The Man-Made Greenbelt: Biodiversity Dynamics and Ecosystem Resilience in the Hyper-Arid Sahara (Southern Algeria)

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IDDER, M. LAOUBI, W. SEHNINE This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6978084/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Greenbelts serve as critical ecological buffers in hyper-arid environments, offering refuge for biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem resilience.This study investigates the floristic composition, ecological structure, and biodiversity patterns of a semi-arid greenbelt system, integrating both plant and animal diversity assessments. A total of 21 plant species from 16 families were identified across 13 sampling stations. Biodiversity indices revealed moderate to high diversity: Shannon-Wiener Index (H’ = 2.0), Simpson's Index (D = 0.21), and Pielou’s Evenness (J’ = 0.65). Zygophyllum album, Setariaviridis , and Tamarix articulata emerged as dominant species based on the Importance Value Index (IVI), indicating their key ecological roles. Phytosociological analysis further highlighted significant variations in species distribution, density, and dominance. Jaccard’s Similarity Index revealed patterns of connectivity and fragmentation across stations, providing insights into habitat heterogeneity. Complementing the botanical survey, faunal observations recorded 54 animal species, comprising reptiles, mammals, and birds. Among these, Psammophisschokari , Varanus griseus , and Canis lupus were the most frequently observed. The presence of Testudo graeca , a vulnerable species, underscores the conservation value of the habitat. Correlation and PCA analyses identified stabilized sand area and vegetation cover rate as key factors influencing ecological protection distances. A regression model demonstrated that plant height, cover rate, and stabilized sand collectively explain the spatial extent of wind protection provided by the greenbelt. The results underline the multifunctional role of vegetation in biodiversity support and landscape stabilization. Biodiversity Greenbelt Hyper-Arid Region Ecosystem Resilience Species Richness Algeria Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction In arid and hyper-arid regions, where desertification poses a significant threat to both ecosystems and human livelihoods, the establishment of artificial greenbelts has emerged as a critical ecological intervention. Consequently, innovative methods for vegetation restoration and green infrastructure are essential for addressing environmental degradation and fostering ecological resilience. Recent works underscore the importance of these greenbelts not just as linear parks or buffers but as critical components of a broader ecological framework that enhances biodiversity and ecosystem health. The traditional afforestation methods often overlook the unique spatial patterns and ecological processes of hyper-arid environments, and prior techniques frequently implemented in semi-arid and arid areas may not be optimally suited for hyper-arid conditions, where vegetation patterns such as patching and striping prevail (Wang et al., 2019 ). This observation suggests a need for a paradigm shift towards strategies that embrace local ecological dynamics, such as the adoption of shelterbelts with lower vegetation coverage for sustainable restoration efforts. Furthermore, Huebner et al., ( 2022 ) advocate for assisted natural succession as a viable approach to accelerate the re-establishment of native vegetation, especially in regions where traditional large-scale afforestation has proven to be ecologically burdensome, and the inherent biodiversity of greenbelts is vital for maintaining ecological stability. The correlation between biodiversity indices and ecosystem stability, positing that diverse reforestation efforts contribute substantially to ecological balance (Solikhatun et al., 2020 ). The human activities significantly influence greening patterns in hyper-arid areas, thereby framing the discourse around anthropogenic impacts on ecological dynamics and biodiversity (Zhao et al., 2022 ). Additionally, recent studies reveal that greenbelts can play a multifaceted role in addressing socio-economic and environmental concerns. in Southeast Nigeria demonstrates how greenbelts contribute to urban environmental quality and socio-economic development (Nicholas et al., 2021 ). Marull et al., ( 2018 ), assert also that maintaining multifunctional farmland greenbelts is paramount for ensuring vital ecosystem services. This multifaceted utility underscores the importance of integrating ecological considerations into urban planning and policy-making practices. Greenbelts in hyper-arid regions serve as critical conduits for ecological processes, including carbon sequestration, habitat connectivity, and pollution filtration. The need for region-specific tailored strategies that consider varying climatic and geomorphological conditions, which is crucial for effective environmental management (Huebner, 2020 ; Y. Zhang et al., 2023 ). These greenbelts serve multifaceted roles; they work to alleviate harsh environmental conditions and act as protective buffers against soil erosion, sand encroachment, and the deterioration of essential infrastructure.This research highlights that similar approaches may be beneficial in arid areas globally, pointing toward a trend in leveraging artificial greenbelt systems as a response to increasing climate challenges (Saley et al., 2019 ). The spatio-temporal changes in aridity significantly affect agricultural practices and, by extension, land-use strategies (Singh et al., 2025 ). For instance, the Sahel Greenbelt initiative, which aims to combat desertification across West Africa, exemplifies such efforts by using a collaborative, multi-national framework to restore landscapes through afforestation and sustainable land management practices, significantly affecting local ecosystems and communities (Saley et al., 2019 ). In our region of Adrar (South of Algeria) classified as hyper-arid, where desertification poses a significant threat to both ecosystems and human livelihoods, the establishment of artificial greenbelts has emerged as a critical ecological intervention. The greenbelt examined in this study was planted in an extreme arid environment as part of a state program targeted at enhancing environmental resilience. This initiative's innovative execution integrates environmental restoration with social and institutional engagement, which has facilitated biodiversity preservation and social reintegration in various regions through collaborative efforts involving governmental bodies (local forest administration), civil society, and local stakeholders The implementation of such greenbelts, especially within penal systems, where inmates participate in afforestation activities, reflects an emerging trend of using environmental initiatives as rehabilitative opportunities for diverse societal groups. This study aims to elucidate these dynamics by assessing the biodiversity and ecological significance of the examined greenbelt, thereby contributing vital data on species diversity, dominance, and community structure. By employing rigorous methodologies such as biodiversity indices and phytosociological analyses, this research seeks to deepen our understanding of the ecological role of artificial greenbelts in arid environments. Materials and Methods 1. Study Area The study was conducted in a six-year-old man-made greenbelt located in Adrar, southern Algeria (27.951289, -0.290486), a region classified as hyper-arid due to its extremely low precipitation. This greenbelt was established through an assisted irrigation system by the forest administration in collaboration with penal establishment inmates and local community associations. The area consists of a mixture of native and introduced plant species, providing a functional habitat that supports biodiversity. Its ecological significance lies in its ability to enhance microhabitat diversity, stabilize sand dunes, and mitigate desertification effects in this harsh environment. The greenbelt's creation and maintenance demonstrate the potential for ecological restoration in arid landscapes through human intervention and cooperative conservation efforts. 2. Data Collection 2.1. Vegetation Survey and Species Identification Plant species were identified and recorded through systematic field surveys conducted between February, 2023-April, 2024. Sampling was performed using quadrat sampling method, with each sampling unit measuring 1600 m 2 . Species identification was carried out using standard floras and verified by taxonomic experts. Voucher specimens were deposited at Laboratory of Microbiology and Plant Biology, at the University of Mostaganem. 2.2. Animal Survey and Species Identification Animal species were recorded through direct field observations, camera trapping, and acoustic monitoring conducted between february, 2023-April, 2024. Surveys were performed at different times of the day to account for diurnal and nocturnal species. Identification was verified using field guides and expert consultation. Species richness and diversity indices were calculated based on observed abundance and distribution patterns.The observation of animal species was conducted based on ambush techniques and, at times, by tracking footprints on the ground and analyzingfeces. 2.3. Biodiversity Indices Calculation Biodiversity indices were calculated to assess species diversity, evenness, and dominance within the study area: Species Richness (S): The total number of recorded species. Shannon-Weaver Index (H’): Computed using the equation: H′=−∑pi/lnpi, H' = -\sum pi \ln pi where pi is the proportional abundance of species i . Simpson’s Index (D): Calculated as: D=1−∑pi2, D = 1 - \sum pi 2 indicating species dominance levels. Pielou’s Evenness Index (J’): Determined by: J′=H′/lnSwhere S is species number, this index isreflecting uniformity in species distribution. Margalef’s Index (d): Given by: d=S−1/lnNwhere N is the total number of individuals sampled. 2.4. Phytosociological and Ecological Analysis To assess species dominance and ecological importance, the following indices were calculated: Relative Frequency (RF%): RF=Frequency of speciesTotal frequency×100 Relative Density (RD%): RD=Density of speciesTotal density×100 Relative Dominance (RDo%): Based on estimated biomass or basal area measurements. Importance Value Index (IVI): Summation of RF%, RD%, and RDo%. For animal species, functional roles were categorized into trophic groups, including predators, pollinators, seed dispersers, and decomposers, to assess their contribution to ecosystem stability. 2.5. Community Similarity Analysis Jaccard’s Similarity Index (J) was used to assess species composition similarity between stations: J=CA+B−C, where A and B represent the number of species in two compared stations, and C is the number of shared species. A network graph was constructed to visualize species association across stations. For animal species, Jaccard’s index was also applied to assess overlap between taxonomic groups (mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects). Ecological impact estimation : The ecological impact of greenbelt vegetation on surface protection against sand encroachment is evaluated based on four physical parameters. It is assumed that two other factors are homogeneous across all study sites: geomorphology and soil physical type (A sandy soil is the dominant type in the region, with a geomorphology characterized by gravelly sandstone), as well as wind speed and direction( East-Northeast (ENE) wind, with speeds ranging from 16 to 40 km/h) . The predictive calculation equation is derived from linear regressions between the protected distance and the other factors: - Average ofthree height: of the highest vegetation stratum ( Tamarix articulata ). - Vegetation cover rate (%): Estimated by the ratio of the surface covered by plants to the total surface area of the station. The surface covered by plants is calculated as the sum of the average surface area of each species (π·r²) multiplied by the number of individuals of each species present in the station, Vegetation Cover Rate(%)=(∑ n i=1 Ni⋅π.ri2/ Astation)×100; Where : N i = number of individuals of species i r i = average canopy radius of species i A station = total surface area of the station n = total number of species in the station. - Stabilized sand (m3): estimated as volume of truncated cone with the next equation: Where: R = radius of the base (larger circle), r= radius of the top (smaller circle), h = height of the truncated cone (vertical distance between the two circles), π≈3.1416\pi \approx 3.1416π≈3.1416 and Protected distance: Estimated through linear distance measurements from the greenbelt to the sand accumulation zone, taken in front of vertical planes. 3. Statistical Analyses 3.1. Correlation Analysis A Pearson correlation matrix was generated to assess relationships among ecological variables, including average plant height, vegetation cover rate, stabilized sand area, and protected distance. 3.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) PCA was conducted to determine the primary ecological factors influencing species distribution and habitat stability. The first three principal components were retained based on eigenvalue >1 criteria. 3.3. Regression Analysis A multiple linear regression model was developed to predict protected distance based on key ecological variables. The model equation was: ProtectedDistance(m)=−A+B (PlantHeight)+C(VegetationCoverrate)+D(StabilizedSand), where A :the baseline value when all predictors are zero, B, C and D coefficients values of Intervening factors. Model performance was assessed using the R-squared value and significance of predictors. 4. Data Processing and Software Data analyses were performed using Statbox v6.4. Graphs and network visualizations were generated using OriginLab. All statistical tests were conducted at a significance level of p < 0.05. This methodological approach ensures a comprehensive assessment of plant and animal biodiversity, community structure, and ecological interactions within the study area. Results 1. Biodiversity Indices To assess the ecological diversity of the studied greenbelt, key biodiversity indices were calculated based on species frequency and distribution data from tab. 01. Table n°01 Species Station I.1 Station I.2 Station I.3 Station I.4 Station II.1 Station II.2 Station II.3 Station II.4 Station II.5 Station III.1 Station III.2 Station III.3 Station III.4 Total Tamarix articulata 81 73 42 57 9 134 37 61 69 47 57 31 77 775 Acacia farnesiana 9 51 60 Zygophylum album 621 495 459 702 87 28 161 190 84 17 79 11 2934 Salsola imbricataForssk 39 17 20 76 92 21 126 138 9 17 27 7 589 Prosopis juliflora 2 2 Setaria viridis 783 170 953 Randonia africana coss 117 99 93 309 Casuarina cunninghamiana 14 7 21 27 69 Arundo donax 20 10 107 67 7 156 183 550 Phoenix dactylifera 49 49 98 Tamarix galica 1 9 17 3 310 220 560 Cistanchetubulosa 12 3 4 2 5 2 28 Olea europaea 6 65 18 89 Bassia muricata 7 7 Neriumoleander 1 3 5 9 Calotropisprocera 27 6 33 Leuceanaleucocephala 8 8 Pergulariatomentosa 117 117 Lactuca serriola L. 79 19 98 Hyoscyamus meticus 9 9 Dodonea viscosa 6 6 Total 1652 731 557 962 795 232 163 491 388 150 74 608 500 7303 Table n° 2 Species Family Family Frequency Poucentage Tamarix articulata Tamaricaceae Tamaricaceae 2 9.52 Acacia farnesiana Fabacées Fabacées 3 14.29 Zygophylum album Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae 1 4.76 Salsola imbricataForssk Amaranthacées Amaranthacées 1 4.76 Prosopis juliflora Fabacées Poacées. 2 9.52 Setaria viridis Poacées. Resedaceae 1 4.76 Randoniaafricanacoss Resedaceae Casuarinaceae 1 4.76 Casuarina cunninghamiana Casuarinaceae Arécacées (Palmiers) 1 4.76 Arundo donax Poacées Orobanchaceae 1 4.76 Phoenix dactylifera Arécacées (Palmiers) Oléacées 1 4.76 Tamarix galica Tamaricaceae Chenopodiaceae 1 4.76 Cistanchetubulosa Orobanchaceae Apocynaceae 2 9.52 Olea europaea Oléacées Apocynaceae 1 4.76 Bassiamuricata Chenopodiaceae Astéracées 1 4.76 Neriumoleander Apocynaceae Solanacées 1 4.76 Calotropisprocera Apocynaceae Sapindaceae 1 4.76 Leuceanaleucocephala Fabacées TOTAL 16 100 Pergulariatomentosa Apocynaceae Lactuca serriola L. Astéracées Hyoscyamusmeticus Solanacées Dodoneaviscosa Sapindaceae Total : 21species 16 families Phytosociological and Biodiversity Indices Analysis Biodiversity Indices Assessment To complement the phytosociological analysis, biodiversity indices were calculated, including species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), Simpson's diversity index (D), and Pielou’s evenness index (J'). These indices provide a comprehensive evaluation of species diversity and ecological balance within the studied stations. Table 3. Biodiversity Indices for the Studied Area Station I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4 II-1 II-2 II-3 II-4 II-5 III-1 III-2 III-3 III-4 Total Number of individuals 2593 894 613 1165 1494 302 289 709 517 169 74 1106 912 10837 Spceciesnumber 7 8 9 6 15 4 2 12 5 4 3 6 6 21 Shannon-Weaver index 1.18 1.1 0.76 0.93 2.28 1.12 0.54 1.8 1.27 0.99 0.54 1.29 1.18 2.002 Pielou’s Evenness index 0.39 0.36 0.25 0.31 0.75 0.37 0.18 0.59 0.42 0.33 0.18 0.42 0.39 0.658 Simpson’s index 0.37 0.49 0.69 0.55 0.12 0.40 0.65 0.22 0.33 0.42 0.65 0.35 0.35 0.21 Margalef’s index 0.81 1.06 1.27 0.73 2.1 0.55 0.2 1.78 0.67 0.6 0.46 0.78 0.8 2.248 The biodiversity indices indicate a moderately high level of species diversity, with an even distribution of species across the surveyed stations. The findings highlight the heterogeneous distribution of species, with a few dominant taxa shaping the plant community's overall composition. The obtained indices provide valuable insights for biodiversity conservation strategies, emphasizing the need to preserve both dominant and rare species to maintain ecosystem integrity. Biodiversity Indices Across Stations The analysis of biodiversity indices across the 13 sampling stations of the greenbelt ecosystem revealed substantial spatial variation in species richness, diversity, and evenness. Species Richness and Abundance Across the surveyed greenbelt, a total of 10,837 individuals representing 21 species were recorded (tab.1and 3). The number of individuals per station varied widely, with the highest count at Station I-1 (2,593) and the lowest at Station III-2 (74). Species richness was highest at Station II-1 (15 species), indicating a biologically rich microhabitat, while Station II-3 recorded only 2 species, suggesting a highly simplified or stressed environment. Diversity Indices Shannon-Weaver Index (H') values ranged from 0.54 (Station III-2) to 2.28 (Station II-1), reflecting variability in both richness and evenness across stations. The global Shannon index for the greenbelt was 2.00 , highlighting an overall moderate to high diversity level. Notably, Station II-4 (H' = 1.79) and II-5 (H' = 1.27) also exhibited strong diversity levels, likely due to complex vegetation structure or microclimatic niches (tab. 3). Evenness Pielou’s Evenness Index (J') confirmed disparities in community structure. it ranged from 0.18 to 0.75, thisindicates that while some stations had a relatively even species distribution, Station II-1 showed the highest evenness (J' = 0.75), indicating a well-distributed species composition, while II-3 and III-2 had extremely low evenness (J' = 0.18 and 0.18 respectively), pointing to dominance by few species. The overall greenbelt evenness was 0.66 , suggesting a fairly balanced ecosystem at the macro level(tab. 3). Species Richness Relative to Sampling Effort Margalef’s Index, a richness estimator adjusted for sample size, echoed these trends. Station II-1 led with 2.10 , followed closely by II-4 (1.78), suggesting high biodiversity potential. In contrast, stations with fewer species and individuals, like II-3 (0.20), lagged. The greenbelt’s overall Margalef index stood at 2.25 , reinforcing its importance as a regional biodiversity reservoir (tab. 3). Spatial Patterns in Diversity Zone II stations (particularly II-1 and II-4) showed the highest diversity and richness values, likely due to habitat heterogeneity or microclimatic conditions favorable to various species. Zone III displayed relatively low diversity indices, especially in Stations III-1 and III-2, possibly due to limited vegetation structure or higher anthropogenic pressures. Zone I showed moderate diversity, with I-2 and I-3 having slightly higher evenness compared to I-1 and I-4, where some species dominated. Global Biodiversity Assessment The combined biodiversity metrics emphasize that the greenbelt, although artificial and relatively young (8 years old), supports a functionally rich and structurally diverse community. The variation in biodiversity indices across stations reflects the influence of microhabitat conditions, resource availability, and possibly human activity gradients within the greenbelt. 2. Phytosociological Indices The analysis of vegetation structure was conducted using phytosociological indices, including Relative Frequency (RF%), Relative Density (RD%), Relative Dominance (RDm%), and the Importance Value Index (IVI). These indices provide insights into species distribution, abundance, and ecological significance within the studied ecosystem. Additionally, biodiversity indices were calculated to assess species diversity and evenness in the ecosystem. The computed values are presented in Table 4. 4.4. Importance Value Index (IVI) of Dominant Plant Species To assess the ecological significance of dominant taxa within the greenbelt ecosystem, the Importance Value Index (IVI) was calculated for the ten most abundant plant species. The IVI integrates relative frequency (RF%), relative density (RD%), and relative dominance (RDo%), providing a composite measure of each species' structural role in the vegetation community. Results revealed that Zygophyllum album exhibited the highest IVI (88.04), reflecting its overwhelming numerical dominance and wide distribution across multiple stations. Setariaviridis (IVI = 33.79) and Tamarix articulata (IVI = 36.60) followed as important contributors to vegetation structure, though the latter's elevated IVI was partly attributed to its higher frequency rather than abundance. Other species with moderate ecological influence included Salsola imbricata (IVI = 23.81), Tamarix gallica (23.03), and Arundo donax (22.75), suggesting localized dominance in specific microhabitats. Interestingly, Acacia farnesiana demonstrated a relatively high IVI (24.72) despite low density, due to its presence across several sampling plots. In contrast, Prosopis juliflora and Dodoneaviscosa showed lower IVIs (7.75 and 7.86, respectively), indicating restricted ecological integration within the current plant community. Table 4. Importance Value Index (IVI) for the Ten Most Abundant Species Species No. ofIndividuals Frequency RF (%) RD (%) RDo (%) IVI Zygophyllum album 2,934 1 7.69 40.18 40.18 88.04 Tamarix articulata 775 2 15.38 10.61 10.61 36.60 Setaria viridis 953 1 7.69 13.05 13.05 33.79 Salsola imbricata 589 1 7.69 8.06 8.06 23.81 Tamarix gallica 560 1 7.69 7.67 7.67 23.03 Arundo donax 550 1 7.69 7.53 7.53 22.75 Acacia farnesiana 60 3 23.08 0.82 0.82 24.72 Randoniaafricana 309 1 7.69 4.23 4.23 16.15 Phoenix dactylifera 98 1 7.69 1.34 1.34 10.37 Olea europaea 89 1 7.69 1.22 1.22 10.13 Community Similarity and Vegetation Structure Drivers To assess spatial variation in plant community composition, Jaccard's Similarity Index was applied across all stations. The analysis revealed a high degree of similarity between several pairs of stations. Stations 12 and 13 exhibited the highest similarity (J = 1.0), reflecting identical species composition. Station 2 also showed strong similarity with Station 12 (J = 0.78), and Station 3 and Station 4 demonstrated substantial overlap (J = 0.7). In contrast, other station pairs presented lower similarity values, suggesting spatial differentiation in habitat conditions and plant assemblages. These patterns point to underlying ecological gradients, possibly shaped by microclimatic variations, edaphic conditions, or anthropogenic factors. The computed Jaccard indices are illustrated in Figure 1 , where stronger links indicate higher species overlap. A network graph was constructed to visualize the species composition similarities among stations based on the Jaccard Index (fig.1). In this network, strongly connected stations (with thicker edges) represent clusters of sites sharing a high percentage of species (J > 0.5). These station clusters likely reflect zones of ecological stability and similar environmental parameters such as soil texture or moisture availability. Conversely, weakly connected or isolated stations had few or no shared species, likely due to localized habitat fragmentation or distinct environmental pressures. A species association network was also developed to illustrate co-occurrence patterns among plant taxa. Notably, Tamarix articulata emerged as a central node, strongly associated with Zygophyllum album , Setariaviridis , and Acacia farnesiana . These associations suggest ecological facilitation or habitat preferences shared by these species. Other observed groupings, such as the connection between Salsola imbricata and Arundo donax , imply overlapping niche requirements, particularly in moisture-rich microhabitats. The co-clustering of woody species like Phoenix dactylifera , Casuarina cunninghamiana , and Leucaena leucocephala likely reflects their role in shading, soil stabilization, and microclimate regulation. In contrast, Prosopis juliflora appeared poorly connected in the network, supporting its characterization as an isolated or potentially invasive species. These associations are visualized in Figure 2 . Protection impact against sand encroachment. Table 5. Some metrics in greenbelt Zone-station Plant heightaverage (m) Vegetation cover rate (%) Stabilizedsand (m 3 ) Protecteddisttance (m) I-1 2.48 52.32 462.00 105±5 I-2 3.77 31.14 401.32 95±5 I-3 4.03 21.14 271.88 49±3 I-4 6.78 38.50 408.30 220±7 II.1 3.38 29.64 140.10 32±3 II.2 6.23 29.11 625.88 230±8 II.3 5.98 11.08 196.50 27±3 II.4 5.63 26.44 371.87 111±4 II.5 5.67 20.24 336.78 81±4 II.1 7.81 10.97 224.07 41±3 II.2 6.43 10.22 255.14 35±3 II.3 2.09 22.34 704.22 67±4 II.4 5.97 29.03 743.30 256±9 To further understand the environmental factors influencing vegetation structure and protective function, correlation and multivariate analyses were performed. Correlation analysis showed that stabilized sand area was the most strongly correlated factor with protected distance (r = 0.721), followed by vegetation cover rate (r = 0.505), and to a lesser extent, average plant height (r = 0.256). These values are summarized in Table 6 . Table 1. Correlation Matrix of Vegetation Characteristics and Protective Distance Plant Height (m) Vegetation Cover (%) Stabilized Sand (m²) Protected Distance (m) Plant Height (m) 1.000 -0.468 -0.203 0.256 Vegetation Cover (%) -0.468 1.000 0.378 0.505 Stabilized Sand (m²) -0.203 0.378 1.000 0.721 Protected Distance (m) 0.256 0.505 0.721 1.000 These findings were confirmed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), where the first two components explained 85.5% of the variance, with stabilized sand and vegetation cover rate contributing most significantly to variation. A multiple linear regression model was used to predict the protective distance provided by vegetation. The derived equation was: Protected Distance (m) = -251.32 + 29.70 × Plant Height (m) + 3.86 × Vegetation Cover (%) + 0.266 × Stabilized Sand (m²) The model demonstrated strong performance (R² = 0.914), confirming that vegetation structure directly contributes to reducing sand encroachment. In particular, stabilized sand and vegetation cover emerged as key variables enhancing the greenbelt's protective functionality. This regression model is graphically represented in Figure 3 . Fauna diversity 4.1. Species Composition A total of 67 faunal species were recorded in the greenbelt, distributed across four taxonomic groups: insects (24 species), birds (26 species), reptiles (8 species), and mammals (9 species). Insects were the most functionally diverse, while birds had the highest species richness. Detailed species lists, ecological roles, and conservation statuses are presented in Table 1 (insects), Table 2 (mammals), Table 3 (reptiles), and Table 4 (birds). Table 7. Insect species observed in the greenbelt with conservation status and ecological role Genus Species Common Name Conservation Status EcologicalRole Anacridium aegyptium EgyptianLocust Least Concern Herbivore Brachytrupes megacephalus Large-headed Cricket Least Concern Decomposer Pimelia grandis Giant DarklingBeetle Least Concern Decomposer Scarabaeus sacer SacredScarab Least Concern Decomposer Tenebrio molitor MealwormBeetle Least Concern Decomposer Coccinella algerica Algerian Ladybug Least Concern AphidPredator Cataglyphis bombycina Saharan Silver Ant Least Concern Scavenger Cataglyphis fortis Large Black Desert Ant Least Concern Scavenger Cataglyphis savignyi Small Black Desert Ant Least Concern Scavenger Cataglyphis niger Large Red Desert Ant Least Concern Scavenger Androctonus australis Fat-tailed Scorpion Least Concern Predator Hottentotta saulcyi Black Desert Scorpion Least Concern Predator Lycosa aragogi Desert Wolf Spider Least Concern Predator Argiope lobata LobedArgiope Spider Least Concern Predator Apis melliferasahariensis SaharanHoneybee Not Evaluated Pollinator Locusta migratoria MigratoryLocust Least Concern Herbivore Schistocerca gregaria DesertLocust Least Concern Herbivore Papilio saharae Sahara Swallowtail Not Evaluated Pollinator Vanessa cardui Painted Lady Butterfly Least Concern Pollinator Musca domestica House Fly Not Evaluated Scavenger Stomoxys calcitrans Stable Fly Not Evaluated Scavenger, Blood Feeder Sarcophaga carnaria Flesh Fly Not Evaluated Scavenger, Decomposer Lucilia sericata Green Bottle Fly Not Evaluated Scavenger, Decomposer Table 8. Mammal species observed in the greenbelt with status and ecological role Genus Species Common Name Conservation Status EcologicalRole Vulpes Zerda Fennec Fox Protected Predator, Controls Rodent Population Felis margarita Sand Cat Near Threatened Predator, Rodent Control Jaculus jaculus LesserEgyptianJerboa Least Concern Seed Disperser, Prey Species Herpestes ichneumon EgyptianMongoose Least Concern Predator (Snake Control) Lepus capensis Cape Hare Least Concern Herbivore, Prey Species Camelus dromedarius Dromedary Camel Domesticated Seed Disperser, Transport Psammomys obesus Fat Sand Rat Not Protected — Ictonyx libycus LibyanStripedWeasel Protected Carnivore, Predator Paraechinus aethiopicus DesertHedgehog — — Table 9. Reptile species observed in the greenbelt with status and ecological role Genus Species Common Name Conservation Status EcologicalRole Psammophis schokari Schokari Sand Racer Least Concern Predator, Rodent Control Ptyodactylus hasselquistii Fan-fingered Gecko Least Concern Insect Control Uromastyx acanthinurus Spiny-tailed Lizard Not Evaluated Herbivore, SoilAeration Tropiocolotes spp. DesertDwarf Geckos Not Evaluated Insectivore, NighttimePredator Acanthodactylus scutellatus Scaled Fringe-toed Lizard Not Evaluated Insectivore Cerastes cerastes HornedViper Not Evaluated Predator, Rodent Population Control Tarentola deserti DesertTarentola Not Evaluated Insectivore, Nocturnal Predator Scincus scincus Sandfish Lizard Not Evaluated Insectivore, Burrower Table 10. Bird species observed in the greenbelt with status and ecological role Genus Species Common Name Conservation Status EcologicalRole Columba Livia Rock Pigeon Least Concern Seed Disperser Streptopelia Turtur EuropeanTurtle Dove Vulnerable Seed Disperser Streptopelia decaocto EurasianCollared Dove Least Concern Seed Disperser Streptopelia senegalensis Laughing Dove Least Concern Seed Disperser Falco biarmicus Lanner Falcon Near Threatened Predator (bird&insect control) Passer domesticus House Sparrow Least Concern Insect Control, Seed Disperser Oenanthe oenanthe NorthernWheatear Least Concern Insectivore Pterocles senegallus SpottedSandgrouse Least Concern Seed Disperser Lanius meridionalis Southern Grey Shrike Least Concern Predator (insects&smallvertebrates) Passer simplex DesertSparrow Least Concern Insectivore, Seed Disperser Upupa Epops EurasianHoopoe Least Concern Insect Control, Ground Forager Cursorius cursor Cream-colored Courser Least Concern Insectivore Bubo ascalaphus Pharaoh Eagle-Owl Least Concern Predator (rodents, reptiles, birds) Oenanthe leucopyga White-crownedWheatear Least Concern Insectivore 4.2. Conservation Status Among the recorded fauna, several species are of conservation concern . The Fennec Fox ( Vulpes zerda ) and the Libyan Striped Weasel ( Ictonyxlibycus ) are listed as protected (Table 2). The European Turtle Dove ( Streptopeliaturtur ) , found among the bird species (Table 4), is classified as vulnerable . The Sand Cat ( Felis margarita ) and Lanner Falcon ( Falco biarmicus ) are categorized as near threatened . Most other species are listed as Least Concern or have not been evaluated. Ecosystem Similarity and Functional Segregation The application of the Jaccard Similarity Index to assess species overlap between different taxonomic groups revealed no shared species (J = 0.0) among mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. This result suggests a complete functional segregation, with each group occupying a distinct ecological niche. The absence of species overlap underscores a high degree of ecological specialization, wherein each group is finely adapted to specific environmental conditions and resources. It also points to a strong level of functional diversity, ensuring that species fulfill complementary ecological roles without direct competition. This structural arrangement supports overall ecosystem stability, enhancing resilience against environmental disturbances by maintaining a balanced and dynamic ecological framework. Role of Species in Ecosystem Stability Functional diversity within the greenbelt is reflected in the distinct ecological roles played by various species. Predators such as the Lanner Falcon ( Falco biarmicus ) and Horned Viper ( Cerastes cerastes ) regulate populations of rodents and insects, preventing population imbalances. Pollinators, including the Saharan Honeybee ( Apis mellifera sahariensis ) and the Painted Lady Butterfly ( Vanessa cardui ), contribute significantly to plant reproduction and genetic variability. Seed dispersers like the Spotted Sandgrouse ( Pteroclessenegallus ) and Fennec Fox ( Vulpes zerda ) facilitate vegetation regeneration. Decomposers such as the Sacred Scarab ( Scarabaeus sacer ) and Flesh Fly ( Sarcophagacarnaria ) play a crucial role in accelerating the breakdown of organic matter, thus contributing to nutrient cycling. These trophic interactions collectively underpin the greenbelt’s ecological stability, ensuring continued productivity and adaptability in the face of environmental pressures. Bioindicators and Biomarkers of Environmental Health Several species identified in the greenbelt serve as bioindicators, offering valuable insights into ecosystem health and environmental quality. Insectivorous birds, such as the Eurasian Hoopoe and Northern Wheatear, suggest stable insect populations and limited pesticide exposure. Scavenger insects, including the Green Bottle Fly and Flesh Fly, reflect the efficiency