Hydrobiological and Microscopic Investigations of the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia Muelleri (Demospongiae) Lieberkühn, 1856, Cultivated in a Community Fish Tank

Hydrobiological and Microscopic Investigations of the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia Muelleri (Demospongiae) Lieberkühn, 1856, Cultivated in a Community Fish Tank | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hydrobiological and Microscopic Investigations of the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia Muelleri (Demospongiae) Lieberkühn, 1856, Cultivated in a Community Fish Tank Momin Shakir, Momin Heena This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934035/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Ephydatia muelleri has become an important model organism within the realm of animal science research. This freshwater sponge is typically found in various aquatic environments, including lakes, ponds, and streams throughout India. The unanticipated and spontaneous appearance of Ephydatia muelleri in a freshwater community tank led to the present study, which sought to explore its emergence, growth (both vegetative and reproductive), and development in relation to water quality parameters. While previous research has predominantly focused on this sponge in its natural habitats such as lakes, streams, and reservoirs, this study represents a novel investigation into the growth performance and histological characteristics of Ephydatia muelleri within a freshwater community fish tank setting. Light microscopy was utilized to analyze the gemmules and the different types of spicules present in the sponge, and growth measurements (Vertical Length = VL and Horizontal Length = HL) were systematically recorded using a ruler over a three-month period from January to March 2024. Hydro-biological assessments were performed in accordance with established methodologies. Result: The results indicated that the hydrological conditions measured were ideal, promoting the growth and development of the sponge in the freshwater fish tank. Temperature emerged as a crucial factor influencing both vegetative and reproductive growth by generating asexual structures known as gemmules. During the vegetative stage, the most prevalent cells observed were scleroblasts, responsible for the secretion of mono-actinal spicules, whereas gemmules were notably abundant during the asexual reproductive phase. Conclusion: The sponge demonstrated considerable growth in the months of January and February, characterized by a rise in the production of supporting cells, scleroblasts, and spicules. In contrast, March was notable for the occurrence of gemmulation. This suggests that temperature serves as the primary ecological factor influencing both the vegetative and reproductive development of the sponge. Research of this nature is likely to encourage further investigations into other freshwater sponge species found in India. Hydrobiology Ephydatia Fish tank Microscopy Growth. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction Sponges are classified within the Phylum Porifera, which translates to 'pore-bearer,' and encompasses a distinctive group of aquatic organisms that were not definitively categorized within the animal kingdom until the early 19th century. This group, commonly referred to as sponges, represents one of the most ancient lineages of aquatic animals, whose life processes are entirely reliant on the water that circulates through their bodies. Sponges are categorized under the division Parazoa, which includes the simplest multicellular organisms characterized primarily by epithelial cells and mesenchyme. Notably, these organisms lack the organization and coordination of specialized cells into distinct tissues or organs. Currently, approximately 5,000 living species are recognized within the phylum Porifera. All sponge species are sessile, exhibit limited movement, lack a digestive tract, and possess a complex canal system supported by ostia and osculum. Additionally, they feature unique choanocytes (collar cells) and possess a skeletal structure composed of spicules or spongin fibers. Their remarkable regenerative capabilities further distinguish them within the animal kingdom. Sponges exhibit a global distribution, predominantly inhabiting marine environments where they are found in abundance across all oceans, extending from the equatorial regions to polar areas, and from coastal tidelines to significant depths. An exception to this widespread marine presence is a minor family known as Spongillidae , which includes approximately 150 species that thrive in freshwater habitats such as ponds, lakes, and streams worldwide. Each sponge species is characterized by a specific bathymetric range 9 . Sponges offer numerous benefits to humans and animals, having been used since prehistoric times. The ancient Greeks employed dried sponges for hygiene, cleaning, and padding for armor. Ecologically, sponges are vital habitats for various organisms, including crustaceans and Nudibranch molluscs, which feed on them. However, some sponges can be harmful, suffocating other organisms by overgrowing them. For instance, boring sponges like Cliona damage the shells of oysters, clams, and barnacles, posing a threat to oyster beds. Demonspongiae represents the most extensive class of sponges, encompassing a wide array of species with intricate and diverse structures. This class is characterized by its highly organized nature and current dominance within the sponge phylum. The majority of species within this class possess either monaxon or tetraxan siliceous spicules, spongin fibers, or a combination of both, which contribute to their skeletal framework. Additionally, they exhibit a rhagon-type canal system and are classified into three subclasses: Tetractinellida, Monaxonida , and Keratosa . Furthermore, this class is divided into seven orders: Myxospongida , Carnosa, Choristida, Hadromerina, Halichondrina, Poecilosclerina , and Haplosclerina . Freshwater Demonsponge, Ephydatia muelleri , exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution