The bereavement experience of people who have recovered from corona is a risk and protective factor: a qualitative study

The bereavement experience of people who have recovered from corona is a risk and protective factor: a qualitative study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The bereavement experience of people who have recovered from corona is a risk and protective factor: a qualitative study Arya momeni, Shirin Kooshki, Mahnaz Askarian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7921286/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract During the Covid-19 epidemic: a qualitative study Due to the high number of victims and the measures taken to contain the pandemic, Covid-19 has impacted the experiences of the bereaved. The aim of this study was to investigate the bereavement experiences of people who lost their loved ones during the Covid-19 pandemic. To this end, a qualitative method was used for the research design. The data for this study was collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview. The research population includes people who were admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital who were infected with Covid-19 and lost a loved one. The study sample consisted of 19 survivors of Covid-19 who were purposively and voluntarily selected until the saturation point was reached. The data was analyzed using the content analysis approach and using the method of Graneheim, & Lundman (2004). The criteria of Guba, & Lincoln (1989) were also used for the validity of the data. Study participants described various factors that contributed to the grieving process during the Covid-19 pandemic. These factors were divided into two main categories: individual and social risk factors and individual and social protective factors. According to the research results, the risk factors prevent adaptation to bereavement and the protective factors act as a shield against bereavement. Bereavement risk and protective factors corona epidemic qualitative study Introduction By October 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic had killed 6.5 million people worldwide ( 1 ) and claimed the lives of millions more. The literature emphasizes two main aspects of the effects of the Covid epidemic on people's mental state. The first relates to danger (i.e. fear of contagion), which can increase the perceived threat and sometimes lead to panic and an emotional epidemic ( 2 ). The second is related to the numerous and rapid changes in social, professional and family habits as a result of isolation and social distancing ( 3 ). The longer the isolation, the more likely it is that people will become frustrated and bored with the worry of infection( 4 ). Psychological reactions to the pandemic included emotional distress, anxious behavior, sleep disturbances, fear, anger, depression, health concerns, feelings of helplessness and insecurity ( 5 – 6 ). In the early stages of the pandemic, researchers predicted an increase in negative experiences of grief related to Covid-19, including concerns about the inability to grieve together, missed ceremonies, death-related losses, and depletion of coping resources( 7 ). Grief is a multidimensional process that is triggered by a loss and involves the adjustment of different aspects and areas of the person, such as: emotional, cognitive, behavioral and spiritual ( 8 – 9 ). The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. When a loved one dies, the bereaved may initially deny what has happened. This process protects family members from the reality and shock of the death and helps them to come to terms with the event. After a while, people become angry when the thought of the death of a loved one arises. The next stage is the bargaining stage, where the person has thoughts like “If only I could get my wife back, I wouldn't work so long. The next phase is that of sadness and depression. In this stage, the person experiences a deep sense of grief that begins with the full meaning of the loss and its consequences. Acceptance is the final stages of grief, which leads to the realization that the loved one is no longer there and will never come back. The person wants to move on and begins to adapt to life in the absence of the deceased loved one ( 10 ). Studies have shown that the social measures taken to contain this epidemic have increased the pressure on the bereaved, regardless of the cause of death. Social distancing, quarantine and restrictions on hospital visits are therefore likely to have an impact on the grieving process, as qualitative research shows( 11 – 12 ). In addition, these restrictions led to an increase in psychological stress, including complicated grief among the bereaved( 13 – 14 ). Grief researchers have argued that some of the consequences of the pandemic are related to some of the previously identified risk factors and challenges and issues ( 14 – 15 ). The restrictions on social contacts due to the pandemic have affected the perceived social support of victims. Therefore, this risk factor may have increased in importance during the epidemic ( 16 ). Risk factors identified in previous research include sudden or unexpected death, low social support, low income or other concurrent stressors, a sense that death is avoidable, a search for meaning, and low family functioning ( 17 ). The researchers expected that these negative experiences would impair the grieving processes and delay the ability to adapt and recover ( 18 ). These differences underline the importance of specific risk factors for adjustment to bereavement. In addition to risk factors, protective factors are also important. For example, rituals and social support have been shown to be compatible with protective grief ( 19 ). A high level of perceived preparation for death can also be a protective factor, while a low level of preparation can be a risk factor ( 20 ). In another study, risk factors were shown to include the expectation of injury, unfinished work and the restriction of religious-cultural rituals associated with death. Protective factors include relative support (i.e. family, spouse, friend, life partner), remote support (i.e. cell phone, internet, social media), positive coping strategies (cognitive, behavioral and religious-spiritual) and delaying business( 21 ). In Iran, the number of infections and deaths caused by the coronavirus was unfortunately high, so that according to the latest statistics from November 2, 2022, a total of 5.860 million people were infected with this disease and among them more than 125 thousand Iranian citizens died ( 22 ) and this means a large number of families who have lost their loved ones and people who have not directly experienced the death of their loved ones, indirectly they have witnessed the death of their compatriots and fellow citizens, and this shows that many unspoken grief is forming at the community level, which requires serious research and clinical attention. Considering the high number of deaths and injuries in any country, lack of planning in this area can lead to a crisis. To address this issue and prevent it from becoming a disorder, we must first understand the unique experiences and risk and protective factors in bereaved families and take action at an individual or social level. The present research was conducted for this purpose. Methods Study Design This qualitative research is a method of content analysis. In qualitative method, the focus is on the deep understanding, complexity and details of the phenomena under study, and the researcher actively participates in the research process. In content analysis, most of the data is obtained through interviews which were developed by researchers. Interviewing people allows us to understand the experiences and perceptions of the participants and obtain richer data from their experiences. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured in-depth interviews began with an open-ended question: "How would you describe your experience of the coronavirus?" Depending on the participants' dialog, exploratory questions were gradually asked to find out more details and to clarify the interviewees' explanations and examples. These questions were also specifically aimed at gaining information about the participants' understanding of the grieving process and its impact on their lives. Setting and participants The research community was selected as a sample. The size of the sample or participants was limited until the saturation limit was reached. The criteria for participation in the study included being able to read and write, being infected with the corona virus and being in a grief crisis, and the exclusion criterion was unwillingness to participate in the study. Data collection began after receipt of the code of ethics from the ethics committee. The interviews were conducted between June and December 2022 in Persian. 19 women were interviewed. Due to data saturation, there was no new data; therefore, the survey was terminated. Demographic characteristics included: occupation, education, age, relationship to the deceased, and the duration of their illness, which are listed in Table 1. Data collection When selecting participants for this study, the researcher first conducted an initial briefing. If participants wished to take part in the study, they were given information about the purpose of the study, how the data would be collected and the nature of the collaboration. The participants in this study took part in the study voluntarily. If the participant gave verbal consent to participate in the study, the location and timing of the interview were determined in accordance with the participant's opinion. At the beginning of each interview, participants were given an informed consent form that included an explanation of the purpose of the study, a detailed introduction of the researcher, an explanation of the research method, and the advantages and disadvantages of the study. The patients signed the consent form and agreed to participate in this study. The researcher endeavored to ensure the psychological safety of the participants. Therefore, each interview was conducted individually and with respect for the individual's privacy. Participants were assured that their information would be recorded confidentially and that participants' names would not be used in the publication of the results. Participants were assured that they could leave the study if they wished and that they could withdraw their consent to participate in the study at any time. Each interview lasted between 60 and 140 minutes and all interviews were conducted by a researcher who had professional experience as a counselor. The researcher also tried to establish a good rapport with the participants in the individual sessions. The interviews were conducted by telephone. In order to adhere to the ethical principles of research, the purpose of the research and confidentiality were explained and informed consent to participate in the research was obtained. Consent for the research and for the recording of the interviews was obtained through informed consent and signed online by each participant. The data obtained was evaluated using the content analysis method. Data analysis The method of Graneheim, & Lundman (23) was used for this purpose. At the beginning of each interview, the participants were informed about the aims of the study and how it would be conducted, and their consent to participate in the study was obtained. In addition, all ethical considerations of this study were taken into account, including the voluntary nature of participation, privacy and confidentiality of participant data. Participants were assured that the study would be conducted and that they could decline participation at any time. In this method, the first step was to transcribe the text of the interviews word for word in order to analyze the data and use it as the main data of the study. In the second step, the text was divided into units of meaning, which were summarized and shortened. In the third step, semantic units were designed and codes were selected. According to the participants' experiences, overt and covert concepts in the form of sentences or paragraphs were determined from their words and denotative codes, then coded and summarized. In the fourth step, based on the constant comparison of similarities, differences and appropriateness, the codes that indicated the topic were classified into a class, the subclasses and classes were categorized, and the core codes were formed. In the fifth step, at the interpretation level, the summarizing classes and the central concept of each class were identified and the main and abstract concepts were extracted. The concepts were checked against the description of the internal themes using the whole data. After completing these steps, all cases were presented in the form of a general table. For the validity of the data, the criteria of Guba, & Lincoln (24) were used. Therefore, with long-term participation and sufficient involvement and interaction with the participants, the researcher collected valid data and corroborated the information through the participants to confirm the validity of the research. To increase the reliability of the data, data collection and analysis were repeated in stages and verification by supervisors, counselors, and other researchers was used. To measure the verifiability of the data, the approval of the college faculty professors and their additional comments were used. Transferability of the research was ensured by providing a detailed description of the report to assess the applicability of the research in other fields. Finding The participants in this study had experienced the loss of at least one loved one during the pandemic. 19 members (8 men and 11 women) took part in this qualitative study on the phenomenon. At the beginning of the interview, they provided their demographic data. Participants were asked a series of open-ended questions about their demographic data at the beginning of the interview. This process allowed participants to describe themselves in their own language. The following table shows the demographic information of the study participants. Table 1. Demographic information of participants Sex Age Education Duration of infection 20-40 40-70 1 Women * Bachelor 60 days 2 Men * Master 21 days 3 Women * Bachelor 20 days 4 Women * Diploma 14 days 5 Women * Bachelor 10 days 6 Women * Bachelor 30 days 7 Men * Master 30 days 8 Men * Master 35 days 9 Men * Master 7 days 10 Men * Diploma 7 days 11 Women * Diploma 60 days 12 men * Master 30 days 13 Women * Diploma 12 days 14 men * Master 12 days 15 men * Bachelor 10 days 16 Women * Master 13 days 17 Women * Doctoral 30 days 18 men * Doctoral 7 days 19 Women * Bachelor 12 days As you can see, 7 participants had a master's degree, 6 participants bachelor's degree, 4 a diploma and 2 a doctorate.. Moreover, the highest number of hospitalization was 60 days and the lowest was 7 days. Risk factors Table No. 2 shows the topics related to the risk factors of the bereaved during the corona epidemic . Table 2 . Themes of risk factors of the bereaved during the corona epidemic risk factors Individual non-acceptance unexpected suicidal ideation Feelings of uncertainty and worry Guilt and regret Guilt, anger and unanswered questions from God Major financial problems Remembering memories Social The role of the deceased's supporter Perception of lack of care by doctors Lack of contact with the deceased Loneliness Social stigma and blame Lack of access to traditional funeral and mourning ceremonies Restriction of social relationships Common emotions experienced by relatives of a deceased person during the COVID-19 epidemic were the unknown function of the virus, the rapid onset and spread of the disease, lack of acceptance, the unexpectedness of the deceased's death, suicidal thoughts, feelings of uncertainty and worry, guilt and regret, and unanswered questions. The response from God was major financial problems, memories, idealization, making people feel that they had no control over any stage of the disease. So they felt let down. The rapid onset and spread of the disease was one of the things that all the survivors mentioned. In most cases, it took no more than a month from the onset of the disease to the death of the patient. As a result, the patient's relatives felt they had no control over the situation and felt helpless and hopeless. Non-acceptance : Participants noted that they were surprised by the death of their loved one because they "missed the “opportunity to process the loss of someone in the last phase of their life”. This lack of access and processing prior to death impairs the ability of the bereaved to accept the reality of death, which was noted in participants 2, 12 and 19 At my wife's death no one, not even asked for help, no one, I still could not digest my wife's death, yesterday was my wife's third anniversary, we went to Burial place, now I still have not been accepted like the first day (Participant number of 19) Unexpectedness : In anticipatory grief, they expect the death and loss of the loved one sometime before this event. Although in most cases, anticipatory grief does not help to alleviate the grief of the survivors, it prepares the person psychologically better compared to sudden death. Unexpectedness was noted in participants 1, 4, 6, 11, 17, 18 and 19. I never thought I would see the day my wife died because I was very ill myself. I always said that I would die before my wife and if it was not for Corona, it would have happened because my wife had a healthy body, but this Corona was cruel. He came and killed my wife (Participant number of 19) Suicidal