Analysis of the Impact of Quantum Measurement Reliability on Performance and Security in Quantum Cryptography Protocols: An Experimental Study Using Quantum Gates

Analysis of the Impact of Quantum Measurement Reliability on Performance and Security in Quantum Cryptography Protocols: An Experimental Study Using Quantum Gates | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of the Impact of Quantum Measurement Reliability on Performance and Security in Quantum Cryptography Protocols: An Experimental Study Using Quantum Gates Asia Alhammadi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375310/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This research investigates the critical role of quantum measurement reliability in the performance and security of quantum cryptography protocols, specifically focusing on the impact of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Through a series of experimental studies conducted using quantum gates on IBM quantum computers (ibm_brisbane and ibm_torino), we analyze how measurement errors affect key performance indicators such as Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) and state fidelity. Our findings demonstrate that even minor inaccuracies in quantum measurements can significantly compromise the security and efficiency of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. We provide a comprehensive statistical analysis of the experimental data, including confidence intervals and error propagation, to quantify these effects. Furthermore, we delve into potential attack models, such as intercept-resend and Trojan-horse attacks, and discuss their susceptibility to measurement imperfections. This study highlights the urgent need for robust error mitigation and correction techniques to ensure the practical viability and cryptographic strength of quantum communication systems in the evolving quantum era. Quantum cryptography quantum measurement reliability QBER quantum fidelity NISQ devices quantum key distribution security analysis Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Supportingmaterialsforthemanuscript.pdf Supporting materials for the manuscript Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7375310","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":500634517,"identity":"4f9bc290-cea4-42bb-8536-5a4899fd2430","order_by":0,"name":"Asia Alhammadi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYGhoIDQEZiw4EPQIqNnSgtBmAtjQdngLQwE2UTWEsC82EeEIeQFv7+w40ffhjcieZvT244bPNrmzwfMwPjh485uLVI3EhsluwxeJY748zDhsO5fbcN25gZmCVnbsNjzQ3GBgkeg8O5DTcSgVp6bjMCtbAx8+LRIn/+YPPPP0At80FaLHtu2xPUYnAgsU0aZMsGkBaGH7cTCWoxvJHYZi0D1LIR6JeDvQ23k9uYGZvx+kXu/PHHN99UHM6ddzz98Ycff27bzm9vPvjhIz7vowDGNjDZQKx6EPhDiuJRMApGwSgYKQAAxqxgJhnIWAsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9724-1219","institution":"RAD TECHNOLOGY Company","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Asia","middleName":"","lastName":"Alhammadi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-14 15:36:27","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375310/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375310/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89293972,"identity":"9b2ab74e-5173-48d9-ae1b-a2cff5492c68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-18 12:57:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2422862,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AnalysisoftheImpactofQuantumbyAsia.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7375310/v1_covered_9dbc38f9-8a9f-4f4b-baa6-129e12717c43.pdf"},{"id":89293082,"identity":"ffec34a2-9a6e-4107-a117-db84180e21c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-18 12:48:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":121750,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupporting materials for the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Supportingmaterialsforthemanuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7375310/v1/9a55d9016b8551515fed42f2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the Impact of Quantum Measurement Reliability\u003cbr\u003e\non Performance and Security in Quantum Cryptography\u003cbr\u003e\nProtocols: An Experimental Study Using Quantum Gates\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"RAD TECHNOLOGY Company ","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Quantum cryptography, quantum measurement reliability, QBER, quantum fidelity, NISQ devices, quantum key distribution, security analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375310/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7375310/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis research investigates the critical role of quantum measurement reliability in the performance and security of quantum cryptography protocols, specifically focusing on the impact of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. 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