and is commonly found in the rivers and lakes of India. This species displays a variety of colors, including green, yellow, and brown; however, it predominantly appears green when illuminated, a phenomenon attributed to its symbiotic relationship with green algae. The sponge's surface is characterized by a rough texture due to its undulating form, and it possesses numerous ostia and oscula. The oscula are covered by a delicate, translucent membrane. Ephydatia muelleri thrives in freshwater environments that maintain a clean water flow, along with appropriate pH levels and temperatures 8 . Given its remarkable adaptability to various freshwater habitats, along with its sexual dimorphism and the production of genetically identical gemmules, this species presents a valuable opportunity for scientific research. Diwanshah Lake ranks as the second largest freshwater body in Bhiwandi, following Varhala Lake. Bhiwandi is situated in the Thane District within the Konkan Division of Maharashtra, India, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) to the northeast of Mumbai and 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) northeast of Thane city. This urban area is included in the Mumbai metropolitan region. The geographical coordinates of Bhiwandi are 19.2873° N latitude and 73.2518° E longitude, which can also be expressed as 19° 18' 0" N and 73° 4' 0" E 11 . The city is located at an average elevation of 24 meters above mean sea level (MSL) and experiences an annual mean rainfall of 3224 mm. Numerous researchers have documented the presence of sponges in the freshwater ecosystems of Maharashtra. For instance, 7 identified the freshwater sponge Eunepius carteri in the Khativali-Vehloli Lake near Shahpur in Thane District, Maharashtra. 3 provided a detailed description of freshwater species found on the island of Bombay. 16 conducted studies on freshwater sponges in Pune, while 13 , 14 15 explored freshwater sponges in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and India more broadly. Additionally, 12 contributed to the global understanding of freshwater sponges. Materials and Method A 20-liter glass aquarium, measuring 15.27 x 8.48 x 8.85 inches, was established in the laboratory near a window to house various fish species, including kissing gourami, Surfy tetra, Red eye tetra, Tiger barb, and Hockey stick tetra. The aquarium's substrate consisted of 2 inches of desalinated sea sand, complemented by stones and aquatic plants sourced from Diwanshah Lake in Bhiwandi. Water aeration was maintained using an XY-380 large sponge filter for 18 hours each day. Following the introduction of the aquatic plants, specifically Hydrilla , and stones from the lake, the sponge species Ephydatia muelleri began to proliferate in the lower left corner of the tank. This growth was identified according to the classification outlined in Systema Porifera 6 , as illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. The growth of Ephydatia muelleri was monitored monthly over a three-month period from January to March 2024, utilizing a ruler to mark growth lines on the exterior of the glass tank with a glass marker. Additionally, hydrobiological parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, salinity, phosphate, and nitrate levels, were systematically recorded each month following standard procedures. Light microscopic examinations of the sponge's spicules and gemmules were conducted by sectioning small samples of the sponge and observing them under a 10X magnification microscope. Result and Discussion The hydrobiological parameters were assessed in triplicate, and the mean values were taken into account. The hydrobiological parameters observed are detailed in Table 1. Table No. 1: Hydrobiological studies of Tank water. Parameters Methods January February March DO (mg/l) Winklers iodometric method 8.5 8.8 9 Temperature (Centigrade) Thermometric method 22.5 25 26 P H Digital P H meter 6.5 6.8 6.9 Salinity (mg/l) Argentometric method 4.4 4.7 4.7 Phosphate (mg/l) Colorimetry by using ascorbic acid 4.3 4.3 4.5 Nitrate (mg/l) NEDD method 5.5 5 5.18 One of the critical physical properties of an ecosystem is temperature, as it significantly influences various water quality parameters, as well as the gemmulation and germination processes of freshwater sponges 1 . Nonetheless, certain endogenous factors also contribute to these processes. While we did not conduct a detailed examination of the phenology of gemmule formation in this study, our observations indicated that the gemmulation period typically commences around the onset of summer, specifically from mid-February to March, when water temperatures range from 25 to 26 degrees Celsius, without any vegetative growth occurring. By the end of March, due to the extreme summer conditions, the sponge was found to contain numerous gemmules embedded within its skeletal structure (spicules), as illustrated in Figs. 5 and 6. During January and February, characterized by winter temperatures of 22.5 to 25 degrees Celsius, the sponge exhibited vegetative growth (HL = 5 cm and VL = 4.5 cm) with no noticeable gemmulation activity. Microscopic examination of a small sponge sample under a light microscope (40X) revealed the production of numerous monoactinal spicules and scleroblast cell, which support growth on the flat inner surface of the tank, fully submerged in water, thereby serving as a skeletal framework for the sponge (Figs. 3 and 4). The sponge appears as a delicate white flat crust layer aligned with the inner glass surface, displaying numerous small canaliculi that likely form part of its canal system (Fig. 3). By the end of March, the sponge's entire body was inundated with numerous gemmules, giving it a white appearance initially. Additionally, the sponge exhibited a greenish hue due to the proliferation of symbiotic green algae within its structure (Fig. 7). 7 briefly noted the presence of symbiotic algae contributing to a brown, green, or yellow coloration in the sponge Eunapius carteri found in a lake in Maharashtra. During the three-month study period from January to March, sponges exhibited growth reaching approximately 5 cm in height and 4.5 cm in width. Notably, the most significant growth occurred in January and February, coinciding with water temperatures ranging from 22.5 to 25 degrees Celsius. However, in March, when the water temperature increased to 26 degrees Celsius, the sponges' vegetative growth ceased. This rise in temperature may have created an unfavorable environment for the sponges, prompting them to produce gemmules, as illustrated in Fig. 7. Additionally, the relationship between the fish and the sponges is characterized by mutualism, with both organisms coexisting without causing harm to one another. Conclusion The introduction of the aquatic plant Hydrilla and stones from Diwanshah Lake in Bhiwandi city, Maharashtra, likely facilitated the introduction of gemmules of Ephydatia muelleri into the fish tank. The environmental conditions within the tank, particularly temperature and other water parameters, were conducive to the growth of these gemmules. Initial growth was observed during the first two months (January and February), followed by the sponge's production of gemmules in March as temperatures increased. 1 noted that sponges thrive in aquatic environments characterized by a balanced interplay of light and shade, adequate support structures, and minimal disturbances, such as those caused by the draining of ponds. The phenomenon of gemmule formation is intricate and noteworthy, prevalent across all sponge species. Our research indicates that gemmule formation is primarily influenced by temperature, as demonstrated in Table 1 and Figs. 5, 6, and 7. Other water quality parameters, including dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, phosphate, and salinity, remained relatively stable with only minor fluctuations throughout the study period. The sponge exhibited significant growth during January and February, marked by an increase in the production of supporting cells, Scleroblast and spicules, while March was distinguished by the process of gemmulation. This remarkable adaptability may enhance the sponges' resilience to the rapidly changing conditions of their aquatic environments. 5 documented the germination of gemmules from Australian spongillid species following a prolonged dry period of 25 years. Freshwater sponges are distributed across all biogeographic regions, with the exception of Antarctica, and they occupy a range of lentic and lotic freshwater environments 10 . A particularly noteworthy evolutionary adaptation observed in freshwater (as well as certain marine) sponges is the development of dormant structures known as 'gemmules.' These gemmules are generated by sponges in reaction to adverse environmental conditions. The ability of sponges to reproduce asexually through gemmule formation provides them with a significant advantage in enduring the challenging environments of freshwater lakes and streams. Gemmules are formed from a cluster of archaeocytes that are encased in protective spongin layers 2 . This protective layer typically comprises three distinct layers of collagen 4 . In the species Ephydatia muelleri , specialized structures known as gemmoscleres are generated within the gemmules 4 . The protective coat is largely continuous, featuring a small aperture termed a micropyle, which allows for the exit of cells during the germination process in the spring 4 . Ephydatia muelleri presents itself as a promising model organism due to its straightforward collection, storage, and application in laboratory settings. This is particularly notable when contrasted with the current demosponge model, Amphimedon queenslandica , which is restricted to a single collection site globally and poses significant challenges for laboratory cultivation, thereby enhancing the practicality of Ephydatia muelleri as a model system 8 . The research history surrounding this species is extensive, encompassing various topics such as its distribution, resilience to cold temperatures, pH levels, thermal conditions, and exposure to environmental pollutants, as well as aspects of silica production, development, physiology, and behavior. The availability of genomic, transcriptomic, and other genetic resources is expected to broaden the scope for primary research and facilitate educational and citizen-science projects. We have endeavored to compile fundamental taxonomic information, histological data, and hydrobiological studies related to the growth performance of Ephydatia muelleri , a freshwater sponge species, to enhance diagnostic capabilities for this species. Furthermore, we aspire to extend this research to encompass other freshwater sponge species identified in India. Abbreviations HL: Horizontal length VL: Vertical length Declarations "Animal Ethics Statement: The ethics committee of Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College evaluated the protocol and a waiver for ethical oversight was obtained from the committee prior to the initiation of the study." Ethical approval and consent to participate: NA Consent for publication: We affirm that this research is intended for publication in your journal. Additionally, I confirm that this paper has neither been published nor submitted for publication elsewhere.Both the author’s have approved the manuscript and agreed with submission to the journal of Basic and applied Zoology. Availability of data and material: All the obtained data in the present work are reported in this published article. Competing interests: The author’s stated that the authors possess no competing interests as outlined by Springer. Funding: The authors have stated that they did not receive any financial support from any source for this work. Authors' contributions: Miss Momin Heena and Mr. Momin Shakir have both made equal contributions to this work. Acknowledgements: The authors express their gratitude to the principal of Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Mumbai, for the support and resources provided during the course of this research. Additionally, the authors affirm that no funding was received from any sources for this work. References Annandale, N. Notes on a freshwater sponge and polyzoan from Ceylon. zeylan., 1911; 1X 63–64. Bergquist, P R. Sponges. University California Press, Los Angeles, 1978; pp 1–268. Carter HJ. 1849. A descriptive account of the Freshwater Sponges (genus Spongilla) in the Island of Bombay, with Observations on their structure and Development. Ann, Mag. nat. Hist., 1849; 4: 81–100. Frost, T M. Porifera. In Ecology and Classification ofNorth American £ Freshwater Invertebrates . Academic Press, London, 1991; pp 95–106. Harrison FW. Sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae). In: Hunt, C.W. & Fuller, S. (Eds.), Pollution Ecology of Fresh water invertebrates, Academic Press, New York, 1974; pp. 26–66. John N A. Hooper Rob W M. Soest, Phillippe Willenz. Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Volume 1, 2002; Springer. K Kakavipure and S. G. Yeragi. Occurrence of fresh water sponge Eunapius carteri (Bowerbank, 1863) from Khativali-Vehloli Lake near Shahapur District, Thane, Maharashtra, India. Proceeding of TAAL. 2007; 500–505. Kenny NJ, Francis WR, Rivera-Vicéns RE, Juravel K, de Mendoza A, Díez-Vives C, Lister R, Bezares-Calderón LA, Grombacher L, Roller M, Barlow LD, Camilli S, Ryan JF, Wörheide G, Hill AL, Riesgo A, Leys SP. Tracing animal genomic evolution with the chromosomal-level assembly of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri . Nat Commun. 2020; Jul 27;11(1):3676. Kotpal RL. Zoology Phylum Porifera, 7th addition, Rustogi publication 1991–1992 Manconi R., Murgia S. & Pronzato R. Sponges from African inland waters: The genus Eunapius (Haplosclerida,Spongillina, Spongillidae). Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 170 (4),2008; 333–350. Momin Heena, Momin Shakir. “Short Communication:”Occurrence and plant specific colonization of Ghost ant, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius, 1793). 2023; 10 (1). 847–854 Penney JT. Racek, AA. Comprehensive Revision of a Worldwide. Collection of Freshwater Sponges (Porifera Spongillidae). Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., No. 272: 1968; 184 pp. Soota TD, Baskaran S. and Saxena, MM. 1983. Sponges of lake Kailana, Jodhpur, Rajasthan and their ecology. Geobios new Reports , 1983; 2 150–152. Soota TD, Pattanayak JG and Saxena MM. On some freshwater sponges from Gujarat (India). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 1983; 81: 255–260. Soota TD. Freshwater sponges of India. Rec. zool. Surv. India , Occasional Paper No. 138. 1991; pp.116. Tonapi GT. A note on the freshwater sponges of Poona. Curr. Sci., 1964; 33(12): 372–373. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5934035","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":423872979,"identity":"0b47f5b3-96e4-4864-9fbb-8bcdb5a6c4ef","order_by":0,"name":"Momin Shakir","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAyAkwczA+ICBQQLIZ248AJFIIKiF2QCihbGBoBawLqBaNgkIh4AW3fbuxMMFf+7IS7bzPquubLOQ529vbDjw4ZcNAz97jgE2LWZnzm44PLPtmeFsZnazm2fbJAxnnDnYcHBmXxqDZM8b7Fpu5G44zNtwmHEeMxvbzcY2CcYNEokNh3l7DjMY3MBhC0gLz5/D9iAthUAt9mAtf3v+M9jj1cJ2OHE2UAsjUEsiWAvDjwMMBhJ4/MLbdjh5ZjMbs2TDOYlksF96G5J5JM48K8Cq5Xjv5s9Ah9nOOH+M8WNDWZ1tf3vzwQc//tjJ8bcnb8AaytgBYxsDDwnKweAPqRpGwSgYBaNgGAMAypRu2/6JfbYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Momin","middleName":"","lastName":"Shakir","suffix":""},{"id":423872982,"identity":"065c6d12-8704-4023-8570-33a68514ca9f","order_by":1,"name":"Momin Heena","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Momin","middleName":"","lastName":"Heena","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-31 06:08:19","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934035/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934035/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78426315,"identity":"8b0c8f39-b3fb-4083-82b1-82db7419c723","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-13 06:29:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":418395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFresh water community fish tank. 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This group, commonly referred to as sponges, represents one of the most ancient lineages of aquatic animals, whose life processes are entirely reliant on the water that circulates through their bodies. Sponges are categorized under the division Parazoa, which includes the simplest multicellular organisms characterized primarily by epithelial cells and mesenchyme. Notably, these organisms lack the organization and coordination of specialized cells into distinct tissues or organs. Currently, approximately 5,000 living species are recognized within the phylum Porifera. All sponge species are sessile, exhibit limited movement, lack a digestive tract, and possess a complex canal system supported by ostia and osculum. Additionally, they feature unique choanocytes (collar cells) and possess a skeletal structure composed of spicules or spongin fibers. Their remarkable regenerative capabilities further distinguish them within the animal kingdom.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSponges exhibit a global distribution, predominantly inhabiting marine environments where they are found in abundance across all oceans, extending from the equatorial regions to polar areas, and from coastal tidelines to significant depths. An exception to this widespread marine presence is a minor family known as \u003cem\u003eSpongillidae\u003c/em\u003e, which includes approximately 150 species that thrive in freshwater habitats such as ponds, lakes, and streams worldwide. Each sponge species is characterized by a specific bathymetric range \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSponges offer numerous benefits to humans and animals, having been used since prehistoric times. The ancient Greeks employed dried sponges for hygiene, cleaning, and padding for armor. Ecologically, sponges are vital habitats for various organisms, including crustaceans and Nudibranch molluscs, which feed on them. However, some sponges can be harmful, suffocating other organisms by overgrowing them. For instance, boring sponges like \u003cem\u003eCliona\u003c/em\u003e damage the shells of oysters, clams, and barnacles, posing a threat to oyster beds. \u003cem\u003eDemonspongiae\u003c/em\u003e represents the most extensive class of sponges, encompassing a wide array of species with intricate and diverse structures. This class is characterized by its highly organized nature and current dominance within the sponge phylum. The majority of species within this class possess either monaxon or tetraxan siliceous spicules, spongin fibers, or a combination of both, which contribute to their skeletal framework. Additionally, they exhibit a rhagon-type canal system and are classified into three subclasses: \u003cem\u003eTetractinellida, Monaxonida\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eKeratosa\u003c/em\u003e. Furthermore, this class is divided into seven orders: \u003cem\u003eMyxospongida\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCarnosa, Choristida, Hadromerina, Halichondrina, Poecilosclerina\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHaplosclerina\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreshwater \u003cem\u003eDemonsponge, Ephydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e, exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution and is commonly found in the rivers and lakes of India. This species displays a variety of colors, including green, yellow, and brown; however, it predominantly appears green when illuminated, a phenomenon attributed to its symbiotic relationship with green algae. The sponge's surface is characterized by a rough texture due to its undulating form, and it possesses numerous ostia and oscula. The oscula are covered by a delicate, translucent membrane. \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e thrives in freshwater environments that maintain a clean water flow, along with appropriate pH levels and temperatures \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Given its remarkable adaptability to various freshwater habitats, along with its sexual dimorphism and the production of genetically identical gemmules, this species presents a valuable opportunity for scientific research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiwanshah Lake ranks as the second largest freshwater body in Bhiwandi, following Varhala Lake. Bhiwandi is situated in the Thane District within the Konkan Division of Maharashtra, India, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) to the northeast of Mumbai and 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) northeast of Thane city. This urban area is included in the Mumbai metropolitan region. The geographical coordinates of Bhiwandi are 19.2873\u0026deg; N latitude and 73.2518\u0026deg; E longitude, which can also be expressed as 19\u0026deg; 18' 0\" N and 73\u0026deg; 4' 0\" E \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The city is located at an average elevation of 24 meters above mean sea level (MSL) and experiences an annual mean rainfall of 3224 mm. Numerous researchers have documented the presence of sponges in the freshwater ecosystems of Maharashtra. For instance, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e identified the freshwater sponge \u003cem\u003eEunepius carteri\u003c/em\u003e in the Khativali-Vehloli Lake near Shahpur in Thane District, Maharashtra. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e provided a detailed description of freshwater species found on the island of Bombay. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e conducted studies on freshwater sponges in Pune, while \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e explored freshwater sponges in Gujarat, Rajasthan, and India more broadly. Additionally, \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e contributed to the global understanding of freshwater sponges.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Method","content":"\u003cp\u003eA 20-liter glass aquarium, measuring 15.27 x 8.48 x 8.85 inches, was established in the laboratory near a window to house various fish species, including kissing gourami, Surfy tetra, Red eye tetra, Tiger barb, and Hockey stick tetra. The aquarium's substrate consisted of 2 inches of desalinated sea sand, complemented by stones and aquatic plants sourced from Diwanshah Lake in Bhiwandi. Water aeration was maintained using an XY-380 large sponge filter for 18 hours each day. Following the introduction of the aquatic plants, specifically \u003cem\u003eHydrilla\u003c/em\u003e, and stones from the lake, the sponge species \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e began to proliferate in the lower left corner of the tank. This growth was identified according to the classification outlined in Systema Porifera \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, as illustrated in Figs.\u0026nbsp;1 and 2. The growth of \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e was monitored monthly over a three-month period from January to March 2024, utilizing a ruler to mark growth lines on the exterior of the glass tank with a glass marker. Additionally, hydrobiological parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, salinity, phosphate, and nitrate levels, were systematically recorded each month following standard procedures. Light microscopic examinations of the sponge's spicules and gemmules were conducted by sectioning small samples of the sponge and observing them under a 10X magnification microscope.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Result and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe hydrobiological parameters were assessed in triplicate, and the mean values were taken into account. The hydrobiological parameters observed are detailed in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"char\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table No. 1: Hydrobiological studies of Tank water.