. Bus. Logist. 2021; 42 (1): 46–70. Publisher Full Text Li Z, Bahramirad S, Paaso A, et al. : Blockchain for decentralized transactive energy management system in networked microgrids. Electr. J. 2019; 32 (4): 58–72. Publisher Full Text Liu M, Wu K, Xu JJ: How will blockchain technology impact auditing and accounting: Permissionless versus permissioned blockchain. Current Issues in Auditing. 2019; 13 (2): A19–A29. Publisher Full Text Lotka AJ: The frequency distribution of scientific productivity. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 1926; 16 (12): 317–323. Malik N, Wei MY, Appel G, et al. : Blockchain Technology for Creative Industry: Current State and Research Opportunities. Int. J. Res. Mark. 2022. Meng L, Du C: Zheshang bank’s “blockchain+ supply chain finance” accounts receivable financing model of research. E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences; 2021; Vol. 275 . : p. 01074. Min H: Blockchain technology for enhancing supply chain resilience. Bus. Horiz. 2019; 62 (1): 35–45. Publisher Full Text Min X, Li Q, Liu L, et al. : A permissioned blockchain framework for supporting instant transaction and dynamic block size. 2016 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA. IEEE; 2016, August; pp. 90–96. Moll J, Yigitbasioglu O: The role of internet-related technologies in shaping the work of accountants: New directions for accounting research. Br. Account. Rev. 2019; 51 (6): 100833. Publisher Full Text Momtaz PP: Initial coin offerings, asymmetric information, and loyal CEOs. Small Bus. Econ. 2021; 57 (2): 975–997. Publisher Full Text Moosavi J, Naeni LM, Fathollahi-Fard AM, et al. : Blockchain in supply chain management: a review, bibliometric, and network analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021; 1–15. Publisher Full Text Morkunas VJ, Paschen J, Boon E: How blockchain technologies impact your business model. Bus. Horiz. 2019; 62 (3): 295–306. Publisher Full Text Osmani M, El-Haddadeh R, Hindi N, et al. : Blockchain for next generation services in banking and finance: cost, benefit, risk and opportunity analysis. J. Enterp. Inf. Manag. 2020. Outchakoucht A, Hamza ES, Leroy JP: Dynamic access control policy based on Blockchain and machine learning for the internet of things. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 2017; 8 (7). Publisher Full Text Pal A, Tiwari CK, Behl A: Blockchain technology in financial services: a comprehensive review of the literature. J. Glob. Oper. Strateg. Sourc. 2021; 14 : 61–80. Publisher Full Text Patel R, Migliavacca M, Oriani M: Blockchain in Banking and Finance: is the best yet to come? A bibliometric review. Res. Int. Bus. Financ. 2022; 62 : 101718. Publisher Full Text Prakhar P, Jaiswal R, Gupta S, et al. : Decoding tourist perceptions and behavioral intentions to use electric vehicles for sustainable tourism with the lens of technology continuance theory. Int. J. Tour. Cities. 2024b. Publisher Full Text Prakhar P, Jaiswal R, Khan MIA: Bibliometric Perspectives on Sustainable Tourism and Future Research Agenda. Managing Tourism and Hospitality Sectors for Sustainable Global Transformation. IGI Global; 2024a; pp. 1–16. Publisher Full Text Radanović I, Likić R: Opportunities for use of blockchain technology in medicine. Appl. Health Econ. Health Policy. 2018; 16 : 583–590. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Rozario AM, Thomas C: Reengineering the audit with blockchain and smart contracts. J. Emerging Technol. Account. 2019; 16 (1): 21–35. Publisher Full Text Schwert GW: The journal of financial economics: A retrospective evaluation (1974–1991). J. Financ. Econ. 1993; 33 (3): 369–424. Publisher Full Text Singh SK, Rathore S, Park JH: Blockiotintelligence: A blockchain-enabled intelligent IoT architecture with artificial intelligence. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 2020; 110 : 721–743. Publisher Full Text Somin S, Altshuler Y, Gordon G, et al. : Network dynamics of a financial ecosystem. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10 (1): 4587. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Stremersch S, Verniers I, Verhoef PC: The quest for citations: Drivers of article impact. J. Mark. 2007; 71 (3): 171–193. Publisher Full Text Su CW, Qin M, Tao R, et al. : Financial implications of fourth industrial revolution: Can bitcoin improve prospects of energy investment? Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change. 2020; 158 : 120178. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Sun W, Dedahanov AT, Shin HY, et al. : Using extended complexity theory to test SMEs’ adoption of Blockchain-based loan system. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (2): e0245964. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Sun Y, Li S, Wang R: Fintech: From budding to explosion-an overview of the current state of research. Rev. Manag. Sci. 2022; 1–41. Suwanposri C, Bhatiasevi V, Thanakijsombat T: Drivers of blockchain adoption in financial and supply chain enterprises. Glob. Bus. Rev. 2021; 097215092110461. Publisher Full Text Tanwar S, Bhatia Q, Patel P, et al. : Machine learning adoption in blockchain- based smart applications: The challenges, and a way forward. IEEE Access. 2019; 8 : 474–488. Publisher Full Text Thakor AV: Fintech and banking: What do we know? J. Financ. Intermed. 2020; 41 : 100833. Publisher Full Text Treiblmaier H: The impact of the Blockchain on the supply chain: a theory-based research framework and a call for action. Supply Chain Manag. Int. J. 2018; 23 : 545–559. Publisher Full Text Tribis Y, El Bouchti A, Bouayad H :Supply chain management based on blockchain: A systematic mapping study. In MATEC Web of Conferences.2018; Vol. 200 . , p. 00020. EDP Sciences. Publisher Full Text Valtakoski A: The evolution and impact of qualitative research in Journal of Services Marketing. J. Serv. Mark. 2020. Van Eck N, Waltman L: Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics. 2010; 84 (2): 523–538. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Van Oorschot JA, Hofman E, Halman JI: A bibliometric review of the innovation adoption literature. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2018; 134 : 1–21. Publisher Full Text Veuger J: Trust in a viable real estate economy with disruption and blockchain. Facilities. 2018; 36 (1/2): 103–120. Publisher Full Text Wang L, Jin R, Kangwa J: Bibliometric analysis for reviewing published studies in the built environment. Secondary Research Methods in the Built Environment. Routledge; 2021; pp. 133–146. Xu M, Chen X, Kou G: A systematic review of Blockchain. Financ. Innov. 2019; 5 (1): 1–14. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 12 Sep 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 School of Management, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India 2 Department of Business Management, HNB Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, 249161, India 3 Department of Non-Financial Risk Tech, Morgan Stanley Advantage India Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560103, India 4 School of Management, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India Shikta Singh Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Rachana Jaiswal Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Shashank Gupta Roles: Methodology, Resources, Software, Writing – Review & Editing Chinmoy Kumar Roles: Data Curation, Software, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This research is funded by Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology(KIIT), Bhubaneswar, Orissa vide order no. KIIT-DU/597/24 for publication under F-1000 publications(Taylor & Francis Group). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 12 Sep 2024, 13:1051 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.153215.1 Copyright © 2024 Singh S et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Singh S, Jaiswal R, Gupta S and Kumar C. What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.153215.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 12 Sep 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Mishra T. Reviewer Report For: What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168078.r329387 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1#referee-response-329387 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 12 Jun 2025 Tapas Mishra , University of Southampton, Southampton, England, UK Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168078.r329387 Blockchain is an inevitable element of growth in finance, enabling security features of operations and empowering reliable interconnectivity of financial units. I appreciate the authors' insights by undertaking a scientific approach to literature review on the subject. The methodology is ... Continue reading READ ALL Blockchain is an inevitable element of growth in finance, enabling security features of operations and empowering reliable interconnectivity of financial units. I appreciate the authors' insights by undertaking a scientific approach to literature review on the subject. The methodology is correct and the results presented are insightful. Perhaps, I would advise the authors to minimise on the number of research questions (including the future research questions... there are too many... in one case, I find this to be more than 34!). There has to be a balance between the broad research questions (that should include many sub-categories) and the theoretical foundation. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Cryptocurrency, digital finance, methodology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Mishra T. Reviewer Report For: What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168078.r329387 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1#referee-response-329387 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Rane NL. Reviewer Report For: What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168078.r325958 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1#referee-response-325958 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 17 Oct 2024 Nitin Liladhar Rane , University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168078.r325958 "What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance" Authors' have made a good attempt by highlighting the advancing trajectory of blockchain research in finance, with a notable concentration of studies originating from the ... Continue reading READ ALL "What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance" Authors' have made a good attempt by highlighting the advancing trajectory of blockchain research in finance, with a notable concentration of studies originating from the United States and China, both in terms of total publications and citations. Key thematic clusters identified include “smart contracts,” “financial institutions,” “initial coin offerings,” and “big data analytics.” Intersections with financial risk management, digital transformation, and the integration of big data analytics with artificial intelligence and machine learning are particularly noteworthy, marking focal points of exploration. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: AI I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Rane NL. Reviewer Report For: What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168078.r325958 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1#referee-response-325958 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 12 Sep 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 12 Sep 24 read read Nitin Liladhar Rane , University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India Tapas Mishra , University of Southampton, Southampton, UK Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Mishra T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Jun 2025 | for Version 1 Tapas Mishra , University of Southampton, Southampton, England, UK 0 Views copyright © 2025 Mishra T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Blockchain is an inevitable element of growth in finance, enabling security features of operations and empowering reliable interconnectivity of financial units. I appreciate the authors' insights by undertaking a scientific approach to literature review on the subject. The methodology is correct and the results presented are insightful. Perhaps, I would advise the authors to minimise on the number of research questions (including the future research questions... there are too many... in one case, I find this to be more than 34!). There has to be a balance between the broad research questions (that should include many sub-categories) and the theoretical foundation. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Cryptocurrency, digital finance, methodology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Mishra T. Peer Review Report For: What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168078.r329387) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1#referee-response-329387 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Rane N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 17 Oct 2024 | for Version 1 Nitin Liladhar Rane , University of Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 0 Views copyright © 2024 Rane N. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions "What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance" Authors' have made a good attempt by highlighting the advancing trajectory of blockchain research in finance, with a notable concentration of studies originating from the United States and China, both in terms of total publications and citations. Key thematic clusters identified include “smart contracts,” “financial institutions,” “initial coin offerings,” and “big data analytics.” Intersections with financial risk management, digital transformation, and the integration of big data analytics with artificial intelligence and machine learning are particularly noteworthy, marking focal points of exploration. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise AI I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Rane NL. Peer Review Report For: What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain in finance [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :1051 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.168078.r325958) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1#referee-response-325958 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with F1000Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "What we know and what should we know about...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Singh S et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051", templates : { twitter : "What we know and what should we know about the future of blockchain.... Singh S et al., published by " + "@F1000Research" + ", https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1051/v1" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/153215/168078") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "168078"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "363045": 0, "363044": 0, "390439": 0, "363047": 0, "390438": 0, "363046": 0, "363043": 0, "390445": 0, "351405": 0, "329389": 0, "390444": 0, "351404": 0, "329388": 0, "351407": 0, "329391": 0, "390446": 0, "351406": 0, "329390": 0, "390441": 0, "351401": 0, "390440": 0, "390443": 0, "351403": 0, "329387": 7, "390442": 0, "351402": 0, "329386": 0, "351409": 0, "329393": 0, "351408": 0, "329392": 0, "329395": 0, "351410": 0, "329394": 0, "325949": 0, "325950": 0, "325951": 0, "325956": 0, "325957": 0, "325958": 21, "325952": 0, "325953": 0, "325954": 0, "325955": 0, "338133": 0, "338132": 0, "338135": 0, "338134": 0, "338129": 0, "338131": 0, "338130": 0, "356957": 0, "356959": 0, "356958": 0, "338137": 0, "338136": 0, "338138": 0, "356960": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "b56cc6a8-f616-4593-b016-b692002e6707"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); An innovative open access publishing platform offering rapid publication and open peer review, whilst supporting data deposition and sharing. Browse Gateways Collections How it Works Contact For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit Your Research Follow us © 2012-2026 F1000 Research Ltd. ISSN 2046-1402 | Legal | Partner of Research4Life • CrossRef • ORCID • FAIRSharing R.templateTests.simpleTemplate = R.template(' $text $text $text $text $text '); R.templateTests.runTests(); var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "f1000research", displayName: "F1000Research", hostName: "f1000research.com", id: "1", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-authors, .dropdown-for-about, .dropdown-for-myresearch');}); // $(function(){R.ui.dropdowns('.dropdown-for-referees');}); $(document).ready(function () { if ($(".cookie-warning").is(":visible")) { $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "35px"); $(".devices").addClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); } $(".cookie-warning .close-button").click(function (e) { $(".devices").removeClass("devices-and-cookie-warning"); $(".sticky").css("margin-bottom", "0"); }); $("#tweeter-feed .tweet-message").each(function (i, message) { var self = $(message); self.html(linkify(self.html())); }); $(".partner").on("mouseenter mouseleave", function() { $(this).find(".gray-scale, .colour").toggleClass("is-hidden"); }); }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });