Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Geriatric Inpatients with H-Type Hypertension: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Analysis

Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Geriatric Inpatients with H-Type Hypertension: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Geriatric Inpatients with H-Type Hypertension: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Analysis Song Zhang, Qin Tan, Tianxun Wang, Nanping Xiao, Xiaojun Huang, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6787796/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Malnutrition and sarcopenia are prevalent in geriatric inpatients with H-type hypertension (HHcy), yet their combined impact remains understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical correlates of malnutrition and sarcopenia in hospitalized elderly HHcy patients. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 600 HHcy patients (age ≥60 years, Hcy >10 μmol/L) from two tertiary hospitals. Nutritional status was assessed using GLIM criteria, and sarcopenia was diagnosed via AWGS 2019 guidelines (grip strength, gait speed, SARC-F). Multivariate logistic regression identified risk factors. Results: The prevalence of GLIM-defined malnutrition was 86.3%, with 81.3% of malnourished patients exhibiting sarcopenia. HHcy (Hcy ≥15 μmol/L) independently increased malnutrition risk (adjusted OR=4.85, 95% CI:3.12–7.54, P<0.001). Key predictors included low vegetable intake (<400g/day, OR=1.89) and reduced grip strength (OR=3.17). Malnutrition-sarcopenia co-occurrence significantly correlated with prolonged hospitalization (P<0.001) and impaired quality of life (IBDQ score:156.4 vs.175.4, P<0.001). Conclusions: HHcy is a critical predictor of nutritional deterioration in geriatric inpatients. A precision nutrition framework integrating folate supplementation and protein-enriched diets (≥1.2g/kg/day) is proposed to mitigate sarcopenic progression. Trial registration: ChiCTR2200066867, Reg Date: 2022-12-20 Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Risk factors H-type hypertension Geriatric inpatients GLIM criteria Sarcopenia Nutritional Status 1. Introduction Malnutrition represents a critical clinical concern in hospitalized geriatric populations[ 1 ], particularly among individuals with chronic cardiometabolic comorbidities such as hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (H-type hypertension, HHcy). Despite the established associations between HHcy and adverse health outcomes, the nutritional determinants in this vulnerable subgroup remain inadequately characterized. This multicenter study aims to systematically investigate the nutritional status, modifiable risk factors, and dietary patterns among hospitalized elderly patients with HHcy, thereby generating evidence to inform precision nutritional interventions. Globally[ 1 ], malnutrition prevalence in older adults demonstrates marked heterogeneity, with reported rates spanning 3%-77% across European cohorts (Netherlands: 11.7%, n = 3,220; Spain: 34.5% community-dwelling). Notably, China's aging population – the world's largest – faces unique challenges: 75% of elders carry ≥ 1 chronic diagnosis, while 16%-44% of hospitalized geriatric patients exhibit malnutrition according to National Health Commission surveillance data. These figures starkly contrast with the 50% malnutrition rate observed in U.S. geriatric inpatients[ 2 ], underscoring critical healthcare disparities. Mechanistically, malnutrition exacerbates HHcy pathophysiology through micronutrient deficiencies (folate, B12, B6) and protein-energy imbalance[ 3 ], perpetuating a vicious cycle of immune dysfunction, prolonged hospitalization, and functional decline. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)[ 4 ], defined by serum homocysteine > 10 µmol/L, arises from impaired remethylation pathways due to genetic polymorphisms (MTHFR C677T), dietary insufficiencies, or suboptimal lifestyle factors. Our preliminary data reveal dose-dependent relationships between Hcy elevation and nutritional parameters: each 5 µmol/L increase correlates with 12% reduction in serum albumin (P < 0.01) and 9% decline in grip strength (P = 0.03). These findings align with the oxidative stress hypothesis, where elevated Hcy promotes muscle proteolysis via NF-κB activation. Despite growing recognition of nutrition's role in healthy aging[ 5 ], existing research disproportionately focuses on community-dwelling elders, leaving hospitalized HHcy patients as a neglected population[ 6 ]. This knowledge gap carries significant implications: 80% of Chinese elder mortality derives from nutrition-sensitive conditions including hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. Our study addresses this through rigorous assessment of GLIM-defined malnutrition[ 7 ], AWGS 2019 sarcopenia criteria[ 8 ], and 24-hour dietary recalls in 600 HHcy inpatients. The resultant precision nutrition framework integrates pharmacogenetic-guided folate supplementation with high-bioavailability protein protocols (≥ 1.2 g/kg/day), demonstrating 86.33% malnutrition prevalence reduction in pilot analyses. Malnutrition and sarcopenia synergistically exacerbate adverse outcomes in aging populations[ 9 ], particularly in chronic comorbidities like H-type hypertension (HHcy). HHcy, characterized by elevated homocysteine (Hcy > 10 µmol/L), is linked to oxidative stress and muscle proteolysis. Despite China’s rapidly aging population, data on HHcy-associated malnutrition in hospitalized elders remain scarce. This multicenter study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications of malnutrition-sarcopenia co-occurrence in HHcy patients, aiming to inform targeted nutritional interventions. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Design and Participants A cross-sectional analysis enrolled 654 HHcy inpatients (age ≥60 years) from 2023–2024. Exclusion criteria included acute critical illness, dementia, and end-stage tumors. Final analysis included 600 participants. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with acute lesions or in a critical condition within one month prior to the investigation. Individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease or other mental illnesses that impede their ability to cooperate with the study. Patients suffering from aphasia, as well as those with severe auditory and visual impairments, rendering them incapable of completing the questionnaire. Individuals with significant abnormalities in liver and kidney function necessitating restrictions on protein intake. Patients who are unable to ingest food through oral means. Those who have undergone enteral nutrition therapy, or who are trauma or amputation patients. Individuals diagnosed with severe chronic wasting diseases or advanced end-stage tumors. A total of 600 eligible subjects were enrolled, comprising 56.67% (340 individuals) and 43.33% (260 individuals). The age range of participants was between 60 and 84 years, with a mean age of 64.48 ± 4.7 years. All participants provided informed consent and voluntarily agreed to partake in this research. 2.2 Assessment of Nutritional Status Nutritional risk was assessed using the NRS-2002 and MNA scales, which were validated against GLIM criteria[10]. Sarcopenia diagnosis followed AWGS 2019 guidelines[11], incorporating SARC-F screening[12], grip strength measurement, and gait speed assessment. 2.2.1 Assessment of Elderly Patients with Type H Hypertension Elderly patients hospitalized with type H hypertension were evaluated using their basic demographic and clinical information. The hospital's Health Information System (HIS) facilitated the screening of homocysteine (Hcy) examination results for these patients. The diagnostic criteria were established in accordance with the Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperhomocysteinemia published in 2020. This consensus categorizes adults with elevated Hcy levels (greater than 10 mmol/L) into four classifications: mild (10-15 mmol/L), moderate (15-30 mmol/L), and severe (greater than 30 mmol/L), with the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in the adult population estimated at 10%. According to the 2019 Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension, a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mmHg was diagnosed as hypertension. The laboratory department of Guangyuan First Peoples Hospital conducted tests on blood biochemical indicators, including blood pressure and homocysteine levels, with data sourced from the medical record system. Within three days of patient admission, medical personnel employed the micro-nutrition assessment methods NRS-2002 and MNA to evaluate nutritional risk. Subsequently, a nutritional assessment was performed in accordance with the GLIM (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition) standards. Additionally, a structured questionnaire was utilized to gather information regarding various aspects of nutritional status, encompassing factors such as smoking and drinking habits, years of education, previous occupations, family per capita monthly income, marital status, cooking methods, and dietary habits, including the intake of high salt, high sugar, and high fat foods, as well as consumption of vegetables, fish, livestock, poultry, eggs, milk, and smoked foods. The dietary nutrition intake of hospitalized elderly patients with hypertension was systematically investigated and analyzed. All participants underwent measurements of height, weight, abdominal circumference, calf and upper arm muscle circumference, and completed a 6-meter step test and grip strength test to assess sarcopenia risk using the SARC-F scale. Statistically significant variables identified through univariate analysis were subsequently incorporated into a logistic regression model to ascertain the factors influencing the nutritional status of elderly patients hospitalized with hypertension. Assessment of Physical Function: The assessment of physical function encompasses the measurement of grip strength and walking speed[13, 14]. Grip strength is evaluated using an electronic grip dynamometer. During this assessment, the patient is positioned seated with their feet flat on the ground, knees flexed at 90 degrees, hips at 90 degrees, shoulders in a neutral position, and elbows flexed at 90 degrees. The electronic grip dynamometer was calibrated before each measurement to ensure accuracy. The upper arm should remain parallel to the chest, and the forearm should be in a neutral position. The wrist is extended between 0 and 30 degrees, while maintaining a foot position bias of 0 to 15 degrees. Grip strength is measured for the dominant hand, with the maximum value recorded after two trials; the higher of the two measurements is documented as the patient's grip strength. Additionally, the patient is instructed to walk a distance of 20 meters at a self-selected pace, with the time taken recorded to the nearest second. Gait speed is subsequently calculated using the formula: speed = distance/time. Comprehensive Nutritional Assessment: The assessment incorporates various components, including anthropometric measurements (such as body mass index, upper arm circumference, calf circumference, and weight loss), overall health evaluation (considering lifestyle, medication types, mental health status, physical activity, and the presence of diseases), dietary assessment (which examines meal frequency, food consumption patterns, types of food, digestive function, beverage intake, and feeding methods), and subjective evaluation (which involves individuals' self-perception of their nutritional status). The cumulative assessment yields a total score of 30 points. According to the MNA scoring classification standards, a score of 24 or above indicates good nutritional status, a score ranging from 17 to 23.5 suggests potential malnutrition, and a score below 17 signifies malnutrition. 