Assesment of morphological variations in M4 mutants of IR 841 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by Gamma irradiation

Assesment of morphological variations in M4 mutants of IR 841 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by Gamma irradiation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assesment of morphological variations in M4 mutants of IR 841 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by Gamma irradiation Tchokozi Mèm, Kwasi Dzola Ayisah, Mawussi Gbénonchi, Anadi Essotchèba Robert, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6064789/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In response to the ongoing decline in the productivity of rice varieties cultivated in Togo, the major challenge is to select highly productive varieties adapted to the diverse agroecological conditions of the country. To address this, the present study explored gamma radiation-induced mutagenesis techniques on the IR841 rice variety to create potential genetic diversity, which is essential for varietal improvement and selection. The objective of this work was to determine the existence of morphological variability, indicative of genetic diversity, among the induced mutant lines of the irradiated variety. A total of 50 induced mutant lines of the IR841 rice variety, as well as two controls, the non-irradiated IR841 variety and the NERICA_L14 variety, were evaluated. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replicates. A total of 18 descriptors (5 qualitative and 13 quantitative), were used. The results revealed significant phenotypic variability both within the evaluated mutant lines and between these lines and the controls. Qualitative traits such as panicle exsertion, leaf color, and plant architecture highly significantly varied. Approximately 70% of the mutant lines presented good panicle exsertion. The leaf coloration diversity ranged primarily from intermediate green to deep green. The quantitative traits also varied considerably, including plant height (44 to 106 cm), tiller number (18 to 156), and days to 50% flowering (68 to 115 days). These traits enabled the grouping of the 50 studied mutant lines into 4 clusters. These results demonstrate morphological variability, and thus potential genetic diversity, among the evaluated mutant lines. Agronomy Rice Irradiation Morphology Induced and Mutagenesis Varietal Improvement and Selection Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide, providing sustenance for more than half of the global human population (Sasaki, 2001 ). With an estimated annual global production (in milled rice equivalent) of 592 million tons in 2022, it serves as a critical source of food and income for farmers, significantly influencing agricultural activities and livelihoods (Duvallet, 2023 ). In Africa, rice demand has increased dramatically over the past decades, rising from 10 million tons in 1990 to 40 million tons in 2018, driven primarily by population growth and changes in dietary habits (Fiamohe et al., 2018 ). In Togo, this trend is particularly pronounced, with the average annual per capita rice consumption increasing from approximately 15 kg in 1970 to 40 kg in 2011 (Adjao et al. , 2016). Despite this high demand and the country’s potential to produce sufficient rice locally, more than half of domestic consumption is met through imports. For example, in 2019, imports accounted for approximately 70% of the national demand (FAO[1] , 2021). This heavy reliance on rice imports is a consequence of low local productivity, which is often below the regional average in West Africa (Awio et al., 2022 ). In 2022, FAO[2] data indicated that the average paddy rice yield in Togo was only 1.7 t/ha, which was significantly lower than that in neighboring countries such as Benin (3.9 t/ha), Burkina Faso (2.2 t/ha), and Niger (4.4 t/ha). This low productivity is attributed to several structural and environmental constraints, including changing agroclimatic conditions, soil degradation, and increased pressure from pests and diseases, which compromise the performance of currently cultivated rice varieties (Oteyami et al., 2019 ; Koning et al., 2001 ). Specifically, the IR 841 variety, which is widely grown in Togo, shows signs of genetic erosion and limited adaptability to current biotic and abiotic challenges (Tchokozi et al., 2024 ). This situation is further exacerbated by the low genetic diversity of local varieties, reducing opportunities to identify desirable traits for use in varietal improvement and selection programs (Teeken and Temudo, 2021 ; Mayaba et al., 2020 ; Ali, 2018 ). Increasing the genetic diversity within local rice populations is essential for developing highly productive and agroecologically adapted varieties, which will sustainably increase national rice production. To address the limited genetic diversity of local rice varieties, gamma radiation-induced mutagenesis has emerged as a highly promising approach. This technique introduces useful genetic variations and induces mutations that can improve agro-morphological traits (Dhole et al., 2024 ; Ntsomboh et al., 2023). These mutations can generate new genotypes with favorable characteristics for the development of improved varieties (Ramchander et al., 2024 ; Islam et al. 2023 ). Morphological traits play a central role in genotype evaluation, as they are often correlated with agronomic performance. The present study aims to determine the existence of morphological variability within M4 (4th generation) mutant lines derived from gamma-irradiated IR 841 rice. Specifically, 50 mutant lines were evaluated via qualitative and quantitative rice descriptors to assess potential genetic diversity and identify lines with promising morphological traits for varietal improvement and selection. Materials and methods 1.1. Study site The study was conducted at the Agronomic Experimentation Station of Lomé (School of Agronomy, University of Lomé, Togo). The site is located at 6°10'29.63" North latitude and 1°12'36.98" East longitude. The site experiences a Guinean-type bimodal climate, with two cropping seasons: one from April to July and the other from September to December. Annual rainfall ranges between 1000 mm and 1400 mm, while temperatures vary between 24°C and 32°C, and relative humidity ranges from 70–90% (data from the meteorological station of the Agronomic Experimentation Station of Lomé). 1.2. Plant material This study focused on fifty (50) M4 (fourth generation)-induced mutant lines derived from gamma irradiation of the IR 841 rice variety (Table 1 ). The irradiation was conducted at the laboratory of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, Austria. Additionally, the nonirradiated IR 841 variety and the NERICA L14 variety were used as controls for the trials. NERICA L14 was selected for its early maturity. The 50 induced mutant lines originated from three different irradiation doses: 300 Gy, 350 Gy, and 400 Gy. 1.3. Methods 1.3.1. Experimental design To conduct the trial, 100 seeds were selected from each seed lot of the 50 mutant lines as well as the 2 control varieties. To break seed dormancy, the seeds were incubated at 42°C for 48 hours, followed by 24 hours at 37°C. The treated seeds were then pregerminated in Petri dishes, and the germination rate was assessed after 8 days. The pregerminated seeds were subsequently transferred into 450 ml pots containing a mixture of potting soil and compost at a 3:1 ratio. After 21 days, vigorous seedlings were transplanted into 15-liter pots filled with the same mixture, with one plant per pot. The experimental design adopted was a completely randomized block design with 3 replicates. Each block consisted of 620 pots (15 liters each), with 10 pots (corresponding to 10 plants) per treatment (rice mutant line/variety). Five plants were randomly selected for each treatment in each block for data collection. 1.3.2. Study Technique For the evaluation of the induced mutant lines, eighteen (18) descriptors from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) were used to characterize the mutant lines. These included both qualitative and quantitative descriptors (Tables 2 & 3 ). 1.3.3. Data collection and analysis The data collected during the trial were compiled and organized via Microsoft Excel 2021. Statistical analyses were performed via R software version 4.2.2. For qualitative variables, the relative frequencies of the different modalities were calculated to assess the distribution of samples across categories. For quantitative variables, variations were studied by calculating the mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum for each quantitative trait. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for normally distributed quantitative variables, and the Kruskal‒Wallis test was used for nonnormally distributed quantitative variables. After data standardization and estimation of the Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin sample adequacy measure, quantitative variable data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The mutant lines were then grouped into clusters, and hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC) was performed. Results and Discussion 2.1. Results 2.1.1. Study data on qualitative descriptors of induced mutant lines The analysis of data related to panicle exsertion in the studied mutant lines revealed a diverse distribution on the basis of the modalities of this parameter. As shown in Fig. 1 , 24% of the lines presented very good panicle exsertion, 46% presented good panicle exsertion, and 24% presented fairly good exsertion. Only 6% of the lines presented poor panicle exsertion. None of the lines presented very poor panicle exsertion. The analysis of leaf blade coloration data revealed significant diversity among the induced mutant lines, ranging from slight green (4) to deep green (9), as shown in Fig. 2 . According to this figure, 15% of the induced mutant lines presented deep green (9) leaf blades, whereas 85% presented intermediate colorations ranging from slight green (4) to very dark green (8). No lines displayed very pale green (1), pale green (2), or light green (3) color. With respect to the stem posture parameter, the results of the distribution by modality revealed a predominance of mutant lines with open stems, accounting for 66.67% of the mutant lines. The mutant lines with semierect stems represented 20.83% of the observations, whereas those with erect stems accounted for only 12.50% of the observations (Fig. 3 ). As shown in Figure 4, the analysis of the collected data revealed that 87.5% of the mutant lines presented semierect panicle leaves, 8.3% presented erect panicle leaves, and 4.2% presented horizontal panicle leaves. No lines presented descending panicle leaves. The results of leaf pubescence in the mutant lines revealed a varied distribution across the modalities of this parameter (Fig. 5 ). Leaves of the mutant lines with intermediate pubescence were the most common, accounting for 54.17% of the observations, followed by those of the mutant lines with pubescent leaves (39.58%). Mutant lines with smooth leaves were the least common, representing 6.25% of the observations. 2.1.2. Study data on quantitative descriptors 2.1.2.1. Tiller production in mutant lines Data related to tiller production in the mutant lines were collected at different growth stages: 21, 35, 49, and 90 days after transplanting, as shown in Table 4 . Overall, the average number of tillers varied significantly among the mutant lines across the four periods. At 21 and 90 days after transplanting (NT21 and NT90), the average number of tillers ranged from 1–34 and from 18–156, respectively. Additionally, at 21, 35, and 49 days after transplanting, there was a significant difference between the average number of tillers in the mutant lines and those in the controls IR 841 and NERICA L14. However, at 90 days after transplanting, there was no significant difference in the average number of tillers between the mutant lines and the control varieties. For the average number of panicle-bearing tillers (NTP), the variations in the means of the means of the mutant lines were significant, with values ranging from 11 to 95 tillers. However, the differences observed were not significant between the average values of the mutant lines and the average values of the control varieties. 