Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand Pattarakitti Noenchat, Chawakorn Nhoonoi, Thanawan Srithong, Sujeeporn Lertpiriyasakulkit, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1740335/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Enterococcus is a commensal bacteria found in humans and animals, which can cause human nosocomial infections. One of the most contaminated enterococcal sources is poultry meat. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of Enterococcus from chickens and their meat products at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Between January 2021 and March 2022, 558 samples from 279 cloacal swabs and breast meat were collected from 31 local slaughterhouses. Then, the samples were screened for Enterococcus using modified de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. Next, selected Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and cocci-shaped colonies were investigated for enterococcal confirmation using Enterococcosel Agar. However, the disk diffusion method investigated positive Enterococcus resistance profiles to 16 antimicrobial agents. Finally, selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterococcus isolates were further assessed to identify AMR genes by polymerase chain reaction. Investigations showed that although the prevalence of Enterococcus isolates from the chicken cloacal swabs and meat samples was 28.85% (161/558), most Enterococcus isolates were resistant to colistin, followed by cefoxitin, cephalexin, and streptomycin. These isolates also showed MDR prevalence (65.22%; 105/161) and 66 patterns. Furthermore, selected MDR Enterococcus (MDRE) from cloacal swabs and meat were positive for the resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM (ESBL-TEM) genes at 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, whereas other AMR genes detected in the selected MDR enterococci from the cloacal swabs and meat were beta-lactamase TEM [bla TEM (0%, 1.96%)], class 1 integrase [ intI1 (14.28%, 0%)], colistin [ mrc–1 (3.57%, 0%)], and vancomycin [vanA (14.28%, 0%)]. This study indicated that phenotypic MDRE correlated with ESBL-TEM gene presence, leading to an AMR reservoir that can be transferred to other bacteria. Multidrug resistance Enterococcus species Poultry Antimicrobial agents Antimicrobial resistance Introduction Poultry meat is popularly consumed and easily distributed in the Thai market. Hence, Thailand has become the fourth country to distributing processed chicken meat to world chicken exports in 2022. Frozen meat has also been sixth-ranked among world chicken exporters (Department of Trade Negotiation, Ministry of Commerce, Thailand 2022). Specifically, Nakhon Ratchasima Province is one of the three provinces with the highest broiler production in Thailand. Poultry and poultry products have been proposed as a primary source of bacterial contamination, especially from the poultry farm or during slaughtering, causing human foodborne illness via consumed meat. Additionally, antibiotic-resistant bacteria could remain in the human body via food, posing a public health concern worldwide because of their problematic treatment. Besides, previous Thai studies have reported the presence of antibiotic-resistant phenotypic and genotypic Enterobacteriaceae isolates in chicken feces and meat. However, Enterococcus isolates’ prevalence, including their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains unknown. Antimicrobial-multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, which is the resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes, leads to more AMR bacteria outbreaks worldwide. Most AMR genes (AMRGs) and genetic elements found in pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae are extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), beta-lactamase ( bla ), class 1 integrase ( intI1 ), and colistin (CT; mcr -1 ). Although the ESBL-encoding gene, particularly TEM, has frequently been detected in chickens and chicken meat worldwide (Antunes et al. 2016), class 1 integron has been identified as the most common resistance integron. This integron comprises gene cassettes of distributed AMR in most in Gram-negative enteric bacteria, which majorly influences the antimicrobial and MDR nature of many bacterial species (Guran et al. 2020). However, these genes have not been fully addressed in commensal bacteria. Enterococcus species ( Enterococcus spp.) are commensal and opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that serve as probiotics in humans and animals. For example, vancomycin (VA)-resistant enterococci (VRE) is commonly caused by nosocomial infections, such as urinary tract infections, wound infections, and endocarditis (Thongkoom et al. 2012). The three most common variants of VA resistance genes in Enterococcus , including vanA , vanB , and van C , have been reported (Ahmed and Baptiste 2018; Nilsson 2012; Wist et al. 2020). Furthermore, Enterococcus is a high probability of exposure to many antibiotics, making it an indicator bacteria widely used for AMR monitoring (Beloeil et al. 2019). Therefore, this study determined Enterococcus isolates for resistance to 8 antimicrobial classes. Then, we compared the incidence of MDR and their AMRGs from bacteria-isolated chicken and chicken products at local poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Materials And Methods Study period, area, and population First, 558 samples (279 chicken cloacal swabs and 279 chicken breast meat) were collected from 31 local poultry slaughterhouses (18 samples from each slaughterhouse), which supplied slaughtered chicken samples from 50 farms in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand , between January 2021 and March 2022. The chicken-type samples varied, comprising broilers (432 samples), indigenous chickens (90 samples), and spent laying hens (36 samples). The samples (pre-and post-slaughtered chicken) were kept at 4°C and transferred to a microbiology laboratory at the Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, within 24 h, for microbiological investigations. Isolation and confirmation of enterococci The samples were cultivated using as lactic acid bacteria isolation according to Sornplang et al. (2016). Briefly, all cloacal swab samples (approximately 1 g of intestinal contents) were first placed into a sterile tube to prepare a 10-fold serial dilution (to 10 -4 concentration) using 10 mL buffered peptone water (BPW; Oxoid, Hampshire, England). Then, 25 g of chicken breast was diluted with 225-mL BPW and mixed using a stomacher for 3 min at 25°C, after which, we also subjected this sample to a 10-fold serial dilution (to 10 -4 concentration) with BPW. Subsequently, 1 mL of the 10 -4 dilution was pipetted on sterile plates. Then, de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar (Difco, Sparks, MD, USA) with the modification of adding 0.4 % (w/v) CaCO 3 was poured onto the plates. Finally, the Petri plates were incubated in 5% CO 2 for 48 h at 37°C. One selected positive colony of Enterococcus spp. from each collected sample was confirmed via Gram staining and using catalase test and Enterococcosel Agar (BD, Heidelberg, Germany). Alternatively, Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), which grew on the medium as beige-colored, intense-black halo colonies, was used as a positive control (Erbas et al. 2016). Antimicrobial susceptibility test The Enterococcus -positive samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method (Bauer et al. 1966). Then, the antimicrobial susceptibility of the Enterococcus isolates was interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline (CLSI 2017). Subsequently, we chose 16 antimicrobial agents with various antibacterial activities in eight different antibiotic classes, commonly used to treat infections in humans and animals, including aminoglycoside [neomycin (N, 30μg) and streptomycin (S, 10μg)], beta-lactam (cephalosporin and penicillin) [cephalexin (CL, 30μg), cefepime (FEP, 30μg), cefotaxime (CTX, 30μg), cefoxitin (FOX, 30μg), amoxicillin (AML, 10μg), and ampicillin (AMP, 10μg)], chloramphenicol [chloramphenicol (C, 30μg)], fluoroquinolone [enrofloxacin (ENR, 5μg)], macrolide [erythromycin (E, 15 μg)], peptide [CT, (10μg) and VA, (30μg)], sulfonamide [sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (19:1) (SXT, 25μg)], and tetracycline classes [doxycycline (DO, 30μg) and oxytetracycline (OT, 30μg)], for investigations. All antimicrobial disks were obtained from Oxoid (Oxoid, Hampshire, England). Preparation of bacterial inoculum A selected Enterococcus colony was suspended in 2 mL 0.85% (w/v) normal saline. Then, the inoculum was adjusted to a turbidity equivalent to that of a 0.5 McFarland standard (1.5 ´ 10 8 CFU/mL). Next, the inoculum was dipped using a sterile cotton swab and swabbed onto Mueller-Hinton agar plate on over the plates, followed by inoculation of plates and incubation under aerobic conditions, at 5% CO 2 , and 37°C for 48 h. Escherichia coli ATCC25922 was used as the reference strain. Primers used and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions Phenotypic MDRE isolates were further investigated for the presence of five AMRGs: ESBL-TEM, bla TEM , intI1 , mrc-1 , and vanA . These genes were commonly found in pathogenic bacteria. The gene primers and PCR conditions used in this study were listed in Table 1. Table 1 The five-gene specific primers used in this study Gene Sequence (5' to 3') ( F = forward, R = reverse) Annealing temperature (°C) Amplicon size (bp) References ESBL – TEM F-TTTCGTGTCGCCCTTATTCC 50 404 (Hassan et al. 2013) ESBL - TEM R -ATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGG 50 404 (Hassan et al. 2013) bla TEM F-CATTTCCGTGTCGCCCTTAT 55 793 (Hassan et al. 2013) bla TEM R-TCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCC 55 793 (Hassan et al. 2013) intI1 F- GGGTCAAGGATCTGGATTTCG 62 483 (Lapierre et al. 2020) intI1 R-ACATGGGTGTAAATCATCGTC 62 483 (Lapierre et al. 2020) mrc–1 F-AGTCCGTTTGTTCTTGTGGC 58 320 (Lapierre et al. 2020) mrc–1 R-AGATCCTTGGTCTCGGCTTG 58 320 (Lapierre et al. 2020) vanA F-GGGAAAACGACAATTGC 54 723 (Shahraki and Rabi Nezhad Mousavi 2017) vanA R-GTACAATGCGGCCGTTA 57 723 (Shahraki and Rabi Nezhad Mousavi 2017) Statistical analysis MDR pattern is described as resistance to antibiotics in a minimum of three antimicrobial classes. First, positive Enterococcus isolates from chicken cloacal swabs, chicken breast meat, and phenotypic/genotypic AMR profiles were reported in percentages. Then, the chi-square test was used to test the relationship between the diverse prevalence of chicken cloacal swabs and chicken breast meat samples in Enterococcus isolates and their phenotypic/genotypic AMR profiles. Finally, statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (v. 16.