Characteristics of vertical structure and intensity of spring Mongolian cyclone

Characteristics of vertical structure and intensity of spring Mongolian cyclone | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Characteristics of vertical structure and intensity of spring Mongolian cyclone Jing Wang, Lei Chen, shuanglin Li This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6563464/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Climate Dynamics → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Mongolian Cyclone is a type of extratropical cyclone that commonly occurs in East Asia. In the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, China, over 70% of the dust weather is caused by strong Mongolian Cyclones in spring. The vertical structure of extratropical cyclones plays an important role in their development and associated impacts. The stronger the spring Mongolian Cyclones are, the less vertical tilt they exhibit. Then, there are notable differences in the vertical structures corresponding to strong and weak Mongolian Cyclones. The upper level of the strong Mongolian cyclone corresponds to a southerly and stronger polar front jet, and the potential vorticity (PV) anomaly in the upper level can penetrate down to 850hPa. At 500hPa, the corresponding East Asian trough is deeper, and the geopotential height anomaly field exhibits a “low in the west - high in the east” pattern. The moment when the vertical tilt of the Mongolian Cyclone reaches its minimum may correspond to its peak intensity. By analyzing the circulation background characteristics across different altitude levels, we can more effectively assess whether a Mongolian Cyclone is likely to intensify into a strong cyclone. Furthermore, the baroclinic conversion of the time-mean available potential energy to the synoptic-scale eddy available potential energy in the cyclone source region increases, resulting in the increase of vortex kinetic energy and the development of Mongolian cyclone intensity. Mongolian cyclone Vertical structure Circulation characteristics Kinetic energy available potential energy Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Climate Dynamics → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 28 Aug, 2025 Editorial decision: Minor Revision 31 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6563464","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":522441760,"identity":"baa8b361-4ee7-40fa-9fb5-fe778394918a","order_by":0,"name":"Jing Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9mYGBmYeIIMfwmcmrIURpkWygWgtDVAtBgeI1tLOe/g1T80du83Hzxi/YKiwTmxgP3uAgMP40qxzjj1L3nYmx8yC4Ux6YgNPXgIBLTxmxjlsh5PNbvCYGTC2HU5skOAxIELLv8PJxjNAWv4RoUWwmcf48d+2w3YGEjzGDxgbiNAizcxjxjy373CCxJm0MoaEY+nGbTw5+LXw8Z8x/szz7bA9f/vhzR8+1FjL9rOfwa8FCNgkgERiA4iRAOISUg8EzB+AhD2MMQpGwSgYBaMAAwAAWkBCl4wawysAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7784-1716","institution":"China University of Geosciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":522441761,"identity":"b116e496-335f-4b56-a90b-e2825d721b95","order_by":1,"name":"Lei Chen","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1104-9200","institution":"China University of Geosciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lei","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":522441762,"identity":"fdcd9982-381c-426f-b6e4-4c36d1059ec3","order_by":2,"name":"shuanglin Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"shuanglin","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-30 09:36:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6563464/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6563464/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-08012-z","type":"published","date":"2026-01-06T15:58:47+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93522765,"identity":"b80b2073-fbf2-46d0-8ea4-8bb6d624c8c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"xml","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10078,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cldyCLDYD2500415.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/6042cc0f9c0c9ea39f07b41e.xml"},{"id":93523248,"identity":"4711d0f1-ca69-4eb8-8b96-0a06cac40eb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:33:59","extension":"xml","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1361,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CLDYD250041521643.go.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/2d82958718ce4f86a0457bce.xml"},{"id":93522763,"identity":"b6f444fb-fa35-4c01-b614-61d959e0ad3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"xml","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CLDYD2500415Import.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/0a16d07b06348b18fe315189.xml"},{"id":93523249,"identity":"29fd0084-6874-4348-b51f-cfebcb1d0386","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:33:59","extension":"xml","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":164662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CLDYD25004151enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/84c570109b7bd667387eee7f.xml"},{"id":93523899,"identity":"40fe98f0-8c5c-4a95-bba5-3ff84106ce8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:41:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":620472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig.14.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/7c7a44f0e25e3881e0a50ff3.pdf"},{"id":93522769,"identity":"7319575a-efd1-4240-856e-7c9043be3a51","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1391772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig.6.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/94cd29b1662e572dfeeb12b2.pdf"},{"id":93523251,"identity":"38c50af5-b4a2-4640-b4dd-610850048d88","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:33:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":750646,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/032d5dd08ef6e486f84fe346.pdf"},{"id":93522770,"identity":"02e5e5ec-cd55-434c-a8db-e5e7d38bc736","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1722453,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig10.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/1b8c77692b7ed300c9d63f65.pdf"},{"id":93522767,"identity":"10f3b972-a487-4cac-9488-bd80ead79adf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1244466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig11.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/37c79b91573e214ce7b84388.pdf"},{"id":93523257,"identity":"b50f763e-935f-41d7-996a-cd95dd59e541","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:33:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4543122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig12.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/1dbbce8a259af75fb267ed88.pdf"},{"id":93522778,"identity":"a39a6200-7a33-48c8-80d5-e5427d734dd2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2487881,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig13.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/dbe6ea555d8f2958f63dd918.pdf"},{"id":93522772,"identity":"8f7f2193-78ce-4bba-a84a-f10f3f152455","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":385406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/448929e400cb30b739ac9440.pdf"},{"id":93522784,"identity":"5636666e-17ec-4dba-894e-da093d628d9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5385925,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig3.