Multichannel Radiometer with Silicon Detectors for Ecological Research

Multichannel Radiometer with Silicon Detectors for Ecological Research | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Multichannel Radiometer with Silicon Detectors for Ecological Research B. S. Radzhapov, F. G. Mullagalieva, K. M. Nurboev, S. A. Radzhapov, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4267842/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Development of a multichannel radiometer consisting of three radiometers based on highly sensitive silicon detectors for environmental studies, recording and studying the activities of alpha, beta and gamma radiation in various environments. Three types of detectors were manufactured for the three radiometers. In the radiometer, lithium drift detectors were used to measure the activity of gamma radiation; to measure the activity of beta particles and the volumetric activity of radon, heterojunction or surface-barrier detectors were installed in the radiometers. The structure of the device and the electrical circuit have been developed. The manufactured detectors had low losses on the “input” and “output” windows, which made it possible to carry out measurements on both sides. The structure of the device using these detectors and the developed electrical circuit of the microcontroller node and nodes for amplifying and selecting information of the microcontroller node are presented. Monitoring data for gamma and beta radiation activities and volumetric radon activity are presented. The results showed the dependence of the volumetric activity of radon on humidity. Beta radiation activity did not show any dependence on humidity, but there was a sharp increase on certain days. silicon semiconductor detector radiometric device alpha beta and gamma radiation radon the volumetric activity of radon microcontroller Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The development of instruments operating in both counting and spectrometric modes is extremely important for researchers working with radioactive substances and laboratories for studying and assessing the radiation situation in the environment. The impact of radioactive radiation on the tissues of the human body leads to the destruction of its cellular structures. Even the effects of small doses of radiation are not completely harmless. Gamma, beta, and X-rays are the most penetrating types of radiation and therefore pose the greatest danger to humans [ICRP Publ. 2015]. It is known that a person receives a large dose of radiation from a natural source of radiation, radon. The radon problem is relevant for regions with increased seismic activity, including Uzbekistan. On the territory of the Republic, there are tectonic ruptures, disturbances in the continuity of rocks as a result of movements of the earth's crust (faults, shifts, reverse faults, thrusts, etc.), through which radon gas escapes, and in such places, an increased concentration of radon is observed. If the gas is near a fault, a crack in the earth's crust, the radon content in nearby rooms may exceed permissible levels. Approximately 1% of the world's population lives in rooms with radon volumetric activity greater than 100 Bq/m 3 [Yafasov et al. 2001]. An increased radon content in subsurface air may also indicate the presence of active tectonic faults. Radon content in air and water is measured in order to locate uranium and thorium deposits. Studying changes in radon concentrations in groundwater can be used to predict earthquakes. Radon concentrations in the air rise prior to earthquakes as a result of seismic activity [Yafasov et al. 2003]. As a result, the development of a universal multichannel radiometer based on silicon detectors for measuring and monitoring low-intensity and low-energy radiation in soil, air, and water is an urgent task. This article describes a multichannel radiometer designed to measure the activities of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation from natural isotopes ( 238 U, 234 U, 232 Th, 226 Ra, 222 Rn, 218 Po, 214 Bi, etc.) in various environments based on highly sensitive silicon detectors. Materials and methods A multichannel radiometer consists of three radiometers that can measure alpha, beta, and gamma radiation simultaneously in test samples or in natural-source environments. Each radiometer employs a distinct type of detector. Because gamma radiation is long-range radiation, radiometers use "thick" lithium drift detectors with resolutions of up to 1 mm to measure it. In the radiometer, heterojunction or surface-barrier detectors were used to measure the activity of alpha, beta particles, and volumetric radon activity. The development of technology for manufacturing various types of highly sensitive detectors is described in [Radzhapov et al. 2018; Muminov et al. 2021; Muminov et al. 2022; Radzhapov et al. 2023 ]. The developed detectors had relatively small energy losses on the part of gold ΔE in ~ 6–12 keV and aluminum ΔE out ~ 12–20 keV layers. This made it possible to study low-intensity and low-energy radiation in 2π geometry (from both sides). The detectors had the following characteristics: at operating voltage U op = (10÷80) V, “dark” current I d = (0.5÷2) µA, energy equivalent of noise E n = (40÷52) keV, energy resolution of α-particles 226 Ra energy E α ~ 7.65 MeV ~ 90 keV at temperature T = +27 0 C, which was determined mainly by capacitive noise. Results The developed structure of the multichannel radiometer consisted of the following elements [Muminov et al. 2021; Muminov et al. 2010; Muminov et al. 2022]: • 3 working chambers with different types of detectors; • analog part – 3 nodes for amplification and selection of information; • digital part - microcontroller unit; • secondary power supply unit; • air intake unit; • personal computer with installed software. • GSM/SMS module. The developed computer program RMI-V1.7 allowed for long-term monitoring in real time [Rajapov and Ergashev. 