ideation : Suicidal ideation is the expression of a feeling of despair triggered by a person's perception that the problem is unsolvable. The death of a relative was the most important reason for suicidal thoughts, so some participants (Participant number of 18, 11 and 13) saw suicide as a way to join the lost loved one. All my hopes and dreams were destroyed by his death, I feel like I have no hope for life anymore, I often thought about suicide, I even had the intention to do it, I was the only one who had no one and nothing to do , (Participant number of 18) Feeling of uncertainty and worry : Measures such as the quarantine of urban centers and social distancing or the recommendations given to patients by different people, worry about the symptoms of corona and worry about the future had caused people's daily life cycle to change and the feeling of uncertainty and despair that was found in participants number 1, 5, 14, 15, 16 and 18. Worries about the complications after the disease, such as my immune system not returning to its former state or getting a permanent lung problem, or I even heard that it causes some cancers, and that was my worry (Participant number of 14). Guilt and regret : It is natural for the bereaved to look for someone to blame, and if there is no one to blame, they unfortunately blame themselves. Guilt can be a real obstacle to grief and prevent you from moving on with your life and focusing on what is important, which was noted in participants 3 and 8. I wish I had hospitalized him sooner because I left him at home for a few days and then took him to the hospital, why I did not buy him an oxygen machine, why I did not know that Corona raises blood sugar and my mother had high blood sugar (Participant number of 3) Guilt, anger and unanswered questions From God : Some participants who were in the denial phase and did not expect to lose complained to God (Participant number of 15, 18, 19, 2 and 5). In the beginning, I complained a lot to God why he killed my wife while my brother-in-law had been operated several times, but my wife was not sick and even two weeks before Corona, she still went to the sea and fished (Participant number of 15). Major Financial problems : Maintaining quarantine conditions and being ordered to stay at home for long periods of time in most parts of the world affected the employment and economic situation of individuals and families. As a result, many businesses were closed and many people lost their sources of income or had to accept restrictions on work, and as a result, the nature of the diet also affected the relationships of family members. On the other hand, participants stated that one of the reasons for the financial crisis was the increase in treatment costs. Financial problems were found in participants’ number 4, 7, 13, 15 and 19. I was worried that my wife would get the corona virus again, because the last time she got the corona virus, she was not paid for 20 days because we had no one to help us financially, emotionally or with food, I was sick, my child had only eaten bread and cheese in those few days (Participant number of 4). Reveling in memories : Many participants used the sharing of memories and discussion of feelings as an opportunity to cope with and process their shared grief (Participant number of 6, 12, 13, 14 and 17 ( . I will name the places where he was present. The first more will be the teacher's day. I will tell more about those times, about the places where we had shared memories when he was alive. For example, their house is where their house used to be. I often pass the place where her house used to stand. That really annoys me. The neighborhoods that were in those neighborhoods; where the restaurant we used to go to is his friend (Participant number of 12) Idealization : People tend to idealize a person for various reasons. We may have this image from person to person that they are more important than any other person or are the center of attention, but this is not true as stated with participant number 1 and 13. Since I am a transparent person and everyone knew how hard I raised my children, the whole world was shocked by my daughter's death because in the few days I posted a story, all my contacts inside and outside Iran cried and sympathized. The whole world was on fire over the death of my daughter (Participant number of 13) Social risk factors The role of the deceased's supporter : Dependence on the deceased and the loss of the supporter due to their loss plays a major role in the adjustment to bereavement. It delays this adjustment and leads to social alienation or the loss of a support system or friendship that exists in society. Number 5, 6 and 7 were found. After him, we always went to my grandfather's house. We felt his absence very clearly because he was so independent, he did a lot of work, and when we saw that this work is now on the ground and no one is coming to do it, we felt an emptiness Participant number of (Participant number of 5). Perception of lack of care by doctors : some participants complained about the indifference of doctors towards the recovery process of their loved ones. The reason for this was the overcrowding of hospitals due to overcrowding of patients, which was noted in participant number of 2, 10 and 12. At the hospital, the nurse told me that you brought him too late; I feel that he did not do enough (Participant number of 2). Lack of contact with the deceased : Contact with the deceased creates the conditions for the bereaved to largely recover from the shock of losing their loved one and to gain more knowledge and understanding of the loss of the deceased person, which is lost through lack of contact with them and causes the experience of unfinished grief noted in participants number of 9 and 19. In the hospital they had erected a barbed wire like fence around the ward so that no one, not even their own patients, could see them, this was very terrible in my opinion, it caused the psychological damage that a person had, a very negative impact on a person's psyche, corona disease caused a lot of psychological damage . (Participant number of 9). Loneliness : The participants stated that due to the need to follow health protocols and the fear of survivors and others of spreading corona disease or becoming infected, very few people attended the funeral, leading to feelings of loneliness and lack of support. Social stigma and blame : The rapid increase in the number of COVID-19 patients combined with the lack of public awareness about this virus has caused anxiety and fear among people, which has led to challenges such as social stigma, which was noted in participants 6 and 14. My family mostly blamed me that you must have a weak immune system and you did not eat well, you ate fast food and got sick, and people's reaction to my uncle's death was to say that it was his own fault that he had to endure all these problems alone and that's why he had to suffer (Participant number of 14) The division of inheritance: one of the problems faced by the mourners was the controversy over the division of inheritance, which affected the relationships of family members and caused the isolation of members from each other, which was seen in participant’s number 8, 16, 17, 18 and 19. Lack of access to traditional funeral and mourning ceremonies : The most important thing mourners were waiting for was a proper funeral for their loved one, to which all relatives could be invited and comforted through embraces - i.e. physical contact. Therefore, the lack of a funeral service had slowed down the process of grieving and coping with grief, as participants 3, 4, 6, 16, 17, and 19 noted. I do not think we were able to attend my father's funeral service because most of the complications were permanent (Participant number of 17) I took my mother's body out of the hospital alone and buried her alone, but sometimes I was very sad, I had no patience for others (Participant number of 3). Restriction of social relationships : Most of those affected confirmed that the amount and quality of their communication was affected and greatly reduced by the coronavirus, which was seen in participant’s number of 4 and 8. At first they called to say hello, how are you, to offer their condolences and so on, it was a kind of military service. So I decided to remove these people from my life because I could not justify this form of behavior. I preferred to remove them from my life (Participant number of 8). Protective Factor Table No. 3 shows the themes related to the protective factors of the bereaved during the Corona epidemic Table 3 themes of protective factors of the bereaved during the corona epidemic protective factors Individual Effective spiritual beliefs A good death Acceptance The power of surrender Positive thinking Entertainment Emotional discharge Living in the moment - appreciating life Patience Personal growth Self-knowledge Social Social support: Understanding and companionship of Acquaintances Generality of mourning Financial support Funding Funerals Referral to a psychologist People who experience disaster, tragedy, and loss experience significant challenges in coping with adversity. Individual and Social protective factors may be weakened and usually well-functioning mechanisms are affected. However, it can be achieved through effective spiritual beliefs, perspective on death (good death), surrender and acceptance, positive thinking, entertainment, and financing, emotional discharge, living in the moment-appreciating life, patience, personal growth, and self-knowledge. Speed up the grieving process. Effective spiritual beliefs : In this context, the participants evaluated themselves and the mistakes they made in life, and also made personality changes, which were found in participants’ number of. 6, 7, and 9. I read more Quran, if I want to say, I prayed more to find a bit of peace because my mother was a very religious person and had a lot of faith ( participant number of 6). A good death : One of the factors that can be helpful in adjusting to the conditions of grief was the bereaved's view that the death of the deceased had relieved them of pain. One of the things that helped me was that I didn't want my father to be plagued by any more hiccups. I was upset, but I was happy that my father was no longer nervous because he was rid of the hiccups (Participant number of 4). Acceptance : acceptance is after the death of a loved one and does not mean that the loved one is completely forgotten, but rather that the person has returned to a new normal way of life (Participant number of 3 and 5 ) I saw him as a friend who came to teach us a series of lessons, and I hope I catch the right one. This virus has taken the people it was meant to take (Participant number of 5) The power of surrender : contentment and surrender is a complete sign of faith and the highest limit of certainty and gratitude. It is one of the manifestations of the servant's gratitude that was found in participant’s number of 9 and 13. I am by nature a person who submits to the will of God. Even when I was in the hospital, I once went to the river Karun and said, "God, I was 5 years old and I was always pleased with you and did not ask you for anything, but now I am asking you to give me back the child." A year after my daughter died, I accepted and said if I claim to submit to God, I have to accept it (Participant number of 13). Positive thinking : positive thinking is a good and correct understanding of what is happening to us, which was evident in participants’ number of 5, 7, 8, 10 and 13. I completely put negativity aside because I am not negative and in front of my mom she is very negative. For example, I felt a little better, I got a lot of energy, my blood oxygen increased a little, I saw that I was feeling a little better, I felt a lot better, so I was not worried at all (Participant number of 5). Entertainment : participants used entertainment to pass the time and adapt to grief, which was seen in Participant number of 7, 9, 12 and 15. I should keep myself busy, for example, read a book, do a little sewing, read a language or watch a movie, go for a walk, for example, entertain myself so that I can at least clear my head a little. My thoughts and my imagination will become less (Participant number of 12) . Emotional discharge : grief and emotional discharge lead to inner peace, which was observed in participants’ number 9 and 11. I used to go to him to vent my emotions, I had nothing to do with anyone, I sat down and cried. I felt pain with him, sometimes I thought I said they are alive and see all our behavior, I think we are dead and do not feel many things, otherwise they are very aware, and the most thing that helped me was to let me find myself easily (Participant number of 9). Living in the moment - appreciating life : Living in the present can improve people's mental health. In general, all people have is the moment in which they are present, as noted with participants number of 1, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 17. To be ready at any moment to drop everything, to appreciate my loved ones more, to be less ungrateful to God and how absurd the world is, and I, who was so happy, lost everything within a few days (Participant number of 1). Patience : Patience does not only mean internalizing worries. Rather, patience also means resisting the blows of accidents and minimizing the resulting psychological pressure, which was observed in participants’ number of 9 and 10. We have become more patient when confronted with problems. Before we might get nervous, make quick decisions and rush into people, but now we have become a little more patient, we wait, we say now let us see what plan we can make for him (Participant number of 9). Personal growth : Some participants used the conditions caused by the coronavirus, such as the loss of social support and the quarantine conditions, to their advantage. These changes included improvement in personal and academic skills and personality development, which was observed in participants’ number of 3 and 15. Was noted I used to be afraid of driving, but Corona made me go here and there by car and my driving became better, I studied more for college, I studied more books and watched movies, my college exams became virtual and my grades became better because they were virtual, with My neighbors have become friendlier (Participant number of 3) Self - knowledge : One of the possibilities during grief is to find oneself. For indeed, we have a strong moral reason to mourn an unfinished task or to root in our more urgent task of gaining self-knowledge, as Participant number of 7, 13, and 14 note. I review my life and find out where I made mistakes, and this is very important, because in those past I did not understand what I was doing and where I was making mistakes in these circumstances. Now I measure things, I take it very seriously and I have perfectionism and so on. Or, for example, what could I have done in relationships and where were my mistakes? You really understand this and get deep inside yourself (Participant number of 7). Protective Social agents Social support : Social support makes people believe that they are loved, cared for, respected and valued by others, and one of the important factors in adapting to bereavement in people who have experienced loss is social support, which is effective in increasing the resilience of the bereaved (Participant number of 1, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17and 19 ) They tried a lot to support us, very, very much, in any way they could, now some people came to our house and some called, expressing their love to us in any way (Participant number of 17) Understanding and companionship of Acquaintances : mourners need the presence of others by their side to experience compassion and empathy, as this helps them greatly to alleviate grief, which was noted in participants’ number 1, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 17. They all prayed and vowed that my husband would survive and they did everything they could to save him, but after his death they were all very sad (Participant number of 7). Generality of mourning : one of the factors that affect the acceptance of sadness and grief is the generality of grief, so that the mourners have mentioned this generality as one of the comforting factors, which was found in participants’ number 5, 10, 12 and 13. Since Corona was an epidemic disease and I was not the only one who had it, I knew that others would be surprised by this situation, and this comforted me a little (Participant number of 5) Financial support : Maintaining quarantine conditions and the order to stay at home for a long time affected the economic situation of families, and for some participants, the deceased was the head of the family. In this context, financial help from people in the neighborhood has proven to be effective in reducing financial problems, which was noted in participant’s number of 7 and 8. My sister-in-law, one of them is a doctor, one of them is from America, and my sister-in-law's daughter, who specializes in obstetrics and is in good condition, support them and give them a small amount of money per month ) Participant number of 7). Funding : Funding had solved some of the grieving problems that were found in Participant number of 8 and 19 Thank God my father provided for us financially, but there was no one to help us financially except my father (Participant number of 8). Financially, and that's good, I was always reassured because it was my wife, now I use my savings (Participant number of 19) Funerals : A proper funeral is a way to process one's grief by allowing for emotional