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/9725669ad6d4d89b25fdfc0f.pdf"},{"id":93522776,"identity":"f3093c49-bc58-4842-a448-3f6bc2baba7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7466316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig4.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/6d68274f18dae57d2efab2e0.pdf"},{"id":93523252,"identity":"455f161c-e9ca-43d8-8e06-13d006325b3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:33:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":866789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig5.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/5020a223273fb0dd83741386.pdf"},{"id":93523905,"identity":"f2147e75-1ae0-4123-9c30-ccd30fc31c47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:42:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":701215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig7.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/eba5bc3bc5c51c728738962a.pdf"},{"id":93523900,"identity":"ab9fba32-1784-42fc-9e08-2708b642b275","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:41:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":701207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig8.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/7b86db133bea8a85cc1e4240.pdf"},{"id":93522807,"identity":"5122cfe3-962a-4c69-aaf1-a649d93e3c3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4519013,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Fig9.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/8e6963c36f6710093eee933b.pdf"},{"id":93522781,"identity":"e4dba753-e9dc-4a24-bfcb-bd5f6a6348ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1057683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/0949cb61cb888a42f11734d1.png"},{"id":93524036,"identity":"c807868d-85d3-49d8-8dc1-2a7ca5fe5916","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:49:59","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":533984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/7defb36dfc0bbd9309821ffa.png"},{"id":93523268,"identity":"7875dd46-df97-4cd2-aa07-7bdae19fb65e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:00","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":522722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/e788f035177dfb8d304031fd.png"},{"id":93523255,"identity":"f5023023-a1f8-4800-837e-e7ecdec6e10f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:33:59","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1482549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/da64c2364bcbc14c0e35e699.png"},{"id":93523261,"identity":"5589f9cb-b496-4b9a-9fab-4df95058d91b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:00","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1006563,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/dae4e4dbe9bd14cf99ffdeb5.png"},{"id":93522791,"identity":"42d476a2-c165-4e1e-9c4e-4730710e8e99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":559247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/b151a924643af595cae40843.png"},{"id":93522774,"identity":"73041d98-201a-4578-b595-8ab7797999da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/536118ca32d18cfe1e91171e.png"},{"id":93522782,"identity":"f33ef9aa-524d-4ace-a2a8-5aa0da95dcad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:25:59","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":636714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/f5808ac62d8bdbf04a92ef4f.png"},{"id":93523901,"identity":"3cefcfe2-d553-41c5-9ffa-c145eaa58e47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:41:59","extension":"png","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":197787,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/1e809419a20f4f8603fe4c12.png"},{"id":93522792,"identity":"c71baa79-cc35-45ba-817e-8552ff4bbec3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":308427,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/536b7f9b5a402b16e2fb2695.png"},{"id":93522811,"identity":"c5c96aec-e364-4dcd-989b-ee018b509858","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":536759,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/6c455bd9ee2823a0ef43babf.png"},{"id":93522805,"identity":"10df3fef-291c-4f49-8ccd-1b4191441a8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":238577,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/95935621732b57fdfa14ff87.png"},{"id":93522799,"identity":"ab1ef8de-df0e-452f-b672-c6329819213b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":579297,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/ec7ab8a675363c5682e9445d.png"},{"id":93522787,"identity":"144d3d0a-34b2-439a-8d24-fa5fc189f83e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1616874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/8e2b46dba9e5ac33322bef8b.png"},{"id":93523902,"identity":"4ca5c778-2f04-464d-9663-c6be496a8430","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:41:59","extension":"wmf","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image35.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/c57f2da404a8873012a9cfb7.wmf"},{"id":93523253,"identity":"10c1bfbb-ace1-40b8-8d4f-c62df0740a83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:33:59","extension":"wmf","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image36.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/2b6724e84da578d50827d901.wmf"},{"id":93523260,"identity":"c1321bfb-e001-45cc-92c7-7ac6680ea033","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:00","extension":"png","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":89878,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/8837e9e8650eabda48c961fc.png"},{"id":93523267,"identity":"675de37d-fafb-4b4d-9bce-a6b82f648c7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:00","extension":"png","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97771,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/37eba3f3d52cde9ebae14a70.png"},{"id":93523904,"identity":"ef751d99-b5da-4061-b3c2-abaef5ef58af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:42:00","extension":"png","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":74817,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/738b4e06ec31c1eb1ccf9964.png"},{"id":93522795,"identity":"7eb4c0ca-94c2-4ed5-be8f-b500652cfb7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":293270,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/92d41b2455cbc0a8bb9249bd.png"},{"id":93523269,"identity":"736d66df-88b3-45fe-867d-a5a5f61cfbcc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":183629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/b335e3e778c8b1bc1c4de119.png"},{"id":93522793,"identity":"80c0b545-6860-447d-8f58-19e3cf122ef0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":113145,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/ef816191986e703149ffa297.png"},{"id":93522797,"identity":"6da218b3-458c-404f-b029-9678b5887125","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/60a9fef09ca4093f79afa386.png"},{"id":93523271,"identity":"35abac0f-dd51-426b-bb79-bb0668bb7db2