A Numerical Investigation of Wake Turbulence caused by flow-topography interactions

A Numerical Investigation of Wake Turbulence caused by flow-topography interactions | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Numerical Investigation of Wake Turbulence caused by flow-topography interactions Jia-Lin Chen, Xiao Yu, Chun-Hung Po This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7810377/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ocean currents represent continuous and promising source of hydrokinetic energy. Recent observations along the Kuroshio Current reveal elevated levels of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), particularly in regions where strong currents interact with sudden topographic features. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model has been commonly employed to predict current velocities at prospective turbine sites. However, the standard RANS model can introduce significant discrepancies in predicting higher-order turbulence statistics, particularly for turbulence generated by Kelvin–Helmholtz billows. Accurate TKE predictions are critical for assessing hydrokinetic energy potential. This study employs a numerical model with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to examine wake dynamics and the resulting TKE production/dissipation caused by flow-topography interactions (FTI). The LES model successfully reproduces Kolmogorov's − 5/3 law, indicating that the simulation resolves eddies within the inertial subrange, and the spatial–temporal variations due to breaking internal lee waves. As TKE is elevated in regions of breaking internal lee waves, incorporating ridge geometry is essential for identifying TKE hot spots. Model results under different ambient flow conditions and geometric slopes demonstrate that turbulence characteristics can be effectively predicted using the bifurcation slope, S c (the height of the bifurcation cap versus the corresponding width of the cap). The turbulent characteristics discussed here will be used to evaluate turbulence levels for turbine site assessments. Hydrokinetic energy Wake turbulence Kelvin-Helmholtz billows Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Flow-topography interaction (FTI) Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 23 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7810377","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":538706511,"identity":"190fb5da-33a6-4258-bd44-15c30c04a198","order_by":0,"name":"Jia-Lin 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Recent observations along the Kuroshio Current reveal elevated levels of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), particularly in regions where strong currents interact with sudden topographic features. The Reynolds-averaged Navier\u0026ndash;Stokes (RANS) model has been commonly employed to predict current velocities at prospective turbine sites. However, the standard RANS model can introduce significant discrepancies in predicting higher-order turbulence statistics, particularly for turbulence generated by Kelvin\u0026ndash;Helmholtz billows. Accurate TKE predictions are critical for assessing hydrokinetic energy potential. This study employs a numerical model with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) to examine wake dynamics and the resulting TKE production/dissipation caused by flow-topography interactions (FTI). The LES model successfully reproduces Kolmogorov's \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5/3 law, indicating that the simulation resolves eddies within the inertial subrange, and the spatial\u0026ndash;temporal variations due to breaking internal lee waves. As TKE is elevated in regions of breaking internal lee waves, incorporating ridge geometry is essential for identifying TKE hot spots. Model results under different ambient flow conditions and geometric slopes demonstrate that turbulence characteristics can be effectively predicted using the bifurcation slope, \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (the height of the bifurcation cap versus the corresponding width of the cap). 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