2.1.2.2. Plant height (cm) of the mutant lines The analysis of the plant height data is presented in Table 5 . This table shows significant differences in the means of the induced mutant lines across the four periods: 21, 35, 49 and 90 days after transplanting. At 21 (T21) and 90 (T90) days after transplanting, the average plant heights of the mutant lines ranged from 27 cm to 47 cm for T21 and from 44 cm to 106 cm for T90. A comparison of the mean plant heights of the mutant lines with those of the two control varieties IR 841 and NERICA L14 revealed significant differences at 21, 35 and 49 days after transplanting. However, at 90 days after transplanting, no significant differences were observed between the mean plant heights of the mutant lines and those of the control varieties. 2.1.2.3. Duration of Growth Cycles and Panicle Length of Mutant Lines The analysis of the parameters "duration of the 50% flowering cycle (CF90)" and "duration of the 50% production cycle (CP90)" revealed significant differences among the mutant lines. The average duration of the 50% flowering cycle (CF90) for the mutant lines ranged from 68 days to 115 days, with a mean of 88 days, whereas the 50% production cycle (CP90) ranged from 93 days to 140 days, with a mean of 113 days. A comparison of the average duration of these cycles for the mutant lines with the control varieties IR 841 and NERICA L14 revealed significant differences. A significant difference in the average panicle length was observed among the mutant lines. with values ranging from 9 cm to 31 cm. However, no significant difference was detected between the average panicle length of the mutant lines and that of the two control varieties. 2.1.2.4. Leaf Traits of Mutant Lines The analysis of collected data on leaf traits revealed significant variability among the means of the mutant lines, with highly significant differences for all parameters. The parameter "number of leaves" (NF) is used. The average values ranged from 50 to 604 leaves. For the parameters "length and width of the panicle leaf (LongFP, LargFP)," the average values ranged from 6 cm to 48 cm and 0.4 cm to 2 cm., respectively. The parameter "panicle leaf surface area (SFP)" was used. The average values ranged from 1.8 cm² to 57.42 cm². However, the comparison between the means of the mutant lines and those of the two control varieties for these four parameters (NF, LongFP, LargFP, and SFP) revealed no significant differences. 2.1.3. Principal component analysis (PCA) For the principal component analysis, the Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin (KMO) index was calculated for each variable to select those that would be relevant for further analysis. As shown in Table 8 , variables with a KMO index below 0.5 were removed prior to conducting the principal component analysis. The results presented in Fig. 6 show the distribution of variables in the plane defined by the first two principal components (Dim1 and Dim2), which explain 33% and 27.4% of the total variance, respectively. According to this projection, the variables NT21, NT35, NT49, and NT90 are strongly correlated with each other. Their orientation indicates a progressive increase in the number of tillers over time, with a tendency to rise as the plants develop. The variable NTP is relatively close to the first variable, suggesting that tiller development is associated with panicle production. Similarly, the variable NF appeared to be strongly correlated with the tiller number variables, indicating a close relationship between leaf and tiller development. Specifically, an increase in the number of tillers seems to be associated with a greater number of leaves. The variables T21, T35, T49, and T90 also exhibited dynamics similar to those of the tiller number variables. The strong correlation of these variables with the tiller number variables reflects the significant link between plant height and overall plant vigor. The positioning of the variables CF90 and CP90 indicates that they are also closely related. The variable LongP appears more distant and almost opposite to the other variables, which could suggest that it is less directly influenced by them. 2.1.4. Hierarchical Principal Component Classification (HCPC) of mutant lines Figure 7 shows the hierarchical principal component classification (HPCC) of the mutant lines. The 50 induced mutant lines and the control varieties were divided into five (5) large clusters. The analysis identified the characteristics linking the lines and/or varieties within each cluster. Cluster 1 comprises 17 lines with relatively low values for the number of tillers, panicle size and panicle length. It is therefore a group with poor vegetative development. Cluster 2 comprises 24 lines plus the T1 control (IR 841), with relatively average values for most traits. The lines in cluster 2 and the IR 841 control presented intermediate performance in terms of the number of tillers, plant size and panicle length. These lines show balanced characteristics in terms of leaf development and tiller production. Cluster 3 consists of 8 lines with a high number of leaves but a low number of tillers and a low panicle length. Cluster 4 is made up of a single L10 line with relatively high values for panicle length and number of leaves. while having relatively low values for the other traits. Cluster 5 is composed of the T2 control (NERICA L14), which is characterized by a large size but a limited number of tillers. 2.2. Discussion The analysis of the data related to the morphological characterization of the mutant lines induced according to the descriptors selected revealed very great diversity in all the phenotypic parameters, confirming the impact of irradiation. Analysis of the panicle exsertion of the mutant lines revealed that approximately 70% of the mutant lines studied presented good or very good exsertion, a particularly favorable trait in our agronomic context, where good panicle exsertion is essential to optimize grain filling, facilitate pollination and improve mechanical harvesting (Zhao et al., 2018 ; Jiang et al., 2007 ). In terms of the diversity observed in terms of leaf coloration, with a majority of the lines displaying light to deep green hue, this result confirms the potential variability in the chlorophyll content or photosynthetic activity of the mutant lines. These results are consistent with those of (wang et al., 2023 ), who reported that variations in leaf color may be related to the efficiency of photosynthesis. The absence of very pale to light green coloration among the mutant lines can be explained by the fact that indirect selection (natural selection) during propagation on previous generations of rice (M1, M2 and M3) was carried out by removing seeds from nonviable lines (with low photosynthetic activities). As our study focused on lines of the fourth generation (M4) after irradiation, the lines with a low chlorophyll content could not survive until the fourth generation. The predominance of open-habit stems reflects an architecture that is conducive to better light penetration and optimal aeration, which helps reduce the risk of fungal diseases (Hilioti et al., 2024 ; Saha et al., 2023 ; Wu et al., 2014 ). This type of habit can also be advantageous in high-density environments. However, the presence of semierect and erect lines shows that irradiation induces architectural diversity in stems that can be exploited according to environmental conditions and cultural practices, as suggested by (Ramchander et al., 2024 ; Prasad et al., 2023 ; Sao et al., 2022 ). The semierect attitude of the panicle leaves observed in the majority of the mutant lines (87.5%) is desirable for varietal improvement, as it promotes optimal light interception while limiting water loss by evaporation (Alaric et al., 2024 ). Authors such as Han et al. ( 2023 ) and Qiao et al. ( 2022 ) reported that leaf architecture is influenced by key genes that control leaf roll and tilt. On the other hand, while the semierect nature of the leaves is beneficial, excessive verticality of the leaves can lead to reduced airflow, which can increase susceptibility to disease O’Farell et al. (2016) . The balance between leaf orientation and other morphological characteristics of the plant is therefore important for better production. The absence of descending panicle leaves is a positive indicator, as they are often associated with physiological constraints or hormonal imbalances (Eragam et al., 2023 ). The variability in leaf pubescence among the majority of lines with pubescent or intermediate leaves demonstrates an increased potential for insect resistance and better adaptation to abiotic stresses such as drought (Abbas et al., 2024 ; Zhu et al., 2024 ). These characteristics are particularly important in contexts where biotic and abiotic pressures are high. Zhu et al. ( 2024 ) reported that leaf pubescence is often associated with increased trichome density, which can physically impede insect movement and feeding. In terms of height, the results revealed that the analysis of the height of the mutant lineages presented great diversity. This variability in height is often observed in studies on the effects of induced mutagenesis, as shown by Cabusoca et al. (2023) . As their study focused on mutants of the NSIC Rc9 rice variety, these authors reported significant variability in morphological characteristics, particularly in the height parameter, between the mutants of the irradiated rice. According to M.T.A-P-L et al. ( 2021 ), irradiation affects growth genes by altering hormone regulation, particularly the auxin and gibberellin pathways, which could explain the observed diversity. Gusti et al. ( 2024 ) reported that, compared with control plants, rice plants subjected to 300 Gy irradiation presented shorter heights and greater stem circumferences, confirming that gamma-induced mutations influence growth characteristics. The number of tillers of the mutant lines varied significantly from that of the IR 841 control, a phenomenon similar to that reported by Nachiketha et al. ( 2024 ). These authors performed a genetic analysis of the M5 generation of gamma-irradiated red rice ( Oryza sativa L.) mutant lines and reported fairly significant genetic variability, including variability in terms of tiller production and tassel length, due to different irradiation doses. Mutant lines with more tillers could offer higher yield potential, whereas those with fewer, more compact tillers could be more suited to less fertile environments or under stressful conditions. Variability in flowering and production cycles is crucial for cultivar adaptability. Compared with the IR 841 control, early mutant lineages were identified, which could be advantageous in short-season environments. Gamma irradiation of rice has been shown to induce mutations that significantly affect the flowering period, resulting in both earliness and delays in flowering. These mutations primarily target genes involved in flowering regulation, such as heading date 1 (Hd1) and early heading date 1 (Ehd1), which play crucial roles in the photoperiodic response of rice. Gómez-Ariza et al. ( 2015 ) reported that the Hd1 and Ehd1 genes play critical roles in promoting flowering under short-day conditions and those induced mutations can affect these genes and lead to early flowering by increasing the expression of florigenic proteins such as HD3a and RFT1. The diversity observed in the flowering and production cycles in this study confirms that irradiation did indeed induce significant variations in the genetic mechanisms controlling flowering and production. In terms of leaf characteristics, including leaf count, the mutant lines also showed great diversity, a trait that is