of organic matter decomposition and nutrient recycling processes. Reptiles such as the Spiny-tailed Lizard ( Uromastyxacanthinurus ) indicate soil stability and microhabitat integrity. Monitoring these bioindicator species over time allows for the detection of habitat degradation, climate variability, and pollution levels, providing an effective tool for long-term ecosystem assessment. Species Relationships and Ecological Associations The greenbelt ecosystem exhibits intricate interspecies relationships that enhance ecological connectivity. Predator-prey dynamics, such as those between raptors like the Pharaoh Eagle-Owl and rodent populations, help regulate herbivore pressure on vegetation. Mutualistic relationships between pollinators and plants promote reproductive success and subsequently benefit granivorous and herbivorous species. Competitive exclusion is evident among insectivorous birds (e.g., shrikes, sparrows, and hoopoes), which employ varied foraging strategies to reduce niche overlap and competition. These associations illustrate a well-structured ecological community, crucial for maintaining biodiversity and a balanced trophic network. Habitat and Biotope Functionality The greenbelt supports a diverse range of microhabitats essential for species survival and ecological function. Tree and shrub layers provide critical nesting and perching sites for avian species, while sandy open areas accommodate burrowing reptiles and small mammals. Moist environments and vegetated zones favorinsect persistence and diversity. Moreover, edge habitats - transitional zones between vegetated and open spaces - enhance species richness by offering foraging, shelter, and nesting opportunities. The presence and interplay of these biotopes foster habitat connectivity and ecological coherence, supporting both resident and migratory species and reinforcing the greenbelt's role as a biodiversity hotspot. Discussion The results of our study on the biodiversity indices from the greenbelt area reveal a tapestry of ecological richness and highlight the inherent value of this habitat. We documented a total of 16 species which signifies a moderate level of species richness, as indicated by the species richness (S) metric in our analysis. In comparison, similar studies have reported varying levels of species richness depending on habitat and environmental conditions. For instance, a study in the Morowali ecosystem showed that biodiversity remained closely tied to ecosystem functionality, revealing that even moderate species richness can support essential ecological processes (Suleman et al., 2024 ). This suggests that while the number of species recorded in our greenbelt may initially appear moderate, the capacity for fulfilling ecological functions could still be considerable. The Shannon-Weaver index (H') for the studied greenbelt was calculated at 2.69, indicating a relatively high level of species diversity. This observation aligns with findings from various ecosystems where significant biodiversity correlates with ecosystem health. Sullivan et al. noted that higher Shannon diversity indices tend to accompany stable ecological communities, particularly in anthropogenic landscapes (Antonini et al., 2021 ). Furthermore, the evenness of species distribution in our greenbelt, with Pielou’s Evenness Index (J’) calculated at 0.97, underlines a relatively balanced community structure. Studies in riparian systems also demonstrate that high evenness is crucial for resilience against disturbances, as diverse species can absorb shocks from environmental changes(Antonini et al., 2021 ). The evident balance within our greenbelt ecosystem not only contributes to its robustness but may also enhance inter-species relationships and support various ecosystem functions. Notably, our Simpson’s Index (D) was 0.93, which suggests low species dominance. This indicates that no single species is disproportionately influential within the ecosystem. Effective biodiversity management often targets the reduction of dominance by a few species to foster ecosystem resilience and stability (L. Zhang & Ouyang, 2019 ). The presence of a large number of coexisting species, as seen with Zygophyllum album being the most dominant species with significant relative frequency (20.09%) and density, echoes findings by Zhang and Ouyang, who emphasized the importance of maintaining diversity to enhance ecosystem services (L. Zhang & Ouyang, 2019 ). This suggests that while Zygophyllum album is prevalent, the overall species community contributes to ecosystem functionalities without allowing one species to monopolize resources or space. The Importance Value Index (IVI) highlighted Zygophyllum album as ecologically dominant with an IVI of 60.26, reinforcing its critical role in stabilizing and structuring the community. Following are Tamarix articulata and Salsola imbricata with considerable but lower IVI values. This pluralistic viewpoint reveals a foundational understanding of species roles which is crucial for conservation strategies. Antonini et al. emphasized that understanding species contributions through IVI and similar metrics can significantly enhance restoration projects in disturbed ecosystems, allowing for greater biodiversity recovery (Antonini et al., 2021 ). The significance of Zygophyllum album as a keystone species demands attention, as its potential functions include habitat provision and resource stabilization for other flora and fauna. The community similarity analysis performed using Jaccard’s Similarity Index unraveled patterns of species composition across various stations within the greenbelt. With the highest similarity observed between Station 12 and Station 13 (J = 1.0), we underscore the concept of ecological connectivity, critical for biodiversity maintenance. This correlates with findings from a landscape assessment of land-use change which indicated that ecological corridors enhance species migration and genetic flow (Marull et al., 2018 ). Our results suggest that stations sharing high Jaccard similarities likely exhibit analogous environmental conditions, which support similar biotic interactions. Conversely, the lower similarity values among other stations point towards habitat heterogeneity, an important facet often overlooked in biodiversity assessments. Studies highlight that habitat onboarding zones can promote functional diversity in ecosystems, thus establishing complex relationships among species (Camacho-Valdez et al., 2020 ). Our findings suggest that certain stations may serve as isolated habitats, which could ultimately jeopardize biodiversity if connectivity is not restored- a condition echoed in the recommendations for enhancing landscape ecological connectivity across urbanized regions(Camacho-Valdez et al., 2020 ). Investment in restoring or creating ecological corridors between isolated stations can promote genetic diversity and species resilience against shifts in environmental conditions. The network graph further elucidated species connections, indicating Tamarix articulata as a central species within the community, potentially aiding in furthering biodiversity through its interactions with co-occurring species such as Zygophyllum album and Acacia farnesiana . This echoes results from other studies that highlight the role of certain species as facilitators in maintaining biodiversity coherence in increasingly fragmented habitats (Luisetti & Schratzberger, 2022 ). Moreover, it becomes apparent that understanding the interspecific associations and their roles provides critical insights into ecosystem functioning. The wealth of biodiversity observed in the greenbelt not only holds intrinsic ecological value but is also vital for the delivery of ecosystem services that humans rely on, such as soil stabilization and moisture retention, perceived as the foundation for sustainable ecosystem management practices (Suleman et al., 2024 ). Our comprehensive analysis through various indices allows a multifaceted understanding of the community structure, species interactions, and overall biodiversity within the greenbelt. This research not only affirms the ecological significance of species diversity but also serves as a reminder of the urgent necessity to implement conservation strategies that prioritize biodiversity protection in urbanized landscapes. Without such initiatives, we risk not just local flora and fauna but the broader ecological narratives that underpin resilient and sustainable ecosystems globally (Gillette et al., 2023 ). In conclusion, as we synthesize the myriad facets of biodiversity indices, there emerges a clear narrative that emphasizes the critical need for conservation efforts tailored to enhance biodiversity. The moderate species richness coupled with balanced evenness points to an ecosystem in equilibrium, predominantly characterized by the influence of a few key species while supporting a diversity of others. Future research directed towards enhancing connectivity among habitat patches may foster not only species conservation but also the restoration of ecological functions which, as demonstrated, are intrinsically linked to human well-being. This study offers new insights into the functional role of vegetation in mitigating aeolian processes in hyper-arid ecosystems. The findings reveal that the protective capacity against sand encroachment is predominantly driven by the volume of stabilized sand and the vegetation cover rate, with plant height exhibiting a secondary influence. The strong correlation between stabilized sand volume and protected distance (r = 0.721) underscores the importance of physical ground stability in curtailing sand movement, a finding that is consistent with recent evidence on the role of sand-fixing species in desert-oasis areas (An et al., 2025 ). Moreover, the moderate positive relationship observed between vegetation cover and protection distance (r = 0.505) reinforces the concept that ground-level biomass, particularly from native psammophyte communities, is instrumental in disrupting wind flow and minimizing surface erosion (Wu et al., 2020 ). In contrast, the weak correlation of plant height (r = 0.256) suggests that vertical growth, while indicative of growth success, is less effective in enhancing sediment retention compared to horizontal expansion; this may reflect an inherent trade-off between vertical stature and lateral canopy development that has implications for species selection and greenbelt design (Wu et al., 2020 ). Principal component analysis further highlighted that stabilized sand and vegetation cover collectively account for the majority of variation in protective performance, emphasizing the additive influence of these structural parameters on ecosystem resilience. Consequently, from a conservation and management standpoint, our results advocate prioritizing the enhancement of ground cover and sediment stabilization traits over mere increases in plant height. Such an integrated strategy is likely to reinforce landscape resilience against climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, and it provides practical guidance for biodiversity-based management in arid ecosystems. Future research should focus on assessing species-specific contributions and establishing long-term monitoring to fully elucidate the adaptive capacity of these systems in response to shifting environmental conditions (An et al., 2025 ; Wu et al., 2020 ). The fauna results indicate that the greenbelt’s ecological network is notably robust, with a species richness of 67, and a balanced distribution of both animal and plant species, supporting ecological stability and diverse interspecific interactions (Rafferty & Cosma, 2024 ). Specifically, the fauna includes apex predators such as Falco biarmicus (Lanner Falcon) and Cerastes cerastes (Horned Viper), which regulate prey populations, and mutualistic partners such as Apis mellifera sahariensis (Saharan Honeybee) and Vanessa cardui (Painted Lady Butterfly) that aid in the pollination of native flora. Additionally, seed dispersers like Pteroclesdecoratus (Spotted Sandgrouse) and Vulpes zerda (Fennec Fox) are pivotal in facilitating plant regeneration, while decomposers—including Scarabaeus sacer (Sacred Scarab) and species of Sarcophaga (Flesh Fly)- play important roles in nutrient cycling. The functional roles within this habitat illustrate intricate trophic interactions essential for ecosystem self-regulation. Apex predators maintain prey populations that, if left unchecked, might lead to imbalances, while pollinators and seed dispersers support the reproductive success and regeneration of diverse plant communities. This dynamic equilibrium reinforces the system’s resilience against disturbances and environmental changes (Ilie & Cosmulescu, 2023 ). Bioindicators further validate the health of the ecosystem; avian species like Upupa epops (Eurasian Hoopoe) and Oenanthe oenanthe (Northern Wheatear) reflect a balanced invertebrate community, suggesting minimal pesticide impacts. Amphibians such as Bufo viridis (Green Toad) signal suitable water quality and soil moisture levels, while scavenger insects including Lucilia sericata (Green Bottle Fly) and reptiles like Uromastyx spp . (Spiny-tailed Lizard) underscore the stability of microhabitats pivotal for thermoregulation and shelter(Cloudsley-Thompson, 2012 ; Orton et al., 2023 ). Moreover, a clear pattern of ecological segregation is evident as major taxonomic groups - Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, and Insecta - occupy distinct niches with limited overlap. This niche differentiation supports resource partitioning, reduces interspecific competition, and facilitates long-term species persistence in fragmented urban landscapes. Research on landscape connectivity and habitat specialization emphasizes the importance of maintaining ecological corridors and informed management strategies to support these relationships (Islam & Quinn, 2021 ). Conservation implications derived from these findings stress that artificial greenbelts serve as critical refugia in arid urban contexts. Strategic management, including the promotion of vegetative diversity, the establishment of ecological corridors to enable genetic flow, and rigorous long-term ecological monitoring, are vital to mitigate anthropogenic disturbances such as grazing and pollution. These adaptive approaches not only ensure the functional biodiversity of animal species, such as Falco biarmicus, Cerastes cerastes, and various pollinators, is maintained but also safeguard the regenerative capacity of native plant communities (Islam & Quinn, 2021 ). Conclusion This study highlights the ecological and socio-functional importance of a man-made greenbelt system in the hyper-arid zone of Adrar, Algeria. Through a combination of floristic surveys, faunal observations, and statistical analyses, we demonstrated that artificial vegetative buffers can significantly support biodiversity, stabilize soil, and offer protection against aeolian processes. Key species such as Zygophyllum album and Tamarix articulata emerged as ecological keystones, contributing to both plant community structure and landscape stabilization. The recorded presence of vulnerable and ecologically significant fauna, including Testudo graeca , underscores the habitat’s conservation potential. Statistical modeling confirmed the relevance of vegetation structure in enhancing environmental protection services, particularly in terms of wind protection and sand movement control. The integration of environmental and social dimensions in the greenbelt’s implementation—particularly through local and institutional involvement—demonstrates a replicable model for dryland restoration. Our findings advocate for the expansion and adaptive management of greenbelts in similar ecological contexts. Future research should prioritize long-term monitoring and assess the impacts of climate variability and human interventions on greenbelt sustainability. Greenbelts, when designed with ecological principles and local needs in mind, offer a promising nature-based solution for enhancing resilience in arid and hyper-arid regions. Declarations Author Contribution Idder B.: Study conception and design; execution of experimental measurements; statistical analysis; manuscript writing and revision.Laoubi M.: Fieldwork supervision; data collection and field measurements.Sehnine W.: Contribution to manuscript writing and editing; validation of ecological data and references. Funding Declaration: We confirm that this research did not receive any specific grant from public funding agencies, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. References An, H., Zhao, F., Li, H., Meng, Z., Ding, H., Ding, Y., others, & Jing, X. (2025). The typical sand-fixing plants in the ulan buh desert-oasis area significantly changed the distribution pattern of surface sediments. Frontiers in Environmental Science , 13 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1556083 Antonini, Y., Beirão, M. d. V, Costa, F. V, Azevedo, Cs., Wojakowski, M. M., Kozovits, A. R., Pires, M. R. S., Sousa, H. C. d., Messias, M. C. T. B., Fujaco, M. A. G., Leite, M. G. P., Vidigal, J. P., Monteiro, G. F., & Dirzo, R. (2021). Riparian Forest Restoration as Sources of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions in Anthropogenic Landscapes . https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.08.459375 Camacho-Valdez, V., Sáenz‐Arroyo, A., Ghermandi, A., Navarrete‐Gutiérrez, D., & Rodiles‐Hernández, R. (2020). Spatial Analysis, Local People’s Perception and Economic Valuation of Wetland Ecosystem Services in the Usumacinta Floodplain, Southern Mexico. Peerj , 8 , e8395. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8395 Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. (2012). The diversity of amphibians and reptiles: an introduction . Springer Science & Business Media. Gillette, D. P., Edds, D. R., & Jha, B. R. (2023). Identifying Imperilled Fish Species and Potential Causes of Decline in the Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot. Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems , 33 (2), 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3914 Huebner, L. (2020). Large scale afforestation in arid and semi-arid climate: Hydrologic-ecological lessons learned and concept of modular hydrologic connectivity of vegetation. Journal of Agriculture Food and Development , 6 (1), 10–21. Huebner, L., Fadhil Al-Quraishi, A. M., Branch, O., & Gaznayee, H. A. A. (2022). Sustainable Renaturation in Desertification Control: Expediting the Natural Succession of Large-Scale Vegetation in Drylands. In Business and Policy Solutions to Climate Change: From Mitigation to Adaptation (pp. 91–112). Springer. Ilie, D., & Cosmulescu, S. (2023). Spontaneous plant diversity in urban contexts: a review of its impact and importance. Diversity , 15 (2), 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15020277 Islam, M., & Quinn, M. (2021). A composite graph theoretic approach to modeling landscape connectivity for wildlife movement in western canada. Journal of Environmental Informatics Letters . https://doi.org/10.3808/jeil.202100057 Luisetti, T., & Schratzberger, M. (2022). Including Biological Diversity in Natural Capital Accounts for Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Human Well-Being. Biodiversity and Conservation , 32 (1), 405–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02342-0 Marull, J., Cunfer, G., Sylvester, K. M., & Aragay, E. T. (2018). A Landscape Ecology Assessment of Land-Use Change on the Great Plains-Denver (CO, USA) Metropolitan Edge. Regional Environmental Change , 18 (6), 1765–1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1284-z Nicholas, I., Nwalusi, D. M., Ibem, E. O., & Okeke, F. O. (2021). Assessment of the Role of Greenbelts in Environmental and Socio-Economic Development of Urban Areas in Southeast Nigeria. Civil Engineering and Architecture . https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2021.090227 Orton, F., Roberts-Rhodes, B., Whatley, C., & Tyler, C. R. (2023). A review of non-destructive biomonitoring techniques to assess the impacts of pollution on reproductive health in frogs and toads. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 262 , 115163. Rafferty, N., & Cosma, C. (2024). Sustainable nature-based solutions require establishment and maintenance of keystone plant-pollinator interactions. Journal of Ecology , 112 (11), 2432–2441. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14353 Saley, I. A., Salack, S., Sanda, I. S., Moussa, M. S., Bonkaney, A. L., Ly, M., & Fodé, M. (2019). The Possible Role of the Sahel Greenbelt on the Occurrence of Climate Extremes Over the West African Sahel. Atmospheric Science Letters , 20 (8). https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.927 Singh, N. K., Baraik, V. K., & Nathawat, M. S. (2025). Spatiotemporal changes in Indian land aridity: An assessment based on the CRU data and UNEP’s aridity index. MAUSAM , 76 (2), 417–430. Solikhatun, I., Maridi, M., & Budiastuti, M. T. S. (2020). Analysis of vegetation and community attitude as the reforestation efforts at greenbelt area of multipurpose reservoir of Wonogiri. Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture , 35 (2), 228–238. Suleman, S. M., Edy, N., Isrun, & Sabran, M. (2024). Biodiversity Based on Ecosystem Services in Morowali. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science . https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1355/1/012020 Wang, J., Qiu, N., Wang, P., Zhang, W., Yang, X., Chen, M., Wang, B., & Sun, J. (2019). Na+ compartmentation strategy of Chinese cabbage in response to salt stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem , 140,. [Cro , 151–157. Wu, W., Zhang, D., Tian, L., & Zhang, H. (2020). Aeolian activities and protective effects of artificial plants in re-vegetated sandy land of qinghai lake, china. Chinese Geographical Science , 30 (6), 1129–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-020-1168-2 Zhang, L., & Ouyang, Z. (2019). Exploring the Relationships Between Key Ecological Indicators to Improve Natural Conservation Planning at Different Scales. Forests , 10 (1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010032 Zhang, Y., Tariq, A., Hughes, A. C., Hong, D., Wei, F., Sun, H., Sardans, J., Peñuelas, J., Perry, G., & Qiao, J. (2023). Challenges and solutions to biodiversity conservation in arid lands. Science of the Total Environment , 857 , 159695. Zhao, L., Wang, S., Shen, R., Gong, Y., Wang, C., Hong, P., & Reuman, D. C. (2022). Biodiversity stabilizes plant communities through statistical-averaging effects rather than compensatory dynamics. Nature Communications , 13 (1), 7804. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Consequently, innovative methods for vegetation restoration and green infrastructure are essential for addressing environmental degradation and fostering ecological resilience. Recent works underscore the importance of these greenbelts not just as linear parks or buffers but as critical components of a broader ecological framework that enhances biodiversity and ecosystem health. The traditional afforestation methods often overlook the unique spatial patterns and ecological processes of hyper-arid environments, and prior techniques frequently implemented in semi-arid and arid areas may not be optimally suited for hyper-arid conditions, where vegetation patterns such as patching and striping prevail (Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This observation suggests a need for a paradigm shift towards strategies that embrace local ecological dynamics, such as the adoption of shelterbelts with lower vegetation coverage for sustainable restoration efforts. Furthermore, Huebner et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) advocate for assisted natural succession as a viable approach to accelerate the re-establishment of native vegetation, especially in regions where traditional large-scale afforestation has proven to be ecologically burdensome, and the inherent biodiversity of greenbelts is vital for maintaining ecological stability. The correlation between biodiversity indices and ecosystem stability, positing that diverse reforestation efforts contribute substantially to ecological balance (Solikhatun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The human activities significantly influence greening patterns in hyper-arid areas, thereby framing the discourse around anthropogenic impacts on ecological dynamics and biodiversity (Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, recent studies reveal that greenbelts can play a multifaceted role in addressing socio-economic and environmental concerns. in Southeast Nigeria demonstrates how greenbelts contribute to urban environmental quality and socio-economic development (Nicholas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Marull et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), assert also that maintaining multifunctional farmland greenbelts is paramount for ensuring vital ecosystem services. This multifaceted utility underscores the importance of integrating ecological considerations into urban planning and policy-making practices. Greenbelts in hyper-arid regions serve as critical conduits for ecological processes, including carbon sequestration, habitat connectivity, and pollution filtration. The need for region-specific tailored strategies that consider varying climatic and geomorphological conditions, which is crucial for effective environmental management (Huebner, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Y. Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese greenbelts serve multifaceted roles; they work to alleviate harsh environmental conditions and act as protective buffers against soil erosion, sand encroachment, and the deterioration of essential infrastructure.This research highlights that similar approaches may be beneficial in arid areas globally, pointing toward a trend in leveraging artificial greenbelt systems as a response to increasing climate challenges (Saley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The spatio-temporal changes in aridity significantly affect agricultural practices and, by extension, land-use strategies (Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, the Sahel Greenbelt initiative, which aims to combat desertification across West Africa, exemplifies such efforts by using a collaborative, multi-national framework to restore landscapes through afforestation and sustainable land management practices, significantly affecting local ecosystems and communities (Saley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our region of Adrar (South of Algeria) classified as hyper-arid, where desertification poses a significant threat to both ecosystems and human livelihoods, the establishment of artificial greenbelts has emerged as a critical ecological intervention. The greenbelt examined in this study was planted in an extreme arid environment as part of a state program targeted at enhancing environmental resilience. This initiative's innovative execution integrates environmental restoration with social and institutional engagement, which has facilitated biodiversity preservation and social reintegration in various regions through collaborative efforts involving governmental bodies (local forest administration), civil society, and local stakeholders The implementation of such greenbelts, especially within penal systems, where inmates participate in afforestation activities, reflects an emerging trend of using environmental initiatives as rehabilitative opportunities for diverse societal groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study aims to elucidate these dynamics by assessing the biodiversity and ecological significance of the examined greenbelt, thereby contributing vital data on species diversity, dominance, and community structure. By employing rigorous methodologies such as biodiversity indices and phytosociological analyses, this research seeks to deepen our understanding of the ecological role of artificial greenbelts in arid environments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Study Area\u003c/strong\u003eThe study was conducted in a six-year-old man-made greenbelt located in Adrar, southern Algeria (27.951289, -0.290486), a region classified as hyper-arid due to its extremely low precipitation. This greenbelt was established through an assisted irrigation system by the forest administration in collaboration with penal establishment inmates and local community associations. The area consists of a mixture of native and introduced plant species, providing a functional habitat that supports biodiversity. Its ecological significance lies in its ability to enhance microhabitat diversity, stabilize sand dunes, and mitigate desertification effects in this harsh environment. The greenbelt\u0026apos;s creation and maintenance demonstrate the potential for ecological restoration in arid landscapes through human intervention and cooperative conservation efforts.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Data Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1. Vegetation Survey and Species Identification\u003c/strong\u003e Plant species were identified and recorded through systematic field surveys conducted between February, 2023-April, 2024. Sampling was performed using quadrat sampling method, with each sampling unit measuring 1600 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Species identification was carried out using standard floras and verified by taxonomic experts. Voucher specimens were deposited at Laboratory of Microbiology and Plant Biology, at the University of Mostaganem.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2. Animal Survey and Species Identification\u003c/strong\u003e Animal species were recorded through direct field observations, camera trapping, and acoustic monitoring conducted between february, 2023-April, 2024. Surveys were performed at different times of the day to account for diurnal and nocturnal species. Identification was verified using field guides and expert consultation. Species richness and diversity indices were calculated based on observed abundance and distribution patterns.The observation of animal species was conducted based on ambush techniques and, at times, by tracking footprints on the ground and analyzingfeces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3. Biodiversity Indices Calculation\u003c/strong\u003e Biodiversity indices were calculated to assess species diversity, evenness, and dominance within the study area:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies Richness (S):\u003c/strong\u003e The total number of recorded species.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShannon-Weaver Index (H\u0026rsquo;):\u003c/strong\u003e Computed using the equation:\u0026nbsp;H\u0026prime;=\u0026minus;\u0026sum;pi/lnpi, H\u0026apos; = -\\sum pi \\ln pi\u0026nbsp;where \u003cem\u003epi\u003c/em\u003e is the proportional abundance of species \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSimpson\u0026rsquo;s Index (D):\u003c/strong\u003e Calculated as:\u0026nbsp;D=1\u0026minus;\u0026sum;pi2, D = 1 - \\sum pi\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e indicating species dominance levels.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness Index (J\u0026rsquo;):\u003c/strong\u003e Determined by:\u0026nbsp;J\u0026prime;=H\u0026prime;/lnSwhere S is species number, this index isreflecting uniformity in species distribution.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMargalef\u0026rsquo;s Index (d):\u003c/strong\u003e Given by:\u0026nbsp;d=S\u0026minus;1/lnNwhere \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e is the total number of individuals sampled.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4. Phytosociological and Ecological Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e To assess species dominance and ecological importance, the following indices were calculated:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative Frequency (RF%):\u003c/strong\u003eRF=Frequency\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;speciesTotal\u0026nbsp;frequency\u0026times;100\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative Density (RD%):\u003c/strong\u003eRD=Density\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;speciesTotal\u0026nbsp;density\u0026times;100\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative Dominance (RDo%):\u003c/strong\u003e Based on estimated biomass or basal area measurements.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImportance Value Index (IVI):\u003c/strong\u003e Summation of RF%, RD%, and RDo%.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor animal species, functional roles were categorized into trophic groups, including predators, pollinators, seed dispersers, and decomposers, to assess their contribution to ecosystem stability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5. Community Similarity Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e Jaccard\u0026rsquo;s Similarity Index (J) was used to assess species composition similarity between stations:\u0026nbsp;J=CA+B\u0026minus;C,\u0026nbsp;where \u003cem\u003eA\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e represent the number of species in two compared stations, and \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e is the number of shared species. A network graph was constructed to visualize species association across stations. For animal species, Jaccard\u0026rsquo;s index was also applied to assess overlap between taxonomic groups (mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcological impact estimation\u003c/strong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ecological impact of greenbelt vegetation on surface protection against sand encroachment is evaluated based on four physical parameters. It is assumed that two other factors are homogeneous across all study sites: geomorphology and soil physical type (A sandy soil is the dominant type in the region, with a geomorphology characterized by gravelly sandstone), as well as wind speed and direction( \u003cstrong\u003eEast-Northeast (ENE)\u003c/strong\u003ewind, \u0026nbsp;with speeds ranging from \u003cstrong\u003e16 to 40 km/h)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e The predictive calculation equation is derived from linear regressions between the protected distance and the other factors:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Average ofthree height: of the highest vegetation stratum (\u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Vegetation cover rate (%): Estimated by the ratio of the surface covered by plants to the total surface area of the station. The surface covered by plants is calculated as the sum of the average surface area of each species (\u0026pi;\u0026middot;r\u0026sup2;) multiplied by the number of individuals of each species present in the station, Vegetation Cover Rate(%)=(\u0026sum; n i=1 Ni\u0026sdot;\u0026pi;.ri2/ Astation)\u0026times;100; Where :\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eN\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e = number of individuals of species i\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003er\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e = average canopy radius of species i\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA\u003csub\u003estation\u003c/sub\u003e = total surface area of the station\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003en = total number of species in the station.