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and we considered the significant difference to be at P < 0.05. Results Prevalence of the Enterococcus spp . Of the 558 samples investigated, 161 were Enterococcus positive. The prevalence rates of Enterococcus isolates from the cloacal swab and meat samples were 29.75% (83/279) and 27.95% (78/279), respectively. However, this prevalence was not significantly difference ( P > 0.05). Phenotypic AMR profiles of the Enterococcus spp. Most of the Enterococcus spp. isolated from the cloacal swabs and breast meat samples were resistant to CL (81.93%, 83.33%), CT (98.80%, 97.44%), FOX (83.13%, 85.90%), and S (65.06%, 55.13%). Specifically, all Enterococcus spp. isolated from chicken breast meat were sensitive to AMP, some were sensitive to nine antimicrobial agents (AML, C, VA, ENR, N, SXT, DO, OT, and E) at a prevalence rates of 88.46%–98.72% (Table 2). Contrastingly, the AMR prevalence rate of Enterococcus spp. isolated from cloacal swabs, which were resistant to five antibiotics (CTX, E, ENR, FEP, and S), was significantly higher than those isolated from the breast meat ( P < 0.05). Table 2 Phenotypic antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus isolated from chickens at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Sample AMR a (no. of isolates) to antimicrobial agents (%) AML MP C CL CT CTX DO E ENR FEP FOX N OT S SXT VA Cloacal swab 7.23 (6/83) 2.41 (2/83) 1.20 (1/83) 81.93 (68/83) 98.80 (82/83) 37.35 (31/83) 6.02 (5/83) 18.07 (15/83) 12.05 (10/83) 39.76 (33/83) 83.13 (69/83) 14.46 (12/83) 33.73 (28/83) 65.06 (54/83) 15.66 (13/83) 15.66 (13/83) Breast meat 1.28 (1/78) 0 (0) 1.28 (1/78) 83.33 (65/78) 97.44 (76/78) 21.79 (17/78) 6.41 (5/78) 5.13 (4/78) 2.56 (2/78) 24.36 (19/78) 85.90 (67/78) 7.69 (6/78) 11.54 (9/78) 55.13 (43/78) 6.41 (5/78) 7.69 (6/78) P value 0.118 - 1.000 0.814 0.611 0.031 * 1.000 0.011 * 0.022 * 0.022 * 0.628 0.215 0.001 * 0.198 0.081 0.145 Antimicrobial agents: AML, amoxicillin; AMP, ampicillin; C, chloramphenicol; CL, cephalexin; CT, colistin; CTX, cefotaxime; DO, doxycycline; E, erythromycin; ENR, enrofloxacin; FEP, cefepime; FOX , cefoxitin; N, neomycin; OT, oxytetracycline; S, streptomycin; SXT, sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim; VA, vancomycin a Antimicrobial resistance * The AMR profile between cloacal swabs and breast meat samples was significantly different ( p < 0.05). Table 3 shows the prevalence rates of phenotypic AMR profile of the Enterococcus isolates. Of the 161 isolates, 105 were MDRE. We also observed that the MDRE from chicken cloacal swabs (61/105) was significantly higher than that from chicken breast meat (44/105) ( P = 0.023), it was resistant to 3–12 antimicrobial agents in 3–7 antimicrobial classes. Moreover, the MDRE pattern of Enterococcus isolates from cloacal swabs, and breast meat was 44 and 22 patterns, respectively. Table 3 Chicken cloacal swabs and meat AMR a - Enterococcus profiles from local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand Sample No. of AM b No. of AM classes Resistance phenotypic profiles No. of isolates (%) p value c Breast meat 2 1 CL-FOX 1 ( 0.62) - Cloacal swab 2 2 CT-FOX 1 ( 0.62) - Breast meat 2 2 CT-S 3 (1.86) - Breast meat 3 2 CL-CT-CTX 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 3 2 CT-CTX-FOX 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab Breast meat 3 3 2 2 CL-CT-FOX CL-CT-FOX 14 (8.69) 18 (11.18) 0.553 Cloacal swab Breast meat 3 3 2 2 CT-FEP-FOX CT-FEP-FOX 1 (0.62) 1 (0.62) 1.000 Cloacal swab 4 2 CL-CT-AML-FOX 1 (0.62) - Table 3 (continued) Sample No. of AM b No. of AM classes Resistance phenotypic profile No. of isolates (%) p value c Cloacal swab Breast meat 4 4 2 2 CL-CT-CTX-FOX CL-CT-CTX-FOX 1 (0.62) 1 (0.62) 1.000 Cloacal swab Breast meat 4 4 2 2 CL-CT-FEP-FOX CL-CT-FEP-FOX 2 (1.24) 5 (3.10) 0.025 * Breast meat 4 2 CL-CT-FOX-VA 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab Breast meat 5 5 2 2 CL-CT-CTX-FEP-FOX CL-CT-CTX-FEP-FOX 1 (0.62) 2 (1.24) 0.611 Cloacal swab 3 3 CL-SXT-VA 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 3 3 CT-E-S 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab Breast meat 3 3 3 3 CT-FOX-S CT-FOX-S 4 (2.48) 2 (1.24) 0.682 Cloacal swab Breast meat 4 4 3 3 CL-CT-FOX-S CL-CT-FOX-S 9 (5.59) 19 (11.80) 0.024 * Cloacal swab 4 3 CL-CT-FOX-OT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 4 3 CL-CT-CTX -N 1 (0.62) - Breast meat 4 3 CL-CT-CTX-DO 1 (0.62) - Breast meat 4 3 CL-CT-DO-OT 1 (0.62) - Breast meat 4 3 CT-CTX-FOX-OT 1 (0.62) - Bloacal swab 4 3 CT- FEP-FOX-S 1 (0.62) - Breast meat 5 3 CL-CT-CTX-FOX-N 1 (0.62) - Table 3 (continued) Sample No. of AM b No. of AM classes Resistance phenotypic profile No. of isolates (%) p value c Cloacal swab 5 3 CL-CT-CTX-FOX-S 1 (0.62) - Breast meat 5 3 CL-CT-CTX-FOX-SXT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 5 3 CL-CT-FEP-FOX-S 3 (1.86) - Cloacal swab 5 3 CL- CT-CTX-FOX-OT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 6 3 CL-CT-CTX-FEP-FOX-S 1 ( 0.62) - Breast meat 6 3 FEP-FOX-CT-N-S-VA 1 ( 0.62) - Cloacal swab 7 3 CL-CT-CTX-FEP-FOX-SXT-VA 1 ( 0.62) - Cloacal swab 7 3 CL-CT-FEP-FOX-N-S-VA 1 ( 0.62) - Cloacal swab Breast meat 8 8 3 3 CL-CT-CTX-FOX-FEP-N-S-VA CL-CT-CTX-FOX-FEP-N-S-VA 2 (1.24) 2 (1.24) 1.000 Cloacal swab 4 4 CT-FOX-OT-S 2 (1.24) - Breast meat 4 4 CT-E-FOX-S 1 ( 0.62) - Breast meat 4 4 CT-CTX-DO-S 1 ( 0.62) - Breast meat 4 4 CT- E-OT-S 1 ( 0.62) - Breast meat 5 4 CL-CT-FOX-S-SXT 1 ( 0.62) - Cloacal swab 5 4 CL-CT-CTX-OT-S 1 ( 0.62) - Cloacal swab breast meat 5 5 4 4 CL-CT-FOX-OT-S CL-CT-FOX-OT-S 1 ( 0.62) 1 ( 0.62) - Cloacal swab 5 4 CT- DO-FOX-S-OT 1 ( 0.62) - Breast meat 5 4 CT-CTX-FEP-S-SXT 2 (1.24) - Breast meat 6 4 CL-CT-FEP-FOX-S-SXT 1 ( 0.62) - Table 3 (continued) Sample No. of AM b No. of AM classes Resistance phenotypic profile No. of isolates (%) p value c Cloacal swab 6 4 CL-CT-CTX-FEP-S-SXT 1 ( 0.62) - Breast meat 6 4 CL-CTX-CT-FEP-OT-S 3 ( 1.86) - Cloacal swab 6 4 CL-CT-FOX-N-OT-S 1 ( 0.62) - Cloacal swab 6 4 CT-FOX-ENR-OT-S-VA 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 7 4 AML-CL-CT-CTX-FEP-S-VA 1 ( 0.62) - Breast meat 7 4 CL-CT-CTX-FEP-FOX-OT-S 2 (1.24) - Breast meat 7 4 CL-CT-DO-FEP-FOX-OT-S 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 7 4 CT-CTX-FEP-FOX-N-OT-S 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 8 4 AML-AMP-CL-CT-CTX-E-FOX-S 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 8 4 CL- CT-CTX-DO-FEP-FOX-OT-S 1 (0.62) - Breast meat 9 4 AML-CT-CTX-DO-E-FEP-FOX-OT-S 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab breast meat 9 9 4 4 CL-CT-CTX-ENR-FEP-FOX-N-S-VA CL-CT-CTX-ENR-FEP-FOX-N-S-VA 1 (0.62) 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 5 5 CT-E-OT-S-SXT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 7 5 CL-CT-E-FOX-FEP-OT-SXT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 7 5 CL-CT-CTX-FEP-OT-S-SXT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 7 5 CL-CT-CTX-E-FOX-OT-S 1 (0.62) - Breast meat 7 5 CL-CT-CTX-ENR-S-SXT-VA 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 8 5 CL- CT-CTX-E-FEP-FOX-OT-S 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 9 5 AML-CL-CT-ENR-FEP-OT-S-SXT-VA 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 9 5 CL-CT-CTX-ENR-FEP-FOX-S-SXT-VA 1 (0.62) - Table 3 (continued) Sample No. of AM b No. of AM classes Resistance phenotypic profile No. of isolates (%) p value c Cloacal swab 11 5 AML-AMP-C-CL-CT-CTX-E-ENR-FEP-FOX-VA 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 8 6 CL-CT-E-FOX-N-OT-S-SXT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 9 6 CL-CT-CTX-E-FEP-FOX-OT-S-SXT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 9 6 CL-CT-CTX-E FOX-N-OT-S-SXT 1 (0.62) - Breast meat 9 6 C-CL-CT-E-FEP-FOX-N-OT-S 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 10 6 AML-CL-CT-CTX-E-ENR-FEP-N-OT-S 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 10 6 CL-CT-DO-E-ENR-FEP-FOX-N-S-VA 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 12 6 CL-CT-CTX-DO-E-ENR-FEP-FOX-N-OT-S-VA 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 8 7 CL-CT- DO-E-ENR-OT-S-SXT 1 (0.62) - Cloacal swab 10 7 CL-CT-CTX-E-ENR-FEP-FOX-OT-S-SXT 1 (0.62) - Total MDRE d isolates from cloacal swab samples 61 (37.89) 0.023 * Total MDRE isolates from breast meat samples 44 (27.33) Antimicrobial agents: AML, amoxicillin; AMP, ampicillin; C, chloramphenicol; CL, cephalexin; CT, colistin; CTX, cefotaxime; DO, doxycycline; E, erythromycin; ENR, enrofloxacin; FEP, cefepime; FOX , cefoxitin; N, neomycin; OT, oxytetracycline; S, streptomycin; SXT, sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim; VA, vancomycin a AMR, antimicrobial resistance b AM, antimicrobial c The statistical significance level was set at 95% confidence. The AMR profile was compared if Enterococcus was detected in both cloacal swab and breast meat samples using the chi-square test. d Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus * Prevalence of AMR profile between cloacal swab and breast meat samples was significantly difference ( p < 0.05). Subsequently, 51 of the 105 MDRE isolates sampled from both cloacal swabs and breast meat samples of all 31 slaughterhouses were tested for 5 AMRGs (Table 4). The selected phenotypic MDRE isolates showed resistance to beta-lactam, CL, and VA antibiotics, associated with genotypic ESBL-TEM, bla TEM , mrc –1 , and vanA resistance genes. Besides, the highest AMRG found in both cloacal swab and breast meat samples was ESBL–TEM, at prevalence rates of 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, and the other three AMRGs detected in the cloacal swab samples were intI1 , vanA , and mrc–1 , at prevalence rates of 14.28% (4/28), 14.28% (4/28), and 3.57% (1/28), respectively. Results also showed that although the only isolate from breast meat samples contained bla TEM (1.96%), intI1 , mrc–1 , and vanA were absent from the breast meat samples. Table 4 Detection of the five AMRGs a of selected phenotypic MDRE b isolates from slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand Sample Percentage of selected MDRE isolates associated with AMRGs ESBL-TEM bla TEM intI1 mrc–1 vanA Cloacal swab 71 . 43 (20/28) 0 (0/28) 14.28 (4/28) 3.57 (1/28) 14.28 (4/28) Breast meat 78 . 26 (18/23) 4.35 (1/23) 0 (0/23) 0 (0/23) 0 (0/23) a Antimicrobial resistance genes b M ultidrug-resistant Enterococcus Discussion The prevalence of Enterococcus isolates has been reported in humans, animals, and the environment. Specifically, most Enterococcus isolates in humans are observed in patients admitted to hospitals, whereas those in animals are in food-producing species and their products. In contrast, those in the environment are related to farming food-producing animals and hospital environments. Therefore, based on this study’s background, the prevalence of Enterococcus isolates from cloacal swabs and meat samples of chickens at all local poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province was investigated. Results showed that their prevalence rates were 29.75% and 27.95%, respectively. Studies reported the prevalence of Enterococcus spp. in broiler meat and water used for broiler farming in Thailand at 25.1% and 17.2%, respectively (Tansuphasiri et al. 2006). However, the Enterococcus isolate prevalences of chicken feces from six provinces in three Thai regions were reported to be 18.67% (Pongparit et al. 2017). These results presented a lower prevalence rate than those of our study (29.75%), which may be because the study reported only two Enterococcus species, E. faecalis and E. faecium . Additionally, a study from Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia) reported high prevalences of Enterococcus isolates from chicken feces (86.34%) (Usui et al. 2014) which may be due to contamination of the environment via wastewater from both hospital and animal farming wastes (Daniel et al. 2015; Lawpidet et al. 2021). Moreover, our study sampled various chicken types (indigenous, broilers, and laying hens) and yielded different results. Results also showed that the prevalence rate of phenotypic AMR species of Enterococcus isolates from both live chicken and meat samples at the slaughterhouse was 55.13%–98.80% and was highly resistant to S, CL, FOX, and CT (Table 2). As observed, Enterococcus isolates from chicken meat showed higher CL and FOX resistance than those from chicken feces but were not significantly different ( P = 0.814, P = 0.628), suggesting that the increasing resistance of Enterococcus isolates came from increased environmental contamination during slaughtering. This result was similar to that of de Jong et al. 2018). Resistance to this study’s third and fourth generations of beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotics (CTX and FEP) indicates an MDR trend in Enterococcus isolates, which agrees with recent studies concerning antibiotic-resistant-bacteria worldwide. Furthermore, we observed a high prevalence rate of ESBL-TEM-resistant genes from both chickens (71.73%) and meat (78.26%) of the Enterococcus isolates (Table 4), supporting the high MDRE isolates in this study. First to third-generation cephalosporins have been used as a drug of choice to treat Gram-negative bacterial infections, such as human salmonellosis, for > 30 years. However, cephalosporin resistance can come from overuse/misuse in Thai food-producing animals (Sivaraman and Yann 2018). Additionally, cephalosporins can produce mutant enzymes, such as TEM or SHV, via their plasmids (Li et al. 2007). Enterococcus have a natural resistance to beta-lactam, which possesses low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins and low-level aminoglycoside antibiotics. However, acquired resistance to beta-lactam via penicillinase production and high-level aminoglycoside (gentamicin) production has been reported (Hollenbeck and Rice 2012). Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (e.g., at least third generation) lead to acquired resistance mediated by AmpC beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum beta-lactam (ESBL)-encoding genes (e.g., TEM, SHV derivative, and CTX-M family), have also been reported in Gram-negative pathogens (Hassan et al. 2013; Savin et al. 2021). However, little is known about commensal Gram-positive bacteria, such as enterococci. Our study showed that the prevalence of MDRE resistant to at least one of the third (CTX) and fourth-generation (FEP) cephalosporins was 50.48% (53/105). Additionally, we observed a positive ESBL-TEM gene from phenotypic MDRE at prevalence rate of 74.51% (38/51). This result indicated that the positive correlation between MDR with CTX/FEP-resistant Enterococcus isolates and acquired ESBL-TEM-resistant genes in enterococci leads them to act as resistant gene reservoirs for bacterial transfer. Alternatively, although CT use in Thai animal feeds has only been allowed for short-term treatment and has been prohibited in animal feeds since 2019 (DLD, 2019), it is continued to be used to treat severe Gram-negative bacterial infection in humans, such as carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae . International organizations like FAO and CODEX have recently been concerned with incorporating the mcr–1 gene (a Gram-negative bacterial gene) into human and veterinary disease treatments to make them pan-drug resistant, as reviewed by Gharaibeh and Shatnawi (2019). Here, we observed that although most Enterococcus isolates showed intrinsic resistance to CT with a prevalence of 98.1% (158/161), one Enterococcus isolate had the mcr–1 gene, serving as a gene reservoir for bacterial transfer. The prevalence rate of S resistance of Enterococcus (SRE) isolates in this study (60.1%) was consistent with that recorded in other studies, which reported that SRE isolated from broiler chicken feces was 63.5%–69.5% in Taiwan (Lauderdale et al. 2007) and 78.6% in Vietnam (Usui et al. 2014). These findings also support the natural resistance of Enterococcus spp. to aminoglycosides, which was similar to those of previous studies (Palma et al. 2020; Raza et al. 2018). Nevertheless, our study was inconsistent with a report, which showed 25.22% of S-resistant Enterococcus isolates from chicken feces in six Thai provinces (Pongparit et al. 2017). In this study, the prevalence of MDRE isolates resistant to several (3–12) antibiotics was 65.22% (105/161). Our result agrees with that of Desire et al. (2022), who reported an MDRE prevalence in laying hens of 73.17% (30/40), with the number of antibiotics ranging from three to eight. Also, compared with those in the aforementioned study, we observed that various MDRE patterns in our study were more significant (66 vs 32 patterns), confirming the possibility of Enterococcus spp. as AMR reservoirs for bacterial transfer. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), particularly E. faecium , causes dominant nosocomial infection in humans (Ahmed and Baptiste 2018). It has also been reported that animal farming can serve as a source of VRE due to the use of avoparcin as an antibiotic or for growth promotion. Avoparcin, a glycopeptide analog of VA, is related to the high prevalence of VRE in food animals; thus, its resistance genes can be transferred to humans. Although the EU (completely banned in 2006) and many countries worldwide have banned antimicrobial growth promoters, the persistence of VRE in animal husbandry remains detected because its ability to maintain viability for a long time. Additionally, VRE can be transferred to hospitalized patients or hospital environments, via animal wastewater (Gotkowska-Płachta 2021). Moreover, the transferable VRE genes from humans to poultry via transposons have been reported by van den Bogaard et al. (2002), the vanA gene could in turn, transfer most genes from poultry to human enterococci (Lester et al. 2006). Alternatively, the prevalence rates of VRE isolates have been reported heterogeneously from country to country, including in Italy, where the of Enterococcus isolates from humans, cats, and dog feces resistant to VA were 0%, 23.6%, and 6.2%, respectively (Iseppi et al. 2020), in Ethiopia, the pooled prevalence of VRE isolated from patients in hospitals was 16.9% (Melese et al. 2020), whereas the prevalence of those from broiler chicken feces sampled between 2000 and 2003 in Taiwan was 1.85%–8.55% (Lauderdale et al. 2007). Additionally, VRE have also been reported from hospital wastewater samples, such as 36% in Sweden (Iversen et al. 2002). Since the Thai government banned avoparcin in animal feed in July 1998, studies have reported low prevalence rates ranging from 0%–10.3% of VRE in Thai food animals (Pongparit et al. 2017; Tansuphasiri et al. 2006), similar to those recorded in this study. Although this study recorded a phenotypic VRE prevalence of 15.66% (13/83) and 7.69% (6/78) in fecal and meat samples, respectively, only 4 of 28 phenotypic MRDE isolates from chicken feces were positive for the vanA gene, indicating a low risk for vanA emergence in chickens and high safety of chicken meat to consumers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Conclusions This study indicated that chicken meat from local poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, had low VRE infection risks. However, high prevalence of MDRE isolates in this study remains a public health concern. Hence, AMR surveillance in poultry meat production should be considered, including adopting effective biosafety and biosecurity systems for animal food products, such as good sanitation for poultry farming and slaughtering. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors thank the Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, for microbiological facilities. Author contribution This study was conceptualized and designed by PS and PN. PN, CN, TS, and SL contributed to sample collection, microbiological culturing, and PCR running. PS and PN performed statistical analyses. PN drafted the manuscript, and PS revised it. All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Funding The authors thank the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, for the research funding (Grant No. VM021/2565). The authors also thank the PhD—scholarship for Chalermprakiat's 70 years of the reign at Agricultural Research Development Agency, Thailand. Ethics approval The use of animals in this study was approved under the permissions and guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Khon Kaen University, Thailand (permission record no. IACUC-KKU-79/64). Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. References Ahmed, MO., and Baptiste KE., 2018. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: A review of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and perspectives of human and animal health. Microbial Drug Resistance 24:590-606. https://doi:10.1089/mdr.2017.0147 Antunes, P., Mourão J., Campos J., and Peixe L., 2016. Salmonellosis: the role of poultry meat. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 22:110-121. https://doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.004 Bauer, AW., Kirby WM., Sherris JC., and Turck M.. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 45:493- 496. Beloeil, PA., Guerra B., and Stoicescu, AV., 2019. Manual for reporting on antimicrobial resistance within the framework of Directive 2003/99/EC and Decision 2013/652/EU for information derived from the year 2018. 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In vivo transfer of the vanA resistance gene from an Enterococcus faecium isolate of animal origin to an E. faecium isolate of human origin in the intestines of human volunteers. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50:596-599. doi:10.1128/AAC.50.2.596-599.2006 Li, XZ., Mehrotra, M., Ghimire, S., and Adewoye, L., 2007. β-Lactam resistance and β- lactamases in bacteria of animal origin. Veterinary Microbiology 121:197-214. https://doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.01.015 Melese, A., Genet, C., and Andualem, T., 2020. Prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infectious Disease 20:124. https://doi:10.1186/s12879-020-4833-2 Nilsson, O., 2012. Vancomycin resistant enterococci in farm animals – occurrence and importance. Infection Ecology & Epidemiology 2:16959. https://doi:10.3402/iee.v2i0.16959 Palma, E., Tilocca, B., and Roncada, P., 2020. Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine: An overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21:1914. https://doi:10.3390/ijms21061914 Pongparit, S., Bunchaleamchai, A., Supcharoencoon, U., Veeramano, R., Watanasatitarpa, S., and Phraephan, S., 2017. Fecal colonization of vancomycin–resistant Enterococcus spp. among food producing animals from farms in Thailand. In: Areerat Y (eds) Proceedings of RSU National Research Conference, 28 April 2017. Rangsit Univ Pathum Thani Thailand, pp 77-86. https://doi: 10.14458/RSU.res.2017.58 Raza, T., Ullah, SR., Mehmood, K., Andleeb, S., 2018. Vancomycin resistant enterococci: A brief review. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 68:768-772. Savin, M., Alexander, J., Bierbaum, G., Hammerl, JA., Hembach, N., Schwartz, T., Schmithausen, RM., Sib, E., Voigt, A., and Kreyenschmidt, J., 2021. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes, and antibiotic residues in wastewater from a poultry slaughterhouse after conventional and advanced treatments. Scientific Reports 11:16622. https://doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96169-y Shahraki, S., and Rabi Nezhad Mousavi, M., 2017. Determination of virulence factors in clinical multidrug resistance enterococci isolates at Southeast of Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 10:e45514. https://doi:10.5812/jjm.45514 Sivaraman, S., and Yann, HR., 2018. Antibiotic use in food animals: Thailand overview. https://www.reactgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Antibiotic_Use_in_Food_ Animals_Thailand_Overview_LIGHT_2018_web.pdf. Accessed 8 June 2022 Sornplang P, Sakulsawasdiphan K, Piyadeatsoontorn S, Surasorn B (2016) Antimicrobial susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria isolated from human and food-producing animal feces in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. Tropical Animal Health and Production 48:1739-1745. https://doi:10.1007/s11250-016-1116-4 Tansuphasiri, U., Khaminthakul, D., Pandii, W., 2006. Antibiotic resistance of enterococci isolated from frozen foods and environmental water. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 37:162-170. Thongkoom, P., Kanjanahareutai, S., Chantrakooptungool, S., and Rahule, S., 2012. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) isolates isolated in Rajavithi Hospital between 1999 and 2009. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 95 Suppl 3:S7-15. Usui, M., Ozawa, S., Onozato, H., Kuge, R., Obata, Y., Uemae, T., Ngoc, PT., Heriyanto A, Chalemchikit, T., Makita, K., Muramatsu, Y., and Tamura, Y., 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility of indicator bacteria isolated from chickens in Southeast Asian Countries (Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand). The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 76:685-692. https://doi:10.1292/jvms.13-0423 van den Bogaard, AE., 2002. Antibiotic resistance of faecal enterococci in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49:497-505. https://doi:10.1093/jac/49.3.497 Wist, V., Morach, M., Schneeberger, M., Cernela, N., Stevens, M., Zurfluh, K., Stephan, R., and Nüesch-Inderbinen, M., 2020. Phenotypic and genotypic traits of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from healthy food-producing animals. Microorganisms 8:261. https://doi:10.3390/microorganisms8020261 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1740335","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":112423197,"identity":"c7413202-875b-4f11-8c78-f01327b0cb3f","order_by":0,"name":"Pattarakitti Noenchat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sakon Nakhon Provincial Livestock Office, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives of the Kingdom of Thailand","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pattarakitti","middleName":"","lastName":"Noenchat","suffix":""},{"id":112423198,"identity":"c5426c0d-8b68-4514-bc6b-6458426b64f5","order_by":1,"name":"Chawakorn Nhoonoi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Division of Veterinary Pubilc Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chawakorn","middleName":"","lastName":"Nhoonoi","suffix":""},{"id":112423199,"identity":"13ea0255-1221-4484-8acc-d2953d75bc42","order_by":2,"name":"Thanawan Srithong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Division of Veterinary Pubilc Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thanawan","middleName":"","lastName":"Srithong","suffix":""},{"id":112423200,"identity":"4a241373-6403-4970-bb36-3ec4e10f244a","order_by":3,"name":"Sujeeporn Lertpiriyasakulkit","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Division of Veterinary Pubilc Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sujeeporn","middleName":"","lastName":"Lertpiriyasakulkit","suffix":""},{"id":112423201,"identity":"ed2ae2c3-1095-4493-9f85-d33424f453f5","order_by":4,"name":"Pairat Sornplang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZjBpYyAB5ScQqyUNpsWACC0QcJgELebsvI8/fNxx3lhyRgLjhx8Mf/IIarFsZjeTnHnmtpm0RAKzZA+DQTFBLQaH2diYedtu28hJJDBIA/mJDURoYf7M23YOpIX5N7FaGKR52w6AHMZGnC2WzWxskjPbko0lex62WfYYGBPWYs5/jPnDxzY7wxnHkw/f+FEhR4TDEEzGBhQuMVpGwSgYBaNgFOAAAFb8MsWSJEN/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Division of Veterinary Pubilc Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand 40002","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pairat","middleName":"","lastName":"Sornplang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-06-09 05:14:20","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1740335/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1740335/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":22862938,"identity":"ba820266-2f12-4aed-915d-13babf7997de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-21 01:54:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":499095,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1740335/v2/16c3e2ee-1d83-4cda-b669-87054ff67b65.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence and multidrug resistance of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePoultry meat is popularly consumed and easily distributed in the Thai market. Hence, Thailand has become the fourth country to distributing processed chicken meat to world chicken exports in 2022. Frozen meat has also been sixth-ranked among world chicken exporters\u0026nbsp;(Department of Trade Negotiation, Ministry of Commerce, Thailand 2022). Specifically, Nakhon Ratchasima Province is one of the three provinces with the highest broiler production in Thailand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Poultry and poultry products have been proposed as a primary source of bacterial contamination, especially from the poultry farm or during slaughtering, causing human foodborne illness via consumed meat. Additionally, antibiotic-resistant bacteria could remain in the human body via food, posing a public health concern worldwide because of their problematic treatment. Besides, previous Thai studies have reported the presence of antibiotic-resistant phenotypic and genotypic \u003cem\u003eEnterobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e isolates in chicken feces and meat. However, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates\u0026rsquo; prevalence, including their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains unknown. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAntimicrobial-multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, which is the resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes, leads to more AMR bacteria outbreaks worldwide. Most AMR genes (AMRGs) and genetic elements found in pathogenic \u003cem\u003eEnterobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e are extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), beta-lactamase (\u003cem\u003ebla\u003c/em\u003e), class 1 integrase (\u003cem\u003eintI1\u003c/em\u003e), and colistin (CT; \u003cem\u003emcr\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e-1\u003c/em\u003e). Although the ESBL-encoding gene, particularly TEM, has frequently been detected in chickens and chicken meat worldwide\u0026nbsp;(Antunes et al. 2016), class 1 integron has been identified as the most common resistance integron. This integron comprises gene cassettes of distributed AMR in most in Gram-negative enteric bacteria, which majorly influences the antimicrobial and MDR nature of many bacterial species\u0026nbsp;(Guran et al. 2020). However, these genes have not been fully addressed in commensal bacteria.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies (\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp.) are commensal and opportunistic pathogenic bacteria that serve as probiotics in humans and animals. For example, vancomycin (VA)-resistant enterococci (VRE) is commonly caused by nosocomial infections, such as urinary tract infections, wound infections, and endocarditis\u0026nbsp;(Thongkoom et al. 2012). The three\u0026nbsp;most common variants of VA resistance genes in\u0026ensp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e, including \u003cem\u003evanA\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003evanB\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003evan\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003e, have been reported\u0026nbsp;(Ahmed and Baptiste 2018; Nilsson 2012;\u0026nbsp;Wist et al. 2020).\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eFurthermore, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis a high probability of exposure\u0026nbsp;to many antibiotics, making it an indicator bacteria widely used for AMR monitoring\u0026nbsp;(Beloeil et al. 2019).\u0026nbsp;Therefore, this study determined \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolates for resistance to 8 antimicrobial classes. Then, we compared the incidence of MDR and their AMRGs from bacteria-isolated chicken and chicken products at local poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy period, area, and population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, 558 samples (279 chicken cloacal swabs and 279 chicken breast meat) were collected from 31 local poultry slaughterhouses (18 samples from each slaughterhouse), which supplied slaughtered chicken samples from 50 farms in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand\u003cem\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ebetween January 2021 and March 2022. The chicken-type samples varied, comprising broilers (432 samples), indigenous chickens (90 samples), and spent laying hens (36 samples). The samples (pre-and post-slaughtered chicken) were kept at 4\u0026deg;C and transferred to a microbiology laboratory at the Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, within 24 h, for microbiological investigations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolation and confirmation of enterococci\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples were cultivated using as lactic acid bacteria isolation according to Sornplang et al. (2016). Briefly, all cloacal swab samples (approximately 1 g of intestinal contents) were first placed into a sterile tube to prepare a 10-fold serial dilution (to 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e concentration) using 10 mL buffered peptone water (BPW; Oxoid, Hampshire, England). Then, 25 g of chicken breast was diluted with 225-mL BPW and mixed using a stomacher for 3 min at 25\u0026deg;C,\u0026nbsp;after which, we also subjected\u0026nbsp;this sample to a 10-fold serial dilution (to 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e concentration) with BPW. Subsequently, 1 mL of the 10\u003csup\u003e-4\u003c/sup\u003e dilution was pipetted on sterile plates. Then, de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar (Difco, Sparks, MD, USA) with the modification of adding 0.4 % (w/v) CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was poured onto the plates. Finally, the Petri plates were incubated in 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for 48 h at 37\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eOne selected positive colony of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp. from each collected sample was confirmed via Gram staining and using catalase test and Enterococcosel Agar (BD, Heidelberg, Germany). Alternatively, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus faecalis\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 29212), which grew on the medium as beige-colored, intense-black halo colonies, was used as a positive control\u0026nbsp;(Erbas et al. 2016).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility test\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enterococcus\u003c/em\u003e-positive samples were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby\u0026ndash;Bauer disk diffusion method\u0026nbsp;(Bauer et al. 1966). Then, the antimicrobial susceptibility\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eof the \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates was interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline\u0026nbsp;(CLSI 2017). Subsequently, we chose 16 antimicrobial agents with various antibacterial activities in eight different antibiotic classes, commonly used to treat infections in humans and animals, including aminoglycoside [neomycin (N, 30\u0026mu;g) and streptomycin (S, 10\u0026mu;g)], beta-lactam (cephalosporin and penicillin) [cephalexin (CL, 30\u0026mu;g), cefepime (FEP, 30\u0026mu;g), cefotaxime (CTX, 30\u0026mu;g), cefoxitin (FOX, 30\u0026mu;g), amoxicillin (AML, 10\u0026mu;g), and ampicillin (AMP, 10\u0026mu;g)], chloramphenicol [chloramphenicol (C, 30\u0026mu;g)], fluoroquinolone [enrofloxacin (ENR, 5\u0026mu;g)], macrolide [erythromycin (E, 15 \u0026mu;g)], peptide [CT, (10\u0026mu;g) and VA, (30\u0026mu;g)], sulfonamide [sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (19:1) (SXT, 25\u0026mu;g)], and tetracycline classes [doxycycline (DO, 30\u0026mu;g) and oxytetracycline (OT, 30\u0026mu;g)], for investigations. All antimicrobial disks were obtained from Oxoid (Oxoid,\u0026nbsp;Hampshire, England). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of bacterial inoculum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA selected \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e colony was suspended in 2 mL 0.85% (w/v) normal saline. Then, the inoculum was adjusted to a turbidity equivalent to that of a 0.5 McFarland standard (1.5\u0026nbsp;\u0026acute;\u0026nbsp;10\u003csup\u003e8\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eCFU/mL). Next, the inoculum was dipped using a sterile cotton swab and swabbed onto\u0026nbsp;Mueller-Hinton\u0026nbsp;agar plate on over the plates, followed by inoculation of plates and incubation under aerobic conditions, at 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and 37\u0026deg;C for 48 h.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEscherichia\u0026nbsp;coli\u003c/em\u003e ATCC25922\u0026nbsp;was\u0026nbsp;used as the reference strain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimers used and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003econditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhenotypic MDRE isolates were further investigated for the presence of five AMRGs: ESBL-TEM, \u003cem\u003ebla\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eTEM\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003eintI1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003emrc-1\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003evanA\u003c/em\u003e. These genes were commonly found in pathogenic bacteria. The gene primers and PCR conditions used in this study were\u0026ensp;listed in\u0026ensp;Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 1 \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eThe five-gene specific primers used in this study\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 105%;margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eGene\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSequence (5\u0026apos;\u0026nbsp;to 3\u0026apos;)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eF =\u0026nbsp;forward, R =\u0026nbsp;reverse)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAnnealing\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003etemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAmplicon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003esize (bp)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eReferences\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eESBL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Angsana New\",serif;'\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTEM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eF-TTTCGTGTCGCCCTTATTCC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e404\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Hassan et al. 2013)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eESBL\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Angsana New\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTEM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eR -ATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e404\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Hassan et al. 2013)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ebla\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTEM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height: 150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eF-CATTTCCGTGTCGCCCTTAT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e793\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Hassan et al. 2013)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ebla\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTEM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height: 150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eR-TCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e793\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 22.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Hassan et al. 2013)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eintI1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eF- GGGTCAAGGATCTGGATTTCG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e483\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 7.95pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Lapierre et al. 2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eintI1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eR-ACATGGGTGTAAATCATCGTC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e483\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Lapierre et al. 2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003emrc\u0026ndash;1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eF-AGTCCGTTTGTTCTTGTGGC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e320\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Lapierre et al. 2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003emrc\u0026ndash;1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eR-AGATCCTTGGTCTCGGCTTG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e320\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Lapierre et al. 2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003evanA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eF-GGGAAAACGACAATTGC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e723\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 12pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Shahraki and \u0026nbsp;Rabi Nezhad Mousavi 2017)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.96%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003evanA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.22%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eR-GTACAATGCGGCCGTTA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.48%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.6%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e723\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21.74%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 10.5pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:150%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(Shahraki and Rabi Nezhad Mousavi 2017)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMDR pattern is described as resistance to antibiotics in a minimum of three antimicrobial classes. First, positive \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates from chicken cloacal swabs, chicken breast meat, and phenotypic/genotypic AMR profiles were reported in percentages. Then, the chi-square test was used to test the relationship between the diverse prevalence of chicken cloacal swabs and chicken breast meat samples in \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates and their phenotypic/genotypic AMR profiles. Finally, statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (v. 16.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and we considered the significant difference to be at \u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevalence of the \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the 558 samples investigated, 161 were \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e positive. The prevalence rates of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolates from\u0026nbsp;the cloacal swab and meat samples were 29.75% (83/279) and 27.95% (78/279), respectively. However, this prevalence was not significantly difference\u0026emsp;(\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt; 0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhenotypic AMR profiles of the \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ethe \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp. isolated from the cloacal swabs and breast meat samples were resistant to CL (81.93%, 83.33%), CT (98.80%, 97.44%), FOX (83.13%, 85.90%), and S (65.06%, 55.13%). Specifically, all \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp.\u0026nbsp;isolated from chicken breast meat were sensitive to AMP, some\u0026nbsp;were sensitive to nine antimicrobial agents (AML, C, VA, ENR, N, SXT, DO, OT, and E)\u0026nbsp;at a prevalence rates of 88.46%\u0026ndash;98.72% (Table 2).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eContrastingly, the AMR prevalence rate of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolated from cloacal swabs, \u0026nbsp;which were resistant to five antibiotics (CTX, E, ENR, FEP, and S), was significantly higher than those\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolated\u0026nbsp;from\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;breast\u0026nbsp;meat\u0026nbsp;(\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePhenotypic antimicrobial-resistant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;isolated from chickens at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"margin-left:-1.7pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 69.8pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"16\" style=\"width: 640.6pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAMR\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e (no. of isolates) to antimicrobial agents (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.55pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAML\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eC\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.25pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCTX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eENR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFEP\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eFOX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eOT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSXT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.15pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eVA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.8pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal\u0026nbsp;swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36.55pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7.23 (6/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.45pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2.41 (2/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.4pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1.20 (1/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.55pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e81.93 (68/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.5pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e98.80 (82/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.25pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e37.35 (31/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.5in;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6.02 (5/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e18.07 (15/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12.05 (10/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e39.76 (33/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e83.13 (69/83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 27pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.215\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.001\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.198\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.081\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.1pt;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.145\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAntimicrobial agents: AML, amoxicillin; AMP, ampicillin; C, chloramphenicol; CL, cephalexin; CT, colistin; CTX, cefotaxime; DO, doxycycline; E, erythromycin; ENR, enrofloxacin; FEP, cefepime; FOX\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ecefoxitin; N, neomycin; OT, oxytetracycline; S,\u0026nbsp;streptomycin; SXT, sulphamethoxazole\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003etrimethoprim; VA, vancomycin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAntimicrobial resistance\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eThe AMR profile between cloacal swabs and breast meat samples was significantly different (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family:Symbol;\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.05).