particularly important for photosynthesis and biomass production. Studies indicate that gamma irradiation can lead to a significant increase in the number of leaves. For example, Hajizadeh et al. ( 2022 ) reported that, in Lilium longiflorum , irradiation at optimal doses led to significant changes in the number of leaves and their morphologies. Several authors have identified many genes, including NARROW LEAF 1 (NAL 1), narrow leaf 22 (NAL22), NAL10 and NAAL1, as genes involved in the regulation of plant architecture and leaf development. Mutations induced at different doses affecting these genes can lead to highly varied expression in mutants. In general, these phenotypic variations, although they are specific to the trait considered, contribute to an overall increase in diversity, allowing for a plurality of resources for varietal improvement and selection. Conclusion Enhancing the genetic diversity of crops, coupled with the adaptation of varieties to changing climatic and agronomic conditions, represents a major challenge for rice production. This study aimed to determine the existence of morphological variability within induced mutant lines derived from the irradiation of the rice variety IR 841. The results revealed significant phenotypic diversity among the mutant lines, affecting both qualitative and quantitative traits. More than 70% of the studied mutant lines presented good or very good panicle exsertion, which is essential for improving pollination and optimizing harvest. The considerable variability observed in plant height, tiller number, and flowering and production cycles makes it possible to identify lines adapted to different growing seasons. The study also highlighted resilience-enhancing traits such as a semierect architecture of panicle leaves contributing to optimal light interception and increased leaf pubescence, improving tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. These observations confirm the role of induced mutations in generating advantageous agronomic traits. 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Association Studies in Red Rice Mutant Lines of IRGA-318-11-6-9-2B. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change Volume 14, Issue 2, Page 79-86, 2024; Article N°IJECC.112170. ISSN: 2581-8627. https://doi:10.9734/IJECC/2024/v14i23922 Gómez-Ariza, J., Galbiati, F., Goretti, D., Brambilla, V., Shrestha, R., Pappolla, A., Courtois, B. and Fornara, F. (2015). Loss of floral repressor function adapts rice to higher latitudes in Europe, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 66, Issue 7, April 2015, Pages 2027–2039, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erv004 Hajizadeh, H.S., Mortazavi, S. N., Tohidi, F., Yildiz, H., Helvaci, M., Alas, T. and Okatan, V. (2022). Effect of mutation induced by gamma irradiation in the ornamental plant lilium (Lilium longiflorum cv. Tresor). Pak. J. Bot., 54(1): http://dx.doi.org/10.30848/PJB2022-1(23) Footnotes Development plan for the rice sector in Togo (drawn up with FAO support in 2021) FAO production data for 2022 (FAO Stat: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL ) Tables Table 1 : List of the 50 induced mutant lines and control varieties N° Code Genotype Irradiation Source N° Code Genotype Irradiation Source 1 L1 400Gy4N°3 400 Gy ESA_UL 27 L27 350Gy8N°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 2 L2 300Gy9'N°1 300 Gy ESA_UL 28 L28 350Gy5CN°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 3 L3 400Gy5CN°2 400 Gy ESA_UL 29 L29 350Gy6'N°6 350 Gy ESA_UL 4 L4 350Gy12N°6 350 Gy ESA_UL 30 L30 350Gy12N°3 350 Gy ESA_UL 5 L5 350GyD19N°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 31 L31 350Gy2'N°2 350 Gy ESA_UL 6 L6 400Gy4N°2 400 Gy ESA_UL 32 L32 350Gy5'CN°6 350 Gy ESA_UL 7 L7 400Gy4N°5 400 Gy ESA_UL 33 L33 300Gy6'N°6 300 Gy ESA_UL 8 L8 350Gy5'N°17 350 Gy ESA_UL 34 L34 350Gy5'N°5 350 Gy ESA_UL 9 L9 350Gy5'N°3 350 Gy ESA_UL 35 L35 350Gy12N°5 350 Gy ESA_UL 10 L10 400Gy5CN°6 400 Gy ESA_UL 36 L36 350Gy6CN°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 11 L11 350Gy5CN°3 350 Gy ESA_UL 37 L37 350GyA'N°4 350 Gy ESA_UL 12 L12 400Gy5CN°12 400 Gy ESA_UL 38 L38 350Gy5'N°4 350 Gy ESA_UL 13 L13 350Gy9N°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 39 L39 350Gy10N°4 350 Gy ESA_UL 14 L14 400Gy4N°3 400 Gy ESA_UL 40 L40 350Gy4N°3 350 Gy ESA_UL 15 L15 350Gy10N°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 41 L41 350GyCN°4 350 Gy ESA_UL 16 L16 350Gy5N°3 350 Gy ESA_UL 42 L42 350GyCN°5 350 Gy ESA_UL 17 L17 350GyB1N°5 350 Gy ESA_UL 43 L43 350Gy8N°4 350 Gy ESA_UL 18 L18 350Gy9N°2 350 Gy ESA_UL 44 L44 350Gy4CN°6 350 Gy ESA_UL 19 L19 350GyA1N°4 350 Gy ESA_UL 45 L45 350Gy12N°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 20 L20 350GyA'N°6 350 Gy ESA_UL 46 L46 350GyI1N°6 350 Gy ESA_UL 21 L21 350Gy5CN°5 350 Gy ESA_UL 47 L47 350Gy5'N°6 350 Gy ESA_UL 22 L22 350Gy5'N°6 350 Gy ESA_UL 48 L48 350Gy5'N°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 23 L23 350Gy5'N°1 350 Gy ESA_UL 49 L49 350Gy7'N°5 350 Gy ESA_UL 24 L24 400Gy4N°5 400 Gy ESA_UL 50 L50 400Gy4N°1 400 Gy ESA_UL 25 L25 350Gy5'N°2 350 Gy ESA_UL 51 T1 IR 841 - ITRA 26 L26 350Gy10'N°4 350 Gy ESA_UL 52 T2 NERICA L14 - AfricaRice (ESA_UL: Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie, Université de Lomé; ITRA: Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique) Table 2 : Qualitative descriptors used to evaluate the induced mutant lines and control varieties No. Descriptors Code Description Observed phenotypic classes Evaluation phase 1 Panicle exsertion Exp Measuring the distance from the base of the panicle to the top of the sheath of the last leaf 9: Very Bad 7: Poor 5: Fair 3: good 1: Very good Maturity stage 2 Blade color CL Assessing the color of the leaf blade with the leaf color chart Scale* of 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 (9 being the deep green color and 1 the pale green color) Early flowering stage 3 Stem posture PT Visual appreciation of the tillers posture 1: Erected 3: Semierect 5: Open Flowering stage 4 Pubescence of the leaf blade PL Appreciation by touch of the leaf 1: Smooth 2: Intermediate 3 : Pubescent Flowering stage 5 Attitude of the panicle leaf At_FP Visual assessment in relation to the tiller. 1: Erected 3: Semi-Erect; 5: Horizontal; 7: Descending Flowering stage * Color Scale: 1 = Very pale green; 2 = Pale green; 3 = Light green; 4 = Slight green; 5 = Medium green; 6 = Moderate green; 7 = Dark green; 8 = Very dark green; 9 = Deep green Table 3 : Quantitative descriptors used to evaluate induced mutant lines and control varieties No. Descriptors Code Description Unit Evaluation phase 1 Plant Height TP Height measurement (collar to panicle) Cm Maturity stage 2 Total number of tillers per plant NT Counting the number of tillers - Maturity stage 3 Number of tillers with panicles NTP Counting the number of tillers with panicles - Maturity stage 4 Cycle time: 90% semiflowering CF90 Cycle time from seedling to flowering for 90% of plants Days Maturity stage 5 90% semiproduction cycle time CP90 Duration of the sowing cycle until the maturity of 90% of the plants Days Maturity stage 6 Length of the panicle leaf LongFP - Cm Maturity stage 7 Width of the panicle leaf LargFP - Cm Maturity stage 8 Leaf area of panicle leaf SFP Length (cm) x Sheet Width (cm) x 0.725 cm² Maturity stage 9 Length of the underlying panicle leaf LongFP_1 - Cm Maturity stage 10 Width of the underlying panicle leaf LargFP_1 - Cm Maturity stage 11 Leaf surface of the underlying panicle leaf SFP_1 Length (cm) x Sheet Width (cm) x 0.725 cm² Maturity stage 12 Number of leaves per plant NF - - Maturity stage 13 Panicle length LongP - Cm Maturity stage Table 4 : Statistical distributions of tiller production variables and significance tests Variable Treatments Avg Standard deviation Min Max Significance between Mutant Lines Significance between Mutant Lines and control varieties P_Value Significance P_Value Significance NT21 Mutant Lines 12.58 6.37 1 34 2.64E-05 *** 0.025452 * T1 9 4.47 2 12 - - T2 9.8 3.27 5 13 - - NT35 Mutant Lines 28.15 12.61 2 61 5.24E-05 *** 0.035411 * T1 26.6 6.84 15 33 - - T2 16.8 6.57 9 27 - - NT49 Mutant Lines 42.04 13.55 2 73 1.66E-07 *** 0.009443 ** T1 42.2 7.16 31 51 - - T2 27.6 18.01 14 59 - - NT90 Mutant Lines 81.89 17.64 18 156 1.82E-08 *** 0.092989 NS T1 84.6 4.34 82 92 - - T2 75.4 28.71 47 121 - - NTP Mutant Lines 54.29 13.31 11 95 1.44E-05 *** 0.218977 NS T1 58.2 9.96 53 76 - - T2 54.4 16.21 37 75 - - NT21 : Number of tillers at 21 days after transplanting; NT35 : Number of tillers at 35 days after transplanting; NT49 : Number of tillers at 49 days after transplanting; NT90 : Number of tillers at 90 days after transplanting; NTP : Number of tillers bearing panicles; T1 : Control IR841; T2 : Control NERICA L14; NS : Not significant; *** P_Value < 0.001; ** P_Value < 0.01; * P_Value < 0.05; Avg : Average; Min : Minimum; Max : Maximum. Table 5: Height trends for the mutant lines studied Variable Treatments Avg Standard deviation Min Max Significance between Mutant Lines Significance between Mutant Lines and control varieties P_Value Significance P_Value Significance T21 (cm) Mutant Lines 39.79 3.38 27.5 47.3 3.40E-08 *** 0.000359653 *** T1 38.16 3.51 32 40.3 - - T2 50.5 3.64 46.5 55 - - T35 (cm) Mutant Lines 42.78 4.17 27 62 7.40E-07 *** 0.000794382 *** T1 41 2.92 36 43 - - T2 58.22 6.31 52.6 68 - - T49 (cm) Mutant Lines 58.74 8.06 32 84 3.60E-08 *** 0.000184392 *** T1 54.2 4.09 49 58 - - T2 71.6 14.06 55 93 - - T90 (cm) Mutant Lines 83.81 9.42 44 106 0.00012 *** 0.75489226 NS T1 82.8 5.89 73 89 - - T2 80.4 27.33 40 112 - - T21: Height at 21 days after transplanting ; T35: Height at 35 days after transplanting; T49: Height at 49 days after transplanting; T90: Height at 90 days after transplanting; T1 : Control IR841; T2 : NERICA control L14; NS : Not significant; *** P value < 0.001. Avg : average ; Min : minimum ; Max : maximum ; cm : centimeter. Table 6 : Cycle length (semi flowering and semi production) and panicle length of the mutant lines Variable Treatments Avg Standard deviation Min Max Significance between Mutant Lines Significance between Mutant Lines and control varieties P_Value Significance P_Value Significance CF90 (days) Mutant Lines 88.06 6.52 68 115 3.38E-11 *** 6.97E-06 *** T1 87.6 3.97 83 94 - - T2 68.2 5.22 61 73 - - CP90 (days) Mutant Lines 113.25 6.66 93 140 5.76E-11 *** 1.26E-05 *** T1 112.2 3.19 108 117 - - T2 93.2 5.22 86 98 - - LongP (cm) Mutant Lines 19.71 2.71 9.5 31 0.001086 ** 0.4449796 NS T1 19.12 1.21 17 19.8 - - T2 19.08 3.84 12.5 22.2 - - CF90: 90% semi flowering cycle time ; CP90: Semi production cycle time at 90%; LongP: Length of the panicle; T1 : IR841 Witness; T2 : Witness NERICA L14; NS : Not significant; *** P _Value < 0.001; ** P_Value < 0.01; Avg : Average; Min : Minimum; Max : Maximum. Table 7 : Leaf characteristics of the mutant and control lines studied Variable Treatments Avg Standard deviation Min Max Significance between Mutant Lines Significance between Mutant Lines and control varieties P_Value Significance P_Value Significance NF Mutant Lines 234.34 71.4 50 604 3.3E-06 *** 0.539591733 NS T1 222.8 25.28 184 255 - - T2 212.4 105.32 114 363 - - LongFP (cm) Mutant Lines 21.64 5.22 6.2 48 2.4E-06 *** 0.156211573 NS T1 21.6 0.89 21 23 - - T2 27.9 7.97 15 35 - - LargFP (cm) Mutant Lines 1.29 0.2 0.4 2 1.5E-06 *** 0.065381321 NS T1 1.3 0.07 1.2 1.4 - - T2 1.66 0.52 1.1 2.5 - - SFP (cm²) Mutant Lines 20.6 7.11 1.8 57.42 3.5E-06 *** 0.119566805 NS T1 20.33 1.71 19.14 23.35 - - T2 35.53 18.92 11.96 63.44 - - NF: Total number of leaves per plant; LongFP: Length of the panicle leaf; LargFP: Width of the panicle leaf; SFP : Leaf area of the panicle leaf ; T1 : IR841 Witness; T2 : Witness NERICA L14; NS : Not significant; *** P _Value 0.5 retained for PCA & Variables with a KMO index < 0.5 and removed for PCA Variables used for the PCA Variables NT21 NT35 NT49 NT90 NTP T21 T35 T49 T90 CF90 CP90 LongP NF KMO Index 0.8 0.69 0.71 0.66 0.7 0.84 0.67 0.71 0.78 0.65 0.66 0.81 0.72 Variables not included in the PCA Variables LongFP LargFP SFP LongFP_1 LargFP_1 SFP_1 LongFP - - - - - - KMO Index 0.43 0.41 0.46 0.4 0.25 0.31 0.43 - - - - - - NT21 : Number of tillers at 21 days after transplanting; NT35 : Number of tillers at 35 days after transplanting. NT49 : Number of tillers 49 days after transplanting. NT90 : number of tillers at 90 days after transplanting; NTP : number of tillers bearing panicles; T21: pruning at 21 days after transplanting . T35: Pruning 35 days after transplanting. T49: Pruning at 49 days after transplanting. T90: Pruning 90 days after transplanting; CF90: 90% Semi-Flowering Cycle Time . CP90: 90% Semi-Production cycle time . LongP: panicle length ; NF: total number of leaves per plant; LongFP: length of the panicle leaf; LargFP: width of the panicle leaf; SFP : leaf area of the panicle leaf ; LongFP_1: length of the underlying panicle leaf; LargFP_1: width of the underlying panicle leaf; SFP_1 : leaf surface of the underlying panicle leaf . Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Modalities\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6064789/v1/27673dbe737ccc9809e25360.png"},{"id":76780252,"identity":"47b2dafb-51f5-43a8-9ab0-678daa314f9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-20 16:15:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of studied mutant lines based on leaf blade color intensity\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6064789/v1/a1401e8250114dcf37fd21cf.png"},{"id":76780251,"identity":"04d326c5-5953-40db-a59f-7e892a7e562f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-20 16:15:23","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of studied mutant lines based on stem posture modalities\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6064789/v1/18b61ca02afabca83b85530d.png"},{"id":76780254,"identity":"9037d14c-b8eb-4fce-acce-56720f8d6c9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-20 16:15:35","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of mutant lines based on panicle leaf attitude modalities\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6064789/v1/84840a7b01cefe8fc354a9ee.png"},{"id":76779595,"identity":"996fc4de-e2e9-407a-9b4e-b1c361f11e87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-20 16:07:23","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68598,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDistribution of mutant lines according to leaf pubescence modality\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6064789/v1/8a00fd31ffc452b941523013.png"},{"id":76779247,"identity":"4dc2b729-35aa-4e9c-967b-27e2ba7944f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-20 15:59:23","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":106108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBiplot of variables from principal component analysis (PCA)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e= number of tillers at 21 days after transplanting; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e = number of tillers at 35 days after transplanting; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e= number of tillers at 49 days after transplanting; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e = number of tillers at 90 days after transplanting; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e = number of tillers bearing panicles; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e= height at 21 days after transplanting; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e = height at 35 days after transplanting; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT49 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e= heightat 49 days after transplanting; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT90 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e= height at 90 days after transplanting. \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCF90 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e= length of semiflowering cycle at 90%; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCP90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e = length of semiproduction cycle at 90%; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e = length of panicle; \u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNF \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e= number of leaves.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6064789/v1/b8ca8e3c90086ba84dd9a0fa.png"},{"id":76779248,"identity":"c73029ae-f09b-484a-9534-ba6472e09733","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-20 15:59:23","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":132516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHierarchical principal component classification (HCPC) of mutant lines\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6064789/v1/8582e2222c22524f52d592d7.png"},{"id":76780903,"identity":"df4a55b0-1bf7-47ca-bd85-f6613c8ab9d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-20 16:23:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3812109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6064789/v1/19e97744-e6e7-4683-ae1b-8cabf6d4e23a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAssesment of morphological variations in M4 mutants of IR 841 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by Gamma irradiation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide, providing sustenance for more than half of the global human population (Sasaki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). With an estimated annual global production (in milled rice equivalent) of 592\u0026nbsp;million tons in 2022, it serves as a critical source of food and income for farmers, significantly influencing agricultural activities and livelihoods (Duvallet, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In Africa, rice demand has increased dramatically over the past decades, rising from 10\u0026nbsp;million tons in 1990 to 40\u0026nbsp;million tons in 2018, driven primarily by population growth and changes in dietary habits (Fiamohe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In Togo, this trend is particularly pronounced, with the average annual per capita rice consumption increasing from approximately 15 kg in 1970 to 40 kg in 2011 (Adjao \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite this high demand and the country\u0026rsquo;s potential to produce sufficient rice locally, more than half of domestic consumption is met through imports. For example, in 2019, imports accounted for approximately 70% of the national demand (FAO[1]\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn1\" id=\"#FNLinkFn1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, 2021). This heavy reliance on rice imports is a consequence of low local productivity, which is often below the regional average in West Africa (Awio et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In 2022, FAO[2]\u003ca class=\"FNLink\" href=\"#Fn2\" id=\"#FNLinkFn2\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e data indicated that the average paddy rice yield in Togo was only 1.7 t/ha, which was significantly lower than that in neighboring countries such as Benin (3.9 t/ha), Burkina Faso (2.2 t/ha), and Niger (4.4 t/ha). This low productivity is attributed to several structural and environmental constraints, including changing agroclimatic conditions, soil degradation, and increased pressure from pests and diseases, which compromise the performance of currently cultivated rice varieties (Oteyami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Koning et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, the IR 841 variety, which is widely grown in Togo, shows signs of genetic erosion and limited adaptability to current biotic and abiotic challenges (Tchokozi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This situation is further exacerbated by the low genetic diversity of local varieties, reducing opportunities to identify desirable traits for use in varietal improvement and selection programs (Teeken and Temudo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Mayaba et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ali, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Increasing the genetic diversity within local rice populations is essential for developing highly productive and agroecologically adapted varieties, which will sustainably increase national rice production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address the limited genetic diversity of local rice varieties, gamma radiation-induced mutagenesis has emerged as a highly promising approach. This technique introduces useful genetic variations and induces mutations that can improve agro-morphological traits (Dhole et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Ntsomboh et al., 2023). These mutations can generate new genotypes with favorable characteristics for the development of improved varieties (Ramchander et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Islam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Morphological traits play a central role in genotype evaluation, as they are often correlated with agronomic performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study aims to determine the existence of morphological variability within M4 (4th generation) mutant lines derived from gamma-irradiated IR 841 rice. Specifically, 50 mutant lines were evaluated via qualitative and quantitative rice descriptors to assess potential genetic diversity and identify lines with promising morphological traits for varietal improvement and selection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.1. Study site\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted at the Agronomic Experimentation Station of Lom\u0026eacute; (School of Agronomy, University of Lom\u0026eacute;, Togo). The site is located at 6\u0026deg;10\u0026apos;29.63\u0026quot; North latitude and 1\u0026deg;12\u0026apos;36.98\u0026quot; East longitude. The site experiences a Guinean-type bimodal climate, with two cropping seasons: one from April to July and the other from September to December. Annual rainfall ranges between 1000 mm and 1400 mm, while temperatures vary between 24\u0026deg;C and 32\u0026deg;C, and relative humidity ranges from 70\u0026ndash;90% (data from the meteorological station of the Agronomic Experimentation Station of Lom\u0026eacute;).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.2. Plant material\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study focused on fifty (50) M4 (fourth generation)-induced mutant lines derived from gamma irradiation of the IR 841 rice variety (Table \u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The irradiation was conducted at the laboratory of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, Austria. Additionally, the nonirradiated IR 841 variety and the NERICA L14 variety were used as controls for the trials. NERICA L14 was selected for its early maturity. The 50 induced mutant lines originated from three different irradiation doses: 300 Gy, 350 Gy, and 400 Gy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.3. Methods\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.3.1. Experimental design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo conduct the trial, 100 seeds were selected from each seed lot of the 50 mutant lines as well as the 2 control varieties. To break seed dormancy, the seeds were incubated at 42\u0026deg;C for 48 hours, followed by 24 hours at 37\u0026deg;C. The treated seeds were then pregerminated in Petri dishes, and the germination rate was assessed after 8 days. The pregerminated seeds were subsequently transferred into 450 ml pots containing a mixture of potting soil and compost at a 3:1 ratio. After 21 days, vigorous seedlings were transplanted into 15-liter pots filled with the same mixture, with one plant per pot. The experimental design adopted was a completely randomized block design with 3 replicates. Each block consisted of 620 pots (15 liters each), with 10 pots (corresponding to 10 plants) per treatment (rice mutant line/variety). Five plants were randomly selected for each treatment in each block for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e1.3.2. Study Technique\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor the evaluation of the induced mutant lines, eighteen (18) descriptors from the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) were used to characterize the mutant lines. These included both qualitative and quantitative descriptors (Tables \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e1.3.3. Data collection and analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collected during the trial were compiled and organized via Microsoft Excel 2021. Statistical analyses were performed via R software version 4.2.2. For qualitative variables, the relative frequencies of the different modalities were calculated to assess the distribution of samples across categories. For quantitative variables, variations were studied by calculating the mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum for each quantitative trait. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for normally distributed quantitative variables, and the Kruskal‒Wallis test was used for nonnormally distributed quantitative variables. After data standardization and estimation of the Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin sample adequacy measure, quantitative variable data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The mutant lines were then grouped into clusters, and hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC) was performed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Results\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.1. Study data on qualitative descriptors of induced mutant lines\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of data related to panicle exsertion in the studied mutant lines revealed a diverse distribution on the basis of the modalities of this parameter. As shown in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, 24% of the lines presented very good panicle exsertion, 46% presented good panicle exsertion, and 24% presented fairly good exsertion. Only 6% of the lines presented poor panicle exsertion. None of the lines presented very poor panicle exsertion.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of leaf blade coloration data revealed significant diversity among the induced mutant lines, ranging from slight green (4) to deep green (9), as shown in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. According to this figure, 15% of the induced mutant lines presented deep green (9) leaf blades, whereas 85% presented intermediate colorations ranging from slight green (4) to very dark green (8). No lines displayed very pale green (1), pale green (2), or light green (3) color.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWith respect to the stem posture parameter, the results of the distribution by modality revealed a predominance of mutant lines with open stems, accounting for 66.67% of the mutant lines. The mutant lines with semierect stems represented 20.83% of the observations, whereas those with erect stems accounted for only 12.50% of the observations (Fig. \u003cspan\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Figure 4, the analysis of the collected data revealed that 87.5% of the mutant lines presented semierect panicle leaves, 8.3% presented erect panicle leaves, and 4.2% presented horizontal panicle leaves. No lines presented descending panicle leaves.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results of leaf pubescence in the mutant lines revealed a varied distribution across the modalities of this parameter (Fig. \u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Leaves of the mutant lines with intermediate pubescence were the most common, accounting for 54.17% of the observations, followed by those of the mutant lines with pubescent leaves (39.58%). Mutant lines with smooth leaves were the least common, representing 6.25% of the observations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2. Study data on quantitative descriptors\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.1. Tiller production in mutant lines\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData related to tiller production in the mutant lines were collected at different growth stages: 21, 35, 49, and 90 days after transplanting, as shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Overall, the average number of tillers varied significantly among the mutant lines across the four periods. At 21 and 90 days after transplanting (NT21 and NT90), the average number of tillers ranged from 1\u0026ndash;34 and from 18\u0026ndash;156, respectively. Additionally, at 21, 35, and 49 days after transplanting, there was a significant difference between the average number of tillers in the mutant lines and those in the controls IR 841 and NERICA L14. However, at 90 days after transplanting, there was no significant difference in the average number of tillers between the mutant lines and the control varieties. For the average number of panicle-bearing tillers (NTP), the variations in the means of the means of the mutant lines were significant, with values ranging from 11 to 95 tillers. However, the differences observed were not significant between the average values of the mutant lines and the average values of the control varieties.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.2. Plant height (cm) of the mutant lines\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the plant height data is presented in Table \u003cspan\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. This table shows significant differences in the means of the induced mutant lines across the four periods: 21, 35, 49 and 90 days after transplanting. At 21 (T21) and 90 (T90) days after transplanting, the average plant heights of the mutant lines ranged from 27 cm to 47 cm for T21 and from 44 cm to 106 cm for T90.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA comparison of the mean plant heights of the mutant lines with those of the two control varieties IR 841 and NERICA L14 revealed significant differences at 21, 35 and 49 days after transplanting. However, at 90 days after transplanting, no significant differences were observed between the mean plant heights of the mutant lines and those of the control varieties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.3. Duration of Growth Cycles and Panicle Length of Mutant Lines\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the parameters \u0026quot;duration of the 50% flowering cycle (CF90)\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;duration of the 50% production cycle (CP90)\u0026quot; revealed significant differences among the mutant lines. The average duration of the 50% flowering cycle (CF90) for the mutant lines ranged from 68 days to 115 days, with a mean of 88 days, whereas the 50% production cycle (CP90) ranged from 93 days to 140 days, with a mean of 113 days. A comparison of the average duration of these cycles for the mutant lines with the control varieties IR 841 and NERICA L14 revealed significant differences. A significant difference in the average panicle length was observed among the mutant lines. with values ranging from 9 cm to 31 cm. However, no significant difference was detected between the average panicle length of the mutant lines and that of the two control varieties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.2.4. Leaf Traits of Mutant Lines\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of collected data on leaf traits revealed significant variability among the means of the mutant lines, with highly significant differences for all parameters. The parameter \u0026quot;number of leaves\u0026quot; (NF) is used. The average values ranged from 50 to 604 leaves. For the parameters \u0026quot;length and width of the panicle leaf (LongFP, LargFP),\u0026quot; the average values ranged from 6 cm to 48 cm and 0.4 cm to 2 cm., respectively. The parameter \u0026quot;panicle leaf surface area (SFP)\u0026quot; was used. The average values ranged from 1.8 cm\u0026sup2; to 57.42 cm\u0026sup2;.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHowever, the comparison between the means of the mutant lines and those of the two control varieties for these four parameters (NF, LongFP, LargFP, and SFP) revealed no significant differences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.3. Principal component analysis (PCA)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor the principal component analysis, the Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin (KMO) index was calculated for each variable to select those that would be relevant for further analysis. As shown in Table \u003cspan\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, variables with a KMO index below 0.5 were removed prior to conducting the principal component analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results presented in Fig. \u003cspan\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e show the distribution of variables in the plane defined by the first two principal components (Dim1 and Dim2), which explain 33% and 27.4% of the total variance, respectively. According to this projection, the variables NT21, NT35, NT49, and NT90 are strongly correlated with each other. Their orientation indicates a progressive increase in the number of tillers over time, with a tendency to rise as the plants develop. The variable NTP is relatively close to the first variable, suggesting that tiller development is associated with panicle production. Similarly, the variable NF appeared to be strongly correlated with the tiller number variables, indicating a close relationship between leaf and tiller development. Specifically, an increase in the number of tillers seems to be associated with a greater number of leaves. The variables T21, T35, T49, and T90 also exhibited dynamics similar to those of the tiller number variables. The strong correlation of these variables with the tiller number variables reflects the significant link between plant height and overall plant vigor. The positioning of the variables CF90 and CP90 indicates that they are also closely related. The variable LongP appears more distant and almost opposite to the other variables, which could suggest that it is less directly influenced by them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1.4. Hierarchical Principal Component Classification (HCPC) of mutant lines\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the hierarchical principal component classification (HPCC) of the mutant lines. The 50 induced mutant lines and the control varieties were divided into five (5) large clusters. The analysis identified the characteristics linking the lines and/or varieties within each cluster. Cluster 1 comprises 17 lines with relatively low values for the number of tillers, panicle size and panicle length. It is therefore a group with poor vegetative development. Cluster 2 comprises 24 lines plus the T1 control (IR 841), with relatively average values for most traits. The lines in cluster 2 and the IR 841 control presented intermediate performance in terms of the number of tillers, plant size and panicle length. These lines show balanced characteristics in terms of leaf development and tiller production. Cluster 3 consists of 8 lines with a high number of leaves but a low number of tillers and a low panicle length. Cluster 4 is made up of a single L10 line with relatively high values for panicle length and number of leaves. while having relatively low values for the other traits. Cluster 5 is composed of the T2 control (NERICA L14), which is characterized by a large size but a limited number of tillers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.2. Discussion\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the data related to the morphological characterization of the mutant lines induced according to the descriptors selected revealed very great diversity in all the