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- Stabilized sand (m3): estimated as volume of truncated cone with the next equation: \u003cimg width=\"139\" height=\"41\" src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" alt=\"image\"\u003eWhere:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR = radius of the \u003cstrong\u003ebase\u003c/strong\u003e (larger circle),\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003er= radius of the \u003cstrong\u003etop\u003c/strong\u003e (smaller circle),\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eh = \u003cstrong\u003eheight\u003c/strong\u003e of the truncated cone (vertical distance between the two circles),\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026pi;\u0026asymp;3.1416\\pi \\approx 3.1416\u0026pi;\u0026asymp;3.1416\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eand Protected distance: Estimated through linear distance measurements from the greenbelt to the sand accumulation zone, taken in front of vertical planes.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Statistical Analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Correlation Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e A Pearson correlation matrix was generated to assess relationships among ecological variables, including average plant height, vegetation cover rate, stabilized sand area, and protected distance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)\u003c/strong\u003e PCA was conducted to determine the primary ecological factors influencing species distribution and habitat stability. The first three principal components were retained based on eigenvalue \u0026gt;1 criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3. Regression Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e A multiple linear regression model was developed to predict protected distance based on key ecological variables. The model equation was:\u0026nbsp;ProtectedDistance(m)=\u0026minus;A+B (PlantHeight)+C(VegetationCoverrate)+D(StabilizedSand), where A\u0026nbsp;:the baseline value when all predictors are zero, B, C and D coefficients values of Intervening factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel performance was assessed using the R-squared value and significance of predictors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Data Processing and Software\u003c/strong\u003e Data analyses were performed using Statbox v6.4. Graphs and network visualizations were generated using OriginLab. All statistical tests were conducted at a significance level of \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis methodological approach ensures a comprehensive assessment of plant and animal biodiversity, community structure, and ecological interactions within the study area.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Biodiversity Indices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess the ecological diversity of the studied greenbelt, key biodiversity indices were calculated based on species frequency and distribution data from tab. 01.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable n\u0026deg;01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"561\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation I.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation I.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation I.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation I.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation II.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation II.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation II.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation II.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation II.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation III.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation III.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation III.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation III.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcacia farnesiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZygophylum album\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e702\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalsola imbricataForssk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProsopis juliflora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSetaria viridis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e783\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRandonia africana coss\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCasuarina cunninghamiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArundo donax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoenix dactylifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix galica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e560\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCistanchetubulosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBassia muricata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeriumoleander\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalotropisprocera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeuceanaleucocephala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePergulariatomentosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lactuca serriola L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHyoscyamus meticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDodonea viscosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7303\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable n\u0026deg; 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"631\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoucentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamaricaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamaricaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcacia farnesiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFabac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFabac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZygophylum album\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZygophyllaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZygophyllaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalsola imbricataForssk\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProsopis juliflora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFabac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoac\u0026eacute;es.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSetaria viridis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoac\u0026eacute;es.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResedaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRandoniaafricanacoss\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eResedaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCasuarinaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCasuarina cunninghamiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCasuarinaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAr\u0026eacute;cac\u0026eacute;es (Palmiers)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArundo donax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePoac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrobanchaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoenix dactylifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAr\u0026eacute;cac\u0026eacute;es (Palmiers)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOl\u0026eacute;ac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix galica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamaricaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChenopodiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCistanchetubulosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrobanchaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOl\u0026eacute;ac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBassiamuricata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChenopodiaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAst\u0026eacute;rac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeriumoleander\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalotropisprocera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSapindaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeuceanaleucocephala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFabac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTOTAL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePergulariatomentosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApocynaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lactuca serriola L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAst\u0026eacute;rac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHyoscyamusmeticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanac\u0026eacute;es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDodoneaviscosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSapindaceae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 177px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;: 21species\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e16 families\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhytosociological and Biodiversity Indices Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiodiversity Indices Assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo complement the phytosociological analysis, biodiversity indices were calculated, including species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H\u0026apos;), Simpson\u0026apos;s diversity index (D), and Pielou\u0026rsquo;s evenness index (J\u0026apos;). These indices provide a comprehensive evaluation of species diversity and ecological balance within the studied stations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Biodiversity Indices for the Studied Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"659\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eII-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eII-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eII-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eII-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eII-5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII-1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIII-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of individuals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e517\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpceciesnumber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShannon-Weaver index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.658\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSimpson\u0026rsquo;s index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 121px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMargalef\u0026rsquo;s index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 39px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe biodiversity indices indicate a moderately high level of species diversity, with an even distribution of species across the surveyed stations. The findings highlight the heterogeneous distribution of species, with a few dominant taxa shaping the plant community\u0026apos;s overall composition. The obtained indices provide valuable insights for biodiversity conservation strategies, emphasizing the need to preserve both dominant and rare species to maintain ecosystem integrity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiodiversity Indices Across Stations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of biodiversity indices across the 13 sampling stations of the greenbelt ecosystem revealed substantial spatial variation in species richness, diversity, and evenness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies Richness and Abundance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcross the surveyed greenbelt, a total of \u003cstrong\u003e10,837 individuals\u003c/strong\u003e representing \u003cstrong\u003e21 species\u003c/strong\u003e were recorded (tab.1and 3). The number of individuals per station varied widely, with the highest count at Station I-1 (2,593) and the lowest at Station III-2 (74). Species richness was highest at Station II-1 (15 species), indicating a biologically rich microhabitat, while Station II-3 recorded only 2 species, suggesting a highly simplified or stressed environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiversity Indices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShannon-Weaver Index (H\u0026apos;)\u003c/strong\u003e values ranged from \u003cstrong\u003e0.54\u003c/strong\u003e (Station III-2) to \u003cstrong\u003e2.28\u003c/strong\u003e (Station II-1), reflecting variability in both richness and evenness across stations. The global Shannon index for the greenbelt was \u003cstrong\u003e2.00\u003c/strong\u003e, highlighting an overall moderate to high diversity level. Notably, Station II-4 (H\u0026apos; = 1.79) and II-5 (H\u0026apos; = 1.27) also exhibited strong diversity levels, likely due to complex vegetation structure or microclimatic niches (tab. 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvenness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness Index (J\u0026apos;)\u003c/strong\u003e confirmed disparities in community structure. it ranged from \u003cstrong\u003e0.18\u003c/strong\u003e to \u003cstrong\u003e0.75,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ethisindicates that while some stations had a relatively even species distribution, Station II-1 showed the highest evenness (J\u0026apos; = 0.75), indicating a well-distributed species composition, while II-3 and III-2 had extremely low evenness (J\u0026apos; = 0.18 and 0.18 respectively), pointing to dominance by few species. The overall greenbelt evenness was \u003cstrong\u003e0.66\u003c/strong\u003e, suggesting a fairly balanced ecosystem at the macro level(tab. 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies Richness Relative to Sampling Effort\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMargalef\u0026rsquo;s Index, a richness estimator adjusted for sample size, echoed these trends. Station II-1 led with \u003cstrong\u003e2.10\u003c/strong\u003e, followed closely by II-4 (1.78), suggesting high biodiversity potential. In contrast, stations with fewer species and individuals, like II-3 (0.20), lagged. The greenbelt\u0026rsquo;s overall Margalef index stood at \u003cstrong\u003e2.25\u003c/strong\u003e, reinforcing its importance as a regional biodiversity reservoir (tab. 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpatial Patterns in Diversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZone II\u003c/strong\u003e stations (particularly II-1 and II-4) showed the highest diversity and richness values, likely due to habitat heterogeneity or microclimatic conditions favorable to various species.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZone III\u003c/strong\u003e displayed relatively low diversity indices, especially in Stations III-1 and III-2, possibly due to limited vegetation structure or higher anthropogenic pressures.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZone I\u003c/strong\u003e showed moderate diversity, with I-2 and I-3 having slightly higher evenness compared to I-1 and I-4, where some species dominated.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGlobal Biodiversity Assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe combined biodiversity metrics emphasize that the greenbelt, although artificial and relatively young (8 years old), supports a functionally rich and structurally diverse community. The variation in biodiversity indices across stations reflects the influence of microhabitat conditions, resource availability, and possibly human activity gradients within the greenbelt.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Phytosociological Indices\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of vegetation structure was conducted using phytosociological indices, including Relative Frequency (RF%), Relative Density (RD%), Relative Dominance (RDm%), and the Importance Value Index (IVI). These indices provide insights into species distribution, abundance, and ecological significance within the studied ecosystem. Additionally, biodiversity indices were calculated to assess species diversity and evenness in the ecosystem. The computed values are presented in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.4. Importance Value Index (IVI) of Dominant Plant Species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess the ecological significance of dominant taxa within the greenbelt ecosystem, the Importance Value Index (IVI) was calculated for the ten most abundant plant species. The IVI integrates relative frequency (RF%), relative density (RD%), and relative dominance (RDo%), providing a composite measure of each species\u0026apos; structural role in the vegetation community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults revealed that \u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e exhibited the highest IVI (88.04), reflecting its overwhelming numerical dominance and wide distribution across multiple stations. \u003cem\u003eSetariaviridis\u003c/em\u003e (IVI = 33.79) and \u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e (IVI = 36.60) followed as important contributors to vegetation structure, though the latter\u0026apos;s elevated IVI was partly attributed to its higher frequency rather than abundance. Other species with moderate ecological influence included \u003cem\u003eSalsola imbricata\u003c/em\u003e (IVI = 23.81), \u003cem\u003eTamarix gallica\u003c/em\u003e (23.03), and \u003cem\u003eArundo donax\u003c/em\u003e (22.75), suggesting localized dominance in specific microhabitats.