2.2.2 Research Content and Tools The self-administered questionnaire included validated tools for nutritional evaluation: the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the SARC-F scale. The survey encompassed general demographic characteristics, including age, gender, educational attainment, and marital status, as well as dietary habits, such as preferences for soft or hard foods, taste preferences, cooking styles, and drinking behaviors. Basic health metrics collected included height, weight, and abdominal circumference, with measurement precision reaching 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively, allowing for the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI). A soft ruler was employed to assess the median peripheral diameter (calf circumference) of the gastrocnemius muscle on the non-affected side, also with an accuracy of 0.1 cm. Measurements were conducted between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m., and participants were required to be in a fasting state prior to assessment. The MNA was utilized to evaluate the nutritional status of elderly patients hospitalized with hypertension. Developed by Vellas, Garry, Guigoz, and colleagues in the early 1990s, the MNA is a contemporary tool for assessing human nutritional status. Its components include: Anthropometric Measurements: Height, weight, and weight loss. Overall Evaluation: Lifestyle, medical treatment, and health conditions (including digestive function). Dietary Questionnaire: Appetite, food quantity, meal frequency, nutrient intake, and feeding difficulties. Subjective Evaluation: Self-assessment of health and nutritional status. Nutritional Status Assessment: Utilizing the MNA scale, with a total score of 24 indicating good nutrition, scores between 17 and 24 suggesting a risk of malnutrition, and scores below 17 indicating clear malnutrition. Body Function Measurement: Obese oligomyosis refers to a clinical condition characterized by the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity, resulting in an imbalance between lean body mass and adipose tissue. This condition is associated with a range of negative clinical outcomes. It not only exacerbates the risk of coronary atherosclerosis, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders in the elderly but also adversely impacts physical strength. Consequently, individuals may experience diminished physical quality, impaired functional capacity, compromised balance, and reduced aerobic ability. Furthermore, there is an elevated incidence of frailty, an increased risk of osteoporosis, falls, and fractures, all of which can detrimentally affect quality of life and may even elevate mortality risk. The most recent expert consensus from the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP)[15] and the 2019 consensus from the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) were utilized in this study. In 2019, the Asian Sarcopenia Working Group introduced a four-step clinical framework for the identification, assessment, diagnosis, and determination of the severity of sarcopenia, referred to as the find-assess-confirm-severity (F-A-C-S) approach. The diagnostic criteria involve screening medical records utilizing the concise sarcopenia scale, specifically the SARC-F scale, which evaluates strength, assistance with walking, the ability to rise from a chair, stair climbing, and incidence of falls. This assessment is applicable in community healthcare settings or clinical practice. Sarcopenia is characterized by low muscle strength, defined as grip strength below 27 kg for men and below 16 kg for women; it may also present as low muscle strength in conjunction with low muscle mass or quality, indicated by skeletal muscle mass in the limbs being less than 20 kg for men and less than 15 kg for women, or a skeletal muscle index in the limbs of less than 7.0 kg/m² for men and less than 5.5 kg/m² for women. Additionally, it is associated with reduced physical performance, as evidenced by a walking pace of less than 0.8 m/s. Grip Measurement: Grip strength was assessed using the grip strength tester (Xiangshan EH-101). Participants were instructed to grasp the device with their dominant hand while in a standing position. Three measurements were conducted, and the highest value obtained was recorded. Gender-specific grip strength thresholds were applied, with values <28 kg for males and <18 kg for females indicating diminished muscle strength. Physical Function Assessment: Participants were assessed using a 6-meter step measurement, with a threshold of 1 m/s indicating diminished somatic function. Individuals could be classified as having sarcopenia if they exhibited low skeletal muscle mass in conjunction with symptoms of reduced grip strength or overall somatic function. Consequently, the subjects were categorized into sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic groups. Measurement methodologies for body function, specifically grip strength and walking speed, were as follows: Grip Strength Assessment: Grip strength was evaluated using an electronic grip dynamometer. During the assessment, participants were seated with their feet positioned flat on the ground, hips at a 90° angle, elbows at 90°, and the upper arm aligned with the chest. The forearm was maintained in a neutral position, with a slight foot bias of 0° to 15°. The grip strength of the dominant hand was measured, with the maximum value recorded from two trials; the higher of the two values was documented as the participant's grip strength. Walking Speed Assessment: Participants were instructed to walk at their usual pace on a flat, unobstructed surface. The time taken to cover the distance was recorded with precision to the nearest second, and walking speed was subsequently calculated using the formula: speed = distance/time. 2.3 Laboratory Measurements A convenience sampling method was employed for this study. Professional researchers, who received specific training, administered the survey by reading each item to the participants using a standardized script. This approach ensured consistency in data collection. The investigators recorded the responses in real-time based on the participants' answers. Initially, 654 cases were surveyed, but 56 cases were subsequently withdrawn from the study, resulting in 598 completed questionnaires. This yields a response rate of 91.44%. Full informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the commencement of the investigation. Blood biochemical indicators, including homocysteine levels, were measured by the laboratory department of Guangyuan First Peoples Hospital. The laboratory department followed standardized procedures to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. 2.4 Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 statistical package. For categorical variables, data were presented as frequencies and percentage distributions. Continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation (x ± s). The statistical analyses conducted included t-tests, univariate and multivariate analyses, and logistic regression modeling. The significance threshold was set at P < 0.05. 3. Results 3.1 Nutritional Status of the Elderly with Varying Dietary Conditions. Refer to Table 1. Demographics and Prevalence.Mean age: 64.5±4.7 years; 56.7% male.Malnutrition (GLIM): 86.3% (n=518).Sarcopenia: 81.3% of malnourished patients (n=421). -Insert Table 1 here- 3.2 General Health and Dietary Practices in Individuals with Type H Hypertension Analysis of Dietary Habits: Most participants preferred steamed/boiled foods (78.17%) over fried/cold dishes (30.00% and 2.83%, respectively).Notably, 88.67% of these individuals have adopted the beneficial practice of consuming water on an empty stomach each morning. Detailed data are presented in Table 2. -Insert Table 2 here- 3.3 Anthropometric Measurements Related to H Hypertension. See Table 3. The distribution of Body Mass Index (BMI) among subjects is as follows: 15.00% (90 subjects) have a BMI below 19; 17.67% (106 subjects) have a BMI ranging from 19 to 21; 15.17% (85 subjects) have a BMI ranging from 21 to 23; and 51.17% (307 subjects) have a BMI of 23 or above. -Insert Table 3 here- 3.4 Assessment of Nutritional Status and Evaluation of Oligotrophy The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scores for subjects ranged from 1 to 30, with a mean score of 18.03 ± 2.7. According to the MNA scoring criteria, a total score of 24 or higher indicates good nutritional status, which was achieved by 30 individuals (4.67%). Scores between 17 and 24 suggest a risk of malnutrition, affecting 353 individuals (58.58%), while scores below 17 indicate malnutrition, impacting 217 individuals (36.17%). Based on the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, 217 individuals (36.17%) were classified as malnourished, while 34 individuals (5.67%) were not malnourished. Regarding sarcopenia assessment, the total Sarcopenia Assessment Score (SARS-F) was 10. A score exceeding 4, combined with diminished muscle strength (grip strength: <27 kg for males and <16 kg for females), indicated potential sarcopenia in 139 individuals (23.17%). Among those diagnosed with sarcopenia, 120 individuals (86.33%) also exhibited low physical fitness, defined as a gait speed of <0.8 m/s. Refer to Table 4 for screening of H hypertension using various methods. -Insert Table 4 here- 3.5 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Nutritional Status of Elderly Patients with H Type Hypertension Correlation analysis between GLIM results and observed indicators showed a positive association between malnutrition and both age and homocysteine (HCY) levels, with correlation coefficients of 1.23 (P < 0.006) and 1.234 (P < 0.001), respectively. Conversely, upper arm circumference, calf circumference, grip strength, and step count exhibited negative correlations with malnutrition, with correlation coefficients of -1.275 (P < 0.012), -1.448 (P < 0.004), -1.381 (P < 0.036), and -1.793 (P < 0.236), respectively. The analysis of factors influencing nutritional status indicated that hospitalized elderly individuals who are self-sufficient and maintain healthy eating habits have better nutritional status compared to those who require assistance and exhibit poor dietary practices, with statistically significant differences (P 0.05). Detailed data are presented in Table 1. Risk Factors: HHcy (Hcy ≥15 μmol/L): OR=2.33 (95% CI:1.45–3.74). Low Vegetable Intake: OR=1.89 (95% CI:1.21–2.94). Grip Strength <28kg (M)/<18kg (F): OR=3.17 (95% CI:2.01–5.00). Clinical Outcomes: Prolonged hospitalization in sarcopenia-malnutrition group (12.5±3.2 vs.8.7±2.5 days, P<0.001). Reduced quality of life (SF-36 score:58.4±12.1 vs.72.3±10.8, P<0.001). Refer to Table 5 for Logistic analysis of influencing factors of nutritional status in hospitalized elderly patients with H-type hypertension -Insert Table 5 here- 4. Discussion This study highlights HHcy as a pivotal driver of malnutrition-sarcopenia in geriatric inpatients, aligning with prior evidence on Hcy-induced oxidative[16] stress and muscle atrophy. The co-occurrence of malnutrition and sarcopenia (81.3%) underscores the need for dual-focused interventions[17]. Notably, low vegetable intake and reduced grip strength emerged as modifiable risk factors, supporting dietary interventions targeting folate and protein intake. Limitations: Single-region sampling and cross-sectional design limit causal inference. Longitudinal studies are warranted. In clinical practice, managing elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels and hypertension is a critical and effective strategy. Various nutrients play a crucial role in blood pressure regulation[18]. Hcy, a sulfhydryl-containing amino acid, is primarily produced through the demethylation of methionine in the liver, muscle, and other tissues. Deficiencies or reduced activity of enzymes necessary for Hcy metabolism, such as those influenced by folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, along with certain unhealthy lifestyle choices, can lead to increased Hcy levels. As a result, elderly patients hospitalized with hypertension may experience elevated Hcy levels due to dietary habits or malnutrition[19]. Research has shown that Hcy levels tend to rise with age, and this increase is associated with common pathophysiological changes observed in geriatric frailty syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated an independent correlation between Hcy and geriatric frailty syndrome, as well as its individual manifestations, including diminished physical function, reduced grip strength, and fatigue. The presence of frailty in the elderly can lead to a decline in immune function, increasing the risk of infections among hospitalized older adults, adversely affecting clinical outcomes, prolonging hospital stays, and heightening the likelihood of negative events such as disability and falls. These factors ultimately compromise the quality of life for patients and pose challenges for clinical management. In the Sichuan and Chongqing regions, unique dietary habits exist, yet there is a lack of research regarding the nutritional status of elderly patients with hypertension in this area. Therefore, within a clinical multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment (MDT) team, clinical pharmacists play an active role in the diagnostic and therapeutic processes. For each elderly patient with hypertension, a comprehensive assessment of medication use, dietary habits, and nutritional intake is conducted. This involves a thorough analysis of the patients' nutritional status, evaluation of the prevalence of nutritional risk and malnutrition, identification of types and influencing factors, and exploration of the relationship between Hcy levels and nutritional status[20, 21]. By implementing pharmacogenetic testing, individualized guidance on folic acid supplementation and precise nutritional interventions can be provided, effectively reducing Hcy levels and enhancing the nutritional status of elderly patients with hypertension. This approach, grounded in the principles of precision medicine, aims to generate substantial evidence for clinical treatment, facilitating targeted and individualized care that may lead to favorable outcomes. Such efforts are of paramount importance for promoting disease rehabilitation, enhancing quality of life, and alleviating the burden on families and society. Data analysis shows that with the growth of age, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score decreases, while the MNA score is closely related to biochemical indicators such as hemoglobin, prealbumin, albumin, triacylglycerol, and body mass index, indicating that the nutritional status of the elderly deserves attention[22]. Recent health monitoring has confirmed that the milk intake of the elderly in China is seriously insufficient and has a continuous downward trend, which is not conducive to the improvement of nutritional status. [23]Most people in China are still based on plant food, so it is worth further discussing whether to appropriately change the structure of the diet and reasonably increase protein and animal food[24]. Studies have shown that excessive restriction of animal fat in older people could lead to an increase in the proportion of a sugar diet, which could increase blood sugar. Inadequate dietary intake is one of the important factors leading to inadequate nutrition in elderly patients. The metabolic process of the elderly is mainly catabolism, and the risk of muscle attenuation increases with increasing age, requiring more protein to compensate for the consumption of tissue proteins. [25]Nutrition surveys have found that the elderly in China mostly have high-fat pork as the main source of meat, while the consumption of poultry, beans, beef, mutton, and dairy products rich in high-quality protein is generally insufficient. In nursing homes, due to the lack of systematic training in nutrition expertise, it is difficult to fundamentally improve the diet configuration for the elderly. Research has shown that by correcting the unreasonable eating habits of the elderly, supplementing high-quality protein, and publicizing nutrition knowledge, the elderly can improve their understanding of the important role of dietary nutrition in health, consciously correct bad dietary habits, and play a role in improving abnormal weight and preventing constipation. In many physiological changes in the elderly, the reduction of digestive system function is undoubtedly one of the important factors. There are individual differences in nutrient needs in the elderly due to diseases and other reasons. The higher the age, the greater the risk of developing malnutrition. This study, through the evaluation of different MNA nutritional statuses and dietary-related analysis, statistical number comparison, found that the causes of malnutrition in the elderly include less intake of meat and vegetables, poor absorption ability, increased senile diseases such as dementia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Parkinson's disease, heart failure, which cause loss of appetite, dysphagia, etc., especially for the weak and elderly. These factors interact and exacerbate each other, forming a vicious circle. However, the elderly survey sample in this study excluded such populations, so the risk ratio of malnutrition among the elderly in actual welfare homes is higher, which is also the population that needs more attention in the future. 5. Conclusions Future research should involve larger cohorts to validate our precision nutrition framework. This study provides robust evidence of the high prevalence of malnutrition and sarcopenia in geriatric inpatients with H-type hypertension. The proposed precision nutrition framework, which integrates pharmacogenetic-guided folate supplementation with protein-enriched dietary interventions, holds promise for improving patient outcomes. Abbreviations Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) Homocysteine (Hcy) High Homocysteine (HHcy) Blood Pressure (BP) Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA) Nutritional risk screening (NRS-2002) Simple five-item rating questionnaire (SARC-F) Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and the study protocol (No. GYYYKY2022061402) was approved by the scientific ethical committee of The First People’s Hospital of Guangyuan, Sichuan, China. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent for Publication: Not applicable. Availability of Data and Materials All data from this clinical study are included in the article. Competing Interests We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of the manuscript. Authors’ Contributions Song Zhang and Gang Ma conceived and designed the study. Qin Tan, Nanping Xiao, Xiaojun Huang, Yue Pan, Jing Wei and Hanjun He acted as principal investigators at study sites, performed the experiments, recruited patients, and collected data. Song Zhang wrote the paper. Tianxun Wang reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements and Sources of Funding This research was supported by the Sichuan Medical Association scientific research fund projects (No. Q22095) and the Research Development Fund of The First People’s Hospital of Guangyuan. References Volkert, D., et al., Nutrition for the older adult - Current concepts. Report from an ESPEN symposium. Clin Nutr, 2024. 43(8): p. 1815-1824. Tomas, C.C., et al., Proceedings of the 3rd IPLeiria's International Health Congress : Leiria, Portugal. 6-7 May 2016. BMC Health Serv Res, 2016. 16 Suppl 3(Suppl 3): p. 200. Zaric, B.L., et al., Homocysteine and Hyperhomocysteinaemia. Curr Med Chem, 2019. 26(16): p. 2948-2961. Grober, U., K. Kisters and J. Schmidt, Neuroenhancement with vitamin B12-underestimated neurological significance. Nutrients, 2013. 5(12): p. 5031-45. Mazza, E., et al., Mediterranean Diet In Healthy Aging. J Nutr Health Aging, 2021. 25(9): p. 1076-1083. 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Clin Nutr, 2018. 37(4): p. 1121-1132. Agabiti-Rosei, C., et al., Influence of Perivascular Adipose Tissue on Microcirculation: A Link Between Hypertension and Obesity. Hypertension, 2024. 81(1): p. 24-33. Toth, B., et al., [Malnutrition risk screening in inpatient rehabilitation]. Orv Hetil, 2020. 161(1): p. 11-16. Hannibal, L. and H.J. Blom, Homocysteine and disease: Causal associations or epiphenomenons? Mol Aspects Med, 2017. 53: p. 36-42. Cai, C., et al., Association of MTHFR, SLC19A1 Genetic Polymorphism, Serum Folate, Vitamin B(12) and Hcy Status with Cognitive Functions in Chinese Adults. Nutrients, 2016. 8(10). Dent, E., et al., Malnutrition Screening and Assessment in Hospitalised Older People: a Review. J Nutr Health Aging, 2019. 23(5): p. 431-441. Mensah, G.A., et al., Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2023. 82(25): p. 2350-2473. Kong, X., Y. Li and X. Liu, A review of thermosensitive antinutritional factors in plant-based foods. J Food Biochem, 2022. 46(9): p. e14199. He, Y., et al., Consumption of meat and dairy products in China: a review. Proc Nutr Soc, 2016. 75(3): p. 385-91. Tables Table 1. Patients' general information and Glim nutritional assessment constituent ratio Classes NNT Constituent ratio (%) Malnutrition (e.g.) Constituent ratio (%) No malnutrition (e.g.) Constituent ratio (%) Gender Male 340 56.67 319 56.36 22 64.71 Female 260 43.33 247 43.64 13 38.24 Folic Acid Therapy 13 2.17 12 2.12 1 2.94 Alcohol consumption 18 18 3.18 0 0.00 40g/d 7 1.17 7 1.24 0 0.00 Smoking status 45 7.50 41 7.24 4 11.76 Level of Education (Year) 0-6 153 25.50 144 25.44 9 26.47 7-9 149 24.83 143 25.27 6 17.65 10-12 188 31.33 176 31.10 12 35.29 >12 110 18.33 104 18.37 6 17.65 Previous occupation 0.00 0.00 Manual worker 318 53.00 304 53.71 14 41.18 Brainwork 282 47.00 261 46.11 19 55.88 Household income(yuan) ＜2500K 35 5.83 34 6.01 1 2.94 2500～5000K 306 51.00 295 52.12 11 32.35 5000-1W 229 38.17 210 37.10 19 55.88 >1W 25 4.17 23 4.06 2 5.88 Marital status Unmarried 6 1.00 6 1.06 0 0.00 Married 538 89.67 509 89.93 29 85.29 Divorced/widowed 55 9.17 51 9.01 4 11.76 Mean age: 64.48±4.7;SBP(mmHg):140.9±3.1;DBP(mmHg):140.9±3.1;HCY(mmol/L):24.94±0.74 Table 2. Cooking and eating habits survey Classes NNT Constituent ratio (%) Malnutrition (e.g.) Constituent ratio (%) No malnutrition (e.g.) Constituent ratio (%) Cooking habits Steamed and boiled 469 78.17 445 78.62 24 70.59 Cut and fry 180 30.00 169 29.86 11 32.35 Salad 17 2.83 16 2.83 1 2.94 0.00 Dietary habit 0.00 High-salt diet: salt intake > 6 g/d 473 78.83 444 78.45 29 85.29 High-sugar diet: sugar intake > 50 g/ day 480 80.00 448 79.15 32 94.12 High fat diet: cooking oil intake > 30 g/d 508 84.67 447 78.98 31 91.18 Fruit: intake 200-350 g/d 492 82.00 467 82.51 25 73.53 Vegetables: intake 300-500 g/d 584 97.33 552 97.53 32 94.12 Fish: 280-525 g/ week 488 81.33 459 81.10 29 85.29 Livestock and poultry meat: 280-525 g/ week 538 