phenotypic parameters, confirming the impact of irradiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the panicle exsertion of the mutant lines revealed that approximately 70% of the mutant lines studied presented good or very good exsertion, a particularly favorable trait in our agronomic context, where good panicle exsertion is essential to optimize grain filling, facilitate pollination and improve mechanical harvesting (Zhao et al., \u003cspan\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Jiang et al., \u003cspan\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of the diversity observed in terms of leaf coloration, with a majority of the lines displaying light to deep green hue, this result confirms the potential variability in the chlorophyll content or photosynthetic activity of the mutant lines. These results are consistent with those of (wang et al., \u003cspan\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that variations in leaf color may be related to the efficiency of photosynthesis. The absence of very pale to light green coloration among the mutant lines can be explained by the fact that indirect selection (natural selection) during propagation on previous generations of rice (M1, M2 and M3) was carried out by removing seeds from nonviable lines (with low photosynthetic activities). As our study focused on lines of the fourth generation (M4) after irradiation, the lines with a low chlorophyll content could not survive until the fourth generation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe predominance of open-habit stems reflects an architecture that is conducive to better light penetration and optimal aeration, which helps reduce the risk of fungal diseases (Hilioti et al., \u003cspan\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Saha et al., \u003cspan\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al., \u003cspan\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This type of habit can also be advantageous in high-density environments. However, the presence of semierect and erect lines shows that irradiation induces architectural diversity in stems that can be exploited according to environmental conditions and cultural practices, as suggested by (Ramchander et al., \u003cspan\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Prasad et al., \u003cspan\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sao et al., \u003cspan\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe semierect attitude of the panicle leaves observed in the majority of the mutant lines (87.5%) is desirable for varietal improvement, as it promotes optimal light interception while limiting water loss by evaporation (Alaric et al., \u003cspan\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Authors such as Han et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and Qiao et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported that leaf architecture is influenced by key genes that control leaf roll and tilt. On the other hand, while the semierect nature of the leaves is beneficial, excessive verticality of the leaves can lead to reduced airflow, which can increase susceptibility to disease O\u0026rsquo;Farell \u003cem\u003eet al. (2016)\u003c/em\u003e. The balance between leaf orientation and other morphological characteristics of the plant is therefore important for better production. The absence of descending panicle leaves is a positive indicator, as they are often associated with physiological constraints or hormonal imbalances (Eragam et al., \u003cspan\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe variability in leaf pubescence among the majority of lines with pubescent or intermediate leaves demonstrates an increased potential for insect resistance and better adaptation to abiotic stresses such as drought (Abbas et al., \u003cspan\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Zhu et al., \u003cspan\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These characteristics are particularly important in contexts where biotic and abiotic pressures are high. Zhu et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) reported that leaf pubescence is often associated with increased trichome density, which can physically impede insect movement and feeding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of height, the results revealed that the analysis of the height of the mutant lineages presented great diversity. This variability in height is often observed in studies on the effects of induced mutagenesis, as shown by Cabusoca \u003cem\u003eet al. (2023)\u003c/em\u003e. As their study focused on mutants of the NSIC Rc9 rice variety, these authors reported significant variability in morphological characteristics, particularly in the height parameter, between the mutants of the irradiated rice. According to M.T.A-P-L et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), irradiation affects growth genes by altering hormone regulation, particularly the auxin and gibberellin pathways, which could explain the observed diversity. Gusti et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) reported that, compared with control plants, rice plants subjected to 300 Gy irradiation presented shorter heights and greater stem circumferences, confirming that gamma-induced mutations influence growth characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe number of tillers of the mutant lines varied significantly from that of the IR 841 control, a phenomenon similar to that reported by Nachiketha et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These authors performed a genetic analysis of the M5 generation of gamma-irradiated red rice (\u003cem\u003eOryza sativa\u003c/em\u003e L.) mutant lines and reported fairly significant genetic variability, including variability in terms of tiller production and tassel length, due to different irradiation doses. Mutant lines with more tillers could offer higher yield potential, whereas those with fewer, more compact tillers could be more suited to less fertile environments or under stressful conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariability in flowering and production cycles is crucial for cultivar adaptability. Compared with the IR 841 control, early mutant lineages were identified, which could be advantageous in short-season environments. Gamma irradiation of rice has been shown to induce mutations that significantly affect the flowering period, resulting in both earliness and delays in flowering. These mutations primarily target genes involved in flowering regulation, such as heading date 1 (Hd1) and early heading date 1 (Ehd1), which play crucial roles in the photoperiodic response of rice. G\u0026oacute;mez-Ariza et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) reported that the Hd1 and Ehd1 genes play critical roles in promoting flowering under short-day conditions and those induced mutations can affect these genes and lead to early flowering by increasing the expression of florigenic proteins such as HD3a and RFT1. The diversity observed in the flowering and production cycles in this study confirms that irradiation did indeed induce significant variations in the genetic mechanisms controlling flowering and production.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of leaf characteristics, including leaf count, the mutant lines also showed great diversity, a trait that is particularly important for photosynthesis and biomass production. Studies indicate that gamma irradiation can lead to a significant increase in the number of leaves. For example, Hajizadeh et al. (\u003cspan\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) reported that, in \u003cem\u003eLilium longiflorum\u003c/em\u003e, irradiation at optimal doses led to significant changes in the number of leaves and their morphologies. Several authors have identified many genes, including NARROW LEAF 1 (NAL 1), narrow leaf 22 (NAL22), NAL10 and NAAL1, as genes involved in the regulation of plant architecture and leaf development. Mutations induced at different doses affecting these genes can lead to highly varied expression in mutants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn general, these phenotypic variations, although they are specific to the trait considered, contribute to an overall increase in diversity, allowing for a plurality of resources for varietal improvement and selection.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnhancing the genetic diversity of crops, coupled with the adaptation of varieties to changing climatic and agronomic conditions, represents a major challenge for rice production. This study aimed to determine the existence of morphological variability within induced mutant lines derived from the irradiation of the rice variety IR 841.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results revealed significant phenotypic diversity among the mutant lines, affecting both qualitative and quantitative traits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than 70% of the studied mutant lines presented good or very good panicle exsertion, which is essential for improving pollination and optimizing harvest. The considerable variability observed in plant height, tiller number, and flowering and production cycles makes it possible to identify lines adapted to different growing seasons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also highlighted resilience-enhancing traits such as a semierect architecture of panicle leaves contributing to optimal light interception and increased leaf pubescence, improving tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese observations confirm the role of induced mutations in generating advantageous agronomic traits. This study has therefore provided actionable results for rice varietal improvement and selection. By leveraging these mutant lines, it is possible to develop rice varieties adapted to changing agricultural contexts marked by climatic constraints, the need to increase yields and the demand for sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSasaki, T. 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N., Tohidi, F., Yildiz, H., Helvaci, M., Alas, T. and Okatan, V. (2022).\u003c/strong\u003e Effect of mutation induced by gamma irradiation in the ornamental plant lilium (Lilium longiflorum cv. Tresor). Pak. J. Bot., 54(1): http://dx.doi.org/10.30848/PJB2022-1(23)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Footnotes","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e Development plan for the rice sector in Togo (drawn up with FAO support in 2021)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e FAO production data for 2022 (FAO Stat: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: List of the 50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003einduced mutant lines and control varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"610\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenotype\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIrradiation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenotype\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIrradiation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy4N\u0026deg;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy8N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300Gy9\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5CN\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy5CN\u0026deg;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy6\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy12N\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy12N\u0026deg;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350GyD19N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e31\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy2\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy4N\u0026deg;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;CN\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy4N\u0026deg;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300Gy6\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy12N\u0026deg;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy5CN\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e36\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy6CN\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5CN\u0026deg;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e37\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350GyA\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy5CN\u0026deg;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy9N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy10N\u0026deg;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy4N\u0026deg;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy4N\u0026deg;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy10N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e41\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350GyCN\u0026deg;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5N\u0026deg;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350GyCN\u0026deg;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350GyB1N\u0026deg;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy8N\u0026deg;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy9N\u0026deg;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy4CN\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350GyA1N\u0026deg;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e45\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy12N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350GyA\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e46\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350GyI1N\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5CN\u0026deg;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e47\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e48\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy7\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy4N\u0026deg;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400Gy4N\u0026deg;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy5\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIR 841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eITRA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350Gy10\u0026apos;N\u0026deg;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 Gy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eESA_UL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e52\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNERICA L14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfricaRice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(ESA_UL: Ecole Sup\u0026eacute;rieure d\u0026rsquo;Agronomie, Universit\u0026eacute; de Lom\u0026eacute;; ITRA: Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: Qualitative descriptors used to evaluate the induced mutant lines and control varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"612\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObserved phenotypic classes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation phase\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanicle exsertion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeasuring the distance from the base of the panicle to the top of the sheath of the last leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9: Very Bad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7: Poor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5: Fair\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3: good\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1: Very good\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlade color\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssessing the color of the leaf blade with the leaf color chart\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScale*\u0026nbsp;of 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 (9 being the deep green color and 1 the pale green color)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEarly flowering stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem posture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVisual appreciation of the tillers posture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1: Erected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3: Semierect\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5: Open\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePubescence of the leaf blade\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAppreciation by touch of the leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1: Smooth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2: Intermediate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 : Pubescent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 82px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttitude of the panicle leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt_FP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVisual assessment in relation to the tiller.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 168px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1: Erected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3: Semi-Erect;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5: Horizontal;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7: Descending\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 612px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eColor Scale: 1 = Very pale green; 2 = Pale green; 3 = Light green; 4 = Slight green; 5 = Medium green; 6 = Moderate green; 7 = Dark green; 8 = Very dark green; 9 = Deep green\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: Quantitative descriptors used to evaluate induced mutant lines and control varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"612\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescriptors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation phase\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant Height\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight measurement (collar to panicle)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of tillers per plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCounting the number of tillers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of tillers with panicles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNTP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCounting the number of tillers with panicles\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCycle time: 90% semiflowering\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCF90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCycle time from seedling to flowering for 90% of plants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90% semiproduction cycle time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCP90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of the sowing cycle until the maturity of 90% of the plants\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDays\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of the panicle leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongFP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth of the panicle leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLargFP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf area of panicle leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSFP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength (cm) x Sheet Width (cm) x 0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecm\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of the underlying panicle leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongFP_1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth of the underlying panicle leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLargFP_1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf surface of the underlying panicle leaf\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSFP_1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength (cm) x Sheet Width (cm) x 0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecm\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of leaves per plant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanicle length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLongP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 179px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 134px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaturity stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: Statistical distributions of tiller production variables and significance tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"600\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance between Mutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance between Mutant Lines and control varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP_Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;P_Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.64E-05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.025452\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.24E-05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.035411\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.66E-07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009443\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.82E-08\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.092989\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.44E-05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.218977\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNT21\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e: Number of tillers at 21 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eNT35\u003c/strong\u003e: Number of tillers at 35 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eNT49\u003c/strong\u003e: Number of tillers at 49 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eNT90\u003c/strong\u003e: Number of tillers at 90 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eNTP\u003c/strong\u003e: Number of tillers bearing panicles; \u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e: Control IR841; \u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e: Control NERICA L14; \u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e: Not significant; *** P_Value \u0026lt; 0.001; ** P_Value \u0026lt; 0.01; \u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e P_Value \u0026lt; 0.05; \u003cstrong\u003eAvg\u003c/strong\u003e: Average; \u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e: Minimum; \u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e: Maximum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHeight trends for the mutant lines studied\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"605\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance between Mutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 158px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance between Mutant Lines and control varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP_Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;P_Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT21 (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.40E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000359653\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT35 (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.40E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000794382\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT49 (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.60E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.000184392\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT90 (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 73px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.75489226\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eT21:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeight at 21 days after transplanting\u003cstrong\u003e; T35:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHeight at 35 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eT49:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHeight at 49 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eT90:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHeight at 90 days after transplanting;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;T1\u003c/strong\u003e: Control IR841; \u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e: NERICA control L14; \u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eNot significant;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;value\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt; 0.001.