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":111338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/63c4f95e4f240cf675cf0bf9.png"},{"id":93522804,"identity":"6a0ac20c-e8ea-4cf3-bbf6-8901881d5bcb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":40814,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/69e523061e53ce6f8438a4c4.png"},{"id":93522802,"identity":"c281890f-edd3-4f48-acf4-3c7a44270678","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":71790,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/d30e1877f5835c70be420f01.png"},{"id":93522812,"identity":"2aa2efff-fa95-4fc6-97c1-c6aff0c7f178","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:01","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":123246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/f1ea866a43dabd59d78d604e.png"},{"id":93522794,"identity":"2fa9c285-75b1-488b-8dfd-7c61639db018","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":65838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/6466eeb408f98b004406020e.png"},{"id":93523264,"identity":"cba9122a-b86d-4197-9d97-b6273d66dc92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:00","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":101194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/f62bcc3d898469a9bc531cd8.png"},{"id":93522800,"identity":"c6696273-7d33-4ee2-8a05-21719ad4ba50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"png","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":260124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/591acbc73948e09a1504feb5.png"},{"id":93523263,"identity":"2451f474-e891-4959-8bba-89e4c971d841","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:00","extension":"png","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":264,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/08c449d8de18f971325293f5.png"},{"id":93523266,"identity":"1d70557f-7fc6-4b04-9256-1904085836b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:00","extension":"png","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage36.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/f22f0370f87bee5c097981ab.png"},{"id":93522806,"identity":"09266985-a98e-4f11-908a-421216fd0476","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:26:00","extension":"xml","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CLDYD25004151structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/3bec040657c12257a0d59fdd.xml"},{"id":93523265,"identity":"3dfeb450-6396-48b5-9e1d-69cf3fe0c4d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-14 18:34:00","extension":"html","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":178377,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1/ba9449042394a3df8fa40378.html"},{"id":100070032,"identity":"cbeec205-3e23-4965-80cd-4475cabf1a9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 16:16:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":9972100,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptCD.0828.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6563464/v1_covered_e8513ef3-6461-4ce1-8c9f-348a24f416a0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Characteristics of vertical structure and intensity of spring Mongolian cyclone","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"climate-dynamics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cldy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Climate Dynamics](https://www.springer.com/journal/382)","snPcode":"382","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/382/3","title":"Climate Dynamics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Mongolian cyclone, Vertical structure, Circulation characteristics, Kinetic energy, available potential energy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6563464/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6563464/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mongolian Cyclone is a type of extratropical cyclone that commonly occurs in East Asia. In the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, China, over 70% of the dust weather is caused by strong Mongolian Cyclones in spring. The vertical structure of extratropical cyclones plays an important role in their development and associated impacts. The stronger the spring Mongolian Cyclones are, the less vertical tilt they exhibit. Then, there are notable differences in the vertical structures corresponding to strong and weak Mongolian Cyclones. The upper level of the strong Mongolian cyclone corresponds to a southerly and stronger polar front jet, and the potential vorticity (PV) anomaly in the upper level can penetrate down to 850hPa. At 500hPa, the corresponding East Asian trough is deeper, and the geopotential height anomaly field exhibits a \u0026ldquo;low in the west - high in the east\u0026rdquo; pattern. The moment when the vertical tilt of the Mongolian Cyclone reaches its minimum may correspond to its peak intensity. By analyzing the circulation background characteristics across different altitude levels, we can more effectively assess whether a Mongolian Cyclone is likely to intensify into a strong cyclone. Furthermore, the baroclinic conversion of the time-mean available potential energy to the synoptic-scale eddy available potential energy in the cyclone source region increases, resulting in the increase of vortex kinetic energy and the development of Mongolian cyclone intensity.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Characteristics of vertical structure and intensity of spring Mongolian cyclone","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-14 18:25:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6563464/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-10-01T15:49:09+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T18:18:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-06T09:02:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Climate Dynamics","date":"2025-08-28T23:54:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor Revision","date":"2025-07-31T11:30:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"climate-dynamics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"cldy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Climate Dynamics](https://www.springer.com/journal/382)","snPcode":"382","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/382/3","title":"Climate Dynamics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"978acab8-fbc3-45c0-9276-5b1bc4dc1a94","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-12T16:09:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6563464","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-08012-z","journal":{"identity":"climate-dynamics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Climate Dynamics"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-06 15:58:47","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 6th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-14 18:25:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00382-025-08012-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-08012-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6563464","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6563464","identity":"rs-6563464","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}