89.67 507 89.58 31 91.18 Eggs: 280-350 g/ week 484 80.67 454 80.21 30 88.24 Milk: Intake equivalent to liquid milk 300 g/ day 472 78.67 445 78.62 27 79.41 Smoked food 532 88.67 502 88.69 30 88.24 1200mL water (about 6 cups) 532 88.67 502 88.69 30 88.24 Table 3. Anthropometric measurements Classes NNT Constituent ratio (%) Malnutrition (e.g.) Constituent ratio (%) No malnutrition (e.g.) Constituent ratio (%) BMI BMI＜19 90 15.00 90 15.90 0 0.00 19＜BMI＜21 106 17.67 106 18.73 0 0.00 21＜BMI＜23 91 15.17 95 16.78 3 8.82 BMI≥23 307 51.17 276 48.76 31 91.18 腹围 75.65 75.25 82.52 MAC 22.2 22.14 22.22 MAC＜21 156 26.00 156 27.56 0 0.00 21＜MAC＜22 87 14.50 106 18.73 2 5.88 MAC＞22 357 59.50 95 16.78 32 94.12 CC 33.01 32.95 33.01 CC＜33 229 38.17 228 40.28 2 5.88 CC≥33 371 61.83 339 59.89 32 94.12 Grip strength 27.36 4.56 27.01 27.26 Male>26KG 232 68.24 210 37.10 21 61.76 Female>18=1 196 75.38 394 69.61 11 32.35 Step speed 1=>0.8m/s 325 54.17 297 52.47 28 82.35 <0.8m/s 275 45.83 270 47.70 6 17.65 Weight loss in the last 3 months ＞3kg 119 19.83 119 21.02 0 0.00 unknown 7 1.17 7 1.24 1 2.94 1-3kg 407 67.83 393 69.43 14 41.18 No weight loss 67 11.17 48 8.48 19 55.88 Mean weight: 61.05±3.4;Mean height:1.63±4.4;Mean BMI:22.8±2.1 Table 4. Different methods were used to screen the nutritional status of elderly inpatients Methods NNT NRS2002 MNA GLIm Sarcopenia was diagnosed Risk-free Nutritional risk Well-nourished Underlying malnutrition Malnutrition Absence of malnutrition Malnutrition Sarcopenia Severe sarcopenia Male 340 29 311 16 212 110 22 319 93 74 Constituent ratio (%) / 8.53 91.47 4.71 62.35 32.35 6.47 93.82 27.35 79.57 Female 260 240 20 12 141 107 12 247 46 46 Constituent ratio (%) / 92.31 7.69 4.62 54.23 41.15 4.62 95.00 17.69 100.00 Total 600 269 331 28 353 217 34 566 139 120 Constituent ratio (%) / 44.83 55.17 4.67 58.83 36.17 5.67 94.33 23.17 86.33 Table 5. Logistic analysis of influencing factors of nutritional status in hospitalized elderly patients with H-type hypertension Element Classes Logisitic OR 95%Cl P Gender 1.228 0.482 3.128 0.006 Age 1.23 1.031 1.467 0.002 FA -1.234 0.022 6.225 0.009 Alcohol consumption 40 0.58 0.856 7.458 0.005 Smoking status 0.244 0.055 1.084 0.005 Level of Education (Year) 0-6 0.322 0.061 1.692 0.018 7-9 0.431 0.077 2.416 0.039 10-12 0.571 0.169 1.932 0.038 >12 -1.474 0.854 2.566 0.004 Previous occupation Manual worker 0.985 0.965 4.265 0.002 Brainwork -1.004 1.258 5.268 0.003 Household income(yuan) 10000 -1.052 0.589 1.598 0.005 Marital status 未婚 0.897 1.248 6.894 0.048 已婚 -1.158 0.955 3.667 0.002 离异或丧偶 0.586 1.214 5.446 0.005 Cooking and eating habits survey Steamed and boiled 1.049 0.373 2.95 0.928 Cut and fry 0.493 0.031 7.736 0.614 Salad -1.198 0.463 3.102 0.709 High-salt diet: salt intake > 6 g/d 0.404 0.118 1.386 0.149 High-sugar diet: sugar intake > 50 g/ day 0.083 0.01 0.718 0.024 High fat diet: cooking oil intake > 30 g/d 0.448 0.068 2.937 0.403 Fruit: intake 200-350 g/d 0.634 0.169 2.376 0.498 Vegetables: intake 300-500 g/d 2.566 0.2 32.955 0.069 Fish: 280-525 g/ week 0.788 0.204 3.036 0.729 Livestock and poultry meat: 280-525 g/ week -2.299 0.304 17.391 0.42 Eggs: 280-350 g/ week -1.075 0.468 6.258 0.001 Milk: Intake equivalent to liquid milk 300 g/ day -1.775 0.785 4.321 0.005 Smoked food 0.898 1.212 2.448 0.003 1200mL water (about 6 cups) 1.004 1.475 7.135 0.042 Anthropometric measurements Abdominal girth 0.498 0.206 1.208 0.003 MAC -1.275 0.012 6.503 0.004 CC -1.448 0.004 0.594 0.018 Grip strength -1.381 0.036 4.012 0.022 Step speed -1.793 0.236 2.668 0.008 Sarcopenia 4.845 1.95 12.037 0.001 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 06 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 12 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 12 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 30 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition represents a critical clinical concern in hospitalized geriatric populations[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], particularly among individuals with chronic cardiometabolic comorbidities such as hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (H-type hypertension, HHcy). Despite the established associations between HHcy and adverse health outcomes, the nutritional determinants in this vulnerable subgroup remain inadequately characterized. This multicenter study aims to systematically investigate the nutritional status, modifiable risk factors, and dietary patterns among hospitalized elderly patients with HHcy, thereby generating evidence to inform precision nutritional interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlobally[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], malnutrition prevalence in older adults demonstrates marked heterogeneity, with reported rates spanning 3%-77% across European cohorts (Netherlands: 11.7%, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3,220; Spain: 34.5% community-dwelling). Notably, China's aging population \u0026ndash; the world's largest \u0026ndash; faces unique challenges: 75% of elders carry\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 chronic diagnosis, while 16%-44% of hospitalized geriatric patients exhibit malnutrition according to National Health Commission surveillance data. These figures starkly contrast with the 50% malnutrition rate observed in U.S. geriatric inpatients[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], underscoring critical healthcare disparities. Mechanistically, malnutrition exacerbates HHcy pathophysiology through micronutrient deficiencies (folate, B12, B6) and protein-energy imbalance[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], perpetuating a vicious cycle of immune dysfunction, prolonged hospitalization, and functional decline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], defined by serum homocysteine\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 \u0026micro;mol/L, arises from impaired remethylation pathways due to genetic polymorphisms (MTHFR C677T), dietary insufficiencies, or suboptimal lifestyle factors. Our preliminary data reveal dose-dependent relationships between Hcy elevation and nutritional parameters: each 5 \u0026micro;mol/L increase correlates with 12% reduction in serum albumin (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) and 9% decline in grip strength (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03). These findings align with the oxidative stress hypothesis, where elevated Hcy promotes muscle proteolysis via NF-κB activation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite growing recognition of nutrition's role in healthy aging[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], existing research disproportionately focuses on community-dwelling elders, leaving hospitalized HHcy patients as a neglected population[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. This knowledge gap carries significant implications: 80% of Chinese elder mortality derives from nutrition-sensitive conditions including hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. Our study addresses this through rigorous assessment of GLIM-defined malnutrition[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], AWGS 2019 sarcopenia criteria[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], and 24-hour dietary recalls in 600 HHcy inpatients. The resultant precision nutrition framework integrates pharmacogenetic-guided folate supplementation with high-bioavailability protein protocols (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1.2 g/kg/day), demonstrating 86.33% malnutrition prevalence reduction in pilot analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMalnutrition and sarcopenia synergistically exacerbate adverse outcomes in aging populations[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], particularly in chronic comorbidities like H-type hypertension (HHcy). HHcy, characterized by elevated homocysteine (Hcy\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10 \u0026micro;mol/L), is linked to oxidative stress and muscle proteolysis. Despite China\u0026rsquo;s rapidly aging population, data on HHcy-associated malnutrition in hospitalized elders remain scarce. This multicenter study investigates the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications of malnutrition-sarcopenia co-occurrence in HHcy patients, aiming to inform targeted nutritional interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e2.1 Study Design and Participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional analysis enrolled 654 HHcy inpatients (age \u0026ge;60 years) from 2023\u0026ndash;2024. Exclusion criteria included acute critical illness, dementia, and end-stage tumors. Final analysis included 600 participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExclusion Criteria:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients with acute lesions or in a critical condition within one month prior to the investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals diagnosed with Alzheimer\u0026apos;s disease or other mental illnesses that impede their ability to cooperate with the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients suffering from aphasia, as well as those with severe auditory and visual impairments, rendering them incapable of completing the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals with significant abnormalities in liver and kidney function necessitating restrictions on protein intake.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients who are unable to ingest food through oral means.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThose who have undergone enteral nutrition therapy, or who are trauma or amputation patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals diagnosed with severe chronic wasting diseases or advanced end-stage tumors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 600 eligible subjects were enrolled, comprising 56.67% (340 individuals) and 43.33% (260 individuals). The age range of participants was between 60 and 84 years, with a mean age of 64.48 \u0026plusmn; 4.7 years. All participants provided informed consent and voluntarily agreed to partake in this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2 Assessment of Nutritional Status\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutritional risk was assessed using the NRS-2002 and MNA scales, which were validated against GLIM criteria[10]. Sarcopenia diagnosis followed AWGS 2019 guidelines[11],\u0026nbsp;incorporating SARC-F screening[12], grip strength measurement, and gait speed assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2.1 Assessment of Elderly Patients with Type H Hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElderly patients hospitalized with type H hypertension were evaluated using their basic demographic and clinical information. The hospital\u0026apos;s Health Information System (HIS) facilitated the screening of homocysteine (Hcy) examination results for these patients. The diagnostic criteria were established in accordance with the Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperhomocysteinemia published in 2020. This consensus categorizes adults with elevated Hcy levels (greater than 10 mmol/L) into four classifications: mild (10-15 mmol/L), moderate (15-30 mmol/L), and severe (greater than 30 mmol/L), with the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in the adult population estimated at 10%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the 2019 Chinese Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertension, a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 140 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 mmHg was diagnosed as hypertension. The laboratory department of Guangyuan First Peoples Hospital conducted tests on blood biochemical indicators, including blood pressure and homocysteine levels, with data sourced from the medical record system.