cleansing. This was the case for participants’ number 8 and 18. In the case of my mother's death, there was mostly sympathy, whether in person and by attending the ceremony, or over the phone and cyberspace, family and friends and colleagues, even the collaboration we had with each other for several years, because my mother's funeral ceremony was the culmination of the Corona virus, a limited number of people were allowed to attend. Give, but the rest stood at the back of the cemetery and came to our house, about 800 people attended the closing ceremony and we had lunch (Participant number of 18) Referral to a psychologist: The main goal of most grief counseling is to help the client integrate the reality of their loss into their future life and maintain a healthy attachment to the lost loved one. Participants’ number of 11, 13 and 19 were found. In this counseling, I realized that I could not accept my childhood and it took me a week to accept my childhood photo. I was able to understand many new things that I had not thought about before. I went to a psychologist, meditated and got busy with work. The counseling helped me a lot. I used to think that a man had to be with me for a good time, but after counseling I distanced myself from this situation (Participant number of 13). Discussion This study identified the issues of individual and social risk factors in the area of bereavement. Risk factors include non-acceptance, unexpectedness, suicidal thoughts, feelings of uncertainty and worry, guilt and regret, spiritual challenges, major financial problems, recalling memories, and idealization. Social factors identified were the role of the deceased's supporter, lack of medical care, lack of contact with the deceased (lack of opportunity to say goodbye), loneliness, limited social relationships and lack of compassion, social stigma and blame, division of inheritance, lack of access to traditional funeral and mourning ceremonies and limited social relationships. The results of this finding are in line with previous studies, including Erbiçer etal (21); Cardoso et al. (25); Firouzkouhi, & Abdollahimohammad. (25); memeni etal(26); Shoraka etal(27); Hedman etal. (28); Burke etal. (17); Miyajima et al. (29) and Carr et al. (7). In the study by Erbiçer et al. (21), risk factors included the expectation of injury, unfinished work and restrictions on religious and cultural rituals associated with death. In the study by Shoraka (27), three main categories and 9 subcategories of unexpressed grief were extracted after analyzing the collected data and forming semantic units. Unexpressed grief, mental health impact, and dissatisfaction with services formed the main categories, while lack of opportunity to say goodbye, emotional distress from Covid-19, stranger funeral, social anxiety and stigma, inadequate psychological support, emotional trauma and shock, decreased motivation to live, failure to follow professional principles in death declaration, and finally lack of equipment and failure to follow health standards formed 9 subcategories. In the study of memeni etal.(26) the effects of corona virus The main physical effects included shortness of breath, physical weakness, sleep problems, and anorexia. Cognitive-emotional effects included depression, suicidal thoughts, confusion and memory problems, ambiguity and despair, mood swings, stress, despair, rumination and guilt, anger, and unanswered questions. Social effects included social stigma and blame, loneliness, cessation of social activities-personal growth, loss of freedom due to restricted movement. Behavioral effects included loss of energy, obsessions, and lifestyle changes. Spiritual effects included self-knowledge, prayer and remembrance, submission and contentment, charity, living in the moment-gratitude for life, and performance of religious rituals. In a study entitled Death during the covid-19 pandemic in Sweden: relatives' experiences of end-of-life care, it was shown that 0.28 relatives in the Covid-19 group were allowed to receive unrestricted visits, compared to 60% in the non-Covid-19 group. Only 28% of relatives in the Covid-19 group reported that they received "appropriate care" from doctors"," which was significantly less than in the non-Covid-19 group. According to the results of this study, relatives' experience of end-of-life care was significantly worse for people with Covid-19 than for relatives of people without Covid-19. However, relatives of people without Covid-19 were also affected by negative Covid-19 outcomes (28). The results show that the restriction of religious-cultural rituals related to death, unfinished tasks and waiting for mourning are risk factors that play a role in the process of mourning and loss in the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to these measures, those who were not allowed to attend the funeral were unable to say goodbye to the deceased or perform religious ceremonies at the cemetery. The restriction of funeral ceremonies and the lack of condolences of acquaintances due to the epidemic caused people to go through the grieving process alone. As a result, they refused to accept the grief and face-to-face social support was also limited (30-31). The lack of religious-cultural practices that mediate the sharing of emotions with community members causes people who have lost a loved one to experience the grieving process more intensely in Iran, which is known as a collectivist culture. The restriction or prohibition of going to the hospital due to the risk of contamination caused the participants to not have the opportunity to say goodbye to the deceased and not be with them. A person who has a conflicted or unresolved relationship with the deceased in the past may feel guilty about unfinished business (32), and accordingly, the mourning process may be prolonged. Survivors' guilt for not having a loved one, both physically and psychologically, in the patient's final days is also associated with intense grief and dysfunction, such that such guilt can turn into a ruminative preoccupation with death, a factor that has been identified as a risk factor in prolonged bereavement (33). Another issue that affected the grieving process of participants during the pandemic was limited social support. Limited social support has a negative impact on people's well-being and grief (34). In this context, it can be said that the lack of personal social support negatively affects people. In the context of Covid, social isolation has led to a lack of physical support from family and friends or current emotional support, reflecting a disruption in social relationships. In addition, participants reported that they had been involved in an unexpected death. In the event of an unexpected death, bereaved people are less likely to care for themselves, feel supported by or be contacted by healthcare professionals, and are more likely to experience social isolation and loneliness. In this study, the increase in social isolation and loneliness, as well as depression, were among the consequences of coronavirus bereavement and among the risk factors that led to a longer period of mourning. Other studies have identified many factors that can influence grief and make it a complicated grief, including the type of death, such as "sudden death"," and its traumatic nature, which leads to unpreparedness for farewell (17, 29). The deaths caused by corona disease and the measures that communities must take to prevent the risk of contracting Covid-19 mean that all the factors that lead to complicated grief can also be seen in the grief caused by this disease. Some of these factors are: sudden death after a rapidly progressive and catastrophic illness, uncertainty about the disease and lack of regular mourning, restrictions on funerals, spiritual challenges, trying to accept death and fear of death. In addition, death from Covid-19 is usually accompanied by great suffering and pain. Spiritual challenges were also among the risk factors in the mourning process. For example, wondering why God or the world is punishing the mourner is only one of many expressions of a more complex structure of spiritual grief that includes (a) feelings of insecurity about God, (b) alienation from the faith community, and (c) disruption of religious practices (35). It seems that in Covid-related deaths, mourners felt that God was punishing the world of humanity with a plague, which is a form of spiritual challenge in grief accompanied by prolonged and complex grief symptoms. The current study also identified themes in the area of protective factors against the experience of grief, including individual and social factors. Individual factors include effective spiritual beliefs, perspective on death (good death), the power of submission and acceptance, positive thinking, entertainment, finance, emotional relief, living in the moment - appreciation of life, patience, personal growth, self-knowledge. Social factors also include social support, understanding the circumstances of others, understanding and companionship, financial help, funerals and seeing a psychologist. The results of this finding are in line with previous studies, including Erbiçer etal, (21); Burrell & Selman, (19); Walsh, (8); Borghi & Menichetti, (36); Menzies et al, (37); Feigelman, etal, (38); Nader & Salloum, (39); Bar-Tur et al, (40); Honey et al, (41). In the study by Erbiçer, etal (21), protective factors include relative support (i.e. family, spouse, friends, and life partner), remote support (i.e. cell phone, internet, and social media), positive coping strategies (cognitive, behavioral and religious-spiritual) and delay in business. Another study indicated that the utility of post-death ceremonies, including funerals, depends on the ability of the bereaved to create these ceremonies and say goodbye in a way that is meaningful to them (19). In addition to these cases, some participants' statements indicated that religious faith and spirituality are important coping strategies. Access to spiritual support at the end of life is important to many patients and families, regardless of whether they are religious or not, but it is an aspect of care that is somewhat neglected in hospitals. Attention to existential suffering; dealing with feelings of punishment, guilt, feelings of injustice in the world and regret; helping when people need confession or reconciliation; and providing grief support and help in preparing for death. Therefore, social support and religious ceremonies are expected to decrease mourners' reactions (8). In the non-Covid-19 era, people who have lost a loved one can share their pain. Although according to the protocols of Iran and most other countries it was forbidden to touch, kiss, hug and sometimes even see the corpses before funeral, people were not even allowed to hold the funeral ceremony. The fact is that visiting the sick, holding a funeral and mourning ceremony can be effective in easing the grieving process, recovering faster, accepting the death of a loved one and giving the living family and relatives a fresh start. Neimeyer et al. (42) explained that based on meaning theory, narrative reconstruction is an activity that allows a person to rewrite the loss experience and explain their narratives to accept reality by reorganizing, deepening, or expanding their beliefs. Using faith or hope in coping with death with thoughts such as “death is destiny" is helpful in coping with death” Faith and spirituality provided an internal anchor for families searching for meaning in an unpredictable and unpredictable situation. Control was like the Covid-19 pandemic. With these strategies, the bereaved are able to construct a stressful situation within a larger and benevolent system (36). Menzies et al. (37) noted that death caused by Covid-19 can violate core beliefs about the nature of death, the world and the future. Studies have shown that the factors that protect the complexity of bereavement are family support and social support (39). Remote support (i.e., cell phone, internet, and social media) ICT tools became one of the most important sources of social support during the pandemic (40-41). Participants indicated that those who could not assist the bereaved face-to-face began to support them via cell phones, the internet and social media. Positive cognitive coping strategies are one of the factors that influence the response to loss. People with an optimistic mindset tend to give their lives a positive direction after a loss, and this tendency is a facilitating factor in coping with loss (43). Also, living in the moment - appreciating life - was another positive strategy used by participants to cope with grief. This study had some limitations. For example, the respondents formed a homogeneous population and were therefore not representative of all cultures and their mourning customs. This study was conducted by telephone, which has its own drawbacks, such as the loss of visual and nonverbal cues and the possible loss of textual data. Future studies can be conducted through face-to-face interviews with a larger and more diverse sample to address these limitations. Based on the research findings, it is suggested that since social support plays an important role in this study, various services should be planned to increase people's social support resources for emergencies. In this context, the use of technological aids can be effective. Communication with loved ones should be a priority and contact between loved ones at the end of life should be facilitated and optimized, even during a pandemic. Emergency psychosocial services can be provided for people who cannot go through the normal grieving process. The participants explained that spirituality and religiosity are protective factors in the face of such a deep crisis. In the face of possible future epidemics, the findings also emphasize the need for preventive measures with a focus on spirituality. At a community level, awareness and appropriate information about any prevalent illness should be disseminated to the public to reduce negative perceptions and associated stigma, so that people are at least all sensitized to the emotional needs of others and help each other during this difficult time. It is suggested that qualitative research on how faith contributes to resilience would be useful, as well as examining the experiences of those who have lost their faith due to the pandemic. This study was conducted on the Muslim community in Iran; other religions may have different noteworthy experiences. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was received from the Research Ethics Committees of Islamic Azad University-Central Tehran in Iran (ethical code: IR.IAU.CTB.REC.1400.117). All participants gave informed consent before participating in the study and informed consent was obtained from them. This study was conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and on humans and/or human data in Helsinki Declaration. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no Conflict ininterests. Funding: No funding to declare. 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13:29:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1257766,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7921286/v1/1630483a-686b-458a-92f3-9f2fa1fb97d6.pdf"},{"id":100418487,"identity":"49e67d9d-d7e6-4400-be2b-789caaa292be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 13:25:54","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14201,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7921286/v1/a4bbd93c44eb3b822e0b0e64.