\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; Table 3 shows the prevalence rates of phenotypic AMR profile of the \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolates. Of the 161 isolates, 105 were MDRE. We also observed that the MDRE from chicken cloacal swabs (61/105) was significantly higher than that from chicken breast meat (44/105) (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= 0.023), it was resistant to 3\u0026ndash;12 antimicrobial agents in 3\u0026ndash;7 antimicrobial classes. Moreover, the MDRE pattern of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolates from cloacal swabs, and breast meat was 44 and 22 patterns, respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eChicken cloacal swabs and meat AMR\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e-\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e profiles from local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 103%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo. of AM\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.86%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo. of AM classes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.82%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eResistance phenotypic profiles\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.3%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo. of isolates (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 33.9pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ep\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;value\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBreast meat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align: center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.86%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align: center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.82%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCL-FOX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.3%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align: center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.86%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align: center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.82%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCT-FOX\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13.3%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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103%;border: none;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 100%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;(continued)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none 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5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eResistance phenotypic profile\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.18%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo. of isolates 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.42%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCT-\u0026nbsp;FEP-FOX-S\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.18%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.42%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCL-CT-CTX-FOX-N\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 103%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 100%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;(continued)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo. of AM\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.38%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo. of AM classes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35.42%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eResistance phenotypic profile\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003evalue\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New 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28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBreast meat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.38%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor 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windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 103%;border: none;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 100%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.38%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 39.82%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCL-CT-CTX-FEP-S-SXT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.76%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.05pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAML-CL-CT-ENR-FEP-OT-S-SXT-VA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14.76%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 (0.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.65pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.38%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n 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103%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 100%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;(continued)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan 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stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eResistance phenotypic profile\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 62.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height: 150%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:150%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eNo. 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style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 (0.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.36%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAML-CL-CT-CTX-E-ENR-FEP-N-OT-S\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 (0.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.36%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCL-CT-DO-E-ENR-FEP-FOX-N-S-VA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 (0.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.36%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCL-CT-CTX-DO-E-ENR-FEP-FOX-N-OT-S-VA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 (0.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 35.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.36%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCL-CT-\u0026nbsp;DO-E-ENR-OT-S-SXT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 (0.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.88%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8.34%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9.36%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 42.8%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCL-CT-CTX-E-ENR-FEP-FOX-OT-S-SXT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e1 (0.62)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 76.38%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal MDRE\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e isolates from cloacal swab samples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e61 (37.89)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0.023\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 76.38%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTotal MDRE isolates from breast meat samples\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.82%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e44 (27.33)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11.8%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.35pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:150%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;line-height:200%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAntimicrobial agents: AML, amoxicillin; AMP, ampicillin; C, chloramphenicol; CL, cephalexin; CT, colistin; CTX, cefotaxime; DO, doxycycline; E, erythromycin; ENR, enrofloxacin; FEP, cefepime; FOX\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ecefoxitin; N, neomycin; OT, oxytetracycline; S,\u0026nbsp;streptomycin; SXT, sulphamethoxazole\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003etrimethoprim; VA, vancomycin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;line-height:200%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAMR, antimicrobial resistance\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;line-height:200%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAM, antimicrobial\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;line-height:200%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eThe statistical significance level was set at 95% confidence. The AMR profile was compared if \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas detected in both cloacal swab and breast meat samples using the chi-square test.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:0in;line-height:200%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eMultidrug-resistant \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;margin-top:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:200%;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePrevalence of AMR profile between cloacal swab and breast meat samples was significantly difference (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:Symbol;\"\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.05).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, 51 of the 105 MDRE isolates sampled from both cloacal swabs and breast meat samples of all 31 slaughterhouses were tested for 5 AMRGs (Table 4). The selected phenotypic MDRE isolates showed resistance to beta-lactam, CL, and VA antibiotics, associated with genotypic ESBL-TEM, \u003cem\u003ebla\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eTEM\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cem\u003emrc\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026ndash;1\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003evanA\u003c/em\u003e resistance genes. Besides, the highest AMRG found in both cloacal swab and breast meat samples was ESBL\u0026ndash;TEM, at prevalence rates of 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, and the other three AMRGs detected in the cloacal swab samples were \u003cem\u003eintI1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003evanA\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003emrc\u0026ndash;1\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e,\u003c/em\u003e at prevalence rates of 14.28% (4/28), 14.28% (4/28), and 3.57% (1/28), respectively. Results also showed that although the only isolate from breast meat samples contained \u003cem\u003ebla\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eTEM\u003c/sub\u003e (1.96%), \u003cem\u003eintI1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003emrc\u0026ndash;1\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003evanA\u003c/em\u003e were absent from the breast meat samples. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eDetection of the five AMRGs\u003csup\u003ea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eof selected phenotypic MDRE\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e isolates from slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.52%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor currentcolor;border-style: solid none none;border-width: 1pt medium medium;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent: 0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eSample\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 83.48%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ePercentage of selected MDRE isolates associated\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-style:normal;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;with AMRGs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.52%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:.5in;line-height: 200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.4%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eESBL-TEM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.86%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;\"\u003ebla\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:11px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eTEM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.34%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;\"\u003eintI1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.86%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;\"\u003emrc\u0026ndash;1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.02%;border-color: windowtext currentcolor;border-style: solid none;border-width: 1pt medium;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:16px;line-height:200%;\"\u003evanA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.52%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent: 0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eCloacal swab\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.4%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Angsana New\",serif;'\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height: 200%;font-family:\"Angsana New\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(20/28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.86%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0/28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.34%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14.28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(4/28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.86%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e3.57\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(1/28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.02%;border: medium none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e14.28\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(4/28)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.52%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent: 0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eBreast meat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.4%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Angsana New\",serif;'\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e26 (18/23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.86%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e4.35 (1/23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.34%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0/23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.86%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0/23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16.02%;border-color: currentcolor currentcolor windowtext;border-style: none none solid;border-width: medium medium 1pt;border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 26.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e(0/23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eAntimicrobial resistance genes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;text-indent:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eM\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003eultidrug-resistant \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:16px;line-height:200%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates has been reported in humans, animals, and the environment. Specifically, most \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates in humans are observed in patients admitted to hospitals, whereas those in animals are in food-producing species and their products. In contrast, those in the environment are related to farming food-producing animals and hospital environments. Therefore, based on this study\u0026rsquo;s background, the prevalence of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates from cloacal swabs and meat samples of chickens at all local poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province was investigated. Results showed that their prevalence rates were 29.75% and 27.95%, respectively. Studies reported the prevalence of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp. in broiler meat and water used for broiler farming in Thailand at 25.1% and 17.2%, respectively\u0026nbsp;(Tansuphasiri et al. 2006). However, the \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolate prevalences of chicken feces from six provinces in three Thai regions were reported to be 18.67%\u0026nbsp;(Pongparit et al. 2017). These results presented a lower prevalence rate than those of our study (29.75%), which may be because the study reported only two \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003eE.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003efaecalis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003efaecium\u003c/em\u003e. Additionally, a study from Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia) reported high prevalences of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolates from chicken feces (86.34%)\u0026nbsp;(Usui et al. 2014)\u0026nbsp;which may be due to contamination of the environment via wastewater from both hospital and animal farming wastes\u0026nbsp;(Daniel et al. 2015;\u0026nbsp;Lawpidet et al. 2021). Moreover, our study sampled various chicken types\u0026nbsp;(indigenous, broilers, and laying hens) and yielded different results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Results also showed that the prevalence rate\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eof\u0026nbsp;phenotypic\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAMR\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates from both live chicken and meat samples at the slaughterhouse was 55.13%\u0026ndash;98.80% and was highly resistant to S, CL, FOX, and CT (Table 2).\u0026nbsp;As observed, \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates from chicken meat showed higher CL and FOX resistance than those from chicken feces but were not significantly different (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.814, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e = 0.628), suggesting that the increasing resistance of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates came from increased environmental contamination during slaughtering.\u0026nbsp;This result was similar to that of de Jong et al.\u0026nbsp;2018). Resistance to this study\u0026rsquo;s third and fourth generations of beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotics (CTX and FEP) indicates an MDR trend in \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates, which agrees with recent studies concerning antibiotic-resistant-bacteria worldwide.\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, we observed a\u0026nbsp;high prevalence rate of ESBL-TEM-resistant genes from both chickens (71.73%) and meat (78.26%) of the \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates (Table 4), supporting the high MDRE isolates in this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; First to third-generation cephalosporins have been used as a drug of choice to treat Gram-negative bacterial infections, such as human salmonellosis, for\u0026nbsp;\u0026gt;\u0026nbsp;30 years. However, cephalosporin resistance can come from overuse/misuse in Thai food-producing animals\u0026nbsp;(Sivaraman and Yann 2018).\u0026nbsp;Additionally, cephalosporins can produce mutant enzymes, such as TEM or SHV, via their plasmids\u0026nbsp;(Li et al. 2007). \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e have a natural resistance to beta-lactam, which possesses low-affinity penicillin-binding proteins and low-level aminoglycoside antibiotics. However, acquired resistance to beta-lactam via penicillinase production and high-level aminoglycoside (gentamicin) production\u0026nbsp;has been reported\u0026nbsp;(Hollenbeck and Rice 2012). Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (e.g., at least third generation) lead to acquired resistance mediated by AmpC beta-lactamases and extended-spectrum beta-lactam (ESBL)-encoding genes (e.g., TEM, SHV derivative, and CTX-M family), have also been reported in Gram-negative pathogens\u0026nbsp;(Hassan et al. 2013;\u0026nbsp;Savin et al. 2021). However, little is known about commensal Gram-positive bacteria, such as enterococci. Our study showed that the prevalence of MDRE\u0026nbsp;resistant to\u0026nbsp;at least one of the third (CTX) and fourth-generation (FEP) cephalosporins was 50.48% (53/105). Additionally, we observed a positive ESBL-TEM gene from phenotypic MDRE at prevalence rate of 74.51% (38/51). This result indicated that the positive correlation between MDR with CTX/FEP-resistant \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates and acquired ESBL-TEM-resistant genes in enterococci leads them to act as resistant gene reservoirs for bacterial transfer. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Alternatively, although CT use in Thai animal feeds has only been allowed for short-term treatment and has been prohibited in animal feeds since 2019\u0026nbsp;(DLD, 2019), it is continued to be used to treat severe Gram-negative bacterial infection in humans, such as carbapenemase-producing \u003cem\u003eEnterobacteriaceae\u003c/em\u003e. International organizations like FAO and CODEX have recently been concerned with incorporating the \u003cem\u003emcr\u0026ndash;1\u003c/em\u003e gene (a Gram-negative bacterial gene) into human and veterinary disease treatments to make them pan-drug resistant, as reviewed by Gharaibeh and Shatnawi\u0026nbsp;(2019). Here, we observed that although most \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates showed intrinsic resistance to CT with a prevalence of 98.1% (158/161), one \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolate had the \u003cem\u003emcr\u0026ndash;1\u003c/em\u003e gene, serving as a gene reservoir for bacterial transfer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; The prevalence rate of S resistance of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e (SRE) isolates in this study (60.1%) was consistent with that recorded in other studies, which reported that SRE isolated from broiler chicken feces was 63.5%\u0026ndash;69.5% in Taiwan\u0026nbsp;(Lauderdale et al. 2007)\u0026nbsp;and 78.6% in Vietnam\u0026nbsp;(Usui et al. 2014). These findings also support the natural resistance of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp. to aminoglycosides, which was similar to those of previous studies\u0026nbsp;(Palma et al. 2020; Raza et al. 2018). Nevertheless, our study was inconsistent with a report, which showed 25.22% of S-resistant \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates from chicken feces in six Thai provinces\u0026nbsp;(Pongparit et al. 2017).