2023]. The flowchart of the radiometer is shown in Figure 1. Microcontroller node, nodes for amplification and selection of information of the microcontroller node (Fig. 2), ensure full autonomous operation of the device for recording radiation. The ATmega32 chip with programmable memory (32 kB) on the chip was chosen as a microcontroller. Information can be monitored and measurements can be observed in any receiving device (for example, a phone) online using a radio channel via a GSM/SMS module. Different types of detectors are used to measure alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, including lithium drift detectors, heterojunction detectors, and surface barrier detectors, which are put in working chambers. Working chambers are hollow cylinders with detectors suspended in the geometric center. The produced detectors include thin dead layers on the sides of the "input" and "exit" windows, allowing them to take measurements from both sides. Connectors for connecting detectors to power supplies and amplification units are mounted on the housings of the working chambers. The detectors are powered by a voltage of 24-30 V delivered via RC circuits from a secondary voltage converter housed in the device, along with charge-sensitive preamplifiers. When carrying out radiation measurements, working chambers with detectors are installed directly on the object under study. A general view of multichannel radiometer for measuring alpha, beta, and gamma radiation activity as well as volumetric radon activity simultaneously in three different media–soil, air, and water–is shown in Figure 3. On the territory of one of the Republic's areas, the device conducted long-term monitoring of the volumetric radon activity as well as the activity of beta and gamma radiation in the soil air (Fig. 4). Because the created radiometer can measure temperature and humidity at the same time, it is possible to analyze how humidity and temperature affect the activity of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation as well as the volumetric activity of radon. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that humidity affects radon's volumetric activity. It is common knowledge that as water vapor evaporates, radon decay products, alpha particles, rise and so do the particle concentrations. Humidity has no effect on the beta radiation activity. However, a sharp increase in beta radiation activity was observed, the source of which is apparently located in the fault zone and which may be associated with deformation processes of the earth's crust in this area. As you are aware, the Republic's territory is located in an earthquake-prone area and is marked by a large number of faults, cracks, and shifts in the earth's crust. The radiometer for recording gamma radiation began measuring activity on 04/06/23. Conclusions A technology was established for the production of a multichannel radiometer, which consists of three radiometers, based on the findings of scientific and technical work. The created multichannel radiometric device allows low-intensity, low-energy charged particles to be measured in a variety of environments by employing large detectors. The three radiometers in the device were fabricated using different types of detectors. The detector modification was selected depending on the measured radiation activity. Lithium drift detectors up to 1 mm thick were used to measure gamma radiation activity, while surface barrier or heterojunction detectors up to 0.5 mm were employed to measure beta radiation and alpha particles. The designed detectors offer simultaneous measurements in 2π geometry because of minimal losses in the insensitive region and thin dead layers of "input" and "output" windows. Online and long-term measurements can be taken by radiometers with the above-mentioned detectors. The integrated PC, which has a custom application, records every measurement and guarantees that the detectors are receiving high-quality data. Any receiving device can be controlled and used to view information about radiation activity measurements online thanks to the GSM/SMS module. In one of the republic's regions, a period of soil air monitoring was done to measure the volumetric activity of radon and the activity of beta and gamma radiation. It was discovered how humidity and temperature affected the volumetric radon activity and the beta radiation activity. Declarations Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Programs of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences on the topic “Multichannel radiometer with silicon detectors for ecological research”. Author contributions Authors' contributions SKO and MIM performed the experiments; SAR and KMN prepared the initial draft and editing of the introduction; FGM - experimental data processing, review writing and editing; BSR - proofreading, device preparation and control. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Data availability The data that support the findings of this research are available on request from the corresponding author (B.S. Radzhapov) Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no confict of interest. References Muminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.A., Radzhapov B.S., Zufarov M.A., Nurboev K.M., Akhmedov G.M. (2021) Development of High-Efficiency Silicon Detectors and Electronic Components for a Radiometer of Alpha Radiation, Instruments and Experimental Techniques, vol. 64, № 3, pp. 444-449. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020441221030222 Muminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.A., Radzhapov B.S., Zufarov M.A (2022) Development of a large-sized highly sensitive detector based on α-Si–p-i-n heterostructures for radonometers, Atomic Energy, 131, 6, pp 344-346. https://doi 10.1007/s10512-022-00892-2 Muminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.G., Radzhapov B.S., Zufarov M.A. (2021) “Development of a radiometer for environmental and geophysical research”, DAN, Tashkent,. 1, pp. 30-34. Muminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Lutpullaev S.L., Pindyurin Yu.S., Khusamidinov S.S. and Yutkin S.V. ( 2010) Patent UZ, IAP 04882. Muminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.G., Zufarov M.A., Radzhapov B.S. (2022) FAP 02142. Radiological Protection Against Exposure To Radon, ICRP Publ. (2015) 126, GNTs FMBTs im. Burnazyana, Moscow. Radzhapov S. A., Radzhapov B. S., and Rakhimov R. Kh. (2018) “Aspects of the manufacturing technology of silicon surface-barrier detectors with a large sensitive working area for measuring the activity of natural isotopes,” Comp.Nanotechnol., 1, pp.151–154. Radzhapov S.A., Nurboev K.M.., Mullagalieva F.G., Zufarov M.A., Radzhapov B.S., Ergashev K.E. (2022) “Development of silicon detectors and electronic components for an alpha, beta and gamma radiation radiometer”, Computatonal nanotechnology, 3. pp. 45-52. Radzhapov B.S., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.G., Zufarov M.A. (2023) The development of semiconductor detectors for radiometersof alpha‑radiation and the examination of the volumetric activityof radon in various areas. Radiation Detection Technology and Methods, 7, pp. 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-023-00406-z. Rajapov B.S and Ergashev K.E. (2023) PC Software Certificate no. DGU 18817. Yafasov A.Ya., Akimov V.A. (2001) “Tectonic factor in the formation of radon fields in the atmosphere of the Tashkent metro”, Atomic Energy, 2, pp. 115-121. Yafasov A.Ya., A.A. Yafasov, (2003) “Radon fields in Central Asia”, ANRI, 3(34). pp. 13-17. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4267842","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":293477851,"identity":"fb34f2bb-580e-45be-813e-0c362518b0b5","order_by":0,"name":"B. S. 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Maripov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"I.","middleName":"I.","lastName":"Maripov","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-15 07:12:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4267842/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4267842/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55136638,"identity":"bd7c657b-1775-4d82-a903-63971427e77e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 06:23:20","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18863,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBlock diagram of a multi-channel radiometric device: 1,2,3 – working chambers with alpha, beta and gamma detectors, 4,5,6 – information amplification and selection units, 9 – microcontroller, 7 – secondary power supply unit, 8 – air intake, 10 – a personal computer with an installed program that provides simultaneous measurements of alpha, gamma and beta radiation in real time, 11 – GSM/SMS module.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4267842/v1/681754afaf3d851b6ce6ee76.png"},{"id":55136639,"identity":"36fb06ca-0979-4cef-b76d-70de1cbf6494","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 06:23:20","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":208492,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiagram of the microcontroller node and information amplification and selection nodes (1-4, 2-5, 3-6) of the microcontroller node.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4267842/v1/053f6b6fffca0e1e8caadcf5.png"},{"id":55136640,"identity":"8efcdab0-676f-4ab7-b0be-aff1757f0ad0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 06:23:20","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMultichannel radiometers with three radiometers а-for measuring alpha, beta and gamma radiation activities, b- for measuring the volumetric activity of radon in air, water and soil.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4267842/v1/5e7a73305160cf741ab451e6.jpg"},{"id":55136641,"identity":"d8a487fe-9e6b-4e47-a17b-dbc5d63c88fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 06:23:20","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in the volumetric activity of radon alpha particles and beta and gamma radiation activities for the period 27.10.2022–14.07.2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 - change in beta radiation activity over time, 2 - change in gamma radiation activity over time, 3 - change in the intensity of volumetric radon, 4 - change in temperature over time, activity over time, 5 - change in humidity over time,\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4267842/v1/7a8a8ab852be986565d39e92.png"},{"id":55136995,"identity":"2e3cd9ba-44f9-4627-b06f-5a8d2d8d4e9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-23 06:31:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":747963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4267842/v1/9b4ab7b1-bd68-411f-8bc6-4ac39ead45ab.