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin three days of patient admission, medical personnel employed the micro-nutrition assessment methods NRS-2002 and MNA to evaluate nutritional risk. Subsequently, a nutritional assessment was performed in accordance with the GLIM (Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition) standards. Additionally, a structured questionnaire was utilized to gather information regarding various aspects of nutritional status, encompassing factors such as smoking and drinking habits, years of education, previous occupations, family per capita monthly income, marital status, cooking methods, and dietary habits, including the intake of high salt, high sugar, and high fat foods, as well as consumption of vegetables, fish, livestock, poultry, eggs, milk, and smoked foods. The dietary nutrition intake of hospitalized elderly patients with hypertension was systematically investigated and analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll participants underwent measurements of height, weight, abdominal circumference, calf and upper arm muscle circumference, and completed a 6-meter step test and grip strength test to assess sarcopenia risk using the SARC-F scale. Statistically significant variables identified through univariate analysis were subsequently incorporated into a logistic regression model to ascertain the factors influencing the nutritional status of elderly patients hospitalized with hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssessment of Physical Function:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe assessment of physical function encompasses the measurement of grip strength and walking speed[13, 14]. Grip strength is evaluated using an electronic grip dynamometer. During this assessment, the patient is positioned seated with their feet flat on the ground, knees flexed at 90 degrees, hips at 90 degrees, shoulders in a neutral position, and elbows flexed at 90 degrees. The electronic grip dynamometer was calibrated before each measurement to ensure accuracy. The upper arm should remain parallel to the chest, and the forearm should be in a neutral position. The wrist is extended between 0 and 30 degrees, while maintaining a foot position bias of 0 to 15 degrees. Grip strength is measured for the dominant hand, with the maximum value recorded after two trials; the higher of the two measurements is documented as the patient\u0026apos;s grip strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the patient is instructed to walk a distance of 20 meters at a self-selected pace, with the time taken recorded to the nearest second. Gait speed is subsequently calculated using the formula: speed = distance/time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComprehensive Nutritional Assessment:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe assessment incorporates various components, including anthropometric measurements (such as body mass index, upper arm circumference, calf circumference, and weight loss), overall health evaluation (considering lifestyle, medication types, mental health status, physical activity, and the presence of diseases), dietary assessment (which examines meal frequency, food consumption patterns, types of food, digestive function, beverage intake, and feeding methods), and subjective evaluation (which involves individuals\u0026apos; self-perception of their nutritional status). The cumulative assessment yields a total score of 30 points. According to the MNA scoring classification standards, a score of 24 or above indicates good nutritional status, a score ranging from 17 to 23.5 suggests potential malnutrition, and a score below 17 signifies malnutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2.2 Research Content and Tools\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe self-administered questionnaire included validated tools for nutritional evaluation: the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and the SARC-F scale. The survey encompassed general demographic characteristics, including age, gender, educational attainment, and marital status, as well as dietary habits, such as preferences for soft or hard foods, taste preferences, cooking styles, and drinking behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBasic health metrics collected included height, weight, and abdominal circumference, with measurement precision reaching 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively, allowing for the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI). A soft ruler was employed to assess the median peripheral diameter (calf circumference) of the gastrocnemius muscle on the non-affected side, also with an accuracy of 0.1 cm. Measurements were conducted between 8:00 and 9:00 a.m., and participants were required to be in a fasting state prior to assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MNA was utilized to evaluate the nutritional status of elderly patients hospitalized with hypertension. Developed by Vellas, Garry, Guigoz, and colleagues in the early 1990s, the MNA is a contemporary tool for assessing human nutritional status. Its components include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnthropometric Measurements: Height, weight, and weight loss.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall Evaluation: Lifestyle, medical treatment, and health conditions (including digestive function).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary Questionnaire: Appetite, food quantity, meal frequency, nutrient intake, and feeding difficulties.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubjective Evaluation: Self-assessment of health and nutritional status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutritional Status Assessment: Utilizing the MNA scale, with a total score of 24 indicating good nutrition, scores between 17 and 24 suggesting a risk of malnutrition, and scores below 17 indicating clear malnutrition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBody Function Measurement:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eObese oligomyosis refers to a clinical condition characterized by the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity, resulting in an imbalance between lean body mass and adipose tissue. This condition is associated with a range of negative clinical outcomes. It not only exacerbates the risk of coronary atherosclerosis, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders in the elderly but also adversely impacts physical strength. Consequently, individuals may experience diminished physical quality, impaired functional capacity, compromised balance, and reduced aerobic ability. Furthermore, there is an elevated incidence of frailty, an increased risk of osteoporosis, falls, and fractures, all of which can detrimentally affect quality of life and may even elevate mortality risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most recent expert consensus from the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP)[15]\u0026nbsp;and the 2019 consensus from the Asian Working Group on Sarcopenia (AWGS) were utilized in this study. In 2019, the Asian Sarcopenia Working Group introduced a four-step clinical framework for the identification, assessment, diagnosis, and determination of the severity of sarcopenia, referred to as the find-assess-confirm-severity (F-A-C-S) approach. The diagnostic criteria involve screening medical records utilizing the concise sarcopenia scale, specifically the SARC-F scale, which evaluates strength, assistance with walking, the ability to rise from a chair, stair climbing, and incidence of falls. This assessment is applicable in community healthcare settings or clinical practice. Sarcopenia is characterized by low muscle strength, defined as grip strength below 27 kg for men and below 16 kg for women; it may also present as low muscle strength in conjunction with low muscle mass or quality, indicated by skeletal muscle mass in the limbs being less than 20 kg for men and less than 15 kg for women, or a skeletal muscle index in the limbs of less than 7.0 kg/m\u0026sup2; for men and less than 5.5 kg/m\u0026sup2; for women. Additionally, it is associated with reduced physical performance, as evidenced by a walking pace of less than 0.8 m/s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrip Measurement:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrip strength was assessed using the grip strength tester (Xiangshan EH-101). Participants were instructed to grasp the device with their dominant hand while in a standing position. Three measurements were conducted, and the highest value obtained was recorded. Gender-specific grip strength thresholds were applied, with values \u0026lt;28 kg for males and \u0026lt;18 kg for females indicating diminished muscle strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical Function Assessment:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were assessed using a 6-meter step measurement, with a threshold of 1 m/s indicating diminished somatic function. Individuals could be classified as having sarcopenia if they exhibited low skeletal muscle mass in conjunction with symptoms of reduced grip strength or overall somatic function. Consequently, the subjects were categorized into sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeasurement methodologies for body function, specifically grip strength and walking speed, were as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrip Strength Assessment: Grip strength was evaluated using an electronic grip dynamometer. During the assessment, participants were seated with their feet positioned flat on the ground, hips at a 90\u0026deg; angle, elbows at 90\u0026deg;, and the upper arm aligned with the chest. The forearm was maintained in a neutral position, with a slight foot bias of 0\u0026deg; to 15\u0026deg;. The grip strength of the dominant hand was measured, with the maximum value recorded from two trials; the higher of the two values was documented as the participant\u0026apos;s grip strength.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWalking Speed Assessment: Participants were instructed to walk at their usual pace on a flat, unobstructed surface. The time taken to cover the distance was recorded with precision to the nearest second, and walking speed was subsequently calculated using the formula: speed = distance/time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.3 Laboratory Measurements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA convenience sampling method was employed for this study. Professional researchers, who received specific training, administered the survey by reading each item to the participants using a standardized script. This approach ensured consistency in data collection. The investigators recorded the responses in real-time based on the participants\u0026apos; answers. Initially, 654 cases were surveyed, but 56 cases were subsequently withdrawn from the study, resulting in 598 completed questionnaires. This yields a response rate of 91.44%. Full informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the commencement of the investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood biochemical indicators, including homocysteine levels, were measured by the laboratory department of Guangyuan First Peoples Hospital. The laboratory department followed standardized procedures to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.4 Statistical Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using the SPSS 22 statistical package. For categorical variables, data were presented as frequencies and percentage distributions. Continuous variables were reported as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation (x \u0026plusmn; s). The statistical analyses conducted included t-tests, univariate and multivariate analyses, and logistic regression modeling. The significance threshold was set at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e3.1 Nutritional Status of the Elderly with Varying Dietary Conditions. Refer to Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemographics and Prevalence.Mean age: 64.5\u0026plusmn;4.7 years; 56.7% male.Malnutrition (GLIM): 86.3% (n=518).Sarcopenia: 81.3% of malnourished patients (n=421).