\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"colspec\" align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethods\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJanuary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFebruary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarch\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDO (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWinklers iodometric method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature (Centigrade)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThermometric method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003csup\u003eH\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDigital P\u003csup\u003eH\u003c/sup\u003e meter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalinity (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArgentometric method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhosphate (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColorimetry by using ascorbic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNitrate (mg/l)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNEDD method\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of the critical physical properties of an ecosystem is temperature, as it significantly influences various water quality parameters, as well as the gemmulation and germination processes of freshwater sponges \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Nonetheless, certain endogenous factors also contribute to these processes. While we did not conduct a detailed examination of the phenology of gemmule formation in this study, our observations indicated that the gemmulation period typically commences around the onset of summer, specifically from mid-February to March, when water temperatures range from 25 to 26 degrees Celsius, without any vegetative growth occurring. By the end of March, due to the extreme summer conditions, the sponge was found to contain numerous gemmules embedded within its skeletal structure (spicules), as illustrated in Figs.\u0026nbsp;5 and 6. During January and February, characterized by winter temperatures of 22.5 to 25 degrees Celsius, the sponge exhibited vegetative growth (HL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5 cm and VL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.5 cm) with no noticeable gemmulation activity. Microscopic examination of a small sponge sample under a light microscope (40X) revealed the production of numerous monoactinal spicules and scleroblast cell, which support growth on the flat inner surface of the tank, fully submerged in water, thereby serving as a skeletal framework for the sponge (Figs.\u0026nbsp;3 and 4). The sponge appears as a delicate white flat crust layer aligned with the inner glass surface, displaying numerous small canaliculi that likely form part of its canal system (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3). By the end of March, the sponge\u0026apos;s entire body was inundated with numerous gemmules, giving it a white appearance initially. Additionally, the sponge exhibited a greenish hue due to the proliferation of symbiotic green algae within its structure (Fig.\u0026nbsp;7). \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e briefly noted the presence of symbiotic algae contributing to a brown, green, or yellow coloration in the sponge \u003cem\u003eEunapius carteri\u003c/em\u003e found in a lake in Maharashtra.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the three-month study period from January to March, sponges exhibited growth reaching approximately 5 cm in height and 4.5 cm in width. Notably, the most significant growth occurred in January and February, coinciding with water temperatures ranging from 22.5 to 25 degrees Celsius. However, in March, when the water temperature increased to 26 degrees Celsius, the sponges\u0026apos; vegetative growth ceased. This rise in temperature may have created an unfavorable environment for the sponges, prompting them to produce gemmules, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;7. Additionally, the relationship between the fish and the sponges is characterized by mutualism, with both organisms coexisting without causing harm to one another.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe introduction of the aquatic plant \u003cem\u003eHydrilla\u003c/em\u003e and stones from Diwanshah Lake in Bhiwandi city, Maharashtra, likely facilitated the introduction of gemmules of \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e into the fish tank. The environmental conditions within the tank, particularly temperature and other water parameters, were conducive to the growth of these gemmules. Initial growth was observed during the first two months (January and February), followed by the sponge's production of gemmules in March as temperatures increased. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e noted that sponges thrive in aquatic environments characterized by a balanced interplay of light and shade, adequate support structures, and minimal disturbances, such as those caused by the draining of ponds. The phenomenon of gemmule formation is intricate and noteworthy, prevalent across all sponge species. Our research indicates that gemmule formation is primarily influenced by temperature, as demonstrated in Table\u0026nbsp;1 and Figs.\u0026nbsp;5, 6, and 7. Other water quality parameters, including dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, phosphate, and salinity, remained relatively stable with only minor fluctuations throughout the study period. The sponge exhibited significant growth during January and February, marked by an increase in the production of supporting cells, Scleroblast and spicules, while March was distinguished by the process of gemmulation. This remarkable adaptability may enhance the sponges' resilience to the rapidly changing conditions of their aquatic environments. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e documented the germination of gemmules from Australian \u003cem\u003espongillid\u003c/em\u003e species following a prolonged dry period of 25 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreshwater sponges are distributed across all biogeographic regions, with the exception of Antarctica, and they occupy a range of lentic and lotic freshwater environments \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A particularly noteworthy evolutionary adaptation observed in freshwater (as well as certain marine) sponges is the development of dormant structures known as 'gemmules.' These gemmules are generated by sponges in reaction to adverse environmental conditions. The ability of sponges to reproduce asexually through gemmule formation provides them with a significant advantage in enduring the challenging environments of freshwater lakes and streams. Gemmules are formed from a cluster of archaeocytes that are encased in protective spongin layers \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. This protective layer typically comprises three distinct layers of collagen \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the species \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e, specialized structures known as gemmoscleres are generated within the gemmules \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The protective coat is largely continuous, featuring a small aperture termed a micropyle, which allows for the exit of cells during the germination process in the spring \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e presents itself as a promising model organism due to its straightforward collection, storage, and application in laboratory settings. This is particularly notable when contrasted with the current demosponge model, \u003cem\u003eAmphimedon queenslandica\u003c/em\u003e, which is restricted to a single collection site globally and poses significant challenges for laboratory cultivation, thereby enhancing the practicality of \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e as a model system \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The research history surrounding this species is extensive, encompassing various topics such as its distribution, resilience to cold temperatures, pH levels, thermal conditions, and exposure to environmental pollutants, as well as aspects of silica production, development, physiology, and behavior. The availability of genomic, transcriptomic, and other genetic resources is expected to broaden the scope for primary research and facilitate educational and citizen-science projects. We have endeavored to compile fundamental taxonomic information, histological data, and hydrobiological studies related to the growth performance of \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e, a freshwater sponge species, to enhance diagnostic capabilities for this species. Furthermore, we aspire to extend this research to encompass other freshwater sponge species identified in India.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHL: Horizontal length\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVL: Vertical length\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\"Animal Ethics Statement: The ethics committee of Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College evaluated the protocol and a waiver for ethical oversight was obtained from the committee prior to the initiation of the study.\"\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEthical approval and consent to participate: NA\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eConsent for publication: We affirm that this research is intended for publication in your journal. Additionally, I confirm that this paper has neither been published nor submitted for publication elsewhere.Both the author\u0026rsquo;s have approved the manuscript and agreed with submission to the journal of Basic and applied Zoology.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAvailability of data and material: All the obtained data in the present work are reported in this published article.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCompeting interests: The author\u0026rsquo;s stated that the authors possess no competing interests as outlined by Springer.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFunding: The authors have stated that they did not receive any financial support from any source for this work.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAuthors' contributions: Miss Momin Heena and Mr. Momin Shakir have both made equal contributions to this work.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAcknowledgements: The authors express their gratitude to the principal of Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Mumbai, for the support and resources provided during the course of this research. Additionally, the authors affirm that no funding was received from any sources for this work.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnnandale, N. Notes on a freshwater sponge and polyzoan from Ceylon. zeylan., 1911; 1X 63\u0026ndash;64.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBergquist, P R. Sponges. University California Press, Los Angeles, 1978; pp 1\u0026ndash;268.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCarter HJ. 1849. A descriptive account of the Freshwater Sponges (genus Spongilla) in the Island of Bombay, with Observations on their structure and Development. Ann, Mag. nat. Hist., 1849; 4: 81\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrost, T M. Porifera. In \u003cem\u003eEcology and Classification ofNorth American \u0026pound; Freshwater Invertebrates\u003c/em\u003e. Academic Press, London, 1991; pp 95\u0026ndash;106.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarrison FW. Sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae). In: Hunt, C.W. \u0026amp; Fuller, S. (Eds.), Pollution Ecology of Fresh water invertebrates, Academic Press, New York, 1974; pp. 26\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohn N A. Hooper Rob W M. Soest, Phillippe Willenz. Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Volume 1, 2002; Springer.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eK Kakavipure and S. G. Yeragi. Occurrence of fresh water sponge Eunapius carteri (Bowerbank, 1863) from Khativali-Vehloli Lake near Shahapur District, Thane, Maharashtra, India. Proceeding of TAAL. 2007; 500\u0026ndash;505.