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInterestingly, \u003cem\u003eAcacia farnesiana\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated a relatively high IVI (24.72) despite low density, due to its presence across several sampling plots. In contrast,\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eProsopis juliflora\u003c/em\u003eand\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eDodoneaviscosa\u003c/em\u003eshowed lower IVIs (7.75 and 7.86, respectively), indicating restricted ecological integration within the current plant community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Importance Value Index (IVI) for the Ten Most Abundant Species\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. ofIndividuals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRF (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRD (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRDo (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIVI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSetaria viridis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSalsola imbricata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTamarix gallica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e560\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArundo donax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcacia farnesiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRandoniaafricana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoenix dactylifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOlea europaea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommunity Similarity and Vegetation Structure Drivers\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess spatial variation in plant community composition, Jaccard\u0026apos;s Similarity Index was applied across all stations. The analysis revealed a high degree of similarity between several pairs of stations. Stations 12 and 13 exhibited the highest similarity (J = 1.0), reflecting identical species composition. Station 2 also showed strong similarity with Station 12 (J = 0.78), and Station 3 and Station 4 demonstrated substantial overlap (J = 0.7). In contrast, other station pairs presented lower similarity values, suggesting spatial differentiation in habitat conditions and plant assemblages. These patterns point to underlying ecological gradients, possibly shaped by microclimatic variations, edaphic conditions, or anthropogenic factors. The computed Jaccard indices are illustrated in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1\u003c/strong\u003e, where stronger links indicate higher species overlap.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA network graph was constructed to visualize the species composition similarities among stations based on the Jaccard Index (fig.1). In this network, strongly connected stations (with thicker edges) represent clusters of sites sharing a high percentage of species (J \u0026gt; 0.5). These station clusters likely reflect zones of ecological stability and similar environmental parameters such as soil texture or moisture availability. Conversely, weakly connected or isolated stations had few or no shared species, likely due to localized habitat fragmentation or distinct environmental pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA species association network was also developed to illustrate co-occurrence patterns among plant taxa. Notably, \u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e emerged as a central node, strongly associated with \u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSetariaviridis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAcacia farnesiana\u003c/em\u003e. These associations suggest ecological facilitation or habitat preferences shared by these species. Other observed groupings, such as the connection between \u003cem\u003eSalsola imbricata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eArundo donax\u003c/em\u003e, imply overlapping niche requirements, particularly in moisture-rich microhabitats. The co-clustering of woody species like \u003cem\u003ePhoenix dactylifera\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCasuarina cunninghamiana\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eLeucaena leucocephala\u003c/em\u003e likely reflects their role in shading, soil stabilization, and microclimate regulation. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eProsopis juliflora\u003c/em\u003e appeared poorly connected in the network, supporting its characterization as an isolated or potentially invasive species. These associations are visualized in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 2\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtection impact against sand encroachment.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Some metrics in greenbelt\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"620\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZone-station\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlant heightaverage (m)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVegetation cover rate (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStabilizedsand (m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProtecteddisttance (m)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI-1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e462.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u0026plusmn;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI-2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u0026plusmn;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI-3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u0026plusmn;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eI-4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u0026plusmn;7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u0026plusmn;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e625.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u0026plusmn;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u0026plusmn;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e371.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111\u0026plusmn;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u0026plusmn;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u0026plusmn;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u0026plusmn;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e704.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u0026plusmn;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eII.4\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e743.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 124px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256\u0026plusmn;9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further understand the environmental factors influencing vegetation structure and protective function, correlation and multivariate analyses were performed. Correlation analysis showed that stabilized sand area was the most strongly correlated factor with protected distance (r = 0.721), followed by vegetation cover rate (r = 0.505), and to a lesser extent, average plant height (r = 0.256). These values are summarized in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Correlation Matrix of Vegetation Characteristics and Protective Distance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Height (m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegetation Cover (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStabilized Sand (m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtected Distance (m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant Height (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetation Cover (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.468\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStabilized Sand (m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtected Distance (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.505\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings were confirmed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), where the first two components explained 85.5% of the variance, with stabilized sand and vegetation cover rate contributing most significantly to variation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multiple linear regression model was used to predict the protective distance provided by vegetation. The derived equation was:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtected Distance (m) = -251.32 + 29.70 \u0026times; Plant Height (m) + 3.86 \u0026times; Vegetation Cover (%) + 0.266 \u0026times; Stabilized Sand (m\u0026sup2;)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe model demonstrated strong performance (R\u0026sup2; = 0.914), confirming that vegetation structure directly contributes to reducing sand encroachment. In particular, stabilized sand and vegetation cover emerged as key variables enhancing the greenbelt\u0026apos;s protective functionality. This regression model is graphically represented in \u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFauna diversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.1. Species Composition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 67 faunal species were recorded in the greenbelt, distributed across four taxonomic groups: insects (24 species), birds (26 species), reptiles (8 species), and mammals (9 species). Insects were the most functionally diverse, while birds had the highest species richness. Detailed species lists, ecological roles, and conservation statuses are presented in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e (insects), \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e (mammals), \u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e (reptiles), and \u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e (birds).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. Insect species observed in the greenbelt with conservation status and ecological role\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommon Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConservation Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcologicalRole\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnacridium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eaegyptium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgyptianLocust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbivore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrachytrupes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emegacephalus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge-headed Cricket\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecomposer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePimelia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003egrandis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGiant DarklingBeetle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecomposer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScarabaeus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esacer\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSacredScarab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecomposer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTenebrio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emolitor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMealwormBeetle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDecomposer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccinella\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ealgerica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlgerian Ladybug\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAphidPredator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCataglyphis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ebombycina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaharan Silver Ant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScavenger\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCataglyphis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003efortis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge Black Desert Ant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScavenger\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCataglyphis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esavignyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall Black Desert Ant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScavenger\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCataglyphis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eniger\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLarge Red Desert Ant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScavenger\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAndroctonus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eaustralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFat-tailed Scorpion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHottentotta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esaulcyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack Desert Scorpion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLycosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003earagogi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesert Wolf Spider\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArgiope\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elobata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLobedArgiope Spider\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emelliferasahariensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaharanHoneybee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePollinator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLocusta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emigratoria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMigratoryLocust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbivore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchistocerca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003egregaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesertLocust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbivore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePapilio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esaharae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSahara Swallowtail\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePollinator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVanessa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecardui\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePainted Lady Butterfly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePollinator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMusca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edomestica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse Fly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScavenger\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStomoxys\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecalcitrans\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStable Fly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScavenger, Blood Feeder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSarcophaga\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecarnaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlesh Fly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScavenger, Decomposer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLucilia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esericata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGreen Bottle Fly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScavenger, Decomposer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8. Mammal species observed in the greenbelt with status and ecological role\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommon Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConservation Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcologicalRole\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVulpes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eZerda\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFennec Fox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator, Controls Rodent Population\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFelis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emargarita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSand Cat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNear Threatened\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator, Rodent Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJaculus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ejaculus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLesserEgyptianJerboa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed Disperser, Prey Species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHerpestes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eichneumon\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgyptianMongoose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator (Snake Control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecapensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCape Hare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbivore, Prey Species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCamelus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edromedarius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDromedary Camel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDomesticated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed Disperser, Transport\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsammomys\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eobesus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFat Sand Rat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Protected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIctonyx\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003elibycus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLibyanStripedWeasel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProtected\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCarnivore, Predator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParaechinus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eaethiopicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesertHedgehog\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9. Reptile species observed in the greenbelt with status and ecological role\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommon Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConservation Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcologicalRole\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsammophis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eschokari\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchokari Sand Racer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator, Rodent Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePtyodactylus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ehasselquistii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFan-fingered Gecko\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsect Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUromastyx\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eacanthinurus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpiny-tailed Lizard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHerbivore, SoilAeration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTropiocolotes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003espp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesertDwarf Geckos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsectivore, NighttimePredator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcanthodactylus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003escutellatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScaled Fringe-toed Lizard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsectivore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCerastes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecerastes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHornedViper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator, Rodent Population Control\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTarentola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edeserti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesertTarentola\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsectivore, Nocturnal Predator\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScincus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003escincus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSandfish Lizard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsectivore, Burrower\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 10. Bird species observed in the greenbelt with status and ecological role\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"3\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGenus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommon Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConservation Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcologicalRole\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eColumba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLivia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRock Pigeon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed Disperser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreptopelia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTurtur\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEuropeanTurtle Dove\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVulnerable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed Disperser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreptopelia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edecaocto\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEurasianCollared Dove\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed Disperser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStreptopelia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esenegalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLaughing Dove\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed Disperser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFalco\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ebiarmicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLanner Falcon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNear Threatened\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator (bird\u0026amp;insect control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePasser\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edomesticus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHouse Sparrow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsect Control, Seed Disperser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOenanthe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eoenanthe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorthernWheatear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsectivore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocles\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esenegallus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpottedSandgrouse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeed Disperser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLanius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003emeridionalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouthern Grey Shrike\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator (insects\u0026amp;smallvertebrates)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePasser\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003esimplex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDesertSparrow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsectivore, Seed Disperser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUpupa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEpops\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEurasianHoopoe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsect Control, Ground Forager\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCursorius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ecursor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCream-colored Courser\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsectivore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBubo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eascalaphus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharaoh Eagle-Owl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePredator (rodents, reptiles, birds)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOenanthe\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eleucopyga\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite-crownedWheatear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsectivore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2. Conservation Status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the recorded fauna, several species are of \u003cstrong\u003econservation concern\u003c/strong\u003e. The \u003cstrong\u003eFennec Fox (\u003cem\u003eVulpes zerda\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e and the \u003cstrong\u003eLibyan Striped Weasel (\u003cem\u003eIctonyxlibycus\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e are listed as protected (Table 2). The \u003cstrong\u003eEuropean Turtle Dove (\u003cem\u003eStreptopeliaturtur\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e, found among the bird species (Table 4), is classified as \u003cstrong\u003evulnerable\u003c/strong\u003e. The \u003cstrong\u003eSand Cat (\u003cem\u003eFelis margarita\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eLanner Falcon (\u003cem\u003eFalco biarmicus\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e are categorized as \u003cstrong\u003enear threatened\u003c/strong\u003e. Most other species are listed as Least Concern or have not been evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcosystem Similarity and Functional Segregation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe application of the Jaccard Similarity Index to assess species overlap between different taxonomic groups revealed no shared species (J = 0.0) among mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. This result suggests a complete functional segregation, with each group occupying a distinct ecological niche. The absence of species overlap underscores a high degree of ecological specialization, wherein each group is finely adapted to specific environmental conditions and resources. It also points to a strong level of functional diversity, ensuring that species fulfill complementary ecological roles without direct competition. This structural arrangement supports overall ecosystem stability, enhancing resilience against environmental disturbances by maintaining a balanced and dynamic ecological framework.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRole of Species in Ecosystem Stability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunctional diversity within the greenbelt is reflected in the distinct ecological roles played by various species. Predators such as the Lanner Falcon (\u003cem\u003eFalco biarmicus\u003c/em\u003e) and Horned Viper (\u003cem\u003eCerastes cerastes\u003c/em\u003e) regulate populations of rodents and insects, preventing population imbalances. Pollinators, including the Saharan Honeybee (\u003cem\u003eApis mellifera sahariensis\u003c/em\u003e) and the Painted Lady Butterfly (\u003cem\u003eVanessa cardui\u003c/em\u003e), contribute significantly to plant reproduction and genetic variability. Seed dispersers like the Spotted Sandgrouse (\u003cem\u003ePteroclessenegallus\u003c/em\u003e) and Fennec Fox (\u003cem\u003eVulpes zerda\u003c/em\u003e) facilitate vegetation regeneration. Decomposers such as the Sacred Scarab (\u003cem\u003eScarabaeus sacer\u003c/em\u003e) and Flesh Fly (\u003cem\u003eSarcophagacarnaria\u003c/em\u003e) play a crucial role in accelerating the breakdown of organic matter, thus contributing to nutrient cycling. These trophic interactions collectively underpin the greenbelt\u0026rsquo;s ecological stability, ensuring continued productivity and adaptability in the face of environmental pressures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBioindicators and Biomarkers of Environmental Health\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral species identified in the greenbelt serve as bioindicators, offering valuable insights into ecosystem health and environmental quality. Insectivorous birds, such as the Eurasian Hoopoe and Northern Wheatear, suggest stable insect populations and limited pesticide exposure. Scavenger insects, including the Green Bottle Fly and Flesh Fly, reflect the efficiency of organic matter decomposition and nutrient recycling processes. Reptiles such as the Spiny-tailed Lizard (\u003cem\u003eUromastyxacanthinurus\u003c/em\u003e) indicate soil stability and microhabitat integrity. Monitoring these bioindicator species over time allows for the detection of habitat degradation, climate variability, and pollution levels, providing an effective tool for long-term ecosystem assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies Relationships and Ecological Associations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe greenbelt ecosystem exhibits intricate interspecies relationships that enhance ecological connectivity. Predator-prey dynamics, such as those between raptors like the Pharaoh Eagle-Owl and rodent populations, help regulate herbivore pressure on vegetation. Mutualistic relationships between pollinators and plants promote reproductive success and subsequently benefit granivorous and herbivorous species. Competitive exclusion is evident among insectivorous birds (e.g., shrikes, sparrows, and hoopoes), which employ varied foraging strategies to reduce niche overlap and competition. These associations illustrate a well-structured ecological community, crucial for maintaining biodiversity and a balanced trophic network.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHabitat and Biotope Functionality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe greenbelt supports a diverse range of microhabitats essential for species survival and ecological function. Tree and shrub layers provide critical nesting and perching sites for avian species, while sandy open areas accommodate burrowing reptiles and small mammals. Moist environments and vegetated zones favorinsect persistence and diversity. Moreover, edge habitats - transitional zones between vegetated and open spaces - enhance species richness by offering foraging, shelter, and nesting opportunities. The presence and interplay of these biotopes foster habitat connectivity and ecological coherence, supporting both resident and migratory species and reinforcing the greenbelt\u0026apos;s role as a biodiversity hotspot.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of our study on the biodiversity indices from the greenbelt area reveal a tapestry of ecological richness and highlight the inherent value of this habitat. We documented a total of 16 species which signifies a moderate level of species richness, as indicated by the species richness (S) metric in our analysis. In comparison, similar studies have reported varying levels of species richness depending on habitat and environmental conditions. For instance, a study in the Morowali ecosystem showed that biodiversity remained closely tied to ecosystem functionality, revealing that even moderate species richness can support essential ecological processes (Suleman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that while the number of species recorded in our greenbelt may initially appear moderate, the capacity for fulfilling ecological functions could still be considerable. The Shannon-Weaver index (H') for the studied greenbelt was calculated at 2.69, indicating a relatively high level of species diversity. This observation aligns with findings from various ecosystems where significant biodiversity correlates with ecosystem health. Sullivan et al. noted that higher Shannon diversity indices tend to accompany stable ecological communities, particularly in anthropogenic landscapes (Antonini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the evenness of species distribution in our greenbelt, with Pielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness Index (J\u0026rsquo;) calculated at 0.97, underlines a relatively balanced community structure. Studies in riparian systems also demonstrate that high evenness is crucial for resilience against disturbances, as diverse species can absorb shocks from environmental changes(Antonini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The evident balance within our greenbelt ecosystem not only contributes to its robustness but may also enhance inter-species relationships and support various ecosystem functions. Notably, our Simpson\u0026rsquo;s Index (D) was 0.93, which suggests low species dominance. This indicates that no single species is disproportionately influential within the ecosystem. Effective biodiversity management often targets the reduction of dominance by a few species to foster ecosystem resilience and stability (L. Zhang \u0026amp; Ouyang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The presence of a large number of coexisting species, as seen with \u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e being the most dominant species with significant relative frequency (20.09%) and density, echoes findings by Zhang and Ouyang, who emphasized the importance of maintaining diversity to enhance ecosystem services (L. Zhang \u0026amp; Ouyang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that while \u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e is prevalent, the overall species community contributes to ecosystem functionalities without allowing one species to monopolize resources or space. The Importance Value Index (IVI) highlighted \u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e as ecologically dominant with an IVI of 60.26, reinforcing its critical role in stabilizing and structuring the community. Following are Tamarix articulata and Salsola imbricata with considerable but lower IVI values. This pluralistic viewpoint reveals a foundational understanding of species roles which is crucial for conservation strategies. Antonini et al. emphasized that understanding species contributions through IVI and similar metrics can significantly enhance restoration projects in disturbed ecosystems, allowing for greater biodiversity recovery (Antonini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The significance of \u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e as a keystone species demands attention, as its potential functions include habitat provision and resource stabilization for other flora and fauna. The community similarity