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The bereavement experience of people who have recovered from corona is a risk and protective factor: a qualitative study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBy October 2022, the COVID-19 pandemic had killed 6.5\u0026nbsp;million people worldwide (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and claimed the lives of millions more. The literature emphasizes two main aspects of the effects of the Covid epidemic on people's mental state. The first relates to danger (i.e. fear of contagion), which can increase the perceived threat and sometimes lead to panic and an emotional epidemic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The second is related to the numerous and rapid changes in social, professional and family habits as a result of isolation and social distancing (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The longer the isolation, the more likely it is that people will become frustrated and bored with the worry of infection(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Psychological reactions to the pandemic included emotional distress, anxious behavior, sleep disturbances, fear, anger, depression, health concerns, feelings of helplessness and insecurity (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In the early stages of the pandemic, researchers predicted an increase in negative experiences of grief related to Covid-19, including concerns about the inability to grieve together, missed ceremonies, death-related losses, and depletion of coping resources(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Grief is a multidimensional process that is triggered by a loss and involves the adjustment of different aspects and areas of the person, such as: emotional, cognitive, behavioral and spiritual (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. When a loved one dies, the bereaved may initially deny what has happened. This process protects family members from the reality and shock of the death and helps them to come to terms with the event. After a while, people become angry when the thought of the death of a loved one arises. The next stage is the bargaining stage, where the person has thoughts like \u0026ldquo;If only I could get my wife back, I wouldn't work so long. The next phase is that of sadness and depression. In this stage, the person experiences a deep sense of grief that begins with the full meaning of the loss and its consequences. Acceptance is the final stages of grief, which leads to the realization that the loved one is no longer there and will never come back. The person wants to move on and begins to adapt to life in the absence of the deceased loved one (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that the social measures taken to contain this epidemic have increased the pressure on the bereaved, regardless of the cause of death. Social distancing, quarantine and restrictions on hospital visits are therefore likely to have an impact on the grieving process, as qualitative research shows(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, these restrictions led to an increase in psychological stress, including complicated grief among the bereaved(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrief researchers have argued that some of the consequences of the pandemic are related to some of the previously identified risk factors and challenges and issues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). The restrictions on social contacts due to the pandemic have affected the perceived social support of victims. Therefore, this risk factor may have increased in importance during the epidemic (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). Risk factors identified in previous research include sudden or unexpected death, low social support, low income or other concurrent stressors, a sense that death is avoidable, a search for meaning, and low family functioning (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). The researchers expected that these negative experiences would impair the grieving processes and delay the ability to adapt and recover (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). These differences underline the importance of specific risk factors for adjustment to bereavement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to risk factors, protective factors are also important. For example, rituals and social support have been shown to be compatible with protective grief (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). A high level of perceived preparation for death can also be a protective factor, while a low level of preparation can be a risk factor (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, risk factors were shown to include the expectation of injury, unfinished work and the restriction of religious-cultural rituals associated with death. Protective factors include relative support (i.e. family, spouse, friend, life partner), remote support (i.e. cell phone, internet, social media), positive coping strategies (cognitive, behavioral and religious-spiritual) and delaying business(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Iran, the number of infections and deaths caused by the coronavirus was unfortunately high, so that according to the latest statistics from November 2, 2022, a total of 5.860\u0026nbsp;million people were infected with this disease and among them more than 125 thousand Iranian citizens died (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e) and this means a large number of families who have lost their loved ones and people who have not directly experienced the death of their loved ones, indirectly they have witnessed the death of their compatriots and fellow citizens, and this shows that many unspoken grief is forming at the community level, which requires serious research and clinical attention. Considering the high number of deaths and injuries in any country, lack of planning in this area can lead to a crisis. To address this issue and prevent it from becoming a disorder, we must first understand the unique experiences and risk and protective factors in bereaved families and take action at an individual or social level. The present research was conducted for this purpose.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis qualitative research is a method of content analysis. In qualitative method, the focus is on the deep understanding, complexity and details of the phenomena under study, and the researcher actively participates in the research process. In content analysis, most of the data is obtained through interviews which were developed by researchers. Interviewing people allows us to understand the experiences and perceptions of the participants and obtain richer data from their experiences. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured in-depth interviews began with an open-ended question: \u0026quot;How would you describe your experience of the coronavirus?\u0026quot; Depending on the participants\u0026apos; dialog, exploratory questions were gradually asked to find out more details and to clarify the interviewees\u0026apos; explanations and examples. These questions were also specifically aimed at gaining information about the participants\u0026apos; understanding of the grieving process and its impact on their lives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSetting and\u0026nbsp;participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research community was selected as a sample. The size of the sample or participants was limited until the saturation limit was reached. The criteria for participation in the study included being able to read and write, being infected with the corona virus and being in a grief crisis, and the exclusion criterion was unwillingness to participate in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection began after receipt of the code of ethics from the ethics committee. The interviews were conducted between June and December 2022 in Persian. 19 women were interviewed. Due to data saturation, there was no new data; therefore, the survey was terminated. Demographic characteristics included: occupation, education, age, relationship to the deceased, and the duration of their illness, which are listed in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen selecting participants for this study, the researcher first conducted an initial briefing. If participants wished to take part in the study, they were given information about the purpose of the study, how the data would be collected and the nature of the collaboration. The participants in this study took part in the study voluntarily. If the participant gave verbal consent to participate in the study, the location and timing of the interview were determined in accordance with the participant\u0026apos;s opinion. At the beginning of each interview, participants were given an informed consent form that included an explanation of the purpose of the study, a detailed introduction of the researcher, an explanation of the research method, and the advantages and disadvantages of the study. The patients signed the consent form and agreed to participate in this study. The researcher endeavored to ensure the psychological safety of the participants. Therefore, each interview was conducted individually and with respect for the individual\u0026apos;s privacy. Participants were assured that their information would be recorded confidentially and that participants\u0026apos; names would not be used in the publication of the results. Participants were assured that they could leave the study if they wished and that they could withdraw their consent to participate in the study at any time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach interview lasted between 60 and 140 minutes and all interviews were conducted by a researcher who had professional experience as a counselor. The researcher also tried to establish a good rapport with the participants in the individual sessions. The interviews were conducted by telephone. In order to adhere to the ethical principles of research, the purpose of the research and confidentiality were explained and informed consent to participate in the research was obtained. Consent for the research and for the recording of the interviews was obtained through informed consent and signed online by each participant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data obtained was evaluated using the content analysis method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe method of Graneheim, \u0026amp; Lundman (23) was used for this purpose. At the beginning of each interview, the participants were informed about the aims of the study and how it would be conducted, and their consent to participate in the study was obtained. In addition, all ethical considerations of this study were taken into account, including the voluntary nature of participation, privacy and confidentiality of participant data. Participants were assured that the study would be conducted and that they could decline participation at any time. In this method, the first step was to transcribe the text of the interviews word for word in order to analyze the data and use it as the main data of the study. In the second step, the text was divided into units of meaning, which were summarized and shortened. In the third step, semantic units were designed and codes were selected. According to the participants\u0026apos; experiences, overt and covert concepts in the form of sentences or paragraphs were determined from their words and denotative codes, then coded and summarized. In the fourth step, based on the constant comparison of similarities, differences and appropriateness, the codes that indicated the topic were classified into a class, the subclasses and classes were categorized, and the core codes were formed. In the fifth step, at the interpretation level, the summarizing classes and the central concept of each class were identified and the main and abstract concepts were extracted. The concepts were checked against the description of the internal themes using the whole data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter completing these steps, all cases were presented in the form of a general table. For the validity of the data, the criteria of Guba, \u0026amp; Lincoln (24) were used. Therefore, with long-term participation and sufficient involvement and interaction with the participants, the researcher collected valid data and corroborated the information through the participants to confirm the validity of the research. To increase the reliability of the data, data collection and analysis were repeated in stages and verification by supervisors, counselors, and other researchers was used. To measure the verifiability of the data, the approval of the college faculty professors and their additional comments were used. Transferability of the research was ensured by providing a detailed description of the report to assess the applicability of the research in other fields.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants in this study had experienced the loss of at least one loved one during the pandemic. 19 members (8 men and 11 women) took part in this qualitative study on the phenomenon. At the beginning of the interview, they provided their demographic data. Participants were asked a series of open-ended questions about their demographic data at the beginning of the interview. This process allowed participants to describe themselves in their own language. The following table shows the demographic information of the study participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Demographic information of participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuration of infection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20-40\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e40-70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eBachelor\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e60 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eMen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eMaster\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e21 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eBachelor\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e20 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eDiploma\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e14 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eBachelor\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e10 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eBachelor\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e30 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eMen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eMaster\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e30 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eMen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eMaster\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e35 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eMen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eMaster\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e7 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eMen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eDiploma\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e7 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eDiploma\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e60 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003emen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eMaster\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e30 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eDiploma\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e12 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003emen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eMaster\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e12 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003emen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eBachelor\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e10 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eMaster\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e13 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eDoctoral\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e30 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003emen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eDoctoral\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e7 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003eWomen\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e*\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003eBachelor\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e12 days\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs you can see, 7 participants had a master\u0026apos;s degree, 6 participants bachelor\u0026apos;s degree, 4 a diploma and 2 a doctorate.. Moreover, the highest number of hospitalization was 60 days and the lowest was 7 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisk factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable No. 2 shows the topics related to the risk\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003efactors of the bereaved during the corona epidemic\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e Themes of risk factors of the bereaved during the corona epidemic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"15\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erisk\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003efactors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003enon-acceptance\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eunexpected\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003esuicidal ideation\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eFeelings of uncertainty and worry\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eGuilt and regret\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eGuilt, anger and unanswered questions from God\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eMajor financial problems\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eRemembering memories\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eThe role of the deceased\u0026apos;s supporter\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003ePerception of lack of care by doctors\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eLack of contact with the deceased\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eLoneliness\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eSocial stigma and blame\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eLack of access to traditional funeral and mourning ceremonies\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eRestriction of social relationships\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommon emotions experienced by relatives of a deceased person during the COVID-19 epidemic were the unknown function of the virus, the rapid onset and spread of the disease, lack of acceptance, the unexpectedness of the deceased\u0026apos;s death, suicidal thoughts, feelings of uncertainty and worry, guilt and regret, and unanswered questions. The response from God was major financial problems, memories, idealization, making people feel that they had no control over any stage of the disease. So they felt let down. The rapid onset and spread of the disease was one of the things that all the survivors mentioned. In most cases, it took no more than a month from the onset of the disease to the death of the patient. As a result, the patient\u0026apos;s relatives felt they had no control over the situation and felt helpless and hopeless.