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKenny NJ, Francis WR, Rivera-Vic\u0026eacute;ns RE, Juravel K, de Mendoza A, D\u0026iacute;ez-Vives C, Lister R, Bezares-Calder\u0026oacute;n LA, Grombacher L, Roller M, Barlow LD, Camilli S, Ryan JF, W\u0026ouml;rheide G, Hill AL, Riesgo A, Leys SP. Tracing animal genomic evolution with the chromosomal-level assembly of the freshwater sponge \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e. Nat Commun. 2020; Jul 27;11(1):3676.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKotpal RL. Zoology Phylum Porifera, 7th addition, Rustogi publication 1991\u0026ndash;1992\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eManconi R., Murgia S. \u0026amp; Pronzato R. Sponges from African inland waters: The genus Eunapius (Haplosclerida,Spongillina, Spongillidae). Fundamental and Applied Limnology, 170 (4),2008; 333\u0026ndash;350.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMomin Heena, Momin Shakir. \u0026ldquo;Short Communication:\u0026rdquo;Occurrence and plant specific colonization of Ghost ant, \u003cem\u003eTapinoma melanocephalum\u003c/em\u003e (Fabricius, 1793). 2023; 10 (1). 847\u0026ndash;854\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePenney JT. Racek, AA. Comprehensive Revision of a Worldwide. Collection of Freshwater Sponges (Porifera Spongillidae). Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., No. 272: 1968; 184 pp.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoota TD, Baskaran S. and Saxena, MM. 1983. Sponges of lake Kailana, Jodhpur, Rajasthan and their ecology. \u003cem\u003eGeobios new Reports\u003c/em\u003e, 1983; 2 150\u0026ndash;152.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoota TD, Pattanayak JG and Saxena MM. On some freshwater sponges from Gujarat (India). Rec. zool. Surv. India, 1983; 81: 255\u0026ndash;260.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSoota TD. Freshwater sponges of India. \u003cem\u003eRec. zool. Surv. India\u003c/em\u003e, Occasional Paper No. 138. 1991; pp.116.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTonapi GT. A note on the freshwater sponges of Poona. Curr. Sci., 1964; 33(12): 372\u0026ndash;373.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":false,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hydrobiology, Ephydatia, Fish tank, Microscopy, Growth.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934035/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934035/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e has become an important model organism within the realm of animal science research. This freshwater sponge is typically found in various aquatic environments, including lakes, ponds, and streams throughout India. The unanticipated and spontaneous appearance of \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e in a freshwater community tank led to the present study, which sought to explore its emergence, growth (both vegetative and reproductive), and development in relation to water quality parameters. While previous research has predominantly focused on this sponge in its natural habitats such as lakes, streams, and reservoirs, this study represents a novel investigation into the growth performance and histological characteristics of \u003cem\u003eEphydatia muelleri\u003c/em\u003e within a freshwater community fish tank setting. Light microscopy was utilized to analyze the gemmules and the different types of spicules present in the sponge, and growth measurements (Vertical Length\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;VL and Horizontal Length\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;HL) were systematically recorded using a ruler over a three-month period from January to March 2024. Hydro-biological assessments were performed in accordance with established methodologies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that the hydrological conditions measured were ideal, promoting the growth and development of the sponge in the freshwater fish tank. Temperature emerged as a crucial factor influencing both vegetative and reproductive growth by generating asexual structures known as gemmules. During the vegetative stage, the most prevalent cells observed were scleroblasts, responsible for the secretion of mono-actinal spicules, whereas gemmules were notably abundant during the asexual reproductive phase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sponge demonstrated considerable growth in the months of January and February, characterized by a rise in the production of supporting cells, scleroblasts, and spicules. In contrast, March was notable for the occurrence of gemmulation. This suggests that temperature serves as the primary ecological factor influencing both the vegetative and reproductive development of the sponge. Research of this nature is likely to encourage further investigations into other freshwater sponge species found in India.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Hydrobiological and Microscopic Investigations of the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia Muelleri (Demospongiae) Lieberkühn, 1856, Cultivated in a Community Fish Tank","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-13 06:05:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5934035/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"108d22dc-d740-47dc-9243-1e98db4d1922","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":{"display":false,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"the-journal-of-basic-and-applied-zoology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jbaz","sideBox":"Learn more about [The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology](http://basicandappliedzoology.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jbaz/default.aspx","title":"The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-13T06:05:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-13 06:05:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5934035","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5934035","identity":"rs-5934035","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}