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Insert Table 1 here-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.2 General Health and Dietary Practices in Individuals with Type H Hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Dietary Habits:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost participants preferred steamed/boiled foods (78.17%) over fried/cold dishes (30.00% and 2.83%, respectively).Notably, 88.67% of these individuals have adopted the beneficial practice of consuming water on an empty stomach each morning. Detailed data are presented in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Insert Table 2 here-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3 Anthropometric Measurements Related to H Hypertension. See Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of Body Mass Index (BMI) among subjects is as follows: 15.00% (90 subjects) have a BMI below 19; 17.67% (106 subjects) have a BMI ranging from 19 to 21; 15.17% (85 subjects) have a BMI ranging from 21 to 23; and 51.17% (307 subjects) have a BMI of 23 or above.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Insert Table 3 here-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.4 Assessment of Nutritional Status and Evaluation of Oligotrophy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scores for subjects ranged from 1 to 30, with a mean score of 18.03 \u0026plusmn; 2.7. According to the MNA scoring criteria, a total score of 24 or higher indicates good nutritional status, which was achieved by 30 individuals (4.67%). Scores between 17 and 24 suggest a risk of malnutrition, affecting 353 individuals (58.58%), while scores below 17 indicate malnutrition, impacting 217 individuals (36.17%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, 217 individuals (36.17%) were classified as malnourished, while 34 individuals (5.67%) were not malnourished.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding sarcopenia assessment, the total Sarcopenia Assessment Score (SARS-F) was 10. A score exceeding 4, combined with diminished muscle strength (grip strength: \u0026lt;27 kg for males and \u0026lt;16 kg for females), indicated potential sarcopenia in 139 individuals (23.17%). Among those diagnosed with sarcopenia, 120 individuals (86.33%) also exhibited low physical fitness, defined as a gait speed of \u0026lt;0.8 m/s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRefer to Table 4 for screening of H hypertension using various methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Insert Table 4 here-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.5 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Nutritional Status of Elderly Patients with H Type Hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis between GLIM results and observed indicators showed a positive association between malnutrition and both age and homocysteine (HCY) levels, with correlation coefficients of 1.23 (P \u0026lt; 0.006) and 1.234 (P \u0026lt; 0.001), respectively. Conversely, upper arm circumference, calf circumference, grip strength, and step count exhibited negative correlations with malnutrition, with correlation coefficients of -1.275 (P \u0026lt; 0.012), -1.448 (P \u0026lt; 0.004), -1.381 (P \u0026lt; 0.036), and -1.793 (P \u0026lt; 0.236), respectively. The analysis of factors influencing nutritional status indicated that hospitalized elderly individuals who are self-sufficient and maintain healthy eating habits have better nutritional status compared to those who require assistance and exhibit poor dietary practices, with statistically significant differences (P \u0026lt; 0.05). However, the effects of gender, age, and educational attainment on the nutritional status of hospitalized elderly individuals were not statistically significant (P \u0026gt; 0.05). Detailed data are presented in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRisk Factors:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHHcy (Hcy \u0026ge;15 \u0026mu;mol/L): OR=2.33 (95% CI:1.45\u0026ndash;3.74).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLow Vegetable Intake: OR=1.89 (95% CI:1.21\u0026ndash;2.94).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGrip Strength \u0026lt;28kg (M)/\u0026lt;18kg (F): OR=3.17 (95% CI:2.01\u0026ndash;5.00).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical Outcomes:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProlonged hospitalization in sarcopenia-malnutrition group (12.5\u0026plusmn;3.2 vs.8.7\u0026plusmn;2.5 days, P\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReduced quality of life (SF-36 score:58.4\u0026plusmn;12.1 vs.72.3\u0026plusmn;10.8, P\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRefer to Table 5 for Logistic analysis of influencing factors of nutritional status in hospitalized elderly patients with H-type hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-Insert Table 5 here-\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights HHcy as a pivotal driver of malnutrition-sarcopenia in geriatric inpatients, aligning with prior evidence on Hcy-induced oxidative[16]\u0026nbsp;stress and muscle atrophy. The co-occurrence of malnutrition and sarcopenia (81.3%) underscores the need for dual-focused interventions[17]. Notably, low vegetable intake and reduced grip strength emerged as modifiable risk factors, supporting dietary interventions targeting folate and protein intake.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLimitations: Single-region sampling and cross-sectional design limit causal inference. Longitudinal studies are warranted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn clinical practice, managing elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels and hypertension is a critical and effective strategy. Various nutrients play a crucial role in blood pressure regulation[18]. Hcy, a sulfhydryl-containing amino acid, is primarily produced through the demethylation of methionine in the liver, muscle, and other tissues. Deficiencies or reduced activity of enzymes necessary for Hcy metabolism, such as those influenced by folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, along with certain unhealthy lifestyle choices, can lead to increased Hcy levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result, elderly patients hospitalized with hypertension may experience elevated Hcy levels due to dietary habits or malnutrition[19]. Research has shown that Hcy levels tend to rise with age, and this increase is associated with common pathophysiological changes observed in geriatric frailty syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated an independent correlation between Hcy and geriatric frailty syndrome, as well as its individual manifestations, including diminished physical function, reduced grip strength, and fatigue. The presence of frailty in the elderly can lead to a decline in immune function, increasing the risk of infections among hospitalized older adults, adversely affecting clinical outcomes, prolonging hospital stays, and heightening the likelihood of negative events such as disability and falls. These factors ultimately compromise the quality of life for patients and pose challenges for clinical management.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the Sichuan and Chongqing regions, unique dietary habits exist, yet there is a lack of research regarding the nutritional status of elderly patients with hypertension in this area. Therefore, within a clinical multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment (MDT) team, clinical pharmacists play an active role in the diagnostic and therapeutic processes. For each elderly patient with hypertension, a comprehensive assessment of medication use, dietary habits, and nutritional intake is conducted. This involves a thorough analysis of the patients\u0026apos; nutritional status, evaluation of the prevalence of nutritional risk and malnutrition, identification of types and influencing factors, and exploration of the relationship between Hcy levels and nutritional status[20, 21].\u0026nbsp;By implementing pharmacogenetic testing, individualized guidance on folic acid supplementation and precise nutritional interventions can be provided, effectively reducing Hcy levels and enhancing the nutritional status of elderly patients with hypertension. This approach, grounded in the principles of precision medicine, aims to generate substantial evidence for clinical treatment, facilitating targeted and individualized care that may lead to favorable outcomes. Such efforts are of paramount importance for promoting disease rehabilitation, enhancing quality of life, and alleviating the burden on families and society.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis shows that with the growth of age, the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) score decreases, while the MNA score is closely related to biochemical indicators such as hemoglobin, prealbumin, albumin, triacylglycerol, and body mass index, indicating that the nutritional status of the elderly deserves attention[22]. Recent health monitoring has confirmed that the milk intake of the elderly in China is seriously insufficient and has a continuous downward trend, which is not conducive to the improvement of nutritional status.\u0026nbsp;[23]Most people in China are still based on plant food, so it is worth further discussing whether to appropriately change the structure of the diet and reasonably increase protein and animal food[24]. Studies have shown that excessive restriction of animal fat in older people could lead to an increase in the proportion of a sugar diet, which could increase blood sugar. Inadequate dietary intake is one of the important factors leading to inadequate nutrition in elderly patients. The metabolic process of the elderly is mainly catabolism, and the risk of muscle attenuation increases with increasing age, requiring more protein to compensate for the consumption of tissue proteins.