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Multichannel Radiometer with Silicon Detectors for Ecological Research","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe development of instruments operating in both counting and spectrometric modes is extremely important for researchers working with radioactive substances and laboratories for studying and assessing the radiation situation in the environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of radioactive radiation on the tissues of the human body leads to the destruction of its cellular structures. Even the effects of small doses of radiation are not completely harmless. Gamma, beta, and X-rays are the most penetrating types of radiation and therefore pose the greatest danger to humans [ICRP Publ. 2015].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is known that a person receives a large dose of radiation from a natural source of radiation, radon. The radon problem is relevant for regions with increased seismic activity, including Uzbekistan. On the territory of the Republic, there are tectonic ruptures, disturbances in the continuity of rocks as a result of movements of the earth\u0026apos;s crust (faults, shifts, reverse faults, thrusts, etc.), through which radon gas escapes, and in such places, an increased concentration of radon is observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf the gas is near a fault, a crack in the earth\u0026apos;s crust, the radon content in nearby rooms may exceed permissible levels. Approximately 1% of the world\u0026apos;s population lives in rooms with radon volumetric activity greater than 100 Bq/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e [Yafasov et al. 2001]. An increased radon content in subsurface air may also indicate the presence of active tectonic faults. Radon content in air and water is measured in order to locate uranium and thorium deposits.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudying changes in radon concentrations in groundwater can be used to predict earthquakes. Radon concentrations in the air rise prior to earthquakes as a result of seismic activity [Yafasov et al. 2003].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result, the development of a universal multichannel radiometer based on silicon detectors for measuring and monitoring low-intensity and low-energy radiation in soil, air, and water is an urgent task.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis article describes a multichannel radiometer designed to measure the activities of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation from natural isotopes (\u003csup\u003e238\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e234\u003c/sup\u003eU, \u003csup\u003e232\u003c/sup\u003eTh, \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa, \u003csup\u003e222\u003c/sup\u003eRn, \u003csup\u003e218\u003c/sup\u003ePo, \u003csup\u003e214\u003c/sup\u003eBi, etc.) in various environments based on highly sensitive silicon detectors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eA multichannel radiometer consists of three radiometers that can measure alpha, beta, and gamma radiation simultaneously in test samples or in natural-source environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach radiometer employs a distinct type of detector. Because gamma radiation is long-range radiation, radiometers use \u0026quot;thick\u0026quot; lithium drift detectors with resolutions of up to 1 mm to measure it. In the radiometer, heterojunction or surface-barrier detectors were used to measure the activity of alpha, beta particles, and volumetric radon activity. The development of technology for manufacturing various types of highly sensitive detectors is described in [Radzhapov et al. 2018; Muminov et al. 2021; Muminov et al. 2022; Radzhapov et al. 2023 ].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe developed detectors had relatively small energy losses on the part of gold\u0026nbsp;\u0026Delta;E\u003csub\u003ein\u003c/sub\u003e ~ 6\u0026ndash;12 keV and aluminum \u0026Delta;E\u003csub\u003eout\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e~ 12\u0026ndash;20 keV layers. This made it possible to study low-intensity and low-energy radiation in 2\u0026pi; geometry (from both sides).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe detectors had the following characteristics: at operating voltage U\u003csub\u003eop\u003c/sub\u003e = (10\u0026divide;80) V, \u0026ldquo;dark\u0026rdquo; current I\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e = (0.5\u0026divide;2) \u0026micro;A, energy equivalent of noise E\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e = (40\u0026divide;52) keV, energy resolution of \u0026alpha;-particles \u003csup\u003e226\u003c/sup\u003eRa energy E\u003csub\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/sub\u003e ~ 7.65 MeV ~ 90 keV at temperature T = +27\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC, which was determined mainly by capacitive noise.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe developed structure of the multichannel radiometer consisted of the following elements [Muminov et al. 2021; Muminov et al. 2010; Muminov et al. 2022]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; 3 working chambers with different types of detectors;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; analog part \u0026ndash; 3 nodes for amplification and selection of information;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; digital part - microcontroller unit;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; secondary power supply unit;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; air intake unit;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; personal computer with installed software.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; GSM/SMS module.