analysis performed using Jaccard\u0026rsquo;s Similarity Index unraveled patterns of species composition across various stations within the greenbelt. With the highest similarity observed between Station 12 and Station 13 (J\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.0), we underscore the concept of ecological connectivity, critical for biodiversity maintenance. This correlates with findings from a landscape assessment of land-use change which indicated that ecological corridors enhance species migration and genetic flow (Marull et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Our results suggest that stations sharing high Jaccard similarities likely exhibit analogous environmental conditions, which support similar biotic interactions. Conversely, the lower similarity values among other stations point towards habitat heterogeneity, an important facet often overlooked in biodiversity assessments. Studies highlight that habitat onboarding zones can promote functional diversity in ecosystems, thus establishing complex relationships among species (Camacho-Valdez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Our findings suggest that certain stations may serve as isolated habitats, which could ultimately jeopardize biodiversity if connectivity is not restored- a condition echoed in the recommendations for enhancing landscape ecological connectivity across urbanized regions(Camacho-Valdez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Investment in restoring or creating ecological corridors between isolated stations can promote genetic diversity and species resilience against shifts in environmental conditions. The network graph further elucidated species connections, indicating \u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e as a central species within the community, potentially aiding in furthering biodiversity through its interactions with co-occurring species such as \u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAcacia farnesiana\u003c/em\u003e. This echoes results from other studies that highlight the role of certain species as facilitators in maintaining biodiversity coherence in increasingly fragmented habitats (Luisetti \u0026amp; Schratzberger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, it becomes apparent that understanding the interspecific associations and their roles provides critical insights into ecosystem functioning. The wealth of biodiversity observed in the greenbelt not only holds intrinsic ecological value but is also vital for the delivery of ecosystem services that humans rely on, such as soil stabilization and moisture retention, perceived as the foundation for sustainable ecosystem management practices (Suleman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Our comprehensive analysis through various indices allows a multifaceted understanding of the community structure, species interactions, and overall biodiversity within the greenbelt. This research not only affirms the ecological significance of species diversity but also serves as a reminder of the urgent necessity to implement conservation strategies that prioritize biodiversity protection in urbanized landscapes. Without such initiatives, we risk not just local flora and fauna but the broader ecological narratives that underpin resilient and sustainable ecosystems globally (Gillette et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In conclusion, as we synthesize the myriad facets of biodiversity indices, there emerges a clear narrative that emphasizes the critical need for conservation efforts tailored to enhance biodiversity. The moderate species richness coupled with balanced evenness points to an ecosystem in equilibrium, predominantly characterized by the influence of a few key species while supporting a diversity of others. Future research directed towards enhancing connectivity among habitat patches may foster not only species conservation but also the restoration of ecological functions which, as demonstrated, are intrinsically linked to human well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study offers new insights into the functional role of vegetation in mitigating aeolian processes in hyper-arid ecosystems. The findings reveal that the protective capacity against sand encroachment is predominantly driven by the volume of stabilized sand and the vegetation cover rate, with plant height exhibiting a secondary influence. The strong correlation between stabilized sand volume and protected distance (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.721) underscores the importance of physical ground stability in curtailing sand movement, a finding that is consistent with recent evidence on the role of sand-fixing species in desert-oasis areas (An et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the moderate positive relationship observed between vegetation cover and protection distance (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.505) reinforces the concept that ground-level biomass, particularly from native psammophyte communities, is instrumental in disrupting wind flow and minimizing surface erosion (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, the weak correlation of plant height (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.256) suggests that vertical growth, while indicative of growth success, is less effective in enhancing sediment retention compared to horizontal expansion; this may reflect an inherent trade-off between vertical stature and lateral canopy development that has implications for species selection and greenbelt design (Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Principal component analysis further highlighted that stabilized sand and vegetation cover collectively account for the majority of variation in protective performance, emphasizing the additive influence of these structural parameters on ecosystem resilience. Consequently, from a conservation and management standpoint, our results advocate prioritizing the enhancement of ground cover and sediment stabilization traits over mere increases in plant height. Such an integrated strategy is likely to reinforce landscape resilience against climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, and it provides practical guidance for biodiversity-based management in arid ecosystems. Future research should focus on assessing species-specific contributions and establishing long-term monitoring to fully elucidate the adaptive capacity of these systems in response to shifting environmental conditions (An et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Wu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe fauna results indicate that the greenbelt\u0026rsquo;s ecological network is notably robust, with a species richness of 67, and a balanced distribution of both animal and plant species, supporting ecological stability and diverse interspecific interactions (Rafferty \u0026amp; Cosma, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, the fauna includes apex predators such as Falco biarmicus (Lanner Falcon) and Cerastes cerastes (Horned Viper), which regulate prey populations, and mutualistic partners such as Apis mellifera sahariensis (Saharan Honeybee) and Vanessa cardui (Painted Lady Butterfly) that aid in the pollination of native flora. Additionally, seed dispersers like Pteroclesdecoratus (Spotted Sandgrouse) and Vulpes zerda (Fennec Fox) are pivotal in facilitating plant regeneration, while decomposers\u0026mdash;including Scarabaeus sacer (Sacred Scarab) and species of Sarcophaga (Flesh Fly)- play important roles in nutrient cycling.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe functional roles within this habitat illustrate intricate trophic interactions essential for ecosystem self-regulation. Apex predators maintain prey populations that, if left unchecked, might lead to imbalances, while pollinators and seed dispersers support the reproductive success and regeneration of diverse plant communities. This dynamic equilibrium reinforces the system\u0026rsquo;s resilience against disturbances and environmental changes (Ilie \u0026amp; Cosmulescu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBioindicators further validate the health of the ecosystem; avian species like Upupa epops (Eurasian Hoopoe) and Oenanthe oenanthe (Northern Wheatear) reflect a balanced invertebrate community, suggesting minimal pesticide impacts. Amphibians such as \u003cem\u003eBufo viridis\u003c/em\u003e (Green Toad) signal suitable water quality and soil moisture levels, while scavenger insects including Lucilia sericata (Green Bottle Fly) and reptiles like \u003cem\u003eUromastyx spp\u003c/em\u003e. (Spiny-tailed Lizard) underscore the stability of microhabitats pivotal for thermoregulation and shelter(Cloudsley-Thompson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Orton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, a clear pattern of ecological segregation is evident as major taxonomic groups - Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, and Insecta - occupy distinct niches with limited overlap. This niche differentiation supports resource partitioning, reduces interspecific competition, and facilitates long-term species persistence in fragmented urban landscapes. Research on landscape connectivity and habitat specialization emphasizes the importance of maintaining ecological corridors and informed management strategies to support these relationships (Islam \u0026amp; Quinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConservation implications derived from these findings stress that artificial greenbelts serve as critical refugia in arid urban contexts. Strategic management, including the promotion of vegetative diversity, the establishment of ecological corridors to enable genetic flow, and rigorous long-term ecological monitoring, are vital to mitigate anthropogenic disturbances such as grazing and pollution. These adaptive approaches not only ensure the functional biodiversity of animal species, such as Falco biarmicus, Cerastes cerastes, and various pollinators, is maintained but also safeguard the regenerative capacity of native plant communities (Islam \u0026amp; Quinn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights the ecological and socio-functional importance of a man-made greenbelt system in the hyper-arid zone of Adrar, Algeria. Through a combination of floristic surveys, faunal observations, and statistical analyses, we demonstrated that artificial vegetative buffers can significantly support biodiversity, stabilize soil, and offer protection against aeolian processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKey species such as\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album\u003c/em\u003e and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e emerged as ecological keystones, contributing to both plant community structure and landscape stabilization. The recorded presence of vulnerable and ecologically significant fauna, including\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eTestudo graeca\u003c/em\u003e, underscores the habitat’s conservation potential. Statistical modeling confirmed the relevance of vegetation structure in enhancing environmental protection services, particularly in terms of wind protection and sand movement control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe integration of environmental and social dimensions in the greenbelt’s implementation—particularly through local and institutional involvement—demonstrates a replicable model for dryland restoration. Our findings advocate for the expansion and adaptive management of greenbelts in similar ecological contexts. Future research should prioritize long-term monitoring and assess the impacts of climate variability and human interventions on greenbelt sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreenbelts, when designed with ecological principles and local needs in mind, offer a promising nature-based solution for enhancing resilience in arid and hyper-arid regions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIdder B.: Study conception and design; execution of experimental measurements; statistical analysis; manuscript writing and revision.Laoubi M.: Fieldwork supervision; data collection and field measurements.Sehnine W.: Contribution to manuscript writing and editing; validation of ecological data and references.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe confirm that this research did not receive any specific grant from public funding agencies, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAn, H., Zhao, F., Li, H., Meng, Z., Ding, H., Ding, Y., others, \u0026amp; Jing, X. (2025). The typical sand-fixing plants in the ulan buh desert-oasis area significantly changed the distribution pattern of surface sediments. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in Environmental Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1556083\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAntonini, Y., Beir\u0026atilde;o, M. d. V, Costa, F. V, Azevedo, Cs., Wojakowski, M. M., Kozovits, A. R., Pires, M. R. S., Sousa, H. C. d., Messias, M. C. T. B., Fujaco, M. A. G., Leite, M. G. P., Vidigal, J. P., Monteiro, G. F., \u0026amp; Dirzo, R. (2021). \u003cem\u003eRiparian Forest Restoration as Sources of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions in Anthropogenic Landscapes\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.08.459375\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCamacho-Valdez, V., S\u0026aacute;enz‐Arroyo, A., Ghermandi, A., Navarrete‐Guti\u0026eacute;rrez, D., \u0026amp; Rodiles‐Hern\u0026aacute;ndez, R. (2020). 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Exploring the Relationships Between Key Ecological Indicators to Improve Natural Conservation Planning at Different Scales. \u003cem\u003eForests\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010032\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, Y., Tariq, A., Hughes, A. C., Hong, D., Wei, F., Sun, H., Sardans, J., Pe\u0026ntilde;uelas, J., Perry, G., \u0026amp; Qiao, J. (2023). Challenges and solutions to biodiversity conservation in arid lands. \u003cem\u003eScience of the Total Environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e857\u003c/em\u003e, 159695.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao, L., Wang, S., Shen, R., Gong, Y., Wang, C., Hong, P., \u0026amp; Reuman, D. C. (2022). Biodiversity stabilizes plant communities through statistical-averaging effects rather than compensatory dynamics. \u003cem\u003eNature Communications\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(1), 7804.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biodiversity, Greenbelt, Hyper-Arid Region, Ecosystem Resilience, Species Richness, Algeria","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6978084/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6978084/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGreenbelts serve as critical ecological buffers in hyper-arid environments, offering refuge for biodiversity and enhancing ecosystem resilience.This study investigates the floristic composition, ecological structure, and biodiversity patterns of a semi-arid greenbelt system, integrating both plant and animal diversity assessments. A total of 21 plant species from 16 families were identified across 13 sampling stations. Biodiversity indices revealed moderate to high diversity: Shannon-Wiener Index (H\u0026rsquo; = 2.0), Simpson's Index (D\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.21), and Pielou\u0026rsquo;s Evenness (J\u0026rsquo; = 0.65). \u003cem\u003eZygophyllum album, Setariaviridis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eTamarix articulata\u003c/em\u003e emerged as dominant species based on the Importance Value Index (IVI), indicating their key ecological roles. Phytosociological analysis further highlighted significant variations in species distribution, density, and dominance. Jaccard\u0026rsquo;s Similarity Index revealed patterns of connectivity and fragmentation across stations, providing insights into habitat heterogeneity. Complementing the botanical survey, faunal observations recorded 54 animal species, comprising reptiles, mammals, and birds. Among these, \u003cem\u003ePsammophisschokari\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eVaranus griseus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCanis lupus\u003c/em\u003e were the most frequently observed. The presence of \u003cem\u003eTestudo graeca\u003c/em\u003e, a vulnerable species, underscores the conservation value of the habitat. Correlation and PCA analyses identified stabilized sand area and vegetation cover rate as key factors influencing ecological protection distances. A regression model demonstrated that plant height, cover rate, and stabilized sand collectively explain the spatial extent of wind protection provided by the greenbelt. The results underline the multifunctional role of vegetation in biodiversity support and landscape stabilization.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Man-Made Greenbelt: Biodiversity Dynamics and Ecosystem Resilience in the Hyper-Arid Sahara (Southern Algeria)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-19 14:56:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6978084/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4e987751-1da4-4260-9dbf-095f68c45747","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-11T14:24:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-19 14:56:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6978084","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6978084","identity":"rs-6978084","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}