\u0026nbsp;[25]Nutrition\u0026nbsp;surveys have found that the elderly in China mostly have high-fat pork as the main source of meat, while the consumption of poultry, beans, beef, mutton, and dairy products rich in high-quality protein is generally insufficient. In nursing homes, due to the lack of systematic training in nutrition expertise, it is difficult to fundamentally improve the diet configuration for the elderly. Research has shown that by correcting the unreasonable eating habits of the elderly, supplementing high-quality protein, and publicizing nutrition knowledge, the elderly can improve their understanding of the important role of dietary nutrition in health, consciously correct bad dietary habits, and play a role in improving abnormal weight and preventing constipation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn many physiological changes in the elderly, the reduction of digestive system function is undoubtedly one of the important factors. There are individual differences in nutrient needs in the elderly due to diseases and other reasons. The higher the age, the greater the risk of developing malnutrition. This study, through the evaluation of different MNA nutritional statuses and dietary-related analysis, statistical number comparison, found that the causes of malnutrition in the elderly include less intake of meat and vegetables, poor absorption ability, increased senile diseases such as dementia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Parkinson\u0026apos;s disease, heart failure, which cause loss of appetite, dysphagia, etc., especially for the weak and elderly. These factors interact and exacerbate each other, forming a vicious circle. However, the elderly survey sample in this study excluded such populations, so the risk ratio of malnutrition among the elderly in actual welfare homes is higher, which is also the population that needs more attention in the future.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eFuture research should involve larger cohorts to validate our precision nutrition framework. This study provides robust evidence of the high prevalence of malnutrition and sarcopenia in geriatric inpatients with H-type hypertension. The proposed precision nutrition framework, which integrates pharmacogenetic-guided folate supplementation with protein-enriched dietary interventions, holds promise for improving patient outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlobal Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHomocysteine (Hcy)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh Homocysteine (HHcy)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBlood Pressure (BP)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMini Nutrition Assessment (MNA)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutritional risk screening (NRS-2002)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimple five-item rating questionnaire (SARC-F)\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all participants, and the study protocol (No. GYYYKY2022061402) was approved by the scientific ethical committee of The First People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital of Guangyuan, Sichuan, China. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for Publication: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data from this clinical study are included in the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSong Zhang and Gang Ma conceived and designed the study. Qin Tan, Nanping Xiao, Xiaojun Huang, Yue Pan, Jing Wei and Hanjun He acted as principal investigators at study sites, performed the experiments, recruited patients, and collected data. Song Zhang wrote the paper. Tianxun Wang reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements and Sources of Funding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by the Sichuan Medical Association scientific research fund projects (No. Q22095) and the Research Development Fund of The First People\u0026rsquo;s Hospital of Guangyuan.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVolkert, D., et al., Nutrition for the older adult - Current concepts. Report from an ESPEN symposium. 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JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2022. 46(5): p. 1071-1079.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYik, V., et al., Diagnosing Sarcopenia with AI-Aided Ultrasound (DINOSAUR)-A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 2024. 16(16).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBahat, G., T. Erdogan and B. Ilhan, SARC-F and other screening tests for sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2022. 25(1): p. 37-42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRamsey, K.A., et al., Malnutrition is associated with dynamic physical performance. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2020. 32(6): p. 1085-1092.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCederholm, T., Overlaps between Frailty and Sarcopenia Definitions. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser, 2015. 83: p. 65-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLynch, D.H., et al., Association between food insecurity and probable sarcopenia: Data from the 2011-2014 National Health and nutrition examination survey. Clin Nutr, 2022. 41(9): p. 1861-1873.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, S., et al., Effects of individualized administration of folic acid on prothrombotic state and vascular endothelial function with H-type hypertension: A double-blinded, randomized clinical cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore), 2022. 101(3): p. e28628.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRobinson, S.M., et al., Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia? Clin Nutr, 2018. 37(4): p. 1121-1132.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgabiti-Rosei, C., et al., Influence of Perivascular Adipose Tissue on Microcirculation: A Link Between Hypertension and Obesity. Hypertension, 2024. 81(1): p. 24-33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eToth, B., et al., [Malnutrition risk screening in inpatient rehabilitation]. Orv Hetil, 2020. 161(1): p. 11-16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHannibal, L. and H.J. Blom, Homocysteine and disease: Causal associations or epiphenomenons? Mol Aspects Med, 2017. 53: p. 36-42.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCai, C., et al., Association of MTHFR, SLC19A1 Genetic Polymorphism, Serum Folate, Vitamin B(12) and Hcy Status with Cognitive Functions in Chinese Adults. Nutrients, 2016. 8(10).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDent, E., et al., Malnutrition Screening and Assessment in Hospitalised Older People: a Review. J Nutr Health Aging, 2019. 23(5): p. 431-441.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMensah, G.A., et al., Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2023. 82(25): p. 2350-2473.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKong, X., Y. Li and X. Liu, A review of thermosensitive antinutritional factors in plant-based foods. J Food Biochem, 2022. 46(9): p. e14199.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHe, Y., et al., Consumption of meat and dairy products in China: a review. Proc Nutr Soc, 2016. 75(3): p. 385-91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 1. Patients\u0026apos; general information and Glim nutritional assessment constituent ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClasses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNNT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition (e.g.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo malnutrition (e.g.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.36\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.71\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.64\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFolic Acid Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;25g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-40g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;40g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.76\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel of Education (Year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.44\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.47\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.27\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.65\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.37\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.65\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManual worker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.71\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrainwork\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.11\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.88\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold income(yuan)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＜2500K\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.01\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500～5000K\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5000-1W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.88\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;1W\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.93\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced/widowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.01\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.76\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean age: 64.48\u0026plusmn;4.7;SBP(mmHg):140.9\u0026plusmn;3.1;DBP(mmHg):140.9\u0026plusmn;3.1;HCY(mmol/L):24.94\u0026plusmn;0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 2. Cooking and eating habits survey\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClasses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNNT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition (e.g.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo malnutrition (e.g.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooking habits\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteamed and boiled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.62\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.59\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCut and fry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.86\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDietary habit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-salt diet: salt intake \u0026gt; 6 g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e473\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.45\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-sugar diet: sugar intake \u0026gt; 50 g/ day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.15\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh fat diet: cooking oil intake \u0026gt; 30 g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.98\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit: intake 200-350 g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.51\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.53\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetables: intake 300-500 g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e584\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.53\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish: 280-525 g/ week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.29\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLivestock and poultry meat: 280-525 g/ week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.58\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEggs: 280-350 g/ week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.21\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk: Intake equivalent to liquid milk 300 g/ day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.62\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.41\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoked food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.69\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1200mL water (about 6 cups)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.69\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"562\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 562px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 3. Anthropometric measurements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClasses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNNT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition (e.g.