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-acceptance\u003c/strong\u003e: Participants noted that they were surprised by the death of their loved one because they \u0026quot;missed the \u0026ldquo;opportunity to process the loss of someone in the last phase of their life\u0026rdquo;. This lack of access and processing prior to death impairs the ability of the bereaved to accept the reality of death, which was noted in participants 2, 12 and 19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAt my wife\u0026apos;s death no one, not even asked for help, no one, I still could not digest my wife\u0026apos;s death, yesterday was my wife\u0026apos;s third anniversary, we went to Burial place, now I still have not been accepted like the first day\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnexpectedness\u003c/strong\u003e: In anticipatory grief, they expect the death and loss of the loved one sometime before this event. Although in most cases, anticipatory grief does not help to alleviate the grief of the survivors, it prepares the person psychologically better compared to sudden death. Unexpectedness was noted in participants 1, 4, 6, 11, 17, 18 and 19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI never thought I would see the day my wife died because I was very ill myself. I always said that I would die before my wife and if it was not for Corona, it would have happened because my wife had a healthy body, but this Corona was cruel. He came and killed my wife\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSuicidal ideation\u003c/strong\u003e: Suicidal ideation is the expression of a feeling of despair triggered by a person\u0026apos;s perception that the problem is unsolvable. The death of a relative was the most important reason for suicidal thoughts, so some participants (Participant number of 18, 11 and 13) saw suicide as a way to join the lost loved one.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAll my hopes and dreams were destroyed by his death, I feel like I have no hope for life anymore, I often thought about suicide, I even had the intention to do it, I was the only one who had no one and nothing to do\u003c/em\u003e, (Participant number of 18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFeeling of uncertainty and worry\u003c/strong\u003e: Measures such as the quarantine of urban centers and social distancing or the recommendations given to patients by different people, worry about the symptoms of corona and worry about the future had caused people\u0026apos;s daily life cycle to change and the feeling of uncertainty and despair that was found in participants number 1, 5, 14, 15, 16 and 18.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWorries about the complications after the disease, such as my immune system not returning to its former state or getting a permanent lung problem, or I even heard that it causes some cancers, and that was my worry\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 14).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGuilt and regret\u003c/strong\u003e: It is natural for the bereaved to look for someone to blame, and if there is no one to blame, they unfortunately blame themselves. Guilt can be a real obstacle to grief and prevent you from moving on with your life and focusing on what is important, which was noted in participants 3 and 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI wish I had hospitalized him sooner because I left him at home for a few days and then took him to the hospital, why I did not buy him an oxygen machine, why I did not know that Corona raises blood sugar and my mother had high blood sugar\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGuilt, anger and unanswered questions From God\u003c/strong\u003e: Some participants who were in the denial phase and did not expect to lose complained to God (Participant number of 15, 18, 19, 2 and 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn the beginning, I complained a lot to God why he killed my wife while my brother-in-law had been operated several times, but my wife was not sick and even two weeks before Corona, she still went to the sea and fished\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Participant number of 15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMajor\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eFinancial problems\u003c/strong\u003e: Maintaining quarantine conditions and being ordered to stay at home for long periods of time in most parts of the world affected the employment and economic situation of individuals and families. As a result, many businesses were closed and many people lost their sources of income or had to accept restrictions on work, and as a result, the nature of the diet also affected the relationships of family members. On the other hand, participants stated that one of the reasons for the financial crisis was the increase in treatment costs. Financial problems were found in participants\u0026rsquo; number 4, 7, 13, 15 and 19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI was worried that my wife would get the corona virus again, because the last time she got the corona virus, she was not paid for 20 days because we had no one to help us financially, emotionally or with food, I was sick, my child had only eaten bread and cheese in those few days\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReveling in memories\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Many participants used the sharing of memories and discussion of feelings as an opportunity to cope with and process their shared grief (Participant number of 6, 12, 13, 14 and 17\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI will name the places where he was present. The first more will be the teacher\u0026apos;s day. I will tell more about those times, about the places where we had shared memories when he was alive. For example, their house is where their house used to be. I often pass the place where her house used to stand. That really annoys me. The neighborhoods that were in those neighborhoods; where the restaurant we used to go to is his friend\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdealization\u003c/strong\u003e: People tend to idealize a person for various reasons. We may have this image from person to person that they are more important than any other person or are the center of attention, but this is not true as stated with participant number 1 and 13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSince I am a transparent person and everyone knew how hard I raised my children, the whole world was shocked by my daughter\u0026apos;s death because in the few days I posted a story, all my contacts inside and outside Iran cried and sympathized. The whole world was on fire over the death of my daughter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Participant number of 13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial risk factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe role of the deceased\u0026apos;s supporter\u003c/strong\u003e: Dependence on the deceased and the loss of the supporter due to their loss plays a major role in the adjustment to bereavement. It delays this adjustment and leads to social alienation or the loss of a support system or friendship that exists in society. Number 5, 6 and 7 were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAfter him, we always went to my grandfather\u0026apos;s house. We felt his absence very clearly because he was so independent, he did a lot of work, and when we saw that this work is now on the ground and no one is coming to do it, we felt an emptiness Participant number of\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerception of lack of care by doctors\u003c/strong\u003e: some participants complained about the indifference of doctors towards the recovery process of their loved ones. The reason for this was the overcrowding of hospitals due to overcrowding of patients, which was noted in participant number of 2, 10 and 12.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAt the hospital, the nurse told me that you brought him too late; I feel that he did not do enough\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLack of contact with the deceased\u003c/strong\u003e: Contact with the deceased creates the conditions for the bereaved to largely recover from the shock of losing their loved one and to gain more knowledge and understanding of the loss of the deceased person, which is lost through lack of contact with them and causes the experience of unfinished grief noted in participants number of 9 and 19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn the hospital they had erected a barbed wire like fence around the ward so that no one, not even their own patients, could see them, this was very terrible in my opinion, it caused the psychological damage that a person had, a very negative impact on a person\u0026apos;s psyche, corona disease caused a lot of psychological damage\u003c/em\u003e. (Participant number of 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLoneliness\u003c/strong\u003e: The participants stated that due to the need to follow health protocols and the fear of survivors and others of spreading corona disease or becoming infected, very few people attended the funeral, leading to feelings of loneliness and lack of support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial stigma and blame\u003c/strong\u003e: The rapid increase in the number of COVID-19 patients combined with the lack of public awareness about this virus has caused anxiety and fear among people, which has led to challenges such as social stigma, which was noted in participants 6 and 14.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMy family mostly blamed me that you must have a weak immune system and you did not eat well, you ate fast food and got sick, and people\u0026apos;s reaction to my uncle\u0026apos;s death was to say that it was his own fault that he had to endure all these problems alone and that\u0026apos;s why he had to suffer\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe division of inheritance: one of the problems faced by the mourners was the controversy over the division of inheritance, which affected the relationships of family members and caused the isolation of members from each other, which was seen in participant\u0026rsquo;s number 8, 16, 17, 18 and 19.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eaccess\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eto\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etraditional\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efuneral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eand\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emourning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eceremonies\u003c/strong\u003e: The most important thing mourners were waiting for was a proper funeral for their loved one, to which all relatives could be invited and comforted through embraces - i.e. physical contact. Therefore, the lack of a funeral service had slowed down the process of grieving and coping with grief, as participants 3, 4, 6, 16, 17, and 19 noted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edo\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethink\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewere\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eable\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eattend\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efather\u0026apos;s\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efuneral\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eservice\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebecause\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emost\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eof\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ecomplications\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewere\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epermanent\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003etook\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emother\u0026apos;s\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebody\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eout\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eof\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehospital\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ealone\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eburied\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eher\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ealone,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebut\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esometimes\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003every\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esad,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehad\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eno\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epatience\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efor\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eothers\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRestriction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esocial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erelationships\u003c/strong\u003e: Most of those affected confirmed that the amount and quality of their communication was affected and greatly reduced by the coronavirus, which was seen in participant\u0026rsquo;s number of 4 and 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAt\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efirst\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethey\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ecalled\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esay\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehello,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehow\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eare\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eyou,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eoffer\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003etheir\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003econdolences\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eso\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eon,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eit\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ekind\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eof\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emilitary\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eservice.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eSo\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edecided\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eremove\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003ethese\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epeople\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efrom\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elife\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebecause\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ecould\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ejustify\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eform\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eof\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebehavior.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epreferred\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eremove\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethem\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efrom\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elife\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtective Factor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable No. 3 shows the themes related to the protective factors of the bereaved during the Corona epidemic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 themes of protective factors of the bereaved during the corona epidemic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eprotective factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eEffective spiritual beliefs\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eA good death\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eAcceptance\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eThe power of surrender\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003ePositive thinking\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eEntertainment\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eEmotional discharge\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eLiving in the moment - appreciating life\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003ePatience\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003ePersonal growth\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eSelf-knowledge\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eSocial support:\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eUnderstanding and companionship of Acquaintances\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eGenerality of mourning\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eFinancial support\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eFunding\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eFunerals\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003eReferral to a psychologist\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePeople who experience disaster, tragedy, and loss experience significant challenges in coping with adversity. Individual and Social protective factors may be weakened and usually well-functioning mechanisms are affected. However, it can be achieved through effective spiritual beliefs, perspective on death (good death), surrender and acceptance, positive thinking, entertainment, and financing, emotional discharge, living in the moment-appreciating life, patience, personal growth, and self-knowledge. Speed up the grieving process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffective spiritual beliefs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e In this context, the participants evaluated themselves and the mistakes they made in life, and also made personality changes, which were found in participants\u0026rsquo; number of. 6, 7, and 9.