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe developed computer program RMI-V1.7 allowed for long-term monitoring in real time [Rajapov and Ergashev. 2023].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe flowchart of the radiometer is shown in Figure 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMicrocontroller node, nodes for amplification and selection of information of the microcontroller node (Fig. 2), ensure full autonomous operation of the device for recording radiation. The ATmega32 chip with programmable memory (32 kB) on the chip was chosen as a microcontroller. Information can be monitored and measurements can be observed in any receiving device (for example, a phone) online using a radio channel via a GSM/SMS module.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent types of detectors are used to measure alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, including lithium drift detectors, heterojunction detectors, and surface barrier detectors, which are put in working chambers. Working chambers are hollow cylinders with detectors suspended in the geometric center. The produced detectors include thin dead layers on the sides of the \u0026quot;input\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;exit\u0026quot; windows, allowing them to take measurements from both sides. Connectors for connecting detectors to power supplies and amplification units are mounted on the housings of the working chambers. The detectors are powered by a voltage of 24-30 V delivered via RC circuits from a secondary voltage converter housed in the device, along with charge-sensitive preamplifiers. When carrying out radiation measurements, working chambers with detectors are installed directly on the object under study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA general view of multichannel radiometer for measuring alpha, beta, and gamma radiation activity as well as volumetric radon activity simultaneously in three different media\u0026ndash;soil, air, and water\u0026ndash;is shown in Figure 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the territory of one of the Republic\u0026apos;s areas, the device conducted long-term monitoring of the volumetric radon activity as well as the activity of beta and gamma radiation in the soil air (Fig. 4). Because the created radiometer can measure temperature and humidity at the same time, it is possible to analyze how humidity and temperature affect the activity of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation as well as the volumetric activity of radon.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous investigations have demonstrated that humidity affects radon\u0026apos;s volumetric activity. It is common knowledge that as water vapor evaporates, radon decay products, alpha particles, rise and so do the particle concentrations. Humidity has no effect on the beta radiation activity. However, a sharp increase in beta radiation activity was observed, the source of which is apparently located in the fault zone and which may be associated with deformation processes of the earth\u0026apos;s crust in this area. As you are aware, the Republic\u0026apos;s territory is located in an earthquake-prone area and is marked by a large number of faults, cracks, and shifts in the earth\u0026apos;s crust. The radiometer for recording gamma radiation began measuring activity on 04/06/23.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eA technology was established for the production of a multichannel radiometer, which consists of three radiometers, based on the findings of scientific and technical work. The created multichannel radiometric device allows low-intensity, low-energy charged particles to be measured in a variety of environments by employing large detectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe three radiometers in the device were fabricated using different types of detectors. The detector modification was selected depending on the measured radiation activity. Lithium drift detectors up to 1 mm thick were used to measure gamma radiation activity, while surface barrier or heterojunction detectors up to 0.5 mm were employed to measure beta radiation and alpha particles. The designed detectors offer simultaneous measurements in 2\u0026pi; geometry because of minimal losses in the insensitive region and thin dead layers of \u0026quot;input\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;output\u0026quot; windows. Online and long-term measurements can be taken by radiometers with the above-mentioned detectors. The integrated PC, which has a custom application, records every measurement and guarantees that the detectors are receiving high-quality data. Any receiving device can be controlled and used to view information about radiation activity measurements online thanks to the GSM/SMS module.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn one of the republic\u0026apos;s regions, a period of soil air monitoring was done to measure the volumetric activity of radon and the activity of beta and gamma radiation. It was discovered how humidity and temperature affected the volumetric radon activity and the beta radiation activity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e This work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Programs of the Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences on the topic \u0026ldquo;Multichannel radiometer with silicon detectors for ecological research\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e Authors\u0026apos; contributions SKO and MIM performed the experiments; SAR and KMN prepared the initial draft and editing of the introduction; FGM - experimental data processing, review writing and editing; BSR - proofreading, device preparation and control. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e The data that support the findings of this research are available on request from the corresponding author (B.S. Radzhapov)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no confict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.A., Radzhapov B.S., Zufarov M.A., Nurboev K.M., Akhmedov G.M. (2021) Development of High-Efficiency Silicon Detectors and Electronic Components for a Radiometer of Alpha Radiation, Instruments and Experimental Techniques, vol. 64, № 3, pp. 444-449. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020441221030222 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.A., Radzhapov B.S., Zufarov M.A (2022) Development of a large-sized highly sensitive detector based on \u0026alpha;-Si\u0026ndash;p-i-n heterostructures for radonometers, Atomic Energy, 131, 6, pp 344-346. https://doi 10.1007/s10512-022-00892-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.G., Radzhapov B.S., Zufarov M.A. (2021) \u0026ldquo;Development of a radiometer for environmental and geophysical research\u0026rdquo;, DAN, Tashkent,. 1, pp. 30-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Lutpullaev S.L., Pindyurin Yu.S., Khusamidinov S.S. and Yutkin S.V. ( 2010) Patent UZ, IAP 04882. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuminov R.A., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.G., Zufarov M.A., Radzhapov B.S. (2022) FAP 02142.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadiological Protection Against Exposure To Radon, ICRP Publ. (2015) 126, GNTs FMBTs im. Burnazyana, Moscow.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadzhapov S. A., Radzhapov B. S., and Rakhimov R. Kh. (2018) \u0026ldquo;Aspects of the manufacturing technology of silicon surface-barrier detectors with a large sensitive working area for measuring the activity of natural isotopes,\u0026rdquo; Comp.Nanotechnol., 1, pp.151\u0026ndash;154. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadzhapov S.A., Nurboev K.M.., Mullagalieva F.G., Zufarov M.A., Radzhapov B.S., Ergashev K.E. (2022) \u0026ldquo;Development of silicon detectors and electronic components for an alpha, beta and gamma radiation radiometer\u0026rdquo;, Computatonal nanotechnology, 3. pp. 45-52. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRadzhapov B.S., Radzhapov S.A., Mullagalieva F.G., Zufarov M.A. (2023) The development of semiconductor detectors for radiometersof alpha‑radiation and the examination of the volumetric activityof radon in various areas. Radiation Detection Technology and Methods, 7, pp. 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41605-023-00406-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRajapov B.S and Ergashev K.E. (2023) PC Software Certificate no. DGU 18817.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYafasov A.Ya., Akimov V.A. (2001) \u0026ldquo;Tectonic factor in the formation of radon fields in the atmosphere of the Tashkent metro\u0026rdquo;, Atomic Energy, 2, pp. 115-121.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYafasov A.Ya., A.A. Yafasov, (2003) \u0026ldquo;Radon fields in Central Asia\u0026rdquo;, ANRI, 3(34). pp. 13-17.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"silicon, semiconductor detector, radiometric device, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, radon, the volumetric activity of radon, microcontroller","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4267842/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4267842/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Development of a multichannel radiometer consisting of three radiometers based on highly sensitive silicon detectors for environmental studies, recording and studying the activities of alpha, beta and gamma radiation in various environments. Three types of detectors were manufactured for the three radiometers. In the radiometer, lithium drift detectors were used to measure the activity of gamma radiation; to measure the activity of beta particles and the volumetric activity of radon, heterojunction or surface-barrier detectors were installed in the radiometers. The structure of the device and the electrical circuit have been developed. The manufactured detectors had low losses on the “input” and “output” windows, which made it possible to carry out measurements on both sides. The structure of the device using these detectors and the developed electrical circuit of the microcontroller node and nodes for amplifying and selecting information of the microcontroller node are presented. Monitoring data for gamma and beta radiation activities and volumetric radon activity are presented. The results showed the dependence of the volumetric activity of radon on humidity. Beta radiation activity did not show any dependence on humidity, but there was a sharp increase on certain days.","manuscriptTitle":"Multichannel Radiometer with Silicon Detectors for Ecological Research","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-23 06:23:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4267842/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"82a9f8bb-d660-447b-90af-0bb5f99987e9","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-06T10:09:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-23 06:23:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4267842","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4267842","identity":"rs-4267842","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}