P-Mamba: Marrying Perona Malik Diffusion with Mamba for Efficient Pediatric Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Segmentation

P-Mamba: Marrying Perona Malik Diffusion with Mamba for Efficient Pediatric Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Segmentation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article P-Mamba: Marrying Perona Malik Diffusion with Mamba for Efficient Pediatric Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Segmentation Zi Ye, Tianxiang Chen, Fangyijie Wang, Hanwei Zhang, Lijun Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963037/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In pediatric cardiology, the accurate and immediate assessment of cardiac function through echocardiography is crucial since it can determine whether urgent intervention is required in many emergencies. However, echocardiography is characterized by ambiguity and heavy background noise interference, causing more difficulty in accurate segmentation. Present methods lack efficiency and are prone to mistakenly segmenting some background noise areas, such as the left ventricular area, due to noise disturbance. To address these issues, we introduce P-Mamba, which integrates the Mixture of Experts (MoE) concept for efficient pediatric echocardiographic left ventricular segmentation. Specifically, we utilize the recently proposed ViM layers from the vision mamba to enhance our model's computational and memory efficiency while modeling global dependencies. In the DWT-based Perona-Malik Diffusion (PMD) Block, we devise a PMD Block for noise suppression while preserving the left ventricle's local shape cues. Consequently, our proposed P-Mamba innovatively combines the PMD's noise suppression and local feature extraction capabilities with Mamba's efficient design for global dependency modeling. We conducted segmentation experiments on two pediatric ultrasound datasets and a general ultrasound dataset, namely Echonet-dynamic, and achieved state-of-the-art (SOTA) results. Leveraging the strengths of the P-Mamba block, our model demonstrates superior accuracy and efficiency compared to established models, including vision transformers with quadratic and linear computational complexity. Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Computer science Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing/Information technology Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 25 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 08 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 18 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 02 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4963037","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":358568685,"identity":"a69ef519-2201-4b10-83fb-5c4a2dd52175","order_by":0,"name":"Zi Ye","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAwkGNnL8IFZCAbFaHlSkGUs2gLQYEKmF8cGZw4kbDoCYxGgxON7+8EBiGzPj5vOrEz88MGCQ5xc7QEDLmQMJQC1szGY33m6WADrMcObsBAJabiQcAGrhYTO7cXYDSEuCwW1CWu4/bABqkeAxnnF28w/itNxgBgbyGQMJA/7ebcTZInkmDailIsFA4gbvNgsgRdgvfMePP/74w+B/fX//2c03f1TYyPNLE9CicADGkgCrlMCvHATkG2As/gO4VY2CUTAKRsHIBgCVxE3PmBgUGgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Intelligent Software, Guangzhou","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zi","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""},{"id":358568686,"identity":"12d82a2c-77a8-4865-a0d5-3cd4669e1ff1","order_by":1,"name":"Tianxiang Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Science and Technology of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tianxiang","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":358568687,"identity":"5ac4f915-ab5b-40e5-8865-9311784a4989","order_by":2,"name":"Fangyijie Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University College Dublin","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fangyijie","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":358568688,"identity":"25f6c339-819a-4eed-be80-8af7de4729fe","order_by":3,"name":"Hanwei Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Saarland University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hanwei","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":358568689,"identity":"f43fe9ba-4e12-4ead-a876-1bbe8265b2f7","order_by":4,"name":"Lijun Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lijun","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-23 09:14:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963037/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963037/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16797-6","type":"published","date":"2025-09-01T15:57:07+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90828033,"identity":"71a386c5-a987-4cad-9e18-230a6ab87fc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-08 16:05:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11932701,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PMambaScientificReport.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4963037/v1_covered_639e38c2-be87-482e-9ef1-d67e1adfd827.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"P-Mamba: Marrying Perona Malik Diffusion with Mamba for Efficient Pediatric Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Segmentation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963037/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4963037/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In pediatric cardiology, the accurate and immediate assessment of cardiac function through echocardiography is crucial since it can determine whether urgent intervention is required in many emergencies. 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