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI read more Quran, if I want to say, I prayed more to find a bit of peace because my mother was a very religious person and had\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003ea lot of faith (\u003c/em\u003eparticipant number of 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA good death\u003c/strong\u003e: One of the factors that can be helpful in adjusting to the conditions of grief was the bereaved\u0026apos;s view that the death of the deceased had relieved them of pain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOne of the things that helped me was that I didn\u0026apos;t want my father to be plagued by any more hiccups. I was upset, but I was happy that my father was no longer nervous because he was rid of the hiccups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Participant number of 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcceptance\u003c/strong\u003e: acceptance is after the death of a loved one and does not mean that the loved one is completely forgotten, but rather that the person has returned to a new normal way of life (Participant number of 3 and 5 )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI saw him as a friend who came to teach us a series of lessons, and I hope I catch the right one. This virus has taken the people it was meant to take\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe power of surrender\u003c/strong\u003e: contentment and surrender is a complete sign of faith and the highest limit of certainty and gratitude. It is one of the manifestations of the servant\u0026apos;s gratitude that was found in participant\u0026rsquo;s number of 9 and 13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eam\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eby\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enature\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eperson\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewho\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esubmits\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewill\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eof\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eGod.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eEven\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewhen\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ein\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehospital,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eonce\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewent\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eriver\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eKarun\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esaid,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;God,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eyears\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eold\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epleased\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewith\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eyou\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edid\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eask\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eyou\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efor\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eanything,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebut\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enow\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eam\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003easking\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eyou\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003egive\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eme\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eback\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003echild.\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eyear\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eafter\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edaughter\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edied,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eaccepted\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esaid\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eif\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eclaim\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esubmit\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eGod,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehave\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eaccept\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eit\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 13).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive thinking\u003c/strong\u003e: positive thinking is a good and correct understanding of what is happening to us, which was evident in participants\u0026rsquo; number of 5, 7, 8, 10 and 13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI completely put negativity aside because I am not negative and in front of my mom she is very negative. For example, I felt a little better, I got a lot of energy, my blood oxygen increased a little, I saw that I was feeling a little better, I felt a lot better, so I was not worried at all\u003c/em\u003e(Participant number of 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEntertainment\u003c/strong\u003e: participants used entertainment to pass the time and adapt to grief, which was seen in Participant number of 7, 9, 12 and 15.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eshould\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ekeep\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emyself\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebusy,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efor\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eexample,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eread\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebook,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edo\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elittle\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esewing,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eread\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elanguage\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eor\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewatch\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emovie,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ego\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efor\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewalk,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efor\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eexample,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eentertain\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emyself\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eso\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethat\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ecan\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eat\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eleast\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eclear\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehead\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elittle.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eMy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethoughts\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eimagination\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewill\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebecome\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eless\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 12)\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edischarge\u003c/strong\u003e: grief and emotional discharge lead to inner peace, which was observed in participants\u0026rsquo; number 9 and 11.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eused\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ego\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehim\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003event\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eemotions,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehad\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enothing\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edo\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewith\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eanyone,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esat\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edown\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ecried.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efelt\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epain\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewith\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehim,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esometimes\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethought\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003esaid\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethey\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eare\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ealive\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esee\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eall\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eour\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebehavior,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethink\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eare\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edead\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edo\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efeel\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emany\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethings,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eotherwise\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethey\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eare\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003every\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eaware,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand the\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emost\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ething\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethat\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehelped\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eme\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elet\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eme\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efind\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emyself\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eeasily\u003c/em\u003e(Participant number of 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ein\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ethe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emoment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eappreciating\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003elife\u003c/strong\u003e: Living in the present can improve people\u0026apos;s mental health. In general, all people have is the moment in which they are present, as noted with participants number of 1, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 17.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTo\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eready\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eat\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eany\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emoment\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edrop\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eeverything,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eappreciate\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eloved\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eones\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emore,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eless\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eungrateful\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eGod\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehow\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eabsurd\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethe\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eworld\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eis,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewho\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eso\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehappy,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003elost\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eeverything\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewithin\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efew\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edays\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatience\u003c/strong\u003e: Patience does not only mean internalizing worries. Rather, patience also means resisting the blows of accidents and minimizing the resulting psychological pressure, which was observed in participants\u0026rsquo; number \u0026nbsp;of 9 and 10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWe have become more patient when confronted with problems. Before we might get nervous, make quick decisions and rush into people, but now we have become a little more patient, we wait, we say now let us see what plan we can make for him\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePersonal growth\u003c/strong\u003e: Some participants used the conditions caused by the coronavirus, such as the loss of social support and the quarantine conditions, to their advantage. These changes included improvement in personal and academic skills and personality development, which was observed in participants\u0026rsquo; number of 3 and 15. Was noted\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI used to be afraid of driving, but Corona made me go here and there by car and my driving became better, I studied more for college,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eI studied more books and watched movies, my college exams became virtual and my grades became better because they were virtual, with\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eMy neighbors have become friendlier\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelf\u003c/strong\u003e-\u003cstrong\u003eknowledge\u003c/strong\u003e: One of the possibilities during grief is to find oneself. For indeed, we have a strong moral reason to mourn an unfinished task or to root in our more urgent task of gaining self-knowledge, as Participant number of 7, 13, and 14 note.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI review my life and find out where I made mistakes, and this is very important, because in those past I did not understand what I was doing and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003ewhere I was making mistakes in these circumstances. Now I measure things, I take it very seriously and I have perfectionism and so on. Or, for example, what\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003ecould I have done in relationships and where were my mistakes? You really understand this and get deep inside yourself\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtective Social agents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial support\u003c/strong\u003e: Social support makes people believe that they are loved, cared for, respected and valued by others, and one of the important factors in adapting to bereavement in people who have experienced loss is social support, which is effective in increasing the resilience of the bereaved (Participant number of 1, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17and 19 )\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThey tried a lot to support us, very, very much, in any way they could, now some people came to our house and some called, expressing their love to us in any way\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 17)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnderstanding and companionship of Acquaintances\u003c/strong\u003e: mourners need the presence of others by their side to experience compassion and empathy, as this helps them greatly to alleviate grief, which was noted in participants\u0026rsquo; number 1, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 17.