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo malnutrition (e.g.)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI＜19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.90\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19＜BMI＜21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.73\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21＜BMI＜23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.78\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.82\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI\u0026ge;23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.76\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e腹围\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAC＜21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.56\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21＜MAC＜22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.73\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAC＞22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.78\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;CC＜33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.88\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;CC\u0026ge;33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e371\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.89\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.12\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026gt;26KG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.76\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026gt;18=1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.38\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.61\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStep speed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=\u0026gt;0.8m/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e297\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.47\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.8m/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.70\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.65\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight loss in the last 3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e＞3kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.02\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eunknown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.94\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3kg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.43\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.18\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo weight loss\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.48\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.88\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 562px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean weight: 61.05\u0026plusmn;3.4;Mean height:1.63\u0026plusmn;4.4;Mean BMI:22.8\u0026plusmn;2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"11\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 4. Different methods were used to screen the nutritional status of elderly inpatients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNNT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNRS2002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMNA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGLIm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSarcopenia was diagnosed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRisk-free\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutritional risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWell-nourished\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnderlying malnutrition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence of malnutrition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSarcopenia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere sarcopenia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.53\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.47\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.71\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.47\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.82\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.35\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.57\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.31\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.23\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.15\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.69\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.00\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstituent ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 3px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.83\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.17\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.33\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 5. Logistic analysis of influencing factors of nutritional status in hospitalized elderly patients with H-type hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClasses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLogisitic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%Cl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlcohol consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-40g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel of Education (Year)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious occupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManual worker\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrainwork\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold income(yuan)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;2500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.458\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500-5000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5000-10000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;10000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e未婚\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e已婚\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e离异或丧偶\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCooking and eating habits survey\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteamed and boiled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.373\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCut and fry\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.614\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalad\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-salt diet: salt intake \u0026gt; 6 g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh-sugar diet: sugar intake \u0026gt; 50 g/ day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.718\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh fat diet: cooking oil intake \u0026gt; 30 g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFruit: intake 200-350 g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.634\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetables: intake 300-500 g/d\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.566\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish: 280-525 g/ week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.729\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLivestock and poultry meat: 280-525 g/ week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEggs: 280-350 g/ week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMilk: Intake equivalent to liquid milk 300 g/ day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoked food\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1200mL water (about 6 cups)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Anthropometric measurements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbdominal girth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMAC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrip strength\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStep speed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSarcopenia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"H-type hypertension, Geriatric inpatients, GLIM criteria, Sarcopenia, Nutritional Status","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6787796/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6787796/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003eMalnutrition and sarcopenia are prevalent in geriatric inpatients with H-type hypertension (HHcy), yet their combined impact remains understudied. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical correlates of malnutrition and sarcopenia in hospitalized elderly HHcy patients.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003eA multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 600 HHcy patients (age ≥60 years, Hcy \u0026gt;10 μmol/L) from two tertiary hospitals. Nutritional status was assessed using GLIM criteria, and sarcopenia was diagnosed via AWGS 2019 guidelines (grip strength, gait speed, SARC-F). Multivariate logistic regression identified risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003eThe prevalence of GLIM-defined malnutrition was 86.3%, with 81.3% of malnourished patients exhibiting sarcopenia. HHcy (Hcy ≥15 μmol/L) independently increased malnutrition risk (adjusted OR=4.85, 95% CI:3.12–7.54, P\u0026lt;0.001). Key predictors included low vegetable intake (\u0026lt;400g/day, OR=1.89) and reduced grip strength (OR=3.17). Malnutrition-sarcopenia co-occurrence significantly correlated with prolonged hospitalization (P\u0026lt;0.001) and impaired quality of life (IBDQ score:156.4 vs.175.4, P\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003eHHcy is a critical predictor of nutritional deterioration in geriatric inpatients. A precision nutrition framework integrating folate supplementation and protein-enriched diets (≥1.2g/kg/day) is proposed to mitigate sarcopenic progression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrial registration:\u003c/strong\u003eChiCTR2200066867, Reg Date: 2022-12-20\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Geriatric Inpatients with H-Type Hypertension: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-23 15:08:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6787796/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-06T21:11:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"302229006395752276562660477392328641812","date":"2025-09-22T08:09:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T09:48:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T06:16:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-12T06:24:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-11T06:02:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-05-30T22:59:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"50aa459a-154a-459f-aa0f-a711414215ab","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":55210300,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":55210301,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-23T15:08:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-23 15:08:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6787796","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6787796","identity":"rs-6787796","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}