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; In this study, the prevalence of MDRE\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolates resistant to several (3\u0026ndash;12) antibiotics was 65.22% (105/161). Our result agrees with that of Desire et al. (2022), who reported an MDRE prevalence in laying hens of 73.17% (30/40), with the number of antibiotics ranging from three to eight. Also, compared with\u0026nbsp;those in the aforementioned study, we observed that various\u0026nbsp;MDRE patterns in our study were more significant (66 vs 32 patterns), confirming the possibility of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003espp. as AMR reservoirs for bacterial transfer.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), particularly \u003cem\u003eE.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003efaecium\u003c/em\u003e, causes dominant nosocomial infection in humans\u0026nbsp;(Ahmed and Baptiste 2018).\u0026nbsp;It has also been reported that animal\u0026nbsp;farming can serve as a source of VRE due to the use of avoparcin as an antibiotic or for growth promotion. Avoparcin, a glycopeptide analog of VA, is related to the high prevalence of VRE in food animals; thus, its resistance genes\u0026nbsp;can be transferred to humans. Although the EU (completely banned in 2006) and many countries worldwide have banned antimicrobial growth promoters, the persistence of VRE in animal husbandry remains detected because its ability to maintain viability for a long time. Additionally, VRE can be transferred to hospitalized patients or hospital environments, via animal wastewater\u0026nbsp;(Gotkowska-Płachta 2021). Moreover, the transferable VRE genes from humans to poultry via transposons have been reported by van den Bogaard et al. (2002), the \u003cem\u003evanA\u003c/em\u003e gene could in turn, transfer most genes from poultry to human enterococci\u0026nbsp;(Lester et al. 2006). Alternatively, the prevalence rates of VRE isolates have been reported heterogeneously from country to country, including in Italy, where the of \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e isolates from humans, cats, and dog feces resistant to VA were 0%, 23.6%, and 6.2%, respectively\u0026nbsp;(Iseppi et al. 2020), in Ethiopia, the pooled prevalence of VRE isolated from patients in hospitals was 16.9%\u0026nbsp;(Melese et al. 2020), whereas the prevalence of those from broiler chicken feces sampled between 2000 and 2003 in Taiwan was 1.85%\u0026ndash;8.55%\u0026nbsp;(Lauderdale et al. 2007).\u0026nbsp;Additionally,\u0026nbsp;VRE have also been reported from hospital wastewater samples, such as 36% in Sweden\u0026nbsp;(Iversen et al. 2002).\u0026nbsp;Since the Thai government banned avoparcin in animal feed in July 1998, studies have reported low prevalence rates\u0026nbsp;ranging from 0%\u0026ndash;10.3%\u0026nbsp;of VRE in Thai food animals\u0026nbsp;(Pongparit et al. 2017; Tansuphasiri et al. 2006), similar to\u0026nbsp;those recorded in this study.\u0026nbsp;Although this study recorded a phenotypic VRE prevalence of 15.66% (13/83) and 7.69% (6/78) in fecal and meat samples, respectively, only 4 of 28 phenotypic MRDE isolates from chicken feces were positive for the \u003cem\u003evanA\u003c/em\u003e gene, indicating a low risk for \u003cem\u003evanA\u003c/em\u003e emergence in chickens and high safety of chicken meat to consumers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study indicated that chicken meat from local poultry slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, had low VRE infection risks. However, high prevalence of MDRE isolates in this study remains a public health concern. Hence, AMR surveillance in poultry meat production should be considered, including adopting effective biosafety and biosecurity systems for animal food products, such as good sanitation for poultry farming and slaughtering. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e The authors thank the Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, for microbiological facilities.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e This study was conceptualized and designed by PS and PN. PN, CN, TS, and SL contributed to sample collection, microbiological culturing, and PCR running. PS and PN performed statistical analyses. PN drafted the manuscript, and PS revised it. All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors thank the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, for the research funding (Grant No. VM021/2565). The authors also thank the PhD\u0026mdash;scholarship for Chalermprakiat\u0026apos;s 70 years of the reign at Agricultural Research Development Agency, Thailand.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe use of animals in this study was approved under the permissions and guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Khon Kaen University, Thailand (permission record no.\u0026nbsp;IACUC-KKU-79/64).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting\u0026nbsp;interests\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAhmed, MO., and Baptiste KE., 2018. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: A review of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and perspectives of human and animal health. Microbial Drug Resistance 24:590-606. https://doi:10.1089/mdr.2017.0147\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAntunes, P., Mour\u0026atilde;o J., Campos J., and Peixe L., 2016. Salmonellosis: the role of poultry meat. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 22:110-121. https://doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.004\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBauer, AW., Kirby WM., Sherris JC., and Turck M.. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;by a standardized single disk method. \u003cem\u003eAmerican Journal of Clinical Pathology\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e45:493-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;496.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeloeil, PA., Guerra B., and Stoicescu, AV., 2019. 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Veterinary Microbiology 216:168-175. https://doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.010\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepartment of Trade Negotiation, Ministry of Commerce, Thailand., 2022. Thailand\u0026rsquo;s\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003echicken export situation and the utilization of the FTA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehttps://api.dtn.go.th/files/v3/62413882ef414076345c4a4a/download. Accessed 8 June\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesire, OE., Larson, B., Richard, O., Rolande, MM., and Serge, KB., 2022. Investigating antibiotic resistance in enterococci in Gabonese livestock. Veterinary World 15:714-721. https://doi:10.14202/vetworld.2022.714-721\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDLD., 2019. Announcement of the Department of Livestock Department: Establish a list of\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edrugs that are prohibited to be used in animal feeds for prophylaxis\u0026nbsp;purposes,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB.E.2562. 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Antibiotic resistance of faecal enterococci in poultry, poultry farmers and poultry slaughterers. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy\u003c/em\u003e 49:497-505. https://doi:10.1093/jac/49.3.497\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWist, V., Morach, M., Schneeberger, M., Cernela, N., Stevens, M., Zurfluh, K., Stephan, R., and N\u0026uuml;esch-Inderbinen, M., 2020. Phenotypic and genotypic traits of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from healthy food-producing animals. Microorganisms 8:261. https://doi:10.3390/microorganisms8020261\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Multidrug resistance, Enterococcus species, Poultry, Antimicrobial agents, Antimicrobial resistance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1740335/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1740335/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eis a commensal bacteria found in humans and animals, which can cause human nosocomial infections. One of the most contaminated enterococcal sources is poultry meat. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;from chickens and their meat products at local slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Between January 2021 and March 2022, 558 samples from 279 cloacal swabs and breast meat were collected from 31 local slaughterhouses.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eThen,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ethe samples were screened\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efor\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;using modified de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. Next, selected Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and cocci-shaped colonies were investigated for enterococcal confirmation using Enterococcosel Agar. However, the disk diffusion method investigated positive\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;resistance profiles to 16 antimicrobial agents. Finally, selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR)\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;isolates were further assessed to identify AMR genes by polymerase chain reaction. Investigations showed that although the prevalence of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;isolates from the chicken cloacal swabs and meat samples was 28.85% (161/558), most\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;isolates were resistant to colistin, followed by cefoxitin, cephalexin, and streptomycin.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eThese\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;isolates also showed MDR prevalence (65.22%; 105/161) and 66 patterns. Furthermore, selected MDR\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(MDRE) from cloacal swabs and meat were positive for the resistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase TEM (ESBL-TEM) genes at 71.43% (20/28) and 78.26% (18/23), respectively, whereas other AMR genes detected in the selected MDR enterococci from the cloacal swabs and meat were beta-lactamase TEM\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e[bla\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eTEM\u003c/sub\u003e (0%, 1.96%)], class 1 integrase [\u003cem\u003eintI1\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(14.28%, 0%)], colistin [\u003cem\u003emrc–1\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(3.57%, 0%)], and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003evancomycin [vanA\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(14.28%, 0%)]. This study indicated that phenotypic MDRE correlated with ESBL-TEM gene presence, leading to an AMR reservoir that can be transferred to other bacteria.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence and multidrug resistance of Enterococcus species isolated from chickens at slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2022-06-21 01:53:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1740335/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2022-06-09 17:12:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1740335/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"337b80dd-a7ee-4fc4-91f4-7a24e4d87c47","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 21st, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-06-10T09:44:24+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-06-21 01:53:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-1740335","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1740335","identity":"rs-1740335","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"wLkW0s4AflPzk-lpfg-fK","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}