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThey all prayed and vowed that my husband would survive and they did everything they could to save him, but after his death they were all very sad\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenerality\u003c/strong\u003e of \u003cstrong\u003emourning\u003c/strong\u003e: one of the factors that affect the acceptance of sadness and grief is the generality of grief, so that the mourners have mentioned this generality as one of the comforting factors, which was found in participants\u0026rsquo; number 5, 10, 12 and 13.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSince Corona was an epidemic disease and I was not the only one who had it, I knew that others would be surprised by this situation, and this comforted me a little\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Participant number of 5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial support\u003c/strong\u003e: Maintaining quarantine conditions and the order to stay at home for a long time affected the economic situation of families, and for some participants, the deceased was the head of the family. In this context, financial help from people in the neighborhood has proven to be effective in reducing financial problems, which was noted in participant\u0026rsquo;s number of 7 and 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMy sister-in-law, one of them is a doctor, one of them is from America, and my sister-in-law\u0026apos;s daughter, who specializes in obstetrics and is in good condition, support them and give them a small amount of money per month\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e)\u003c/span\u003eParticipant number of 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e: Funding had solved some of the grieving problems that were found in Participant number of 8 and 19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThank\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eGod\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efather\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eprovided\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efor\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efinancially, but\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethere\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eno\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eone\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eto\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ehelp\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efinancially\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eexcept\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003efather\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Participant number of 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFinancially,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eand\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ethat\u0026apos;s\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003egood,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ereassured\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ebecause\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eit\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewas\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003ewife,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003enow\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003euse\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003emy\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003esavings\u003c/em\u003e (Participant number of 19)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunerals\u003c/strong\u003e: A proper funeral is a way to process one\u0026apos;s grief by allowing for emotional cleansing. This was the case for participants\u0026rsquo; number 8 and 18.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn the case of my mother\u0026apos;s death, there was mostly sympathy, whether in person and by attending the ceremony, or over the phone and cyberspace, family and friends and colleagues, even the collaboration we had with each other for several years, because my mother\u0026apos;s funeral ceremony was the culmination of the Corona virus, a limited number of people were allowed to attend. Give, but the rest stood at the back of the cemetery and came to our house, about 800 people attended the closing ceremony and we had lunch (Participant number of 18)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferral to a psychologist:\u003c/strong\u003e The main goal of most grief counseling is to help the client integrate the reality of their loss into their future life and maintain a healthy attachment to the lost loved one. Participants\u0026rsquo; number of 11, 13 and 19 were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIn this counseling, I realized that I could not accept my childhood and it took me a week to accept my childhood photo. I was able to understand many new things that I had not thought about before. I went to a psychologist, meditated and got busy with work. The counseling helped me a lot. I used to think that a man had to be with me for a good time, but after counseling I distanced myself from this situation (Participant number of 13).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study identified the issues of individual and social risk factors in the area of bereavement. Risk factors include non-acceptance, unexpectedness, suicidal thoughts, feelings of uncertainty and worry, guilt and regret, spiritual challenges, major financial problems, recalling memories, and idealization. Social factors identified were the role of the deceased\u0026apos;s supporter, lack of medical care, lack of contact with the deceased (lack of opportunity to say goodbye), loneliness, limited social relationships and lack of compassion, social stigma and blame, division of inheritance, lack of access to traditional funeral and mourning ceremonies and limited social relationships. The results of this finding are in line with previous studies, including Erbi\u0026ccedil;er etal (21); Cardoso et al. (25); Firouzkouhi, \u0026amp; Abdollahimohammad. (25); memeni etal(26); Shoraka etal(27); Hedman etal. (28); Burke etal. (17); Miyajima et al. (29) and Carr et al. (7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eIn the study by Erbi\u0026ccedil;er et al. (21), risk factors included the expectation of injury, unfinished work and restrictions on religious and cultural rituals associated with death. In the study by Shoraka (27), three main categories and 9 subcategories of unexpressed grief were extracted after analyzing the collected data and forming semantic units. Unexpressed grief, mental health impact, and dissatisfaction with services formed the main categories, while lack of opportunity to say goodbye, emotional distress from Covid-19, stranger funeral, social anxiety and stigma, inadequate psychological support, emotional trauma and shock, decreased motivation to live, failure to follow professional principles in death declaration, and finally lack of equipment and failure to follow health standards formed 9 subcategories. In the study of memeni etal.(26)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;the effects\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;of corona virus The main physical effects included shortness of breath, physical weakness, sleep problems, and anorexia. Cognitive-emotional effects included depression, suicidal thoughts, confusion and memory problems, ambiguity and despair, mood swings, stress, despair, rumination and guilt, anger, and unanswered questions. Social effects included social stigma and blame, loneliness, cessation of social activities-personal growth, loss of freedom due to restricted movement. Behavioral effects included loss of energy, obsessions, and lifestyle changes. Spiritual effects included self-knowledge, prayer and remembrance, submission and contentment, charity, living in the moment-gratitude for life, and performance of religious rituals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eIn a study entitled Death during the covid-19 pandemic in Sweden: relatives\u0026apos; experiences of end-of-life care, it was shown that 0.28 relatives in the Covid-19 group were allowed to receive unrestricted visits, compared to 60% in the non-Covid-19 group. Only 28% of relatives in the Covid-19 group reported that they received \u0026quot;appropriate care\u0026quot; from doctors\u0026quot;,\u0026quot; which was significantly less than in the non-Covid-19 group. According to the results of this study, relatives\u0026apos; experience of end-of-life care was significantly worse for people with Covid-19 than for relatives of people without Covid-19. However, relatives of people without Covid-19 were also affected by negative Covid-19 outcomes (28). \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eThe results show that the restriction of religious-cultural rituals related to death, unfinished tasks and waiting for mourning are risk factors that play a role in the process of mourning and loss in the Covid-19 pandemic. Due to these measures, those who were not allowed to attend the funeral were unable to say goodbye to the deceased or perform religious ceremonies at the cemetery. The restriction of funeral ceremonies and the lack of condolences of acquaintances due to the epidemic caused people to go through the grieving process alone. As a result, they refused to accept the grief and face-to-face social support was also limited (30-31). The lack of religious-cultural practices that mediate the sharing of emotions with community members causes people who have lost a loved one to experience the grieving process more intensely in Iran, which is known as a collectivist culture.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe restriction or prohibition of going to the hospital due to the risk of contamination caused the participants to not have the opportunity to say goodbye to the deceased and not be with them. A person who has a conflicted or unresolved relationship with the deceased in the past may feel guilty about unfinished business (32), and accordingly, the mourning process may be prolonged. Survivors\u0026apos; guilt for not having a loved one, both physically and psychologically, in the patient\u0026apos;s final days is also associated with intense grief and dysfunction, such that such guilt can turn into a ruminative preoccupation with death, a factor that has been identified as a risk factor in prolonged bereavement (33).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother issue that affected the grieving process of participants during the pandemic was limited social support. Limited social support has a negative impact on people\u0026apos;s well-being and grief (34). In this context, it can be said that the lack of personal social support negatively affects people. In the context of Covid, social isolation has led to a lack of physical support from family and friends or current emotional support, reflecting a disruption in social relationships. In addition, participants reported that they had been involved in an unexpected death. In the event of an unexpected death, bereaved people are less likely to care for themselves, feel supported by or be contacted by healthcare professionals, and are more likely to experience social isolation and loneliness. In this study, the increase in social isolation and loneliness, as well as depression, were among the consequences of coronavirus bereavement and among the risk factors that led to a longer period of mourning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther studies have identified many factors that can influence grief and make it a complicated grief, including the type of death, such as \u0026quot;sudden death\u0026quot;,\u0026quot; and its traumatic nature, which leads to unpreparedness for farewell (17, 29). The deaths caused by corona disease and the measures that communities must take to prevent the risk of contracting Covid-19 mean that all the factors that lead to complicated grief can also be seen in the grief caused by this disease. Some of these factors are: sudden death after a rapidly progressive and catastrophic illness, uncertainty about the disease and lack of regular mourning, restrictions on funerals, spiritual challenges, trying to accept death and fear of death. In addition, death from Covid-19 is usually accompanied by great suffering and pain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpiritual challenges were also among the risk factors in the mourning process. For example, wondering why God or the world is punishing the mourner is only one of many expressions of a more complex structure of spiritual grief that includes (a) feelings of insecurity about God, (b) alienation from the faith community, and (c) disruption of religious practices (35). It seems that in Covid-related deaths, mourners felt that God was punishing the world of humanity with a plague, which is a form of spiritual challenge in grief accompanied by prolonged and complex grief symptoms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current study also identified themes in the area of protective factors against the experience of grief, including individual and social factors. Individual factors include effective spiritual beliefs, perspective on death (good death), the power of submission and acceptance, positive thinking, entertainment, finance, emotional relief, living in the moment - appreciation of life, patience, personal growth, self-knowledge. Social factors also include social support, understanding the circumstances of others, understanding and companionship, financial help, funerals and seeing a psychologist. The results of this finding are in line with previous studies, including Erbi\u0026ccedil;er etal, (21);\u0026nbsp;Burrell \u0026amp; Selman, (19); Walsh, (8); Borghi \u0026amp; Menichetti, (36); Menzies et al, (37); Feigelman, etal, (38); Nader \u0026amp; Salloum, (39); Bar-Tur et al, (40); Honey et al, (41).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study by\u0026nbsp;Erbi\u0026ccedil;er, etal (21), protective factors include relative support (i.e. family, spouse, friends, and life partner), remote support (i.e. cell phone, internet, and social media), positive coping strategies (cognitive, behavioral and religious-spiritual) and delay in business.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother study indicated that the utility of post-death ceremonies, including funerals, depends on the ability of the bereaved to create these ceremonies and say goodbye in a way that is meaningful to them (19). In addition to these cases, some participants\u0026apos; statements indicated that religious faith and spirituality are important coping strategies. Access to spiritual support at the end of life is important to many patients and families, regardless of whether they are religious or not, but it is an aspect of care that is somewhat neglected in hospitals. Attention to existential suffering; dealing with feelings of punishment, guilt, feelings of injustice in the world and regret; helping when people need confession or reconciliation; and providing grief support and help in preparing for death. Therefore, social support and religious ceremonies are expected to decrease mourners\u0026apos; reactions (8). In the non-Covid-19 era, people who have lost a loved one can share their pain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough according to the protocols of Iran and most other countries it was forbidden to touch, kiss, hug and sometimes even see the corpses before funeral, people were not even allowed to hold the funeral ceremony. The fact is that visiting the sick, holding a funeral and mourning ceremony can be effective in easing the grieving process, recovering faster, accepting the death of a loved one and giving the living family and relatives a fresh start.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeimeyer et al. (42) explained that based on meaning theory, narrative reconstruction is an activity that allows a person to rewrite the loss experience and explain their narratives to accept reality by reorganizing, deepening, or expanding their beliefs. Using faith or hope in coping with death with thoughts such as \u0026ldquo;death is destiny\u0026quot; is helpful in coping with death\u0026rdquo; Faith and spirituality provided an internal anchor for families searching for meaning in an unpredictable and unpredictable situation. Control was like the Covid-19 pandemic. With these strategies, the bereaved are able to construct a stressful situation within a larger and benevolent system (36). Menzies et al. (37) noted that death caused by Covid-19 can violate core beliefs about the nature of death, the world and the future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that the factors that protect the complexity of bereavement are family support and social support (39). Remote support (i.e., cell phone, internet, and social media) ICT tools became one of the most important sources of social support during the pandemic (40-41). Participants indicated that those who could not assist the bereaved face-to-face began to support them via cell phones, the internet and social media.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePositive cognitive coping strategies are one of the factors that influence the response to loss. People with an optimistic mindset tend to give their lives a positive direction after a loss, and this tendency is a facilitating factor in coping with loss (43). Also, living in the moment - appreciating life - was another positive strategy used by participants to cope with grief.