Effects of Prenatal Stress on Structural Brain Development and Aging in Humans

Healthy brain aging is a major determinant of quality of life, allowing integration into society at all ages. Human epidemiological and animal studies indicate that in addition to lifestyle and genetic factors, environmental influences in prenatal life have a major impact on brain aging and age-associated brain disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize the existing literature on the consequences of maternal anxiety, stress, and malnutrition for structural brain aging and predisposition for age-associated brain diseases, focusing on studies with human samples. In conclusion, the results underscore the importance of a healthy mother-child relationship, starting in pregnancy, and the need for early interventions if this relationship is compromised.