Modeling of Optical Modulator based on Silicon by Using Germanium Antimony Telluride (GST) Nanolayer in Elliptical Cylindrical Waveguide Structure

Modeling of Optical Modulator based on Silicon by Using Germanium Antimony Telluride (GST) Nanolayer in Elliptical Cylindrical Waveguide Structure | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Modeling of Optical Modulator based on Silicon by Using Germanium Antimony Telluride (GST) Nanolayer in Elliptical Cylindrical Waveguide Structure Senour Abdolghaderi, Mahmoud Nikoufard This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8291447/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study introduces a high-performance silicon-based optical modulator that utilizes a germanium antimony telluride (GST) nanolayer within an elliptical cylindrical waveguide structure. By exploiting the phase-change dynamics of GST and engineered hybrid eHE01, oHE11, and eHE11 mode confinement, the device achieves an ultralow insertion loss (0.22 dB), high extinction ratio (8.0 dB), and energy-efficient operation (2.91 nJ/bit) at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The elliptical geometry enhances the light-matter interaction through anisotropic mode confinement while improving thermal management, enabling sub-200 ns switching via dual-voltage electrothermal actuation (4 V for crystallization, 10 V for amorphization). Multiphysics simulations validate the design: the tuned GST thickness (40 ± 10 nm) balances the switching speed and optical contrast, while gold electrodes enable localized Joule heating with minimal optical loss (< 0.1 dB/μm). These advancements position the proposed modulator as a promising candidate for high-speed optical interconnects and programmable photonic circuits, addressing the critical demands for low-loss, high-contrast, and energy-efficient integrated photonics. Silicon photonics Elliptical cylindrical modulator GST Nanophotonic Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 25 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8291447","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":565822707,"identity":"55f5b25b-b00f-490d-a549-85733990174e","order_by":0,"name":"Senour Abdolghaderi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Kashan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Senour","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdolghaderi","suffix":""},{"id":565822708,"identity":"c625cdd4-c7fc-4bfd-9167-2f077e68b03a","order_by":1,"name":"Mahmoud 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Structure","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer 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By exploiting the phase-change dynamics of GST and engineered hybrid eHE01, oHE11, and eHE11 mode confinement, the device achieves an ultralow insertion loss (0.22 dB), high extinction ratio (8.0 dB), and energy-efficient operation (2.91 nJ/bit) at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The elliptical geometry enhances the light-matter interaction through anisotropic mode confinement while improving thermal management, enabling sub-200 ns switching via dual-voltage electrothermal actuation (4 V for crystallization, 10 V for amorphization). Multiphysics simulations validate the design: the tuned GST thickness (40 ± 10 nm) balances the switching speed and optical contrast, while gold electrodes enable localized Joule heating with minimal optical loss (\u003c 0.1 dB/μm). These advancements position the proposed modulator as a promising candidate for high-speed optical interconnects and programmable photonic circuits, addressing the critical demands for low-loss, high-contrast, and energy-efficient integrated photonics.","manuscriptTitle":"Modeling of Optical Modulator based on Silicon by Using Germanium Antimony Telluride (GST) Nanolayer in Elliptical Cylindrical Waveguide Structure","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-31 06:37:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8291447/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-08T04:25:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-25T09:02:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"96143631903710005884086542651930361689","date":"2026-03-19T08:48:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"162877967139674256688991754895344609680","date":"2026-03-17T07:35:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"8938005259095654921130570499799165488","date":"2026-02-18T09:19:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"82435221039271880523094784296293718829","date":"2026-02-11T20:03:23+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"340056505160273049239394605330204481288","date":"2026-02-10T08:29:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-26T11:10:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-06T06:05:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-06T03:04:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","date":"2025-12-06T02:21:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"optical-and-quantum-electronics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"oqel","sideBox":"Learn more about [Optical and Quantum Electronics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11082)","snPcode":"11082","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11082/3","title":"Optical and Quantum Electronics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8742114c-7513-46dc-a148-8117977260c1","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T07:54:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-31 06:37:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8291447","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8291447","identity":"rs-8291447","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}