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eThis study had some limitations. For example, the respondents formed a homogeneous population and were therefore not representative of all cultures and their mourning customs. This study was conducted by telephone, which has its own drawbacks, such as the loss of visual and nonverbal cues and the possible loss of textual data. Future studies can be conducted through face-to-face interviews with a larger and more diverse sample to address these limitations. Based on the research findings, it is suggested that since social support plays an important role in this study, various services should be planned to increase people\u0026apos;s social support resources for emergencies. In this context, the use of technological aids can be effective.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eCommunication with loved ones should be a priority and contact between loved ones at the end of life should be facilitated and optimized, even during a pandemic. Emergency psychosocial services can be provided for people who cannot go through the normal grieving process. The participants explained that spirituality and religiosity are protective factors in the face of such a deep crisis. In the face of possible future epidemics, the findings also emphasize the need for preventive measures with a focus on spirituality. At a community level, awareness and appropriate information about any prevalent illness should be disseminated to the public to reduce negative perceptions and associated stigma, so that people are at least all sensitized to the emotional needs of others and help each other during this difficult time. It is suggested that qualitative research on how faith contributes to resilience would be useful, as well as examining the experiences of those who have lost their faith due to the pandemic. This study was conducted on the Muslim community in Iran; other religions may have different noteworthy experiences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003eEthical approval was received from the Research Ethics Committees of Islamic Azad University-Central Tehran in Iran (ethical code: IR.IAU.CTB.REC.1400.117). All participants gave informed consent before participating in the study and informed consent was obtained from them. This study was conducted in accordance with the relevant guidelines and on humans and/or human data in Helsinki Declaration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication: \u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials: \u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no Conflict ininterests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003eNo funding to declare.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAM:\u003c/strong\u003e Investigation, Writing\u0026mdash;original draft, Writing\u0026mdash;review and Editing, conducting interviews, Data analysis and coding;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFKA:\u003c/strong\u003e Designing interview questions, provided critical revision of the article,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHC:\u003c/strong\u003e provided critical revision of the article, Confirmation of interview questions,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis and coding; \u003cstrong\u003eSK:\u003c/strong\u003e provided critical revision of the article, Confirmation of interview questions, Data analysis and coding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMA:\u003c/strong\u003e Confirmation of interview questions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp skip=\"true\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements: \u003c/strong\u003eThe authors thank the participants for sharing their experiences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Data as received by WHO from national authorities, as of 11 December 2022 source (Weekly epidemiological update no. 122 (pp. 1\u0026ndash;16). (2022), Geneva: World Health Organization.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi JB, Yang A, Dou K, Wang LX, Zhang MC, Lin XQ. Chinese public\u0026apos;s knowledge, perceived severity, and perceived controllability of COVID-19 and their associations with emotional and behavioural reactions, social participation, and precautionary behaviour: a national survey. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1):1589. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09695-1. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMazza C, Ricci E, Marchetti D, Fontanesi L, Di Giandomenico S, Verrocchio MC, Roma P. How Personality Relates to Distress in Parents during the Covid-19 Lockdown: The Mediating Role of Child\u0026apos;s Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties and the Moderating Effect of Living with Other People. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6236. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176236. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227):912-920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu CH, Zhang E, Wong GTF, Hyun S, Hahm HC. Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 290:113172. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113172.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiang YT, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Cheung T, Ng CH. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(3):228-229. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarr D, Boerner K, Moorman S. Bereavement in the Time of Coronavirus: Unprecedented Challenges Demand Novel Interventions. J Aging Soc Policy. 2020; 32(4-5):425-431. doi: 10.1080/08959420.2020.1764320. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalsh F. Loss and Resilience in the Time of COVID-19: Meaning Making, Hope, and Transcendence. Fam Process. 2020; 59(3):898-911. doi: 10.1111/famp.12588. Epub 2020 Aug 20. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhai Y, Du X. Loss and grief amidst COVID-19: A path to adaptation and resilience. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87:80-81. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.053. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBryant, R. A. \u0026ldquo;Grief as a psychiatric disorder.\u0026rdquo; British Journal of Psychiatry, 2012; 201(1): 9-10. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.102889. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMortazavi, S. S., Shahbazi, N., Taban, M., Alimohammadi, A. \u0026amp; Shati, M. (2021). Mourning During Corona: A Phenomenological Study of Grief Experience Among Close Relatives During COVID-19 Pandemics. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, [published Online First: 20 July 2021].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTorrens-Burton A, Goss S, Sutton E, Barawi K, Longo M, Seddon K, Carduff E, Farnell DJJ, Nelson A, Byrne A, Phillips R, Selman LE, Harrop E. \u0026apos;It was brutal. It still is\u0026apos;: a qualitative analysis of the challenges of bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic reported in two national surveys. Palliat Care Soc Pract. 2022; 16:26323524221092456. doi: 10.1177/26323524221092456. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJeitziner MM, Camenisch SA, Jenni-Moser B, Schefold JC, Zante B. End-of-life care during the COVID-19 pandemic-What makes the difference? Nurs Crit Care. 2021; 26(3):212-214. doi: 10.1111/nicc.12593. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDiolaiuti F, Marazziti D, Beatino MF, Mucci F, Pozza A. Impact and consequences of COVID-19 pandemic on complicated grief and persistent complex bereavement disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2021; 300:113916. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113916.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEisma MC, Boelen PA. Commentary on: A Call to Action: Facing the Shadow Pandemic of Complicated Forms of Grief. Omega (Westport). 2023; 87(1):334-340. doi: 10.1177/00302228211016227.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMenzies RE, Menzies RG. Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: theoretical explanations and clinical implications. Cogn Behav Therap. 2020; 13:e19. doi: 10.1017/S1754470X20000215. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurke LA, Neimeyer RA, Bottomley JS, \u0026amp; Smigelsky MA. Prospective risk factors for intense grief in family members of veterans who died of terminal illness. Illness, Crisis \u0026amp; Loss, 2019; 27(3): 147\u0026ndash;171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054137317699580\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGesi C, Carmassi C, Cerveri G, Carpita B, Cremone IM, Dell\u0026apos;Osso L. Complicated Grief: What to Expect After the Coronavirus Pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2020; 11:489. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00489. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurrell A, Selman LE. How do Funeral Practices Impact Bereaved Relatives\u0026apos; Mental Health, Grief and Bereavement? A Mixed Methods Review with Implications for COVID-19. Omega (Westport). 2022; 85(2):345-383. doi: 10.1177/0030222820941296.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereml J, Schmidt V, Nagl M, Kersting A. Pre-loss grief and preparedness for death among caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2021; 284:114240. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114240.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErbi\u0026ccedil;er ES, Metin A, Doğan T. Grief and mourning in Covid-19 pandemic and delayed business as a new concept. Cult Psychol. 2023 Mar;29(1):3-26. doi: 10.1177/1354067X221118921.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhafari M, Madani K. In search of the murder: Making sense of Iran\u0026rsquo;s reported deaths. Medium; 2020 May 25. [cited 2020 May 28]. Available from: https://medium.com/@kavehmadani/in-search-of-themurder-making-sense-of-irans-reported-deaths-4279d2b03175.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGraneheim UH, Lundman B. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004 Feb;24(2):105-12. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuba EG, \u0026amp; Lincoln YS. Forth generation evaluation. Newbury park, CA: sage, 1989.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eardoso \u0026Eacute;AO, Silva BCAD, Santos JHD, Lot\u0026eacute;rio LDS, Accoroni AG, Santos MAD. The effect of suppressing funeral rituals during the COVID-19 pandemic on bereaved families. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2020; 28:e3361. doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.4519.3361.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFirouzkouhi M, \u0026amp; Abdollahimohammad A. Grief, heritage of covid-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 2021; 27(5):1\u0026ndash;3. DOI:10.1080/15325024.2021.1932130.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMomeni A, Keshavarzi Arshadi F, Kooshki SH, Askarian M. The bereavement experience of those who have recovered from the corona virus during the corona epidemic period: a qualitative study. Medical Science Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch 2024; 34(3): 310-323.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShoraka HR, Hashemi SA, Asghari D, Chegeni M, Arzamani N, Sadidi N, et al. Mourning During COVID-19 Pandemic in Bojnurd, a City in Northeast of Iran: A Qualitative Study. J Iran Med Counc. 2022; 5(2):263-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jimc.v5i2.10464\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHedman C, F\u0026uuml;rst CJ, Rasmussen BH, van der Heide A, Schelin MEC. Dying during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sweden: Relatives\u0026apos; Experiences of End-of-Life Care (the CO-LIVE Study). 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J Clin Psychol. 2019; 75(6):1047-1065. doi: 10.1002/jclp.22751. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRando TA. The increasing prevalence of complicated mourning: The onslaught is just beginning. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 1993; 26(1): 43\u0026ndash;59. https://doi.org/10.2190/7MDL-RJTF-NA2D-NPQF\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBurke LA, Crunk AE, Neimeyer RA, Bai H. Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement. Death Stud. 2021; 45(4):249-265. doi: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1627031.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBorghi L, Menichetti J. Strategies to Cope With the COVID-Related Deaths Among Family Members. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12:622850. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.622850. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMenzies RE, Neimeyer RA, \u0026amp; Menzies RG. Death anxiety, loss, and grief in the time of COVID-19. Behaviour Change, 2020; 37(3): 111\u0026ndash;115. doi: 10.1017/S1754470X20000215\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeigelman W, Gorman BS, Jordan JR. Stigmatization and suicide bereavement. Death Stud. 2009; 33(7):591-608. doi: 10.1080/07481180902979973. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNader K, \u0026amp; Salloum A. Complicated grief reactions in children and adolescents. Journal of Child \u0026amp; Adolescent Trauma, 2011; 4(3), 233\u0026ndash;257. DOI:10.1080/19361521.2011.599358\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBar-Tur L, Inbal-Jacobson M, Brik-Deshen S, Zilbershlag Y, Pearl Naim S, Brick Y. Telephone-Based Emotional Support for Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Aging Soc Policy. 2021; 33(4-5):522-538. doi: 10.1080/08959420.2021.1924414.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoney A, Waks S, Hines M, Glover H, Hancock N, Hamilton D, Smith-Merry J. COVID-19 and Psychosocial Support Services: Experiences of People Living with Enduring Mental Health Conditions. Community Ment Health J. 2021; 57(7):1255-1266. doi: 10.1007/s10597-021-00871-0. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeimeyer RA, Burke LA, Mackay MM, \u0026amp; van Dyke Stringer JG. Grief therapy and the reconstruction of meaning: From principles to practice. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 2010; 40(2): 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-009-9135-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKosminsky P. CBT for grief: Clearing cognitive obstacles to healing from loss. Journal of Rational Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 2016; 35(1): 26\u0026ndash;37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-016-0241-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bereavement, risk and protective factors, corona epidemic, qualitative study","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7921286/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7921286/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the Covid-19 \u0026nbsp;epidemic: a qualitative study Due to the high number of victims and the measures taken to contain the pandemic, Covid-19 has impacted the experiences of the bereaved. The aim of this study was to investigate the bereavement experiences of people who lost their loved ones during the Covid-19 pandemic. To this end, a qualitative method was used for the research design. The data for this study was collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview. The research population includes people who were admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital who were infected with Covid-19 \u0026nbsp;and lost a loved one. The study sample consisted of 19 survivors of Covid-19 who were purposively and voluntarily selected until the saturation point was reached. The data was analyzed using the content analysis approach and using the method of Graneheim, \u0026amp; Lundman (2004). The criteria of Guba, \u0026amp; Lincoln (1989) were also used for the validity of the data. Study participants described various factors that contributed to the grieving process during the Covid-19 pandemic. These factors were divided into two main categories: individual and social risk factors and individual and social protective factors. According to the research results, the risk factors prevent adaptation to bereavement and the protective factors act as a shield against bereavement.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The bereavement experience of people who have recovered from corona is a risk and protective factor: a qualitative study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-16 13:09:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7921286/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-04T05:40:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T14:37:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-18T06:02:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"211381548451707975504885426953881552156","date":"2026-01-30T22:43:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"133359235177338638481952250970255706081","date":"2026-01-25T01:56:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"179126837428279308660398411665499994525","date":"2026-01-14T04:42:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-13T14:01:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-05T06:19:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-04T13:46:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T15:22:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-11-03T15:18:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"563755ed-466b-4e40-8129-bc52c7e7f880","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-04T05:55:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-16 13:09:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7921286","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7921286","identity":"rs-7921286","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}