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvg\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eaverage\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eminimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emaximum\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;cm\u003c/strong\u003e: centimeter.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: Cycle length (semi flowering and semi production) and panicle length of the mutant lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"605\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance between Mutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance between Mutant Lines and control varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP_Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;P_Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCF90 (days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.97E-06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCP90 (days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.76E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.26E-05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongP (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e**\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4449796\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCF90:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e90% semi flowering cycle time\u003cstrong\u003e; CP90:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSemi production cycle time at 90%; \u003cstrong\u003eLongP:\u003c/strong\u003e Length of the panicle;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;T1\u003c/strong\u003e: IR841 Witness; \u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e: Witness NERICA L14; \u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e: Not significant; *** \u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e_Value \u0026lt; 0.001; ** P_Value \u0026lt; 0.01; \u003cstrong\u003eAvg\u003c/strong\u003e: Average; \u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e: Minimum; \u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e: Maximum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: Leaf characteristics of the mutant and control lines studied\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"603\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance between Mutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 153px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance between Mutant Lines and control varieties\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP_Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;P_Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e604\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.539591733\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongFP (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.156211573\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLargFP (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.065381321\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 71px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSFP (cm\u0026sup2;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMutant Lines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 75px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.119566805\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNF:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal number of leaves per plant;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;LongFP:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eLength of the panicle leaf; \u003cstrong\u003eLargFP:\u003c/strong\u003e Width of the panicle leaf;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SFP\u003c/strong\u003e: Leaf area of the\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epanicle leaf\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;T1\u003c/strong\u003e: IR841 Witness; \u003cstrong\u003eT2\u003c/strong\u003e: Witness NERICA L14; \u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e: Not significant; \u003cstrong\u003e*** P\u003c/strong\u003e_Value \u0026lt; 0.001; \u003cstrong\u003eAvg\u003c/strong\u003e: Average; \u003cstrong\u003eMin\u003c/strong\u003e: Minimum; \u003cstrong\u003eMax\u003c/strong\u003e: Maximum.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: Variables with a KMO index \u0026gt; 0.5 retained for PCA \u0026amp; Variables with a KMO index \u0026lt; 0.5 and removed for PCA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"604\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"14\" style=\"width: 604px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables used for the PCA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNT90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT49\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCF90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCP90\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKMO Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"14\" style=\"width: 604px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables not included in the PCA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLargFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongFP_1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLargFP_1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSFP_1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLongFP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKMO Index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNT21\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e: Number of tillers at 21 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eNT35\u003c/strong\u003e: Number of tillers at 35 days after transplanting. \u003cstrong\u003eNT49\u003c/strong\u003e: Number of tillers 49 days after transplanting. \u003cstrong\u003eNT90\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enumber\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;of tillers at 90 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eNTP\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enumber\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;of tillers bearing panicles; \u003cstrong\u003eT21:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epruning\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;at 21 days after transplanting\u003cstrong\u003e. T35:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePruning 35 days after transplanting. \u003cstrong\u003eT49:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePruning at 49 days after transplanting. \u003cstrong\u003eT90:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePruning 90 days after transplanting; \u003cstrong\u003eCF90:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e90% Semi-Flowering Cycle Time\u003cstrong\u003e. CP90:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e90% Semi-Production\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ecycle time\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eLongP:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epanicle length\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003eNF:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003etotal\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;number of leaves per plant; \u003cstrong\u003eLongFP:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elength\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;of the panicle leaf; \u003cstrong\u003eLargFP:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewidth\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;of the panicle leaf;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SFP\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eleaf\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;area of the\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epanicle leaf\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e; \u003cstrong\u003eLongFP_1:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elength\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;of the underlying panicle leaf; \u003cstrong\u003eLargFP_1:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewidth\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;of the underlying panicle leaf;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SFP_1\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eleaf\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;surface of the underlying\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epanicle leaf\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Lomé","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Rice, Irradiation, Morphology, Induced and Mutagenesis, Varietal Improvement and Selection","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6064789/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6064789/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to the ongoing decline in the productivity of rice varieties cultivated in Togo, the major challenge is to select highly productive varieties adapted to the diverse agroecological conditions of the country. To address this, the present study explored gamma radiation-induced mutagenesis techniques on the IR841 rice variety to create potential genetic diversity, which is essential for varietal improvement and selection. The objective of this work was to determine the existence of morphological variability, indicative of genetic diversity, among the induced mutant lines of the irradiated variety. A total of 50 induced mutant lines of the IR841 rice variety, as well as two controls, the non-irradiated IR841 variety and the NERICA_L14 variety, were evaluated. The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with three replicates. A total of 18 descriptors (5 qualitative and 13 quantitative), were used. The results revealed significant phenotypic variability both within the evaluated mutant lines and between these lines and the controls. Qualitative traits such as panicle exsertion, leaf color, and plant architecture highly significantly varied. Approximately 70% of the mutant lines presented good panicle exsertion. The leaf coloration diversity ranged primarily from intermediate green to deep green. The quantitative traits also varied considerably, including plant height (44 to 106 cm), tiller number (18 to 156), and days to 50% flowering (68 to 115 days). These traits enabled the grouping of the 50 studied mutant lines into 4 clusters. These results demonstrate morphological variability, and thus potential genetic diversity, among the evaluated mutant lines.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assesment of morphological variations in M4 mutants of IR 841 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by Gamma irradiation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-20 15:59:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6064789/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f6d73ef0-730d-48db-9e99-f1275a8a2816","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":44575403,"name":"Agronomy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-20T15:59:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-20 15:59:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6064789","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6064789","identity":"rs-6064789","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}